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Res. 04343-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 06/02/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denied the amparo as no environmental damage was proven and the claimant failed to exhaust prior administrative remedies.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el amparo porque no se probó daño ambiental y el recurrente no agotó la vía administrativa previa.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denied an amparo filed by a resident of Manuel Antonio, Quepos, against the Municipality of Quepos, MINAE, SINAC, and ACOPAC for alleged environmental damage from road paving, ditching, and sidewalk construction on a public road. The claimant argued that machinery was undercutting tree roots, endangering a biological corridor and wildlife habitats. The Chamber held that the claimant failed to exhaust administrative remedies, filing the environmental complaint (SITADA) only after the amparo. Moreover, based on technical inspections by ACOPAC and reports from the respondent authorities, no environmental damage was found: no roots were undercut or trees removed, and slopes reflected natural topography already altered by tourism development. The Municipality acted within the legally constituted right-of-way and took road safety measures. Closure of the administrative complaint was recommended.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar un recurso de amparo presentado por un vecino de Manuel Antonio, Quepos, contra la Municipalidad de Quepos, el MINAE, el SINAC y el ACOPAC, por supuesto daño ambiental derivado de obras de asfaltado, cuneteo y construcción de aceras en la vía pública. El recurrente alegó que la maquinaria estaba socavando raíces de árboles, poniendo en riesgo un corredor biológico y hábitats silvestres. La Sala consideró que el accionante no agotó la vía administrativa previa, pues presentó la denuncia ambiental (SITADA) después de interponer el amparo. Además, con base en inspecciones técnicas del ACOPAC y los informes de las autoridades recurridas, se determinó que no existía daño ambiental: no se socavaron raíces ni se eliminaron árboles, y las pendientes eran propias de la topografía natural ya intervenida por el desarrollo turístico. La Municipalidad actuó dentro del derecho de vía legalmente constituido y tomó medidas de seguridad vial. Se recomendó el cierre de la denuncia administrativa.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV.- SPECIFIC CASE. Having reviewed the record, this Constitutional Court does not find any merit in granting this amparo. The specific reasons are explained below: First, because the claimant came directly to this Chamber to present the environmental complaint of public interest, without first having gone to the respondent authorities. This Chamber has maintained the position that it does not operate as a complaint-processing body. Moreover, it was demonstrated that it was not until December 11, 2025—after this amparo was filed—that the situation was reported to the Ministry of Environment and Energy and subsequently forwarded to the coordinator of the Central Pacific Conservation Area. Second, given the above, it is clear that the respondent authorities cannot be accused of excessive and unjustified delay in resolving the complaint. Thus, no violation of Article 41 of the Constitution occurred in any way. Third, considering that, as reported by the Mayor of Quepos, the works complained of “are carried out within the legally constituted right-of-way.” Additionally, the authority stated that the interventions on that road “correspond exclusively to the cleaning of sediments, earthen material, and vegetation layer within the right-of-way.” Fourth, as it was proven, the said works have not posed a risk to the integrity and life of persons, or to the property of third parties, since the municipality took the necessary preventive and road safety measures. Fifth, because, by virtue of a recent site inspection by officials of the Central Pacific Conservation Area, the existence of environmental damage in the area indicated by the claimant was categorically ruled out.IV.- CASO CONCRETO. Revisados los autos, este Tribunal Constitucional no considera que exista mérito alguno para acoger este amparo. Esto, por los motivos puntuales que se explicarán a continuación: Primero, por cuanto el recurrente acudió directamente a esta Sala a exponer la denuncia ambiental de interés, sin previamente haber acudido ante las autoridades recurridas. Esta Sala ha mantenido el criterio que no opera como una instancia tramitadora de denuncias. Además, se demostró que fue hasta el 11 de diciembre de 2025, luego de interpuesto este amparo, que la situación en cuestión fue denunciada ante el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y trasladada posteriormente al coordinador del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central. Segundo, dado que, dicho lo anterior, es claro que no es posible imputarles a las autoridades recurridas haber incurrido en una tardanza excesiva e injustificada en resolver la denuncia. Así las cosas, no se configuró, de modo alguno, una violación a lo dispuesto en el ordinal 41 constitucional. Tercero, habida cuenta que, según informó la Alcaldesa de Quepos, las obras que se reclaman “se realizan dentro del derecho de vía legalmente constituido”. Además, dicha autoridad sostuvo que las intervenciones realizadas en dicho camino “corresponden exclusivamente a la limpieza de sedimentos, material terroso y capa vegetal dentro del derecho de vía”. Cuarto, ya que, según se acreditó, los referidos trabajos no han representado un riesgo para la integridad y vida de las personas, así como para los bienes de terceros, pues, según se informó, el municipio tomó las medidas preventivas y de seguridad vial necesarias. Quinto, por cuanto, en virtud de reciente inspección realizada al sitio por funcionarios del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, se descartó de forma contundente la existencia de un daño ambiental en la zona señalada por el recurrente.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Primero, por cuanto el recurrente acudió directamente a esta Sala a exponer la denuncia ambiental de interés, sin previamente haber acudido ante las autoridades recurridas. Esta Sala ha mantenido el criterio que no opera como una instancia tramitadora de denuncias."
"First, because the claimant came directly to this Chamber to present the environmental complaint of public interest, without first having gone to the respondent authorities. This Chamber has maintained the position that it does not operate as a complaint-processing body."
Considerando IV
"Primero, por cuanto el recurrente acudió directamente a esta Sala a exponer la denuncia ambiental de interés, sin previamente haber acudido ante las autoridades recurridas. Esta Sala ha mantenido el criterio que no opera como una instancia tramitadora de denuncias."
Considerando IV
"Del análisis técnico realizado y de la inspección en sitio efectuada, se desprende que lo alegado por el recurrente no lleva razón, ya que, no se evidenció daño alguno sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre en el área inspeccionada."
"From the technical analysis performed and the on-site inspection carried out, it follows that the claimant's allegations are unfounded, since no damage to adult trees or wildlife was evidenced in the inspected area."
Considerando IV (informe del MINAE)
"Del análisis técnico realizado y de la inspección en sitio efectuada, se desprende que lo alegado por el recurrente no lleva razón, ya que, no se evidenció daño alguno sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre en el área inspeccionada."
Considerando IV (informe del MINAE)
"La maquinaria mencionada no ha socavado raíces o eliminados árboles, y las pendientes que existen en el lugar, son propias de la zona, la cual se encuentra muy deforestada, debido a las intervenciones humanas y el desarrollo turístico de la zona, durante los últimos años."
"The machinery in question has not undercut roots or removed trees, and the slopes in the area are inherent to the zone, which is heavily deforested due to human interventions and tourism development in recent years."
Informe ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026
"La maquinaria mencionada no ha socavado raíces o eliminados árboles, y las pendientes que existen en el lugar, son propias de la zona, la cual se encuentra muy deforestada, debido a las intervenciones humanas y el desarrollo turístico de la zona, durante los últimos años."
Informe ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026
"Cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala."
"When a litigant claims a violation of the right to prompt and complete justice in administrative proceedings, it is the Administrative Litigation Courts, not this Chamber, that must hear the legal dispute."
Nota del Magistrado Castillo Víquez
"Cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala."
Nota del Magistrado Castillo Víquez
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER Type of matter: Amparo appeal Judgment with separate note Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest: Strategic Themes: Environmental, Economic Social Cultural and Environmental Rights Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics: ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE. Topic: MUNICIPALITY Subtopics: INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONDITIONS.
004343-26. ENVIRONMENT. MUNICIPALITY. ALLEGES THAT WORK CARRIED OUT BY THE MUNICIPALITY OF QUEPOS ON THE PUBLIC ROAD IS UNDERMINING A SECTION OF THE MOUNTAIN, AFFECTING TREE ROOTS. THE APPELLANT CAME DIRECTLY TO THIS CHAMBER TO FILE THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLAINT OF INTEREST, WITHOUT HAVING PREVIOUSLY APPEARED BEFORE THE RESPONDENT AUTHORITIES, WHICH IS WHY THE APPEAL IS DECLARED WITHOUT MERIT. VCG03/2026 “(…) IV.- SPECIFIC CASE. Having reviewed the case file, this Constitutional Court does not consider that there is any merit to grant this amparo. This is for the specific reasons explained below:
First, because the appellant came directly to this Chamber to file the environmental complaint of interest, without having previously appeared before the respondent authorities. This Chamber has maintained the criterion that it does not operate as a complaint-processing instance. Furthermore, it was shown that it was not until December 11, 2025, after this amparo was filed, that the situation in question was reported to the Ministry of Environment and Energy and subsequently transferred to the coordinator of the Central Pacific Conservation Area.
Second, given the foregoing, it is clear that it is not possible to attribute to the respondent authorities having incurred an excessive and unjustified delay in resolving the complaint. As matters stand, a violation of the provisions of constitutional article 41 was not, in any way, configured.
Third, taking into account that, as reported by the Mayor of Quepos, the works being challenged “are carried out within the legally constituted right-of-way”. Furthermore, said authority maintained that the interventions made on said road “correspond exclusively to the cleaning of sediments, earthy material, and vegetation layer within the right-of-way”.
Fourth, since, as was accredited, the referred works have not represented a risk to the integrity and life of persons, nor to the property of third parties, because, as reported, the municipality took the necessary preventive and road safety measures. Indeed, the record shows that temporary closures were scheduled, which were announced to the population through official channels.
Fifth, because, by virtue of a recent inspection of the site carried out by officials of the Central Pacific Conservation Area, the existence of environmental damage in the area indicated by the appellant was conclusively ruled out. In report No. ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026 of January 13, 2026, the following was expressly recorded:
“(…) recent works by the Municipality of Quepos were observed, as reported by the Environmental Management officers, these correspond to the asphalting of the gravel road, the ditching (cuneteo) and the construction of sidewalks on the highway. This street is the one that turns right (from the main road from Quepos to Manuel Antonio) from Banco Promerica, until reaching the end of the road at Hotel El Parador, passing by Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, Biesanz beach, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas and Makanda, among other restaurants and hotels. Between Hotel Layan and Makanda, there is a parked dump truck, which is not working, since municipal employees begin their activities on Monday, January 19, however, it remains in place without carrying out any activity. The tractor was not observed at the site, meaning, activities today are completely paralyzed. There are also no operators or workers.
In Figure 1, the construction of ditches (cunetas) on the main road is observed, as well as the asphalting of the gravel roads (…) Figure 1. Construction of ditches (cunetas) on the main road, as well as the asphalting of the gravel roads, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos In Figure 2, the dump truck is observed parked where the Municipality of Quepos has been carrying out the aforementioned works, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio (…) Figure 2. Dump truck parked in the work zone, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Part of the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) carried out by the Municipality, for the construction of sidewalks and ditches (cunetas), has generated slopes of up to 1.5 meters high approximately, but it was not observed that this has produced damage to adult trees or wildlife (…) Figure 3. Creation of slopes on the secondary road of interest, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos.
According to what was observed, the mentioned machinery has not undermined roots or removed trees, and the slopes that exist in the place are characteristic of the area, which is highly deforested, due to human interventions and tourism development in the area during recent years. Especially on the edges of the road (…)”.
In addition to the above, it should be noted that, according to reports issued by the Minister of Environment and Energy and by the Executive Director of the National System of Conservation Areas, “From the technical analysis carried out and the on-site inspection conducted, it is clear that the allegations made by the appellant are unfounded, since no damage whatsoever to adult trees or wildlife was evidenced in the inspected area. The machinery used in the works has not undermined roots nor removed trees. The existing slopes in the place are characteristic of the natural topographical features of the area. The observable deforestation in the area is due to historical anthropogenic interventions and sustained tourism development during recent years, particularly at the edges of the road, and not to the municipal works that are the subject of the complaint”. For his part, the Executive Director of the National System of Conservation Areas asserted that “the environmental complaint processed under number SITADA 59207-2025 (report 33049) was acknowledged and supported in accordance with environmental regulations, verifying through pertinent technical investigations that no environmental impact (afectación ambiental) is configured”.
Indeed, it must also be taken into account that, given the aforementioned state of affairs, the closure of the complaint filed by the appellant has already been recommended.
* By virtue of the foregoing, since the violation of fundamental rights has been ruled out, the appropriate course is to dismiss the appeal filed. (…)” ... See more Content of Interest: Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 1. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 041- Effective judicial protection. Prompt and fulfilled justice Subtopics: NOT APPLICABLE. ARTICLE 41 OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION “(…) II.- REGARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF HEARING THIS AMPARO PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONSTITUTION. Before analyzing the merits of the matter – for the alleged violation of the right to a prompt and fulfilled procedure – it must be clarified that, as of Judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred – with some exceptions – those matters in which it is disputed whether the public administration has complied or not with the deadlines set by the General Law of Public Administration (articles 261 and 325) or the sectoral laws for special administrative procedures, to resolve by final act an administrative procedure – initiated ex officio or at the request of a party – or to hear the pertinent administrative appeals, to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.
Precisely, in this case an exception scenario is proposed – supported by the majority of this Constitutional Court – since this involves a complaint alleging environmental damage, which has allegedly not been resolved within a reasonable timeframe. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo. (…)” VCG03/2026 ... See more Content of Interest: Type of content: Separate note Branch of Law: 1. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 041- Effective judicial protection. Prompt and fulfilled justice Subtopics: NOT APPLICABLE.
I have supported the thesis of this Court, that when the claimant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and fulfilled justice in administrative proceedings, those who must hear the legal controversy are the Contentious-Administrative Courts and not this Chamber. Now then, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition, it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection by means of the amparo appeal established by article 32 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in relation to article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the material actions of the Administration, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted regulations do not imply that this Court must modify its jurisprudential line, which, based on numeral 7 of its Law, is exclusively responsible for defining its own competence.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional controversies that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exception scenarios, which are appropriately heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional amparo guarantee process, in all other cases, and for the reasons this Court has given (Judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent authorities are the Judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with numeral 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Constitutional Law (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
VCG03/2026 ... See more CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and twenty minutes on February sixth, two thousand twenty-six.
Amparo appeal filed by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], against the MUNICIPALITY OF QUEPOS, the MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, the NATIONAL SYSTEM OF CONSERVATION AREAS, and the CENTRAL PACIFIC CONSERVATION AREA.
WHEREAS:
The Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes in its Article 29 that the Amparo Appeal (Recurso de Amparo) guarantees the fundamental rights and freedoms referred to in this law, except those protected by Habeas Corpus; it also establishes that it proceeds against any provision, agreement, or resolution and, in general, against any action, omission, or simple material act not based on a valid administrative act, by public servants and organs, that has violated, violates, or threatens to violate any of those rights. It proceeds not only against arbitrary acts but also against actions or omissions based on erroneously interpreted or improperly applied norms. SECOND: In the Costa Rican legal system, the Amparo Appeal derives from constitutional norms 10 and 48 of the Political Constitution, which establishes that every person has the right to the Amparo Appeal to maintain or restore the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the Constitution, as well as those of a fundamental nature established in international human rights instruments applicable in the Republic.
There is an entire title within this normative body establishing a series of individual rights and guarantees, such as the right to life in Article 21, the right to privacy, freedom, and secrecy of communications in Article 24, the right to equality enshrined in Article 33, the right of consumers and users (of public services) to environmental protection in Article 46, and many others, established within social rights and guarantees, such as the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and the correlative state duty to safeguard it in Article 50, and the state duty to protect natural beauties, which implies at least indirect protection of the environment or partial protection thereof as it points to an aspect that comprises it: natural landscapes, in Article 89. THIRD: The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) is subject only to the Constitution, the Law, and its jurisprudence and precedents are binding “erga omnes” except for itself.
This provision is important given that what is resolved by the Chamber is binding for other public organs, both administrative and judicial, as well as for all private individuals. III. On the arguments of the Amparo Appeal: In relation to the allegations of the appellant, SINAC-ACOPAC proceeds to render a report in the following terms: Pursuant to Article 22 of Biodiversity Law No. 7788 (Ley N°7788 de Biodiversidad N°7788), which establishes that SINAC has its own legal personality and was created as a decentralized and participatory institutional management and coordination system, which will integrate competencies in forestry, wildlife, and protected wild areas, in order to issue policies, plan, and execute processes aimed at achieving sustainability in the management of the country's natural resources. Under that understanding, we can explain the decentralization (desconcentración) figure that SINAC holds, which responds to an exclusive competency granted to a lower Administration Organ, so that it exercises it in its own right and under its entire responsibility within the structure to which it belongs, as explained by the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República) in Opinion C-305-2009 of October 28, 2009 (…) In accordance with the foregoing, within its competencies and responsibilities, as the technical entity in the matter, the Central Pacific Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, ACOPAC) Regional Directorate of SINAC, renders the report requested via official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACOPAC-DR-0015-2026 dated January 14, 2026, which, in its pertinent part, indicated: "FIRST: That via official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACOPAC-DR-DRFVSOSRAP-0005-2026, official Laura Leandro Zúñiga, Head of the Prevention, Protection and Control Program of the Aguirre Parrita Subregional Office, was requested to provide a report detailing the facts related to the mentioned procedure, including the actions taken, the current status of the proceeding, and the reasons why a formal response to the submitted request has not been issued.
SECOND: That on 13.01.2026, official Leandro Zúñiga, accompanied by official Aaron Loria, conducted an on-site inspection to verify what was indicated by Mr. [Name 001]. THIRD: That from the inspection carried out, report SINACACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026 was generated, which establishes: 'recent works by the Municipality of Quepos were observed, according to what was reported by those in charge of Environmental Management, these correspond to the paving of the gravel road, the ditching (cuneteo), and the construction of sidewalks (aceras) on the highway. This road is the one that turns right (from the main road from Quepos to Manuel Antonio) from Banco Promerica, until reaching the end of the road at the Hotel El Parador, passing by Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, Biesanz beach, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas, and Makanda, among other restaurants and hotels. Between the Layan and Makanda hotels, there is a parked truck, which is not working, since municipal employees begin their activities on Monday, January 19, however, it remains in place without carrying out any activity.
The tractor was not observed on site, meaning activities today are completely halted. There are also no operators or workers. (…) According to what was observed, the mentioned machinery has not undercut roots or removed trees, and the slopes that exist in the place are typical of the area, which is heavily deforested due to human interventions and the tourist development of the area during recent years, especially along the road edges. No formal response has been issued to the submitted request because no SITADA was found on the platform with that number. Therefore, the Environmental Comptroller was consulted, and we are awaiting a response.' That via official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-0006-2026, this Regional Directorate was informed of the actions of the Aguirre Parrita Subregional Office in response to the appealed process. After the issuance of report SINAC-ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPCINF-008-2026, environmental complaint 59207-2025 (report 33049) was located on the Integrated System for Environmental Complaint Procedures (Sistema Integrado de Tramites de Denuncias Ambientales, SITADA) platform, assigned to Eng.
Laura Leandro Zúñiga, who recommends closing the complaint due to no environmental impact (afectación) according to the competencies of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación)." (…) By virtue of what was stated in the technical report rendered by ACOPAC, the Aguirre Parrita Subregional Office, via official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026, conducted an on-site inspection on January 13, 2026, by officials Eng. Laura Leandro Zuñiga, Prevention, Protection and Control Program, together with Mr. Aaron Loria, determining the following: The works carried out by the Municipality of Quepos, those in charge of Environmental Management reported that these correspond to the paving of the gravel road, the ditching, and the construction of sidewalks on the highway. This road has a detour to the right (from the main road from Quepos to Manuel Antonio) from Banco Promerica, until reaching the end of the road at Hotel El Parador, passing by Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, Biesanz beach, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas, and Makanda, among other restaurants and hotels.
(See Figure 1 and 2.) (…) Figure 1. Construction of ditches (cunetas) on the main road, as well as paving on gravel roads, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos (…) Figure 2. Parked truck in the work area, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Regarding the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) carried out by the Municipality of Quepos for the construction of sidewalks and ditches, the generation of slopes of up to approximately 1.5 meters in height on the secondary road subject to intervention has been verified. (see Figure 3) (…) Figure 3. Generation of slopes on the secondary road of interest, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. From the technical analysis performed and the on-site inspection carried out, it is clear that the appellant’s allegations are unfounded, since no damage whatsoever was evident on adult trees or wildlife in the inspected area. The machinery used in the works has not undercut roots or removed trees.
The existing slopes in the place are typical of the natural topographical characteristics of the area. The observable deforestation in the area is due to historical human interventions and sustained tourist development over recent years, particularly along the road edges, and not to the municipal works subject to the complaint. Regarding the allegation concerning the environmental complaint filed through the Integrated System for the Processing and Attention of Environmental Complaints (SITADA) under number 33049 dated December 11, 2025, environmental complaint number 59207-2025 (report 33049) was located on the platform, it was registered as environmental complaint number 59207-2025 and assigned to Engineer Laura Leandro Zúñiga, who on January 14, 2026, recommended its closure due to the absence of any environmental impact. Therefore, based on the technical report rendered by the Central Pacific Conservation Area (ACOPAC) and the actions taken by the Aguirre Parrita Subregional Office, SINAC concludes the following: FIRST: That the works executed by the Municipality of Quepos correspond to road infrastructure projects under municipal authority, consisting of road paving, construction of ditches, and sidewalks in the Manuel Antonio sector, Quepos.
SECOND: That from the technical inspection conducted on-site on January 13, 2026, no impact whatsoever was evident on adult trees, wildlife, or any undercutting of roots that could constitute environmental damage within SINAC’s competencies. THIRD: That the topographical characteristics of the terrain, including the observed slopes, reflect the natural conditions of the area, which has been subject to human intervention and tourist development prior to the municipal works. FOURTH: We most respectfully request this honorable authority that the appellant’s allegations not be accepted, given that, within the scope of competencies corresponding to SINAC, it was possible to determine: a. That the environmental complaint processed under SITADA number 59207-2025 (report 33049) was acknowledged and supported in accordance with what was established in environmental regulations, verifying through the pertinent technical investigations that no environmental impact is configured.
Consequently, and based on the technical findings made, the closure of said environmental complaint was recommended. For the reasons stated, it is respectfully requested that this honorable Chamber take into consideration the technical and legal elements that support the institutional action. The Administration has acted in accordance with the law, within the framework of its legal competencies, promptly addressing the environmental complaint filed and technically verifying the non-existence of an environmental impact warranting institutional intervention (…)”.
Justice Araya García writes; and,
CONSIDERING:
The appellant claims that the authorities of the Municipality of Quepos are carrying out works on the public road, which are undercutting a section of the mountain, affecting the roots of the trees. He alleges that this situation could not only cause material damage and harm to human life, but also affects the wildlife habitat and part of a biological corridor.
Likewise, he claims the lack of resolution of the complaint filed on the matter.
Before analyzing the merits of the matter—for the alleged violation of the right to a prompt and fulfilled procedure—it must be clarified that, starting from judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction—with some exceptions—those matters in which it is discussed whether the public administration has complied or not with the time periods set by the General Law of Public Administration (Articles 261 and 325) or sectoral laws for special administrative procedures, to resolve by final act an administrative procedure—initiated ex officio or at the request of a party—or to hear the applicable administrative appeals. Precisely, in this case, an exception scenario is presented—supported by the majority of this Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional)—since we are facing a complaint where environmental damage is alleged, which has allegedly not been resolved within a reasonable time. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo appeal.
Of relevance for settling this amparo appeal, the following are deemed accredited:
(…) recent works by the Municipality of Quepos were observed, according to what was reported by those in charge of Environmental Management, these correspond to the paving of the gravel road, the ditching, and the construction of sidewalks on the highway. This road is the one that turns right (from the main road from Quepos to Manuel Antonio) from Banco Promerica, until reaching the end of the road at the Hotel El Parador, passing by Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, Biesanz beach, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas, and Makanda, among other restaurants and hotels. Between the Layan and Makanda hotels, there is a parked truck, which is not working, since municipal employees begin their activities on Monday, January 19, however, it remains in place without carrying out any activity. The tractor was not observed on site, meaning activities today are completely halted. There are also no operators or workers.
In Figure 1, the construction of ditches on the main road is observed, as well as the paving on gravel roads (…) Figure 1. Construction of ditches on the main road, as well as paving on gravel roads, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos In Figure 2, the parked truck is observed where the Municipality of Quepos has been carrying out the aforementioned works, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio (…) Figure 2. Parked truck in the work area, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Part of the earthworks that the Municipality has carried out for the construction of sidewalks and ditches has generated slopes of up to approximately 1.5 meters in height, but no damage to adult trees or wildlife was observed (…) Figure 3. Generation of slopes on the secondary road of interest, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. According to what was observed, the mentioned machinery has not undercut roots or removed trees, and the slopes that exist in the place are typical of the area, which is heavily deforested due to human interventions and the tourist development of the area during recent years, especially along the road edges (…)” (see report and evidence).
Having reviewed the case file, this Constitutional Court does not find any merit whatsoever to grant this amparo. This is for the specific reasons that will be explained below:
First, because the petitioner came directly to this Chamber to present the environmental complaint of interest, without having first approached the respondent authorities. This Chamber has maintained the criterion that it does not operate as an instance for processing complaints. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that it was not until December 11, 2025, after this amparo was filed, that the situation in question was reported to the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía) and subsequently forwarded to the coordinator of the Central Pacific Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Pacífico Central).
Second, given that, having said the above, it is clear that it is not possible to attribute to the respondent authorities an excessive and unjustified delay in resolving the complaint. Thus, no violation of the provisions of constitutional article 41 was configured in any way.
Third, considering that, as reported by the Mayor of Quepos, the works being complained about “are carried out within the legally constituted right-of-way (derecho de vía)”. Furthermore, said authority maintained that the interventions carried out on said road “correspond exclusively to the cleaning of sediment, earthen material, and vegetative layer within the right-of-way (derecho de vía)”.
Fourth, since, as was accredited, the referred works have not represented a risk to the integrity and life of persons, nor to the property of third parties, as, according to what was reported, the municipality took the necessary preventive and road safety measures. In fact, it is on record that temporary closures were scheduled and announced to the population through official channels.
Fifth, because, by virtue of a recent site inspection carried out by officials of the Central Pacific Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Pacífico Central), the existence of environmental damage in the area indicated by the petitioner was categorically ruled out. Report No. ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026 of January 13, 2026 expressly recorded the following:
“(…) recent works by the Municipality of Quepos were observed, according to what was reported by the Environmental Management managers, these correspond to the paving of the gravel road, the ditching (cuneteo), and the construction of sidewalks on the highway. This street is the one that turns right (from the main road of Quepos towards Manuel Antonio) from Banco Promerica, until reaching the end of the street of Hotel El Parador, passing by Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, Biesanz beach, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas and Makanda, among other restaurants and hotels. Between the Layan and Makanda hotels, there is a parked dump truck (vagoneta), which is not working, since municipal employees begin their activities until Monday, January 19, however, it remains on site without carrying out any activity. The tractor was not observed on site, that is, activities today are completely halted.
There are also no operators or workers. In Figure 1, the construction of ditches (cunetas) on the main road is observed, as well as the paving on the gravel roads (…) Figure 1. Construction of ditches (cunetas) on the main road, as well as the paving on the gravel roads, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos In Figure 2, the dump truck (vagoneta) parked where the Municipality of Quepos has been carrying out the previously mentioned works is observed, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio (…) Figure 2. Dump truck (vagoneta) parked in the work zone, between the Layan and Makanda hotels in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Part of the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) that the Municipality has carried out for the construction of sidewalks and ditches (cunetas) has generated slopes of up to approximately 1.5 meters in height, but it was not observed that it had produced damage to adult trees or wildlife (…) Figure 3.
Generation of slopes on the secondary street of interest, in Manuel Antonio de Quepos. According to what was observed, the mentioned machinery has not undermined roots or removed trees, and the slopes that exist in the place are typical of the area, which is found very deforested, due to human interventions and the tourist development of the area during recent years. Especially at the edges of the road (…)”.
In addition to the above, it should be noted that, according to reports issued by the Minister of Environment and Energy and by the Executive Director of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación), “From the technical analysis carried out and the on-site inspection conducted, it follows that what is alleged by the petitioner is unfounded, since no damage whatsoever to adult trees or wildlife was evidenced in the inspected area. The machinery used in the works has not undermined roots nor removed trees. The existing slopes in the place are typical of the natural topographic characteristics of the area. The deforestation observable in the area is due to historical anthropogenic interventions and the sustained tourist development during recent years, particularly at the edges of the road, and not to the municipal works that are the subject of the complaint.” For his part, the Executive Director of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación) asserted “the environmental complaint processed under number SITADA 59207-2025 (report 33049) was acknowledged and supported in accordance with what was established in environmental regulations, verifying through the pertinent technical investigations that no environmental impact is configured.” It should even be taken into account that, given the referred state of things, the closure of the complaint filed by the petitioner has already been recommended.
* By virtue of the foregoing, having ruled out the violation of fundamental rights, what is appropriate is to dismiss the filed appeal.
I have supported the thesis of this Court that when the petitioner alleges a violation of the right to swift and due justice in the administrative venue, those who must hear the legal controversy are the Contentious-Administrative Courts and not this Chamber. However, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition (Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición), it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection through the amparo remedy established by Article 32 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), in relation to Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the material actions of the Administration, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted regulations do not imply that this Court must modify its jurisprudential line, which, based on Article 7 of its Law, is exclusively responsible for defining its own jurisdiction.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional controversies that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exceptional cases, which may indeed proceed to be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional amparo guarantee process, in all other cases, and for the reasons this Court has given (ruling No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent authorities are the Judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with Article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Constitutional Law (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, they must be removed from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this ruling. Otherwise, all material not removed within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Full Court in session number 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary (Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial), in session number 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
The appeal is declared without merit. Justice Castillo Víquez records a note. Let it be notified.- Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
Classification prepared by the SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial. Reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 07-05-2026 20:02:29.
Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental,Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
DAÑO AMBIENTAL.
Tema: MUNICIPALIDAD Subtemas:
INFRAESTRUCTURA Y CONDICIONES.
004343-26. AMBIENTE. MUNICIPALIDAD. ACUSA TRABAJOS REALIZADOS POR LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE QUEPOS EN LA VÍA PÚBLICA QUE ESTÁ SOCAVANDO UN TRAMO DE LA MONTAÑA, AFECTANDO LAS RAÍCES DE LOS ÁRBOLES. EL RECURRENTE ACUDIÓ DIRECTAMENTE A ESTA SALA A EXPONER LA DENUNCIA AMBIENTAL DE INTERÉS, SIN PREVIAMENTE HABER ACUDIDO ANTE LAS AUTORIDADES RECURRIDAS, RAZÓN POR LA CUAL, SE DECLARA SIN LUGAR EL RECURSO. VCG03/2026 “(…) IV.- CASO CONCRETO. Revisados los autos, este Tribunal Constitucional no considera que exista mérito alguno para acoger este amparo. Esto, por los motivos puntuales que se explicarán a continuación:
Primero, por cuanto el recurrente acudió directamente a esta Sala a exponer la denuncia ambiental de interés, sin previamente haber acudido ante las autoridades recurridas. Esta Sala ha mantenido el criterio que no opera como una instancia tramitadora de denuncias. Además, se demostró que fue hasta el 11 de diciembre de 2025, luego de interpuesto este amparo, que la situación en cuestión fue denunciada ante el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y trasladada posteriormente al coordinador del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central.
Segundo, dado que, dicho lo anterior, es claro que no es posible imputarles a las autoridades recurridas haber incurrido en una tardanza excesiva e injustificada en resolver la denuncia. Así las cosas, no se configuró, de modo alguno, una violación a lo dispuesto en el ordinal 41 constitucional.
Tercero, habida cuenta que, según informó la Alcaldesa de Quepos, las obras que se reclaman “se realizan dentro del derecho de vía legalmente constituido”. Además, dicha autoridad sostuvo que las intervenciones realizadas en dicho camino “corresponden exclusivamente a la limpieza de sedimentos, material terroso y capa vegetal dentro del derecho de vía”.
Cuarto, ya que, según se acreditó, los referidos trabajos no han representado un riesgo para la integridad y vida de las personas, así como para los bienes de terceros, pues, según se informó, el municipio tomó las medidas preventivas y de seguridad vial necesarias. Incluso, consta que se programaron cierres temporales, los cuales fueron anunciados a la población mediante canales oficiales.
Quinto, por cuanto, en virtud de reciente inspección realizada al sitio por funcionarios del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, se descartó de forma contundente la existencia de un daño ambiental en la zona señalada por el recurrente. En informe No. ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026 de 13 de enero de 2026 se consignó expresamente lo siguiente:
“(…) se observaron trabajos recientes por parte de la Municipalidad de Quepos, según lo informado por los encargados de Gestión Ambiental, estos corresponden al asfaltado del camino de lastre, el cuneteo y la construcción de aceras sobre la carretera. Esta calle es la que se desvía a la derecha (del camino principal de Quepos hacia Manuel Antonio) desde el Banco Promerica, hasta llegar al final de la calle del hotel El Parador, pasando por el Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, playa Biesanz, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas y Makanda, entre otros restaurantes y hoteles. Entre el hotel Layan y Makanda, se encuentra una vagoneta estacionada, la cual no se encuentra trabajando, ya que los empleados municipales inician sus actividades hasta el lunes 19 de enero, sin embargo, permanece en el lugar sin realizar ninguna actividad. El tractor no se observó en el lugar, es decir, las actividades el día de hoy están completamente paralizadas.
Tampoco hay operarios ni trabajadores. En la Figura 1, se observa la construcción de cunetas sobre la calle principal, así como el asfaltado en las calles de lastre (…) Figura 1. Construcción de cunetas sobre la calle principal, así como el asfaltado en las calles de lastre, en Manuel Antonio de Quepos En la Figura 2, se observa la vagoneta estacionada donde la Municipalidad de Quepos ha estado realizando las obras anteriormente mencionadas, entre los hoteles Layan y Makanda en Manuel Antonio (…) Figura 2. Vagoneta estacionada en la zona de trabajo, entre los hoteles Layan y Makanda en Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Parte de los movimientos de tierra que ha realizado la Municipalidad, para la construcción de aceras y cunetas, ha generado taludes de hasta 1,5 metros de altura aproximadamente, pero no se observó, que haya producido daños sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre (…) Figura 3. Generación de taludes sobre la calle secundaria de interés, en Manuel Antonio de Quepos.
Según lo observado, la maquinaria mencionada no ha socavado raíces o eliminados árboles, y las pendientes que existen en el lugar, son propias de la zona, la cual se encuentra muy deforestada, debido a las intervenciones humanas y el desarrollo turístico de la zona, durante los últimos años. Especialmente en los bordes del camino (…)”.
En adición a lo anterior, debe destacarse que, según informes rendidos por el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía y por el Director Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación “Del análisis técnico realizado y de la inspección en sitio efectuada, se desprende que lo alegado por el recurrente no lleva razón, ya que, no se evidenció daño alguno sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre en el área inspeccionada. La maquinaria utilizada en las obras no ha socavado raíces ni eliminado árboles. Las pendientes existentes en el lugar son propias de las características topográficas naturales de la zona. La deforestación observable en el área obedece a intervenciones antrópicas históricas y al desarrollo turístico sostenido durante los últimos años, particularmente en los bordes del camino, y no a las obras municipales objeto de la denuncia”. Por su parte, el Director Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación aseveró “la denuncia ambiental tramitada bajo el número SITADA 59207-2025 (reporte 33049) fue conocida y sustentada conforme a lo estableció en la normativa ambiente, verificándose mediante las investigaciones técnicas pertinentes que no se configura afectación ambiental”.
Incluso, debe tomarse en cuenta que, ante el referido estado de cosas, ya se recomendó el cierre de la denuncia planteada por el accionante.
* En mérito de lo expuesto, al descartarse la violación a los derechos fundamentales, lo que procede es desestimar el recurso planteado. (…)” ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 041- Tutela judicial efectiva. Justicia pronta y cumplida Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 41 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA “(…) II.- SOBRE LA POSIBILIDAD DE CONOCER ESTE AMPARO CONFORME LO DISPUESTO EN EL ARTÍCULO 41 CONSTITUCIONAL. De previo a analizar el fondo del asunto –por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido– debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones–, aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este caso se plantea un supuesto de excepción –respaldado por la mayoría de este Tribunal Constitucional–, pues se está ante una denuncia donde se alega daño ambiental, la cual presuntamente no ha sido resuelta dentro de un plazo razonable. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo. (…)” VCG03/2026 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 041- Tutela judicial efectiva. Justicia pronta y cumplida Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
VCG03/2026 ... Ver más SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del seis de febrero de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE QUEPOS, el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN y el ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN PACÍFICO CENTRAL.
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Araya García; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
El recurrente reclama que las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Quepos realizan unos trabajos en la vía pública, los cuales están socavando un tramo de la montaña, afectando las raíces de los árboles. Acusa que esa situación no solo podría causar daños materiales y a la vida humana, sino que también afecta el habitad de vida silvestre y parte de un corredor biológico.
Igualmente, reclama la falta de resolución de la denuncia formulada sobre el particular.
De previo a analizar el fondo del asunto –por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido– debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones–, aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este caso se plantea un supuesto de excepción –respaldado por la mayoría de este Tribunal Constitucional–, pues se está ante una denuncia donde se alega daño ambiental, la cual presuntamente no ha sido resuelta dentro de un plazo razonable. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
De relevancia para dirimir el presente recurso de amparo, se tienen por acreditados los siguientes:
(…) se observaron trabajos recientes por parte de la Municipalidad de Quepos, según lo informado por los encargados de Gestión Ambiental, estos corresponden al asfaltado del camino de lastre, el cuneteo y la construcción de aceras sobre la carretera. Esta calle es la que se desvía a la derecha (del camino principal de Quepos hacia Manuel Antonio) desde el Banco Promerica, hasta llegar al final de la calle del hotel El Parador, pasando por el Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, playa Biesanz, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas y Makanda, entre otros restaurantes y hoteles. Entre el hotel Layan y Makanda, se encuentra una vagoneta estacionada, la cual no se encuentra trabajando, ya que los empleados municipales inician sus actividades hasta el lunes 19 de enero, sin embargo, permanece en el lugar sin realizar ninguna actividad. El tractor no se observó en el lugar, es decir, las actividades el día de hoy están completamente paralizadas.
Tampoco hay operarios ni trabajadores. En la Figura 1, se observa la construcción de cunetas sobre la calle principal, así como el asfaltado en las calles de lastre (…) Figura 1. Construcción de cunetas sobre la calle principal, así como el asfaltado en las calles de lastre, en Manuel Antonio de Quepos En la Figura 2, se observa la vagoneta estacionada donde la Municipalidad de Quepos ha estado realizando las obras anteriormente mencionadas, entre los hoteles Layan y Makanda en Manuel Antonio (…) Figura 2. Vagoneta estacionada en la zona de trabajo, entre los hoteles Layan y Makanda en Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Parte de los movimientos de tierra que ha realizado la Municipalidad, para la construcción de aceras y cunetas, ha generado taludes de hasta 1,5 metros de altura aproximadamente, pero no se observó, que haya producido daños sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre (…) Figura 3. Generación de taludes sobre la calle secundaria de interés, en Manuel Antonio de Quepos.
Según lo observado, la maquinaria mencionada no ha socavado raíces o eliminados árboles, y las pendientes que existen en el lugar, son propias de la zona, la cual se encuentra muy deforestada, debido a las intervenciones humanas y el desarrollo turístico de la zona, durante los últimos años. Especialmente en los bordes del camino (…)” (ver informe y prueba).
Revisados los autos, este Tribunal Constitucional no considera que exista mérito alguno para acoger este amparo. Esto, por los motivos puntuales que se explicarán a continuación:
Primero, por cuanto el recurrente acudió directamente a esta Sala a exponer la denuncia ambiental de interés, sin previamente haber acudido ante las autoridades recurridas. Esta Sala ha mantenido el criterio que no opera como una instancia tramitadora de denuncias. Además, se demostró que fue hasta el 11 de diciembre de 2025, luego de interpuesto este amparo, que la situación en cuestión fue denunciada ante el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y trasladada posteriormente al coordinador del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central.
Segundo, dado que, dicho lo anterior, es claro que no es posible imputarles a las autoridades recurridas haber incurrido en una tardanza excesiva e injustificada en resolver la denuncia. Así las cosas, no se configuró, de modo alguno, una violación a lo dispuesto en el ordinal 41 constitucional.
Tercero, habida cuenta que, según informó la Alcaldesa de Quepos, las obras que se reclaman “se realizan dentro del derecho de vía legalmente constituido”. Además, dicha autoridad sostuvo que las intervenciones realizadas en dicho camino “corresponden exclusivamente a la limpieza de sedimentos, material terroso y capa vegetal dentro del derecho de vía”.
Cuarto, ya que, según se acreditó, los referidos trabajos no han representado un riesgo para la integridad y vida de las personas, así como para los bienes de terceros, pues, según se informó, el municipio tomó las medidas preventivas y de seguridad vial necesarias. Incluso, consta que se programaron cierres temporales, los cuales fueron anunciados a la población mediante canales oficiales.
Quinto, por cuanto, en virtud de reciente inspección realizada al sitio por funcionarios del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, se descartó de forma contundente la existencia de un daño ambiental en la zona señalada por el recurrente. En informe No. ACOPAC-DR-DRFVS-OSRAP-PPC-INF-008-2026 de 13 de enero de 2026 se consignó expresamente lo siguiente:
“(…) se observaron trabajos recientes por parte de la Municipalidad de Quepos, según lo informado por los encargados de Gestión Ambiental, estos corresponden al asfaltado del camino de lastre, el cuneteo y la construcción de aceras sobre la carretera. Esta calle es la que se desvía a la derecha (del camino principal de Quepos hacia Manuel Antonio) desde el Banco Promerica, hasta llegar al final de la calle del hotel El Parador, pasando por el Hotel Mariposa, Carambola, Layan, Shana, playa Biesanz, Tortuga Landing, Scape Villas y Makanda, entre otros restaurantes y hoteles. Entre el hotel Layan y Makanda, se encuentra una vagoneta estacionada, la cual no se encuentra trabajando, ya que los empleados municipales inician sus actividades hasta el lunes 19 de enero, sin embargo, permanece en el lugar sin realizar ninguna actividad. El tractor no se observó en el lugar, es decir, las actividades el día de hoy están completamente paralizadas.
Tampoco hay operarios ni trabajadores. En la Figura 1, se observa la construcción de cunetas sobre la calle principal, así como el asfaltado en las calles de lastre (…) Figura 1. Construcción de cunetas sobre la calle principal, así como el asfaltado en las calles de lastre, en Manuel Antonio de Quepos En la Figura 2, se observa la vagoneta estacionada donde la Municipalidad de Quepos ha estado realizando las obras anteriormente mencionadas, entre los hoteles Layan y Makanda en Manuel Antonio (…) Figura 2. Vagoneta estacionada en la zona de trabajo, entre los hoteles Layan y Makanda en Manuel Antonio de Quepos. Parte de los movimientos de tierra que ha realizado la Municipalidad, para la construcción de aceras y cunetas, ha generado taludes de hasta 1,5 metros de altura aproximadamente, pero no se observó, que haya producido daños sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre (…) Figura 3. Generación de taludes sobre la calle secundaria de interés, en Manuel Antonio de Quepos.
Según lo observado, la maquinaria mencionada no ha socavado raíces o eliminados árboles, y las pendientes que existen en el lugar, son propias de la zona, la cual se encuentra muy deforestada, debido a las intervenciones humanas y el desarrollo turístico de la zona, durante los últimos años. Especialmente en los bordes del camino (…)”.
En adición a lo anterior, debe destacarse que, según informes rendidos por el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía y por el Director Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación “Del análisis técnico realizado y de la inspección en sitio efectuada, se desprende que lo alegado por el recurrente no lleva razón, ya que, no se evidenció daño alguno sobre árboles adultos o fauna silvestre en el área inspeccionada. La maquinaria utilizada en las obras no ha socavado raíces ni eliminado árboles. Las pendientes existentes en el lugar son propias de las características topográficas naturales de la zona. La deforestación observable en el área obedece a intervenciones antrópicas históricas y al desarrollo turístico sostenido durante los últimos años, particularmente en los bordes del camino, y no a las obras municipales objeto de la denuncia”. Por su parte, el Director Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación aseveró “la denuncia ambiental tramitada bajo el número SITADA 59207-2025 (reporte 33049) fue conocida y sustentada conforme a lo estableció en la normativa ambiente, verificándose mediante las investigaciones técnicas pertinentes que no se configura afectación ambiental”.
Incluso, debe tomarse en cuenta que, ante el referido estado de cosas, ya se recomendó el cierre de la denuncia planteada por el accionante.
* En mérito de lo expuesto, al descartarse la violación a los derechos fundamentales, lo que procede es desestimar el recurso planteado.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión número 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión número 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Castillo Víquez consigna nota. Notifíquese.- Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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