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Res. 06456-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 20/02/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber dismissed the amparo as inadmissible because there was no individual act of application of the challenged regulations nor were they self-executing norms.La Sala rechaza el amparo por improcedente al no existir un acto de aplicación individual de las normas impugnadas ni tratarse de normas de acción automática.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismissed an amparo action filed by an individual on behalf of the Afro-descendant population of the Caribbean against three JAPDEVA regulations: the Lease Collection Regulation, the Navigation and Cabotage Regulation, and the Strategic Alliances Regulation. The claimant argued that these regulations violated collective rights to ancestral territory, prior consultation, and equality by making land tenure precarious, imposing fees for navigation, and enabling investment projects without consultation. By majority, the Chamber held that the claim is generic and does not identify any specific individual act of application of the challenged rules that harmed fundamental rights. It reaffirmed its jurisprudence that amparo does not lie against normative provisions in the abstract, unless challenged together with individual acts of application or in cases of self-executing norms. Since these conditions were not met, the action was inadmissible. Justice Garro Vargas added a concurring note emphasizing that there is no law recognizing Afro-descendants as a tribal people, a matter reserved to the legislature.La Sala Constitucional declara sin lugar un recurso de amparo interpuesto por una persona en representación de la población afrodescendiente del Caribe contra tres reglamentos de JAPDEVA: el Reglamento para el Cobro de Arrendamientos, el Reglamento de Navegación y Cabotaje y el Reglamento de Alianzas Estratégicas. El recurrente alegaba que estos reglamentos vulneraban derechos colectivos al territorio ancestral, a la consulta previa y a la igualdad, al precarizar la tenencia, imponer cobros por navegación y habilitar proyectos de inversión sin consulta. La Sala, por mayoría, considera que el reclamo es genérico y no señala un acto concreto de aplicación individual de las normas impugnadas que haya lesionado derechos fundamentales. Reitera su jurisprudencia en el sentido de que el amparo no procede contra disposiciones normativas en abstracto, salvo que se impugnen junto con actos de aplicación individual o se trate de normas de acción automática. Al no verificarse esos supuestos, el recurso es inadmisible. La magistrada Garro Vargas añade una nota concurrente en la que insiste en que no existe una ley que reconozca a la población afrodescendiente como pueblo tribal, correspondiendo esa tarea al legislador.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The claimant frames his complaint in a generic manner, outlining various situations regarding the effects that, in his view, the Afro-descendant population suffers due to the challenged regulations; however, they do not specify any concrete and real situation where a fundamental right has been harmed. Furthermore, it should be noted that, regarding the possibility of filing an amparo action against a normative provision, the Chamber, in judgment no. 2017-008320 of 9:15 a.m. on June 2, 2017, resolved the following: "The purpose of the amparo action is to provide timely protection against infringements or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, not to serve as a generic instrument to guarantee the principle of constitutional supremacy or the principle of legality. The foregoing means that the Chamber cannot become, through this means, an abstract controller of the constitutionality of infra-constitutional norms and that, pursuant to article 30(a) of the Law governing this jurisdiction, amparo does not lie against laws or other normative provisions, except when they are challenged together with acts of individual application thereof, or when dealing with self-executing norms, in which case the procedure regulated in articles 73 et seq. of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law must be followed."El recurrente plantea su reclamo en forma genérica, esbozando distintas situaciones relativas a las afectaciones que, a su criterio, sufre la población afrodescendiente por la normativa impugnada; empero, no precisan alguna situación concreta y real, donde se haya afectado algún derecho fundamental. Además, adviértase que, en relación con la posibilidad de interponer un recurso de amparo contra una disposición normativa, la Sala, mediante sentencia nro. 2017-008320 de las 9:15 horas del 2 de junio de 2017, resolvió lo siguiente: "La finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, no la de servir como un instrumento genérico para garantizar el principio de supremacía constitucional o el principio de legalidad. Lo anterior determina que la Sala no pueda erigirse por su medio en un contralor en abstracto de la constitucionalidad de las normas infraconstitucionales y que, conforme al numeral 30 inciso a) de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción, el amparo no proceda contra leyes u otras disposiciones normativas, salvo cuando éstas se impugnan conjuntamente con los actos de aplicación individual de aquéllas, o cuando se trata de normas de acción automática, en cuyo caso debe acudirse al procedimiento regulado en los numerales 73 y siguientes de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El recurrente plantea su reclamo en forma genérica, esbozando distintas situaciones relativas a las afectaciones que, a su criterio, sufre la población afrodescendiente por la normativa impugnada; empero, no precisan alguna situación concreta y real, donde se haya afectado algún derecho fundamental."
"The claimant frames his complaint in a generic manner, outlining various situations regarding the effects that, in his view, the Afro-descendant population suffers due to the challenged regulations; however, they do not specify any concrete and real situation where a fundamental right has been harmed."
Considerando II
"El recurrente plantea su reclamo en forma genérica, esbozando distintas situaciones relativas a las afectaciones que, a su criterio, sufre la población afrodescendiente por la normativa impugnada; empero, no precisan alguna situación concreta y real, donde se haya afectado algún derecho fundamental."
Considerando II
"La finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, no la de servir como un instrumento genérico para garantizar el principio de supremacía constitucional o el principio de legalidad."
"The purpose of the amparo action is to provide timely protection against infringements or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, not to serve as a generic instrument to guarantee the principle of constitutional supremacy or the principle of legality."
Considerando II (cita sentencia 2017-008320)
"La finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, no la de servir como un instrumento genérico para garantizar el principio de supremacía constitucional o el principio de legalidad."
Considerando II (cita sentencia 2017-008320)
"el amparo no proceda contra leyes u otras disposiciones normativas, salvo cuando éstas se impugnan conjuntamente con los actos de aplicación individual de aquéllas, o cuando se trata de normas de acción automática"
"amparo does not lie against laws or other normative provisions, except when they are challenged together with acts of individual application thereof, or when dealing with self-executing norms"
Considerando II (cita sentencia 2017-008320)
"el amparo no proceda contra leyes u otras disposiciones normativas, salvo cuando éstas se impugnan conjuntamente con los actos de aplicación individual de aquéllas, o cuando se trata de normas de acción automática"
Considerando II (cita sentencia 2017-008320)
"en la actualidad no existe una ley que reconozca a la población afrodescendiente como un pueblo tribal. Por lo anterior, destacó mi criterio respecto a que un reconocimiento de tal envergadura –la condición de pueblo tribal de una comunidad determinada– es algo que le corresponde al legislador realizar respetando el principio de reserva de ley"
"there is currently no law recognizing the Afro-descendant population as a tribal people. For this reason, I emphasize my view that such a far-reaching recognition—the status of a tribal people for a given community—is a matter for the legislature to carry out, respecting the principle of legislative reservation"
Nota de la Magistrada Garro Vargas
"en la actualidad no existe una ley que reconozca a la población afrodescendiente como un pueblo tribal. Por lo anterior, destacó mi criterio respecto a que un reconocimiento de tal envergadura –la condición de pueblo tribal de una comunidad determinada– es algo que le corresponde al legislador realizar respetando el principio de reserva de ley"
Nota de la Magistrada Garro Vargas
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Case File: 26-003521-0007-CO Type of Case: Amparo action CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine thirty on February twenty, two thousand twenty-six.
Amparo action processed in case file number 26-003521-0007-CO, filed by Nombre01, identity card CED01, against the JUNTA ADMINISTRADORA PORTUARIA Y DESARROLLO ECONOMICO DE LA VERTIENTE ATLANTICA (JAPDEVA).
Whereas:
Furthermore, Nombre02's refusal to recognize and map ancestral Afro-descendant territories is not a neutral omission, but rather a practice that produces concrete discriminatory effects, since it impedes effective access to rights that the legal system recognizes for other peoples protected by the same Convention 169. By failing to identify the collective subject or its territory, the institution de facto blocks the exercise of the right to prior consultation, the right to territory, and the right to participate in decisions that affect them, perpetuating a situation of legal invisibility. Consequently, the concurrent application of the three challenged regulations not only violates territorial rights, but also consolidates an exclusionary administrative model, incompatible with the principle of substantive equality, the prohibition of structural discrimination, and Articles 7 and 33 of the Political Constitution, in direct relation to Articles 6, 13, 14, and 15 of ILO Convention 169. This discrimination is not incidental or isolated, but systematic and structural, deriving from the way in which Nombre02 conceives and exercises its authority over an ancestral Afro-descendant territory without recognizing the people that inhabit it.
EIGHTH FACT (Unconstitutionality and Unconventionality of the Navigation and Cabotage, Leases, and Strategic Alliances Regulations for violation of the constitutional block and international human rights law) The Navigation and Cabotage, Leases, and Strategic Alliances Regulations of Nombre02 are not only materially unconventional, but are unconstitutional, insofar as their content, design, and application directly violate the constitutional and conventionality block that binds the Costa Rican State. The violation is not limited to ILO Convention 169, but extends to the American Convention on Human Rights and the international commitments undertaken by Costa Rica within the framework of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, which constitute binding interpretive parameters in matters of equality, non-discrimination, and protection of historically excluded peoples. In the first place, the three regulations directly violate ILO Convention 169, particularly its Articles 6, 13, 14, and 15, by regulating and disposing of the ancestral Afro-descendant territory without prior territorial recognition, without identification of the affected collective subject, and without prior, free, and informed consultation.
By imposing permits, charges, precarious contracts, and enabling investment projects on ancestrally occupied territories, the regulations illegitimately substitute collective territorial rights with subordinate, revocable, and economically burdensome administrative regimes, which is expressly prohibited by said international instrument. Secondly, the challenged regulations violate the American Convention on Human Rights, in particular Articles 1.1, 2, 21, and 24, as the State, through JAPDEVA, neither respects nor guarantees, under conditions of equality, the territorial, cultural, and subsistence rights of the Afro-descendant population, nor does it adopt the necessary domestic measures to make them effective. The impact on the right to property, understood in its collective and territorial dimension in accordance with Inter-American jurisprudence, occurs through a process of indirect dispossession, which does not require formal expropriation to be legally relevant.
Likewise, the omission of prior consultation and the territorial invisibilization constitute a form of structural discrimination, incompatible with the principle of equality and non-discrimination enshrined in the Convention. In the third place, the state action reflected in the challenged regulations contravenes the commitments undertaken by Costa Rica in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted at the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. These instruments obligate the State to recognize, protect, and guarantee the territorial, cultural, and economic rights of Afro-descendant populations, as well as to eliminate institutional practices that produce exclusion, invisibilization, or displacement. Nombre02's refusal to identify and map Afro-descendant territories, combined with the imposition of a normative model that prioritizes investment over the ancestral use of the territory, constitutes an institutional practice contrary to the Durban mandate and reproduces historical patterns of racial exclusion.
Consequently, the Navigation and Cabotage, Leases, and Strategic Alliances Regulations cannot be considered valid from the constitutional perspective, as their application implies a concurrent violation of Article 7 of the Political Constitution, the principle of constitutional supremacy, the duty of conventionality control, and the fundamental rights to equality, property, participation, and cultural subsistence. The state responsibility derived from these violations is not isolated or circumstantial, but structural, as the regulations form a systematic normative block that operates on Afro-descendant territories without recognition, without consultation, and without safeguards. Therefore, the permanence and application of these regulations activate the full jurisdiction of this Chamber to declare their inapplicability due to unconstitutionality and unconventionality, to order the immediate cessation of their effects, and to order structural reparation measures aimed at guaranteeing Afro-descendant territorial recognition, the elimination of discriminatory practices, and the adaptation of the domestic normative framework to the standards of international human rights law.
PETITION Based on the facts set forth, on the constitutional and conventionality block in force, and in particular on Articles 6, 13, 14, and 15 of ILO Convention 169, Articles 1.1, 2, 21, and 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, as well as Articles 7, 33, 45, and 50 of the Political Constitution, we respectfully request this Honorable Constitutional Chamber to:
1. Grant this writ of amparo (recurso de amparo), upon verification of a current, continued, and structural violation of the fundamental rights of the Afro-descendant people of the Costa Rican Caribbean, derived from the actions and omissions of the Board of Port Administration and Economic Development of the Atlantic Slope (Junta de Administración Portuaria y de Desarrollo Económico de la Vertiente Atlántica, JAPDEVA). 2. Declare the unconstitutionality and unconventionality, through constitutional and conventionality control, of the JAPDEVA Navigation and Cabotage Regulation, Leases Regulation, and Strategic Alliances Regulation, insofar as their content and application violate ILO Convention 169, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the commitments undertaken by the Costa Rican State within the framework of the Durban Declaration. 3. Order the immediate inapplicability of the JAPDEVA Navigation and Cabotage, Leases, and Strategic Alliances Regulations, in all those territories, properties, rivers, canals, coastal zones, and aquatic spaces that are ancestrally occupied, used, or linked by the Afro-descendant population of the Costa Rican Caribbean, while the standards of territorial recognition and prior consultation established in ILO Convention 169 are not met. 4.
Order Nombre02 to refrain from: 4.1 Imposing permits, charges, fees (cánones), audits, or sanctions derived from the Navigation and Cabotage Regulation on traditional Afro-descendant practices of navigation, river transit, and artisanal fishing; 4.2 Requiring or terminating lease contracts as a condition for the permanence of Afro-descendant persons in ancestrally occupied territories; 4.3 Awarding, reassigning, or committing territories through strategic alliances, concessions, or investment projects that affect Afro-descendant territories. 5. Order, as a structural reparation measure, that JAPDEVA, in coordination with the competent state institutions, identify, recognize, and delimit the ancestral Afro-descendant territories within the Atlantic Slope, through a technically adequate, participatory, and culturally pertinent process, as a precondition for any future regulation, project, or administrative decision. 6.
Order the realization of prior, free, and informed consultation processes, in accordance with Article 6 of ILO Convention 169, once the territories and the Afro-descendant collective subject have been identified, regarding any normative measure, administrative measure, or investment project that could directly or indirectly affect said territories. 7. Expressly declare that without Afro-descendant territorial identification, no valid prior consultation can exist, and that the institutional omission of territorial recognition constitutes, in itself, an autonomous violation of ILO Convention 169 and the principle of substantive equality. 8. Order Nombre02 to integrally adapt its internal regulatory framework to the standards of international human rights law applicable to Afro-descendant tribal peoples, incorporating territorial, ethnic, and cultural safeguards, and eliminating any provision that allows direct or indirect dispossession of the ancestral territory. 9.
Warn the respondent authority that the reiteration of similar conduct or omissions may generate constitutional and eventually international responsibility of the Costa Rican State, in accordance with the reinforced duty of guarantee that governs in matters of tribal peoples' rights. 10. Condemn the State to the payment of costs, damages, and losses, in accordance with constitutional jurisprudence, due to the proven structural violation of fundamental rights.”
The immediate legal consequence of that recognition is that any administrative measure capable of directly affecting said people had to be submitted to the prior, free, informed, culturally appropriate, and good-faith consultation procedure (procedimiento de consulta previa libre informada culturalmente adecuada y de buena fe) set forth in Article 6 of Convention 169. The consultation obligation does not depend on formal titling or on cartographic delimitation carried out by the administration, but rather on the objective existence of a tribal people and a traditionally occupied territory, points that have been admitted by the respondent institution itself. III. RECOGNITION OF THE LEGAL REALITY OF THE AFRO-DESCENDANT TERRITORY Consequently, the Strategic Partnerships Regulation (Reglamento de Alianzas Estratégicas)—whose territorial scope of application is expressly delimited—, the Cabotage Regulation (Reglamento de Cabotaje)—likewise circumscribed to a specific geographic space—and the Leases Regulation (Reglamento de Arrendamientos)—which also defines a specific spatial scope of execution—were adopted with prior knowledge that their application fell upon lands historically occupied by the Afro-descendant population.
The institution's own response demonstrates that Nombre02 had clarity regarding the territorial delimitation encompassed by each of the three challenged regulations. Likewise, by maintaining that such provisions do not generate impacts on the rights of the Afro-descendant population, the institution implicitly admits two legally decisive points: first, that the regulations affect territories linked to said population; and second, that there was prior knowledge of that territorial and sociocultural reality. These are not, therefore, administrative acts adopted in the abstract or regarding a neutral space. These are regulations issued for specific territorial areas whose historical occupation and Afro-descendant legal dimension have been expressly recognized. From the perspective of international human rights law, this element of prior knowledge directly activates the obligation of prior consultation.
If the institution knew that the regulations would be applied over territories ancestrally occupied by the Afro-descendant population and that such territories possess historical, cultural, and legal relevance, the consultation had to be carried out before the adoption of the normative acts, not after, nor conditional upon a subsequent verification of impact. In other words, by affirming that the regulations produce no impact, the institution presupposes the existence of the collective subject and the protected territory. That implicit recognition confirms that, before the issuance of said acts, conducting the prior consultation process in accordance with the standards of Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization was legally required, because the consultation obligation arises from the State's knowledge of the possible impact on a protected people, not from a subsequent unilateral assessment of the magnitude of the impact.
IV. NECESSARY CONSEQUENCE OF PRIOR CONSULTATION ON THE CHALLENGED REGULATIONS If the authority recognizes the existence of continuous historical ancestral occupation pre-existing the State and also recognizes the legal reality of the Afro-descendant territory, then any regulation concerning leases, charging of rents, the navigation and cabotage regime in the northern canals, and the strategic partnerships regulation constitutes an administrative measure likely to directly affect the Afro-descendant tribal people within the terms of Convention 169. The impact must not be interpreted restrictively nor limited to cases of formal expropriation; rather, it encompasses any regulation affecting the use, enjoyment, permanence, administration, or exploitation of the traditionally occupied territory. Consequently, the three regulations challenged in this proceeding (leases, cabotage, and strategic partnerships) should have been submitted to prior consultation before their issuance and application in territories ancestrally occupied by the Afro-descendant population.
The omission of said procedure constitutes an autonomous violation of the fundamental right to participation recognized in the constitutional bloc. V. INSUFFICIENCY OF THE DENIAL OF IMPACT WITHOUT PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION Nombre02 maintains that the regulations do not negatively affect ancestral territories nor impact the physical and cultural subsistence of the Afro-descendant population; however, the legal reality and the practical consequences for the population indicate otherwise, as explained below: 1. General framework of conventionality control and territory as integral habitat The analysis of the three regulations must be conducted under the principle of conventionality control (control de convencionalidad), which imposes on all State organs the duty to verify that their normative and administrative actions are compatible with ratified and binding international human rights treaties.
Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization forms part of the constitutional bloc and constitutes a direct parameter of validity for administrative action. It is not an accessory interpretative criterion but a binding legal obligation that requires adapting regulations and specific acts to the international standard of protection of tribal peoples. Article 6 of Convention 169 establishes the obligation to consult in good faith and through appropriate procedures whenever legislative or administrative measures likely to directly affect the interested peoples are anticipated. The word "likely" implies a reasonable possibility of impact and does not require demonstration of actual harm. Article 7 recognizes the right of said peoples to decide their own development priorities and to participate in the formulation, application, and evaluation of plans and programs that may directly affect them.
Article 13 provides that the concept of lands must include the totality of the habitat that the peoples occupy or use in some manner. When Nombre02 recognizes continuous historical Afro-descendant ancestral occupation pre-existing the State, it also recognizes the existence of a functional territory protected by Convention 169. The territory is not merely physical ground but a living space where economic, cultural, social, spiritual, and family activities develop. Any regulation that alters the conditions of use, permanence, mobility, economic exploitation, or access to that integral habitat must be examined under the conventionality lens. 2. Leases Regulation and structural precarization of the territorial bond The leases regime applied over ancestrally occupied spaces implies a substantial legal transformation of the territorial bond. Intergenerational historical occupation becomes legally configured as a contractual relationship subject to payment conditions, temporary validity, and unilateral power of termination.
From the standpoint of Convention 169, this reconversion is not neutral, as it alters the cultural security of the territory and weakens the intergenerational continuity of the habitat. In daily practice, this translates into uncertainty regarding permanence, limitation on investing in improvements, risk of termination due to administrative breaches, and weakening of the transmission of the space to descendants. Although there is no immediate expulsion, the transformation of legal status introduces structural precariousness. The territory ceases to be a culturally guaranteed space and becomes dependent on periodic administrative will. Under the principle of conventionality, this measure is capable of directly affecting territorial rights protected by Articles 13 and 14 of Convention 169. The absence of prior consultation renders the generalized application of the leases regime potentially incompatible with the treaty, since the community was not allowed to assess whether said contractual figure respects its traditional form of occupation and permanence. 3.
Navigation and Cabotage Regulation and monetization of traditional use The network of canals and fluvial spaces forms part of the integral habitat used by the Afro-descendant population for daily mobility, family transport, artisanal fishing, and community economic services. The introduction of fees, inspections, certifications, and periodic administrative requirements alters the material conditions for the exercise of those traditional uses. From the conventional perspective, the monetization of traditional use of the fluvial territory constitutes a measure capable of directly affecting economic and cultural subsistence. Article 7 of Convention 169 requires that peoples participate in decisions that affect their development model. If the regulation makes the operation of small vessels more expensive, introduces disproportionate fixed costs for family economies, or establishes administrative barriers that favor larger capital operators, an economic reconfiguration is produced that impacts the community structure.
The lack of prior consultation prevents verifying whether the regulation is proportional and culturally appropriate. Under the principle of conventionality, the mere unilateral imposition of economic burdens on traditional practices activates the obligation of prior dialogue. Its omission compromises the compatibility of the regulation with Article 6 in relation to Article 7 of Convention 169. 4. Strategic Partnerships Regulation and reconfiguration of the development model The strategic partnerships regulation enables the participation of third parties in the economic exploitation of assets located in ancestrally occupied territories. This instrument directly affects the definition of the territorial development model. Article 7 of Convention 169 recognizes the right of the tribal people to decide their own development priorities and to control, as far as possible, their economic, social, and cultural development.
When economic exploitation schemes are enabled without prior consultation, an external logic is introduced that can modify access to spaces, increase permanence costs, displace local economies, and transform the social and cultural landscape. Although community presence may be formally maintained, the gradual reconfiguration of the territory can produce indirect displacement and cultural erosion. From conventionality control, the application of this regulation without a consultative process violates the right to participate in structural decisions regarding the territory. Development cannot be unilaterally imposed in ancestral territories without violating the participatory core of Convention 169. 5. Cumulative impact and potential violation of Convention 169 The integrated analysis reveals a cumulative normative pattern. Leasing precarizes permanence, cabotage monetizes traditional mobility, and strategic partnerships reconfigure the model of economic exploitation.
Together, these measures structurally transform the cultural habitat and, for this reason, under the conventional standard, the likelihood of direct impact is sufficient to trigger prior consultation. The authority itself has recognized the existence of the tribal people and their ancestral territory. The adoption and application of the three regulations without prior consultation constitutes, at a minimum, a potential violation of Article 6 of Convention 169 and may project incompatibility with Articles 7 and 13 by altering development priorities and the use of the integral habitat without effective participation. VI. FACTS OF THE APPEAL THAT ARE DEEMED PROVEN BY ADMISSION Based on the institutional response, the facts relating to the existence of continuous historical Afro-descendant ancestral occupation pre-existing the State, as well as the existence of a territorial legal reality known to the institution, must be deemed proven.
Consequently, the constitutional debate can no longer focus on the non-existence of the territory, but rather on the compatibility of the challenged regulations with the obligation of prior consultation and with the principle of conventionality. Based on the foregoing, it is clear that the appeal must be granted in its entirety.”
Drafted by Justice Hess Herrera; and,
Considering:
The appellant indicates appearing due to the “structural violation of fundamental rights of a collective nature, linked to the Afro-descendant ancestral territory, the right to prior, free, and informed consultation, the principle of material equality, and the duty of conventionality control”. He clarifies appearing against the following norms: “1. The Regulation for the Charging of Rents on lands located on the property of JAPDEVA. 2. The Regulation on Navigation and Cabotage in the network of canals of the Caribbean. 3. The Regulation on Strategic Partnerships of Nombre02 (La Gaceta, May 8, 2023)”. He reproaches that such regulations precarize Afro-descendant ancestral tenure, condition territorial permanence, enable administrative recovery, and permit the functional reassignment of the territory to investment projects, without prior tribal consultation. He considers that the application of the navigation and cabotage regime, which imposes charges, permits, and administrative restrictions on rivers, canals, fluvial mouths, and maritime spaces that form part of the Afro-descendant ancestral territory, affects traditional practices of subsistence, transit, and communication; furthermore, there is a serious institutional omission to identify, recognize, delimit, and protect Afro-descendant ancestral territories, as well as to activate prior, free, and informed consultation, unduly substituting it with general public consultations.
In the sub lite, the appellant indicates appearing due to the “structural violation of fundamental rights of a collective nature, linked to the Afro-descendant ancestral territory, the right to prior, free, and informed consultation, the principle of material equality, and the duty of conventionality control”. He clarifies appearing against the following norms: “1. The Regulation for the Charging of Rents on lands located on the property of JAPDEVA. 2. The Regulation on Navigation and Cabotage in the network of canals of the Caribbean. 3. The Regulation on Strategic Partnerships of Nombre02 (La Gaceta, May 8, 2023)”. He reproaches that such regulations precarize Afro-descendant ancestral tenure, condition territorial permanence, enable administrative recovery, and permit the functional reassignment of the territory to investment projects, without prior tribal consultation. He considers that the application of the navigation and cabotage regime, which imposes charges, permits, and administrative restrictions on rivers, canals, fluvial mouths, and maritime spaces that form part of the Afro-descendant ancestral territory, affects traditional practices of subsistence, transit, and communication; furthermore, there is a serious institutional omission to identify, recognize, delimit, and protect Afro-descendant ancestral territories, as well as to activate prior, free, and informed consultation, unduly substituting it with general public consultations.
Having reviewed such allegations, the appellant presents his claim in a generic form, outlining various situations relating to the impacts that, in his opinion, the Afro-descendant population suffers due to the challenged regulations; however, he does not specify any concrete and real situation where a fundamental right has been affected.
Furthermore, it must be noted that, regarding the possibility of filing an amparo appeal against a normative provision, the Chamber, through judgment no.
2017-008320 of 9:15 a.m. on June 2, 2017, resolved the following:
"The purpose of the amparo remedy is to provide timely protection against infringements or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, not to serve as a generic instrument to guarantee the principle of constitutional supremacy or the principle of legality. The foregoing means that the Chamber cannot, through this remedy, set itself up as an abstract auditor of the constitutionality of infra-constitutional norms and that, pursuant to numeral 30, subsection a) of the Law governing this jurisdiction, amparo does not lie against laws or other normative provisions, except when these are challenged jointly with acts of individual application thereof, or when dealing with self-executing norms, in which case the procedure regulated in numerals 73 and following of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional must be followed. For that reason, although Article 75, first paragraph of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional opens the possibility of filing an unconstitutionality action on the basis of an amparo or habeas corpus petition pending before it, it is also absolutely necessary that such petitions be admissible; that is, that they seek to protect fundamental rights.
A manifestly improper amparo or habeas corpus does not constitute a reasonable means of protecting any right or interest, and for that reason a declaration of unconstitutionality cannot be sought within it, since such a thing would imply recognizing, through that avenue, the existence in our legal system of a popular action as a prerequisite for standing to access constitutional review of norms, a situation that has been repeatedly rejected, both in specialized doctrine and in the jurisprudence of this Chamber itself." Ergo, seeing that in the sub iudice no act of individual application of the cited regulations is observed, the transcribed considerations are applicable to the case under study, as this Tribunal finds no reasons to vary the criteria set forth in such rulings, nor grounds that would lead it to assess the situation presented differently.
Thus, by virtue of the considerations put forth, dismissal of this petition must be imposed.
In this case, I concur with the majority vote insofar as the petition must be declared without merit, but with the following considerations.
In the filing brief, the petitioner maintains that the communities of the Caribbean constitute Afro-descendant tribal peoples, and for that reason challenges the regulation in dispute because, in his view, it violates the exercise of the right to prior consultation, the right to territory, and the right to participate in decisions that affect them, perpetuating a situation of legal invisibility.
Based on such allegations, I consider it necessary to reiterate the criterion I have set forth in rulings no. 2025-032461 of 1:56 p.m. on October 3, 2025 and no. 2026-003395 of 9:20 a.m. on January 30, 2026, through which, by way of summary, I noted that currently no law exists that recognizes the Afro-descendant population as a tribal people. For the foregoing reason, I highlight my criterion that a recognition of such magnitude—the status of a specific community as a tribal people—is something that corresponds to the legislature to carry out, respecting the principle of legal reservation (principio de reserva de ley) and the principle of reasonableness, so that it clearly establishes the assumptions, effects, and scope of that legal category in the exercise of fundamental rights, taking into consideration even the expert reports that may be necessary in such an important and specialized matter.
Hence, the legal reservation (reserva de ley) serves a guarantee function against public power, by preventing the configuration or delimitation of fundamental rights from being removed from the democratic control of Parliament. It is not merely a formal requirement, but a substantive demand that preserves the balance between individual liberty and state authority, ensuring that decisions regarding the rights and duties of individuals come from the body to which the Constitution confers primary normative authority.
The parties are forewarned that, if any paper document or objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies have been provided, these must be withdrawn within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. It is warned that all material not collected within that period will be destroyed, based on the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (approved by the Corte Plena in Article XXVI of session no. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in Boletín Judicial no. 19 of January 26, 2012) and in Article LXXXI of the session of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial no. 43-12 of May 3, 2012.
Por tanto:
The petition is declared without merit. Magistrate Garro Vargas records a note.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del veinte de febrero de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 26-003521-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, contra la JUNTA ADMINISTRADORA PORTUARIA Y DESARROLLO ECONOMICO DE LA VERTIENTE ATLANTICA (JAPDEVA).
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente indica acudir por la lesión “estructural de derechos fundamentales de carácter colectivo, vinculados al territorio ancestral afrodescendiente, al derecho a la consulta previa, libre e informada, al principio de igualdad material y al deber de control de convencionalidad”. Aclara acudir en contra de las siguientes normas: “1. El Reglamento para el Cobro de Arrendamientos en terrenos ubicados en la finca propiedad de JAPDEVA. 2. El Reglamento de Navegación y Cabotaje en la red de canales del Caribe. 3. El Reglamento de Alianzas Estratégicas de Nombre02 (La Gaceta, 8 de mayo de 2023)”. Reprocha que tales reglamentos precarizan la tenencia ancestral afrodescendiente, condicionan la permanencia territorial, habilitan la recuperación administrativa y permiten la reasignación funcional del territorio a proyectos de inversión, sin consulta previa tribal. Considera que la aplicación del régimen de navegación y cabotaje, que impone cobros, permisos y restricciones administrativas sobre ríos, canales, bocas fluviales y espacios marítimos que forman parte del territorio ancestral afrodescendiente afecta las prácticas tradicionales de subsistencia, tránsito y comunicación; además, hay una omisión institucional grave de identificar, reconocer, delimitar y proteger los territorios ancestrales afrodescendientes, así como de activar consulta previa, libre e informada, sustituyéndola indebidamente por consultas públicas generales.
En el sub lite, el recurrente indica acudir por la lesión “estructural de derechos fundamentales de carácter colectivo, vinculados al territorio ancestral afrodescendiente, al derecho a la consulta previa, libre e informada, al principio de igualdad material y al deber de control de convencionalidad”. Aclara acudir en contra de las siguientes normas: “1. El Reglamento para el Cobro de Arrendamientos en terrenos ubicados en la finca propiedad de JAPDEVA. 2. El Reglamento de Navegación y Cabotaje en la red de canales del Caribe. 3. El Reglamento de Alianzas Estratégicas de Nombre02 (La Gaceta, 8 de mayo de 2023)”. Reprocha que tales reglamentos precarizan la tenencia ancestral afrodescendiente, condicionan la permanencia territorial, habilitan la recuperación administrativa y permiten la reasignación funcional del territorio a proyectos de inversión, sin consulta previa tribal. Considera que la aplicación del régimen de navegación y cabotaje, que impone cobros, permisos y restricciones administrativas sobre ríos, canales, bocas fluviales y espacios marítimos que forman parte del territorio ancestral afrodescendiente afecta las prácticas tradicionales de subsistencia, tránsito y comunicación; además, hay una omisión institucional grave de identificar, reconocer, delimitar y proteger los territorios ancestrales afrodescendientes, así como de activar consulta previa, libre e informada, sustituyéndola indebidamente por consultas públicas generales.
Vistos tales alegatos, el recurrente plantea su reclamo en forma genérica, esbozando distintas situaciones relativas a las afectaciones que, a su criterio, sufre la población afrodescendiente por la normativa impugnada; empero, no precisan alguna situación concreta y real, donde se haya afectado algún derecho fundamental.
Además, adviértase que, en relación con la posibilidad de interponer un recurso de amparo contra una disposición normativa, la Sala, mediante sentencia nro. 2017-008320 de las 9:15 horas del 2 de junio de 2017, resolvió lo siguiente:
"La finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, no la de servir como un instrumento genérico para garantizar el principio de supremacía constitucional o el principio de legalidad. Lo anterior determina que la Sala no pueda erigirse por su medio en un contralor en abstracto de la constitucionalidad de las normas infraconstitucionales y que, conforme al numeral 30 inciso a) de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción, el amparo no proceda contra leyes u otras disposiciones normativas, salvo cuando éstas se impugnan conjuntamente con los actos de aplicación individual de aquéllas, o cuando se trata de normas de acción automática, en cuyo caso debe acudirse al procedimiento regulado en los numerales 73 y siguientes de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Por esa razón, aunque el artículo 75 párrafo primero de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional abra la posibilidad de interponer una acción de inconstitucionalidad sobre la base de un recurso de amparo o de hábeas corpus pendiente ante ella, también es absolutamente necesario que tales recursos sean admisibles; es decir, que persigan tutelar derechos fundamentales.
Un amparo o hábeas corpus manifiestamente improcedente, no constituye medio razonable de amparar ningún derecho o interés, y por ese motivo no puede pretenderse dentro de aquél una declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad, puesto que semejante cosa implicaría reconocer, por esa vía, la existencia en nuestro ordenamiento de una acción popular como presupuesto de legitimación para el acceso al control de constitucionalidad de las normas, situación que en reiteradas oportunidades ha sido rechazada, tanto en la doctrina especializada, como la propia jurisprudencia de esta Sala".
Ergo, visto que en el sub iudice no se aprecia algún acto de aplicación individual de la normativa citada, las consideraciones transcritas son aplicables al caso en estudio, pues este Tribunal no encuentra razones para variar los criterios vertidos en tales sentencias, ni motivos que lo hagan valorar de manera distinta en la situación planteada.
Así las cosas, en virtud de las consideraciones esgrimidas, se impone rechazar este recurso.
En la especie, concurro con el voto de la mayoría en cuanto a que el recurso debe ser declarado sin lugar, pero con las siguientes consideraciones.
En el escrito de interposición el recurrente sostiene que las comunidades del Caribe se tratan de pueblos tribales afrodescendientes, por tal razón cuestiona la norma en disputa debido a que en su criterio se vulnera el ejercicio del derecho a la consulta previa, del derecho al territorio y del derecho a participar en las decisiones que les afectan, perpetuando una situación de invisibilidad jurídica.
A partir de tales alegatos, considero necesario reiterar el criterio que he vertido en las sentencias nro. 2025-032461 de las 13:56 horas del 3 de octubre de 2025 y nro. 2026-003395 de las 09:20 horas del 30 de enero de 2026, a través de la cuales a manera de síntesis señalé que en la actualidad no existe una ley que reconozca a la población afrodescendiente como un pueblo tribal. Por lo anterior, destacó mi criterio respecto a que un reconocimiento de tal envergadura –la condición de pueblo tribal de una comunidad determinada– es algo que le corresponde al legislador realizar respetando el principio de reserva de ley y el principio de razonabilidad, para que establezca con claridad los supuestos, efectos y alcances de esa categoría jurídica en ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales, tomando en consideración incluso los peritajes que sean necesarios, en materia tan importante y especializada.
De ahí que la reserva de ley cumple una función de garantía frente al poder público, al impedir que la configuración o delimitación de los derechos fundamentales se sustraiga del control democrático del Parlamento. No se trata únicamente de un requisito formal, sino de una exigencia sustantiva que preserva el equilibrio entre la libertad individual y la autoridad estatal, asegurando que las decisiones sobre derechos y deberes de las personas provengan del órgano al que la Constitución confiere la potestad normativa primaria.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. La magistrada Garro Vargas consigna nota.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.