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Res. 03603-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 30/01/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber dismissed the amparo because the denial of drinking water service was based on objective technical and environmental criteria, without arbitrariness.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el amparo porque la negativa del servicio de agua potable se basó en criterios técnicos y ambientales objetivos, sin arbitrariedad.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismissed an amparo action filed by the owner of two lots in Valle Verde, Guápiles, who claimed that the AyA and the ASADA Buenos Aires Sur arbitrarily denied him drinking water service. The Court found no violation of fundamental rights because the denial was based on objective technical criteria: the properties lie outside the coverage area of both the AyA's and the ASADA's systems; there is an insurmountable technical obstacle because the Numancia tank is at a lower elevation; the area is subject to environmental restrictions due to aquifer vulnerability and the protection of strategic water sources; and the petitioner had not submitted the required technical studies nor complied with the regulatory prerequisites for requesting service availability. The Chamber reiterated that the fundamental right to water is not absolute and does not compel provision of service when technical, legal or environmental impossibility is proven. Challenges to the underlying technical requirements belong in ordinary administrative or contentious-administrative proceedings, not in amparo. The respondent authorities were directed to continue working to overcome the technical impossibility within a reasonable time.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar un recurso de amparo presentado por el propietario de dos lotes en Valle Verde, Guápiles, quien reclamaba la negativa del AyA y la ASADA Buenos Aires Sur a brindarle servicio de agua potable. La Sala determinó que no hubo lesión a derechos fundamentales porque la negativa se basó en criterios técnicos objetivos: los inmuebles están fuera del área de cobertura de los acueductos del AyA y del sistema de la ASADA; existe un impedimento técnico insalvable dado que el tanque Numancia está a menor altura; la zona presenta restricciones ambientales por la vulnerabilidad del acuífero y la protección de fuentes de abastecimiento; y el recurrente no había presentado los estudios técnicos ni cumplido los requisitos reglamentarios para solicitar la disponibilidad. La Sala reiteró que el derecho fundamental al agua no es irrestricto y no obliga a prestar el servicio ante imposibilidad técnica, jurídica o ambiental acreditada. La discusión de fondo sobre el cumplimiento de requisitos corresponde a la vía administrativa o contencioso-administrativa, no al amparo. Se ordenó a las autoridades recurridas continuar gestionando para superar el problema en plazo razonable.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. After analyzing the evidentiary elements submitted, this Court rules out any violation of the fundamental rights of the protected party. From the reports given by the representatives of the respondent authorities – which are considered to be given under oath, with the consequences, including criminal ones, provided for in Article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction – and the evidence provided for the resolution of the matter, it has been duly accredited that, first of all, the sector where the protected party’s properties are located (Valle Verde, specifically the area near the Green Valley School) does not form part of the coverage area of the aqueduct systems directly administered by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, Huetar Caribe Region. Likewise, it was proven that the nearest institutional aqueduct (system HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez) does not reach the zone where the protected party’s properties are located and that, in particular, the Numancia tank is situated at a lower elevation relative to the Valle Verde sector, so it is not technically feasible to extend the service from said infrastructure. Consequently, the mere proximity of the property to that tank or to other works does not generate an automatic right to connection, since service provision is subject to technical criteria and the real capacity of the existing systems.IV.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. Después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados, este Tribunal descarta la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. De los informes rendidos por los representantes de las autoridades recurridas -que se tienen dados bajo juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y la prueba aportada para la resolución del asunto ha sido debidamente acreditado que, en primer término, el sector en el que se ubican las propiedades del amparado (Valle Verde, específicamente el área cercana al Colegio Green Valley) no forma parte del área de cobertura de los sistemas de acueducto administrados directamente por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Región Huetar Caribe. Asimismo, se comprobó que el acueducto institucional más cercano (sistema HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez) no alcanza a cubrir la zona donde se encuentran las fincas del amparado y que, en particular, el tanque Numancia se ubica a una elevación inferior respecto del sector Valle Verde, por lo que no resulta técnicamente viable extender el servicio desde dicha infraestructura. En consecuencia, la sola cercanía del inmueble a ese tanque o a otras obras no genera un derecho automático a la conexión, pues la prestación del servicio está sujeta a criterios técnicos y a la capacidad real de los sistemas existentes.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la sola cercanía del inmueble a ese tanque o a otras obras no genera un derecho automático a la conexión, pues la prestación del servicio está sujeta a criterios técnicos y a la capacidad real de los sistemas existentes."
"the mere proximity of the property to that tank or to other works does not generate an automatic right to connection, since service provision is subject to technical criteria and the real capacity of the existing systems."
Considerando IV
"la sola cercanía del inmueble a ese tanque o a otras obras no genera un derecho automático a la conexión, pues la prestación del servicio está sujeta a criterios técnicos y a la capacidad real de los sistemas existentes."
Considerando IV
"si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es irrestricto ni impone, en cualquier circunstancia, una obligación de dotar el servicio cuando exista imposibilidad técnica, jurídica o ambiental debidamente acreditada."
"although there is a fundamental right to drinking water, its exercise is not unrestricted and does not impose, under any circumstance, an obligation to provide the service when there is duly proven technical, legal or environmental impossibility."
Considerando IV
"si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es irrestricto ni impone, en cualquier circunstancia, una obligación de dotar el servicio cuando exista imposibilidad técnica, jurídica o ambiental debidamente acreditada."
Considerando IV
"cuando la denegatoria o la imposibilidad de prestación se sustenta en criterios objetivos, técnicos y ambientales, y no en una actuación arbitraria o discriminatoria, no se configura violación de derechos fundamentales."
"when the denial or the impossibility of provision is based on objective, technical and environmental criteria, and not on arbitrary or discriminatory action, no violation of fundamental rights occurs."
Considerando IV
"cuando la denegatoria o la imposibilidad de prestación se sustenta en criterios objetivos, técnicos y ambientales, y no en una actuación arbitraria o discriminatoria, no se configura violación de derechos fundamentales."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Date of Resolution: January 30, 2026 at 09:20 Case File: 25-039977-0007-CO Type of Matter: Amparo Appeal Judgment with Dissenting Vote Judgment with Separate Note Relevance Indicators Relevant Judgment Judgment with Protected Data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Strategic Themes: Human Rights, Right to Health, Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights Type of Content: Majority Vote Branch of Law: 4. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE Topic: PUBLIC SERVICES Subtopics:
DRINKING WATER.
003603-26. PUBLIC SERVICES. CLAIMS UNSUCCESSFULLY MANAGING ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER SERVICE FOR TWO PROPERTIES IN BUENOS AIRES SUR. IT IS REITERATED THAT THE DENIAL OF DRINKING WATER SERVICE, WHEN TECHNICAL IMPEDIMENTS EXIST, DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A VIOLATION OF A PERSON'S RIGHTS. THE MERE PROXIMITY OF THE PROPERTY TO A TANK OR OTHER WORKS DOES NOT GENERATE AN AUTOMATIC RIGHT TO CONNECTION. HOWEVER, AN INDICATION IS MADE THAT THE RESPONDENT PARTY MUST CARRY OUT THE PERTINENT ACTIONS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ITS COMPETENCIES AND COORDINATING WHAT IS NECESSARY, TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM GENERATED BY THE TECHNICAL IMPOSSIBILITY WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME AND WITHOUT UNDUE DELAYS. WITHOUT MERIT. VCG02/2026 "(…) IV.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. After analyzing the evidentiary elements provided, this Court dismisses the violation of the fundamental rights of the amparo petitioner. From the reports rendered by the representatives of the respondent authorities -which are deemed given under oath with the consequences, including criminal ones, provided in Article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction- and the evidence provided for the resolution of the matter, it has been duly accredited that, in the first place, the sector where the petitioner's properties are located (Valle Verde, specifically the area near the Green Valley School) is not part of the coverage area of the aqueduct systems directly managed by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Huetar Caribe Region.
Likewise, it was proven that the nearest institutional aqueduct (system HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez) does not cover the area where the petitioner's farms are located and that, in particular, the Numancia tank is located at a lower elevation relative to the Valle Verde sector, so it is not technically feasible to extend the service from said infrastructure. Consequently, the mere proximity of the property to that tank or to other works does not generate an automatic right to connection, since the provision of the service is subject to technical criteria and the real capacity of the existing systems.
Secondly, it was proven that the area presents relevant environmental restrictions, linked to the protection of strategic supply sources and the vulnerability of the aquifer, which imposes severe limits for the approval of new connections or service availabilities, particularly in cases of urbanization, lotification, or segregation processes that may compromise the quality and quantity of the water resource. At this point, the technical criteria provided by the respondent authorities evidenced that, being an environmentally sensitive area, the feasibility assessment cannot disregard the comprehensive analysis of water and hydraulic capacity, as well as the sanitary-environmental component, especially the proper management of wastewater and its eventual treatment.
Thirdly, it was accredited that, regarding the northern sector of Valle Verde where the petitioner's properties are located, there was no record in the AyA's registries of the filing of a formal request for drinking water availability, nor the submission of specific technical studies aimed at urbanizations, lotifications, or segregations that would enable a technical-legal feasibility analysis. This is decisive, since the regulations governing service provision impose general and objective requirements for the Administration or the delegated operator to assess supply, among them, the existence of networks, real hydraulic and water capacity, the legal viability of the layout (easements (servidumbres) or accesses), and compliance with applicable environmental regulations. Thus, as long as such requirements are not accredited through the corresponding study, it is not legally appropriate to demand a positive certificate of availability, nor a definitive connection.
That said, the Chamber has determined that denying drinking water service when there are technical impediments that justify it does not constitute a violation of a person's rights:
"II.-On the specific case. Among the evidence provided, a certificate of non-availability of water dated July 15, 2021, is observed, through which the AyA notified the appellant of the rejection of his request for drinking water availability for the individualization of services for an apartment located on his property. The denial was based on the lack of technical feasibility due to insufficient water and hydraulic capacity in the area's supply system, therefore, drinking water service is not available for new development projects.
Thus, it is accredited that the sub lite does not concern an arbitrary denial of drinking water service, as this was based on the lack of technical feasibility. In this regard, it should be noted that this Constitutional Court is not a controller of the legality of the actions or resolutions of the respondent authority and cannot replace the active Administration in the management of its competencies, meaning it is not appropriate for it to usurp the powers legally conferred upon other dependencies, bodies, or entities, such as the AyA. Nor does this Court act as a mediator before a specific natural or legal person -whether public or private- to intercede so that the requesting party is granted what it seeks, in this case, the installation of a new meter for the apartment he built for his daughter. That being said, if what is happening is that the appellant disagrees with the reasons that justified the denial of the new meter by the AyA, he must present his grievances and claims before the ordinary legality jurisdiction, so that what is legally appropriate may be determined there". (Judgment No. 2021018977 of 11:50 a.m. on August 24, 2021).
The Chamber observes no reasons to change the transcribed criterion. In effect, it is not considered that the denial is unreasonable or whimsical when it is based on a technical justification such as, in this case, the deficient hydraulic capacity of the aqueduct. The discussion of the substantive issue can be raised in the legality jurisdiction.
It is worth noting that when resolving a matter similar to the present one, this Court, in Judgment No. 2020-19832 of 09:30 a.m. on October 16, 2020, ordered:
"(…) from the feasibility tests carried out in the locality, the unavailability of water service was determined due to a lack of storage capacity in the community of Pijije de Bagaces; however, it is alleged that a series of actions aimed at increasing capacity are being carried out, to achieve the provision of drinking water in this community by the respondent ASADA. It should be highlighted that the appropriateness or not of the requested service is not a matter to be discussed in this jurisdiction, as it is foreign to the scope of competence of this Chamber. On repeated occasions, this Court has held that it is possible to dismiss requests for the granting of drinking water service when there are technical impossibilities, non-compliance with infra-constitutional requirements, or there exist technical and/or legal criteria that justify it. Likewise, it is not for this Chamber to define whether or not the appellant meets the legal or technical requirements for the request to be approved, since its verification is a function of the corresponding administrative authorities, without this Chamber being able to delve into the matter, as it concerns aspects of ordinary legality foreign to its competence (…)" (emphasis not in original).
In addition to the above, regarding the Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, it was proven that it provides service to the community of Buenos Aires Sur and to a part of the southern sector of Green Valley, supplying approximately 650 subscribers. It was also accredited that the Green Valley community is divided into three sectors and that the central sector lacks a formal operating entity. In this context, the ASADA reported that it has not arbitrarily refused to collaborate in finding solutions and that its actions are conditioned by the need for institutional intervention and approval from the AyA, as well as by compliance with sanitary and environmental regulations. In particular, it was proven that the comprehensive technical study carried out in 2020 by the ASADA contemplated a potential expansion towards part of Green Valley and was known and approved by the AyA; however, this does not, by itself, equate to an immediate and absolute mandate for connection for any property in the sector, since the expansion requires the specific delimitation of the project, the verification of networks in the specific area, and, where appropriate, the works and easements (servidumbres) necessary for its execution.
In fact, it was also accredited that the request processed in 2021 by the neighborhood committee was projected for a group of 40 properties in the southern sector and expressly did not consider the extension towards the northern sector near the Green Valley School, where the petitioner's farms are located; thus, the appellant's situation is not comparable to that of that group of homes, which was the subject of a specific and delimited technical project.
In this vein, the jurisprudence of this Chamber has been constant in pointing out that, while there is a fundamental right to drinking water, its exercise is not unrestricted, nor does it impose, under any circumstance, an obligation to provide the service when there is a duly accredited technical, legal, or environmental impossibility, or when the applicant has not met the general requirements required to assess the feasibility of supply. With this understanding, when the denial or impossibility of provision is based on objective, technical, and environmental criteria, and not on arbitrary or discriminatory action, no violation of fundamental rights is configured.
Finally, the respondent party must be instructed that it must carry out the pertinent actions within the scope of its competencies and coordinating what is necessary, in such a way that the problem generated by the noted technical impossibility is solved within a reasonable time, without undue delays.
By virtue of the foregoing, the present proceeding is declared without merit, as indicated in the operative part of this judgment. (…)" ... See more Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority Vote Branch of Law: 6. CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION LAW ANNOTATED WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 057- Amparo against subjects of private law Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 57 OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION LAW "(…) I.- ON THE AMPARO APPEAL AGAINST A SUBJECT OF PRIVATE LAW. Due to its exceptional nature, the ordinary procedure for amparo appeals against subjects of private law requires beginning by examining whether or not, in the specific case, we are facing any of the assumptions that make it admissible, in order to —subsequently and in the affirmative case—, elucidate whether it is estimable or not. In this regard, the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, in its Article 57, stipulates under what assumptions the amparo appeal is admissible against the actions or omissions of subjects of private law, that is, when they act or must act in the exercise of public functions or powers, or are, de jure or de facto, in a position of power against which common jurisdictional remedies are clearly insufficient or tardy to guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms referred to in Article 2, subsection a), of the same Law.
In view of the foregoing, in the specific case, it is deemed appropriate to address the merits of the matter, considering that one of the respondent parties (Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur) is in a position of power against which the common jurisdictional remedies are clearly insufficient or tardy to guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms claimed as violated. Consequently, it is appropriate to address the merits of the appeal. (…)" VCG02/2026 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Dissenting Vote Branch of Law: 4. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE Topic: PUBLIC SERVICES Subtopics:
DRINKING WATER.
In the sub examine, the complainant party claims the inadequate provision of drinking water service in the place where he lives.
In this regard, as has occurred in other matters in which supply problems of that magnitude have been alleged (for example, case file No. 20-004883-0007-CO), we consider it essential to include the Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep) as a party. Indeed, in the judgment rendered in the referenced proceeding (No. 2020007754 of 9:45 a.m. on April 24, 2020), the Chamber assessed that Aresep, when rendering its report, pointed out a series of problems of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados in relation to investment in infrastructure, losses due to unaccounted-for water, and execution capacity. On that occasion, this Court considered: "In this regard, it is not only recorded that the water shortage problem had been reflected since 2017, but that ARESEP pointed out that the ICAA had a lag in infrastructure investment and, in addition, significant losses for unaccounted-for water. Likewise, the regulatory entity also affirmed that the project execution capacity by the drinking water service operators has not been desirable." Consequently, we dissent and order the continuation of the appeal proceedings so that a report is requested from the general regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
VCG02/2026 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Separate Note Branch of Law: 4. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE Topic: PUBLIC SERVICES Subtopics:
DRINKING WATER.
In this case, I agree with the majority vote that declares the appeal without merit; however, in accordance with the following reasons:
The protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the Costa Rican Legal System, is protected not only in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, but also in a series of current laws and executive decrees (regulations), such as the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Law No. 7554 of October 4, 1995; the Ley de Biodiversidad, Law No. 7788 of April 30, 1998; the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Law No. 7317 of October 21, 1992; and Executive Decree No. 31849 of May 24, 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), to mention just a few. This makes it necessary, in environmental matters, to separate constitutional control from legality control. In this sense, it is the undersigned's criterion that this Chamber, via amparo, should only hear a matter in which a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged, if the Administration has not yet intervened and when the violation of that right is manifest and evident, easily verifiable, of certain importance or severity, and directly affects a specific person or community.
Otherwise, the issue must be raised and discussed in the legality jurisdiction. Therefore, the mere non-compliance with obligations and duties legally imposed on the various public administrations in environmental matters is properly heard in the legality jurisdiction – administrative or jurisdictional – where, with much greater breadth, the alleged non-compliance or omissions can be scrutinized. It must be kept in mind that the amparo appeal is a summary, informal, simple, and fast proceeding, such that, from the very moment the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter, in the exercise of its competencies, and processes a procedure, with the issuance of administrative acts, its hearing becomes foreign to the scope of action of this specialized jurisdiction. For this reason, the review of administrative actions carried out regarding an environmental issue that requires, for its correct assessment, a full hearing process, is only possible in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the design of the amparo proceeding is incompatible with the contrasting or review of technical or legal criteria developed under the protection of current legal or regulatory norms, or with the gathering of new and greater elements of conviction necessary for the contrasting or review of the criteria already recorded in the administrative case file.
The opposite would imply transforming the amparo into an ordinary full hearing proceeding, thereby denaturing it and rendering nugatory the purposes for which it has been designed, which would cause it to lose its condition as an instrument for the effective protection of fundamental rights. As a consequence of the foregoing, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened, in various forms, or has issued administrative acts in relation to an environmental matter, its hearing and oversight correspond to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It is, precisely, the verification of the existence of that administrative intervention that determines that the matter is the competence of the legality jurisdiction. Consequently, this appeal should have been rejected outright, since its object is a matter properly to be discussed, analyzed, and resolved in the legality jurisdiction.
However, as this was not done, the appropriate course is to declare it without merit, without making any pronouncement regarding the merits of the matter raised, as it corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically, the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, to determine whether the challenged administrative actions and conduct conform or not, in substance, to what is provided in the legal system of statutory rank, regarding the protection, guardianship, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
VCG02/2026 ... See more CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on January thirty, two thousand twenty-six.
Amparo appeal processed in case file number 25-039977-0007-CO filed by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], on behalf of [Name 002], identity card [Value 002], against the ASOCIACIÓN DE ACUEDUCTO RURAL DE BUENOS AIRES SUR DE JIMÉNEZ AND THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS.
WHEREAS:
In particular, document UEN-GA-2025-03793, duly attached, issued by the UEN Ambiental, expressly states the following: “Likewise, considering that the area of the ‘Valle Verde – Calle Vargas Water Committee Zone’ coincides with the area of the application for an urban development project for sanitary sewer exemption called ‘Nuevo Guápiles,’ processed as expediente N.° 640 in 2014, on cadastral map L-239023-95, which was denied by the UEN Gestión Ambiental due to technical hydrogeological inconsistencies that were never corrected by the interested party…” Also, in document SUB-AID-GA-2015-432, dated April 28, 2015, the Dirección Ambiental issued a categorical technical opinion in the following terms: “… this Dirección del Área Funcional de Hidrogeología, from a hydrogeological, geological, aquifer protection, and AyA Numancia Sources standpoint, and based on all existing technical studies in the area, as well as the Diagnóstico del Plan Regulador de Pococí – Tomo I, does not recommend the exemption for the Proyecto Urbanización Nuevo Guápiles, located in Barrio Emilia, Guápiles, Pococí, Limón, cadastral map L-239023-95, as it involves a highly contamination-vulnerable aquifer (acuífero altamente vulnerable a la contaminación).” Similarly, according to the technical report sent via memorandum N° GSP-RHC-P-2026-00022 of January 8, 2026, by the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA, it is stated that: “Regarding the third point, as indicated in official letters GSP-RHC-P-2017-00781 and GSP-RA-P-2019-00843, the Valle Verde sector is located outside the coverage area (área de cobertura) of the aqueducts directly administered by AyA.
Specifically, systems HC-A-13 Cariari - Anita Grande and HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez (see image number 2). Given the foregoing, since it is located outside the jurisdiction of AyA – Región Huetar Caribe, no opinion has been issued on water availability (disponibilidades de agua) for the lands located in that sector.” FOURTH: We have no record of the response given by the ASADA, since no proof is provided in that regard; the other aspects are Not true. According to the technical report sent via memorandum N° SG-GSD-2026-00009 of January 8, 2026, from the Subgerencia Gestión de Sistemas Delegados-AyA, it is stated that: “The appellant lists five alleged justifications for the rejection: municipal permits, personal discrimination, lack of water, inexistence of budget, and proximity to AyA infrastructure. (…) 1. Municipal permits and plans: AyA has no record of all the alleged municipal procedures.
In any case, Article 21 of the Ley Constitutiva del AyA (Law N.º 2726) establishes that any urbanization or subdivision (lotificación) project requires prior approval from AyA, without which any municipal permit lacks legal effectiveness. 2. Allegation of personal discrimination: This Institution has no record of such a claim; AyA’s decisions are based exclusively on technical, legal, and environmental criteria, never on subjective considerations about individuals. 3. Water availability: In the UEN Gestión de ASADAS, there is no record of the submission of any formal request for water availability or sanitation for the sector where the appellant owns properties. Consequently, no technical analysis (specific technical studies for developments, subdivisions, or segregations) has been conducted to assess the viability or feasibility of potable water supply and sanitation for said sector by the ASADA Buenos Aires Sur. 4.
Infrastructure and budget: There is no record of ASADA Buenos Aires Sur infrastructure in the sector where the appellant’s property is located, nor approved studies for its extension. 5. Proximity to the Tanque Numancia: Mere physical proximity to AyA infrastructure does not generate an automatic right to connection. The environmental opinion UEN-GA-2025-03793 establishes that the area is partially within the absolute protection zone (zona de protección absoluta) of the Pozo Numancia, which imposes severe restrictions for housing developments and new connections.” Similarly, according to the technical report sent via memorandum N° GSP-RHC-P-2026-00022 of January 8, 2026, by the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA, it is stated that: “…no further observations are made, as the protected party indicates the intention to access potable water service from the ASADA of Buenos Aires Sur. AyA Región Huetar Caribe holds jurisdiction only over systems administered by AyA.
In the specific case, the nearest AyA aqueduct is HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez, which, as previously indicated, does not reach the Valle Verde sector. As indicated by the protected party, the Numancia tank, which is part of the AyA aqueduct, is located near the Valle Verde sector, and according to what was stated in official letters GSP-RHC-P-2017-00781 and GSP-RA-P-2019-00843, this tank is at a lower elevation relative to Valle Verde, which is why it is not technically viable to extend coverage. This condition is known to the appellant, to the point of requesting that supply be granted by the ASADA of Buenos Aires Sur, which is located at a higher elevation.” FIFTH: It is not true. According to the technical report sent via memorandum N° SG-GSD-2026-00009 of January 8, 2026, from the Subgerencia Gestión de Sistemas Delegados-AyA, it is stated that: “The appellant maintains that he meets the conditions to receive the service and that the refusal violates fundamental rights.
(…) There are no diagnostics or technical feasibility studies presented in accordance with Definition N.º 12 of the Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios del AyA, which requires verification of water, hydraulic, environmental, and legal capacity. Without such analysis, it is not legally possible to grant potable water availability. “12. Technical feasibility analysis (Análisis de factibilidad técnica) for granting services: Process of verifying the real and current existence of sufficient water, hydraulic, material, technical, legal, and environmental resources to grant availability and eventual service connection. For such purposes, the following conditions must be observed: a. That the distribution and collection networks pass in front of the property boundaries or have direct access via a public road or easement (servidumbre de paso) from the property for which a service is requested. b. That the systems have sufficient water, hydraulic, potabilization, and treatment capacity to grant new services. c. That the system meets the established quality attributes. d. That it complies with the corresponding environmental regulations.” Similarly, according to the technical report sent via memorandum N° GSP-RHC-P-2026-00022 of January 8, 2026, by the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA, it is stated that: “…indeed, the protected party has the right to request water supply, provided that he complies with the established procedures.
It is reiterated that the Región Huetar Caribe has not issued service availability certificates (constancias de disponibilidad de servicios), since it is not within its coverage area.” In this regard, it is also worth citing the provisions of Article 7, subsection 134, of the Reglamento para la Prestación de los Servicios del AyA, which states: “…134. Environmental restriction zone (Zona de restricción ambiental): Territorial surface delimited by geomorphological conditions or risk zones, protection zones, and protected areas or State heritage reserves where, by legal provisions or local, regional, or national territorial planning, service availabilities or connections for the provision of aqueduct or sanitary sewer services, or both, must not be approved by a public service provider.” Furthermore, as stated by the appellant, the requirements established to generate a positive service availability certificate have not been met, since the interested parties have not completed the necessary technical studies and improvement works to qualify for a service.
SIXTH: It is not true. According to the technical report sent via memorandum N° SG-GSD-2026-00009 of January 8, 2026, from the Subgerencia Gestión de Sistemas Delegados-AyA, it is stated that: “…AyA has no record of any arbitrary action. The appellant’s situation is not comparable to that of the 40 homes in the southern sector, which were the subject of a specific, delimited technical project, duly evaluated.” Likewise, the technical report sent via memorandum N° GSP-RHC-P-2026-00022 of January 8, 2026, by the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA states that: “…no further comments are made, as the Región Huetar Caribe has not carried out any action in the Valle Verde sector. It should be noted that within AyA’s regulations and procedures, economic contributions are never requested from interested parties.” SEVENTH: We have no record. According to the technical report sent via memorandum N° SG-GSD-2026-00009 of January 8, 2026, from the Subgerencia Gestión de Sistemas Delegados-AyA, it is stated that: “…AyA has no record of any arbitrary action.
The appellant’s situation is not comparable to that of the 40 homes in the southern sector, which were the subject of a specific, delimited technical project, duly evaluated.” Likewise, the technical report sent via memorandum N° GSP-RHC-P-2026-00022 of January 8, 2026, by the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA states that: “…it is reiterated that AyA – Región Huetar Caribe has not carried out any action approving or disapproving water supply in the Valle Verde sector, since it is located outside the coverage area.” EIGHTH: This section is not a fact. However, it is worth citing what is stated in the technical report sent via memorandum N° SG-GSD-2026-00009 of January 8, 2026, from the Subgerencia Gestión de Sistemas Delegados-AyA, which indicates: “Constitutional jurisprudence has been consistent in pointing out that the right to water does not imply an obligation to grant the service when there is duly accredited technical, legal, or environmental impossibility.
In the present case, the refusal is based on objective technical and environmental criteria, particularly on the protection of strategic supply sources.” Similarly, the technical report sent via memorandum N° GSP-RHC-P-2026-00022 of January 8, 2026, by the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA states that: “…although it concerns jurisprudence from the Sala Constitucional, it can be observed from the excerpts that in both rulings (2016-006027 and 2017-005245) the Court indicates that no omission or arbitrary action by the appealed authority is accredited, as the actions were not capricious, but rather based on technical aspects such as the non-existence of potable water availability in the sectors. Additionally, it is important to note that the Valle Verde sector and its surroundings are located on a contamination-vulnerable aquifer (acuífero vulnerable a la contaminación), as inferred from reports SUB-AID-GA-2015-432 and UEN-GA-2025-03793 prepared by the Dirección de Gestión Ambiental of AyA (attached).
As observed in image number 2 of this document, AyA maintains its main water sources for the HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez system in the area surrounding Valle Verde (Nacientes Numancia, Pozo Numancia, and Pozo Los Ángeles 1 and 2). Therefore, when conducting the study to supply potable water to the sector, it must be assessed what the collection and treatment system will be for the wastewater generated, in order to guarantee the protection of the quantity and quality of the aquifer underlying this land, which is used to provide service to more than 60,000 people in the canton of Pococí. In these cases, the recommendation is to apply the provisions of the Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo Según la Vulnerabilidad a la Contaminación de Acuíferos para la Protección del Recurso Hídrico (Matriz de SENARA), as there is no specific one for the sector. Given the foregoing, it is considered that what is stated by the appellant has no relation to the actions of the Región Huetar Caribe, as the community of Valle Verde is located outside the coverage area of the aqueduct systems administered by AyA, and what is sought is that the ASADA of Buenos Aires Sur grant potable water availability.” It is reiterated that for the operator delegated by AyA, in the case at hand, ASADA Buenos Aires Sur de Jiménez, to be able to provide a positive service availability certificate in favor of the interested parties, they must comply with all the requirements established for that purpose.
In cases like the present one where there is no network, they must carry out the technical studies and improvement works to generate said service availability certificate in the zone, according to the provisions of Article 14 of the Reglamento para la Prestación de los Servicios and Article 46 of the Reglamento de ASADAS (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 42582-S-MINAE). III. LEGAL BASIS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS I. On the technical and legal impossibility of granting a positive service availability certificate Pursuant to the foregoing, it is evident that in the case at hand, there is a technical impossibility of providing potable water service to the appellant, without thereby violating constitutional rights. In this regard, the Honorable Court has repeatedly stated (rulings number 2009-011529 and number 2010-013690) that, in the face of a legal or material impossibility to provide a service, fundamental rights are not violated.
In ruling 2017-009581, it stated the following on the matter: “(…) It is necessary to recall that this Court’s jurisprudence has been clear on the following: ‘whenever the failure to provide potable water service is not a capricious, arbitrary, or unfounded action, but rather justified by legal or material impossibility, we are not facing a violation of fundamental rights’ (see, in this regard, judgment 2010-1516 of 6:36 p.m. on January 26, 2010, as well as judgment 2015-8177 of 10:05 a.m. on June 5, 2015). In the specific case, we are facing a technical or material impossibility, due to the reasons outlined by the appealed authority (lack of infrastructure and serious water resource limitations in that area). For all the above, as there is no capricious or arbitrary refusal and technical criteria exist for that refusal, the appropriate course is to dismiss this amparo action.” In the same vein, through ruling N° 2019009789 of May 31, 2019, the Sala Constitucional has stated: (…) “V.- ON THE DENIAL OF POTABLE WATER SERVICE.
This Court has considered that, although there is a fundamental right to potable water, its exercise is not unrestricted to the point that there is an obligation for the entities providing that service to provide it under any condition and opportunity. Specifically, this Court has recognized that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, the municipalities, or the associations administering aqueducts and sewers, may deny potable water availability if there are technical reasons that so justify it. In this regard, by Judgment N° 2009-003825 of 4:49 p.m. on March 10, 2009, this Court resolved the following: ‘(...) It is understood, then, that although there is a fundamental right to water that can be demanded from the corresponding administration, the provision of the service may well be subject to compliance with the requirements established for its granting and to the existence of a material possibility of supply, that is, that there are no technical situations that make it impossible or inadvisable for the administration to provide the potable water service, a situation which determines that the administration has no obligation to provide the potable water service if there are technical reasons that advise against it or make it impossible, and it must adequately inform the applicant of the reasons why their request cannot be met…’.” Even more recently, we can cite ruling N° 2020010679 of nine hours fifteen minutes on June 12, 2020, in which the Sala Constitucional resolved: “IV.- ON THE DENIAL OF POTABLE WATER SERVICE.
This Court has considered that, although there is a fundamental right to potable water, its exercise is not unrestricted, such that there is an obligation for the entities providing that service to provide it under any condition and opportunity. Specifically, this Court has recognized that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, the municipalities, or the associations administering aqueducts and sewers, may deny potable water availability if there are technical reasons that so justify it. In judgment number 2009-003825 of 4:49 p.m. on March 10, 2009, reiterated in judgment No. 2016-005382 of 9:05 a.m. on April 22, 2016, this Court resolved the following: ‘(...) It is understood, then, that although there is a fundamental right to water that can be demanded from the corresponding administration, the provision of the service may well be subject to compliance with the requirements established for its granting and to the existence of a material possibility of supply, that is, that there are no technical situations that make it impossible or inadvisable for the administration to provide the potable water service, a situation which determines that the administration has no obligation to provide the potable water service if there are technical reasons that advise against it or make it impossible, and it must adequately inform the applicant of the reasons why their request cannot be met’ (highlighting not in original, see judgment N° 2018-7781 of 09:15 hrs. on May 18, 2018).
Consequently, it is deemed that there are technical reasons that justify the denial of the potable water service sought by the claimant.” (…) In this specific case, as set forth in the referenced reports, there is a technical impossibility of issuing the service availability certificate positively, given that there is no aqueduct system in the area. To carry out an extension, the interested parties must complete the necessary technical studies and works, with prior approval from AyA, as well as comply with the requirements established in the Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios de AyA. III. On compliance with requirements to issue a positive service availability certificate and a permanent connection In this sense, the Sala Constitucional, through ruling N° 2022014900 of July 1, 2022, has resolved: “(…) IV.- ON COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS TO ACCESS POTABLE WATER SERVICE. The Court’s jurisprudence has recognized the so-called fundamental right to water, by which all persons must be granted the possibility of accessing, under conditions of equality, potable water services, since this is essential for human life and health.
However, this fundamental right status does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the administration may establish general requirements that must be met by each applicant to assess their particular request. Thus, in Judgment No. 2006-1898 of 09:53 hrs. on February 17, 2006, this Tribunal provided the following: “(…) The appellant alleges (…) that despite the requests and efforts made, the respondent Institute has refused to provide them with potable water service, arguing that it is a squatter settlement (precario) and that its inhabitants do not have a segregation plan establishing that they are property owners. In this regard, it is established in the record, based on the report rendered under oath by the appealed authority, that there is an impossibility of installing domiciliary potable water services in the community where the appellant lives for two specific reasons: the lack of adequate infrastructure and the failure to submit applications that comply with legal requirements by the interested parties (...).
This Court, in judgment No. 2004-12185 of 1:31 p.m. on October 29, 2004, in a case similar to the present one, noted that it was not possible to compel the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados to circumvent the provisions of its Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios a los Clientes or the Ley General de Agua Potable. Hence, as long as the protected party does not meet the conditions and requirements demanded therein, even though potable water service must be within the reach of every person as it is an essential service, it cannot be provided on a regular basis. Given the existence of these two objective reasons why it is not possible to supply regular potable water service to the plaintiff—his failure to comply with requirements for a new service connection, starting with the submission of the application and the existence of adequate infrastructure in the area—there is no reason whatsoever to understand that the denial of regular service provision by the respondent Institute is due to the fact that the protected party and his neighbors do not have property titles over the real estate they possess.
(…)” More recently, in Voto No. 2020-5049 of 09:45 hrs. on March 13, 2020, the Court stated: “(…) IV.- On the specific case. In the case under study, the Court finds it proven that the appealed authorities have not addressed the potable water request managed by the protected party, because the applicant has not complied with the requirements mandated by the legal system, which were duly communicated to her. Note that the respondent Institute informed the appellant, and even other officials who tried to collaborate with the appellant’s case, that to provide her with water service, the application form must be signed by the registered owner, the possessor, or the legal representative or authorized agent, which the appellant has not complied with. By virtue of the foregoing, it is proven that the lack of water service to the appellant is due to the fact that, as of the date this appeal was filed, she has not met the necessary requirements for it.
Therefore, it is confirmed that the denial is not arbitrary or capricious, since there is an impossibility of providing potable water service to the appellant until she complies with the necessary requirements. In this regard, it must be emphasized that the protected party’s application has not been addressed because the property for which she requested service has a registered owner different from the appellant, from whom there is no authorization to request the service. In this Court’s opinion, the foregoing is consistent with the provisions of Article 32 of the Reglamento para la Prestación de Servicios del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, which indicates the requirements for applying for a water connection, in the case of occupants of real estate within farms or invaded lands in precarious condition, which is the appellant’s case. Subsection e) of Article 32 of the cited regulation textually provides that to process the potable water service application, the authorization of the registered owner of the real estate is required.
Thus, the denial of the service being challenged is sufficiently grounded, which is why the appeal filed must be dismissed on this point. (…)” It is worth mentioning that, in response to the request for potable water service by the residents of the community of Valle Verde, the Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí-AyA, through official Mr. Miguel Badilla Ugalde, via official letter N° GSP-RHC-P-2017-00781 dated July 20, 2017, informed Mrs. Maria Cecilia Bonilla Gómez, representative of the Community of Valle Verde, that: “In this sector, there is no potable water network from the Guápiles system; furthermore, the Numancia tank is located at a lower elevation relative to your community. This indicates that the sector where your community is located is higher than the Numancia tank that supplies Guápiles. Furthermore, later in 2021, in response to a request received from the Valle Verde Committee to explore the possibility of the potable water supply in the Valle Verde sector being assumed by the ASADA Buenos Aires, via official letter N° GSD-UEN-GAR-2021-00953 of March 5, 2021, prepared by Eng.
José Antonio Arias Arias of the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales-AyA, they were informed that the ASADA Buenos Aires is willing to assume the water supply for the community of the Valle Verde sector. However, according to the technical assessments, these showed that a possible pipeline to supply the sector would have to cross private property, which was indicated to be owned by the company El Colono; therefore, the corresponding procedures must be carried out for the due constitution of an aqueduct easement (servidumbre de acueducto) located on said land (owned by El Colono) in favor of the ASADA Buenos Aires, so that the project is technically viable. It was clarified that without this easement, the project would not be feasible, and that, additionally, according to the information provided by the Comité Pro-Mejoras Valle Verde, only 40 properties would be included in the mentioned project.
Therefore, it is not technically or legally possible to issue a positive potable water service availability certificate without the interested parties complying with the requirements established by the RPS and the RASADAS to provide them with public potable water and sanitary sewer service, which, in the specific case, has not been fulfilled by the appellant and his neighbors in Valle Verde.”
Therefore, this Honorable Chamber is respectfully requested to: 1. Issue the corresponding order so that, with the support of the competent institutions, the necessary measures are adopted to guarantee potable water service to existing properties and management plans are carried out for future subdivisions (lotificaciones) or developments. (…) This aqueduct reiterates its commitment to the community and to the protection of fundamental rights, especially the human right to water, and expresses its complete willingness to comply with whatever this Honorable Chamber orders, however, it is the sole and exclusive power of AyA to expand the coverage area of our Aqueduct.”
Drafted by Judge Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
Due to its exceptional nature, the ordinary processing of amparo actions against private-law subjects requires beginning by examining whether, in this case, we are or are not facing one of the scenarios that makes it admissible, in order to—subsequently and if affirmative—determine whether it is estimable or not. In this regard, the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in its article 57, stipulates under which scenarios the amparo action against actions or omissions of private-law subjects is admissible, that is, when they act or should act in the exercise of public functions or powers, or are, de jure or de facto, in a position of power against which ordinary jurisdictional remedies are clearly insufficient or tardy to guarantee the fundamental rights or freedoms referred to in article 2, subsection a), of the same Law. In view of the above, in the specific case, it is deemed appropriate to proceed to hear the merits of the matter, considering that one of the respondent parties (Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur) is in a position of power against which ordinary jurisdictional remedies are clearly insufficient or tardy to guarantee the fundamental rights or freedoms claimed as violated. Consequently, it is appropriate to hear the action on its merits.
The petitioner files an amparo action and states that, since 2015, the protected party acquired two lots located on Calle Valle Verde, Guápiles, duly registered and near a Judicial Branch building, and since then has unsuccessfully sought access to potable water service. Despite multiple requests and the constitution of the ASADA Buenos Aires Sur together with other neighbors, AyA has repeatedly denied the availability of the service without sufficient technical backing, authorizing it only for 40 homes. The denials have been based on arguments that the protected party considers unfounded and discriminatory, despite existing installed infrastructure, water availability accredited by the ASADA, and a nearby AyA tank. He adds that, even though the neighbors assumed significant economic costs at AyA's request, the service continues not to be provided, maintaining him in a prolonged situation of defenselessness and arbitrary treatment.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated:
Facts related to the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados:
On April 28, 2015, the Environmental Directorate of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados issued technical opinion SUB-AID-GA-2015-432, in which it did not recommend, from the hydrogeological and aquifer protection point of view, the exemption of the urban development project “Nuevo Guápiles,” located in the Valle Verde area, because it is a highly vulnerable aquifer to contamination (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). On July 20, 2017, the RHC-Pococí Cantonal Unit of AyA informed representatives of the Valle Verde community that in said sector there was no potable water network from the Guápiles system and that the Numancia tank was at a lower elevation, which made supply from that system technically unfeasible (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). On March 5, 2021, by official letter No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2021-00953, the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales of AyA indicated that the ASADA Buenos Aires had the willingness to assume the potable water supply for the Valle Verde sector, clarifying that the technical project was limited to 40 properties in the southern sector and that it did not contemplate the extension of the service to the northern sector, near Colegio Green Valley, where the petitioner's properties are located (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
On March 5, 2021, AyA indicated that the eventual expansion of the service by the ASADA Buenos Aires required the prior constitution of an aqueduct easement (servidumbre de acueducto) on a private property belonging to the company El Colono, without which the project was not technically or legally viable (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). There was no record in the institutional registries of a formal request for potable water availability for the northern sector of Valle Verde, where the petitioner's properties are located, nor the submission of specific technical studies for urbanizations, subdivisions (lotificaciones), or segregations (segregaciones) (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). The Valle Verde sector was outside the coverage area of the aqueduct systems directly managed by AyA in the Huetar Caribe Region, which is why potable water availability certificates (constancias de disponibilidad) had not been issued for said sector (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
The area where the petitioner's properties are located is partially within an environmental restriction zone associated with the protection of Pozo Numancia, which imposes severe limitations on new potable water connections and housing developments (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). The mere physical proximity of the petitioner's property to institutional infrastructure, such as the Numancia tank, does not generate an automatic right to service connection, especially when said tank is at a lower elevation relative to the Valle Verde sector, which technically prevents the expansion of coverage (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). The petitioner's situation is not comparable to that of the 40 homes in the southern sector of Valle Verde, and the denial of granting water availability is based on objective technical, legal, and environmental criteria (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
For the ASADA Buenos Aires Sur to be able to issue a positive service availability certificate, the interested parties had to comply with regulatory requirements, including the submission of technical feasibility studies and the execution of improvement works, which had not been accredited in the petitioner's case (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
Facts related to the Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur:
Around the year 2000, given the impossibility of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados to provide potable water service in the area, the aqueduct that would later be managed by the Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, emerged as a community initiative (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). In September 2007, the constitutive assembly was held through which the Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, was formalized, an entity that subsequently signed the respective delegation agreement with the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados to regulate its operation (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). In 2020, the Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, conducted a comprehensive technical study to evaluate the water and hydraulic condition of the aqueduct system, which contemplated a part of the Green Valley community as a possible future development area, specifically the sector from the quadrant to the vicinity of Colegio Green Valley (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
In 2020, the comprehensive technical study conducted by the ASADA Buenos Aires Sur was known and approved by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, serving as a basis for evaluating an eventual expansion of potable water service in part of the Green Valley community (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). The ASADA Buenos Aires Sur supplied approximately 650 active subscribers and provided potable water service to the Buenos Aires Sur community and to a part of the southern sector of the Green Valley community (see report submitted by the respondent authorities). The Green Valley community is divided into three distinct sectors: a southern sector supplied by the ASADA Buenos Aires Sur, a northern sector supplied by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and a central sector that did not have an operating entity for potable water service (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
Access to potable water service was never arbitrarily denied to the inhabitants of the central sector of Green Valley, and it had shown its consent and willingness to collaborate in the search for solutions, conditioned upon the approval and accompaniment of the competent institutions, particularly the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (see report submitted by the respondent authorities).
After analyzing the evidentiary elements provided, this Court dismisses the violation of the fundamental rights of the protected party. From the reports submitted by the representatives of the respondent authorities—which are deemed given under oath with the consequences, including criminal ones, provided in article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction—and the evidence provided for the resolution of the matter, it has been duly accredited that, first, the sector in which the protected party's properties are located (Valle Verde, specifically the area near Colegio Green Valley) is not part of the coverage area of the aqueduct systems directly managed by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Huetar Caribe Region. Likewise, it was proven that the nearest institutional aqueduct (system HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez) does not reach the area where the protected party's properties are located and that, particularly, the Numancia tank is at a lower elevation relative to the Valle Verde sector, so it is not technically feasible to extend the service from that infrastructure. Consequently, the mere proximity of the property to that tank or other works does not generate an automatic right to connection, since the provision of service is subject to technical criteria and the actual capacity of existing systems.
Secondly, it was held as proven that the area presents relevant environmental restrictions, linked to the protection of strategic supply sources and the vulnerability of the aquifer, which imposes severe limits for the approval of new connections or service availabilities, particularly when dealing with urbanization, subdivision (lotificación), or segregation (segregación) processes that may compromise the quality and quantity of the water resource. On this point, the technical criteria provided by the respondent authorities showed that, being an environmentally sensitive area, the feasibility assessment cannot dispense with the comprehensive analysis of water and hydraulic capacity, as well as the sanitary-environmental component, especially the adequate management of wastewater and its eventual treatment.
Thirdly, it was accredited that, regarding the northern sector of Valle Verde where the protected party's properties are located, there was no record in the AyA registries of the entry of a formal request for potable water availability, nor the submission of specific technical studies oriented towards urbanizations, subdivisions (lotificaciones), or segregations (segregaciones) that would enable a technical-legal feasibility analysis. This is decisive, since the regulations governing the provision of service impose general and objective requirements for the Administration or the delegated operator to evaluate supply, among them, the existence of networks, actual hydraulic and water capacity, the legal viability of the routing (easements or accesses), and compliance with applicable environmental regulations. Thus, as long as such requirements are not accredited through the corresponding study, it is not legally appropriate to demand a positive availability certificate, nor a definitive connection.
Now, the Chamber has determined that denying potable water service does not constitute a violation of a person's rights when there are technical impediments that justify it:
“II.- Regarding the specific case. Among the evidence provided, a certification of water unavailability dated July 15, 2021, is observed, through which AyA notified the claimant of the rejection of his request for potable water availability for the individualization of services for an apartment located on his property. The denial was based on the lack of technical feasibility due to insufficient hydraulic and water capacity in the area's supply system, therefore, there is no potable water service availability for new development projects.
Thus, it is accredited that the sub lite does not concern an arbitrary denial of potable water service, as this was based on the lack of technical feasibility. In this line, it should be noted that this Constitutional Court is not a controller of the legality of the actions or resolutions of the respondent authority and cannot replace the active Administration in the management of its competencies, so it is not its place to usurp the powers that have been legally conferred to other dependencies, bodies, or entities, such as AyA. Nor does this Court act as a mediator before a specific natural or legal person—whether public or private law—to intercede so that the petitioner is granted what they seek, in this case, the installation of a new meter for the apartment they built for their daughter. Now, if what occurs is that the petitioner disagrees with the reasons that justified the denial of the new meter by AyA, they must raise their grievances and claims before the ordinary legality channel, so that what is legally appropriate may be determined there.” (Judgment No. 2021018977 at 11:50 hours on August 24, 2021).
The Chamber observes no reasons to change the transcribed criterion. Indeed, it is not considered that the denial is unreasonable or capricious when it is based on a technical justification, as is, in this case, the deficient hydraulic capacity of the aqueduct. The discussion of the substantive issue can be raised in the legality channel.
It is worth noting that in resolving a matter similar to the present one, this Court in Judgment No. 2020-19832 at 09:30 hours on October 16, 2020, ordered:
“(…) from the feasibility tests carried out in the locality, the unavailability of water service was determined due to a lack of storage capacity in the community of Pijije de Bagaces; however, it is alleged that a series of actions are being carried out aimed at increasing capacity, to achieve the provision of potable water in this community by the respondent ASADA. It should be noted that whether or not the requested service is appropriate is not a matter to be discussed in this jurisdiction, as it is outside the scope of this Chamber's competence. On repeated occasions, this Court has held that it is possible to dismiss the requests submitted for the granting of potable water service, when there are technical impossibilities, non-compliance with infra-constitutional requirements, or there exist technical and/or legal criteria that justify it. Likewise, it is not for this Chamber to define whether or not the petitioner meets the legal or technical requirements for the request to be approved, since its verification is a function of the corresponding administrative authorities, without this Chamber being able to delve into the matter, as it concerns aspects of ordinary legality outside its competence (…)” (emphasis does not belong to the original).
Added to the above, regarding the Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, it was proven that it provides service to the Buenos Aires Sur community and to a part of the southern sector of Green Valley, supplying approximately 650 subscribers. It was also accredited that the Green Valley community is divided into three sectors and that the central sector lacks a formal operating entity. In this context, the ASADA reported that it has not arbitrarily refused to collaborate in finding solutions and that its actions are conditioned by the need for institutional intervention and approval from AyA, as well as by compliance with health and environmental regulations. Particularly, it was proven that the comprehensive technical study carried out in 2020 by the ASADA contemplated an eventual expansion towards part of Green Valley and was known and approved by AyA; however, this does not equate, by itself, to an immediate and absolute mandate for connection for any property in the sector, since the expansion requires the specific delimitation of the project, the verification of networks in the specific area, and, where appropriate, the works and easements necessary for its execution.
In fact, it was also accredited that the procedure processed in 2021 by the neighborhood committee was planned for a group of 40 properties in the southern sector and expressly did not consider the extension towards the northern sector near Colegio Green Valley, where the protected party's properties are located; thus, the petitioner's situation is not comparable to that of that group of homes, which was the subject of a specific and delimited technical project.
In this vein, this Chamber's case law has been constant in pointing out that, although there is a fundamental right to potable water, its exercise is not unrestricted nor imposes, under any circumstance, an obligation to provide the service when there is a duly accredited technical, legal, or environmental impossibility or when the applicant has not met the general requirements enforceable to assess the feasibility of supply. Under that understanding, when the denial or impossibility of provision is based on objective, technical, and environmental criteria, and not on arbitrary or discriminatory action, no violation of fundamental rights is established.
Finally, it must be indicated to the respondent party that it must carry out the pertinent actions within the scope of its competencies and coordinating what is necessary, so as to solve the problem generated by the aforementioned technical impossibility, within a reasonable period, without undue delays.
By virtue of the foregoing, the present proceeding is declared without merit, as indicated in the operative part of this judgment.
In the sub examine, the petitioner claims the inadequate provision of potable water service where they live.
In this regard, just as has occurred in other matters where supply problems of that magnitude have been alleged (for example, file No. 20-004883-0007-CO), we consider it essential to have the Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep) as a party. Even in the judgment issued in the referred proceeding (No. 2020007754 at 9:45 hours on April 24, 2020), the Chamber assessed that Aresep, when submitting its report, pointed out a series of problems of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados in relation to investment in infrastructure, losses from unaccounted-for water, and execution capacity. On that occasion, this Court considered: “In this regard, it is not only recorded that the problem of water shortage had been evident since 2017, but ARESEP pointed out that the ICAA had a lag in infrastructure investment and, in addition, significant losses from unaccounted-for water. Likewise, the regulatory entity also affirmed that the project execution capacity of potable water service operators has not been desirable.” Consequently, we dissent and order the continuation of the processing of the action for the purposes of requesting a report from the general regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
In this case, I agree with the majority vote that declares the action without merit, however, in accordance with the following reasons:
The protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the Costa Rican Legal System, is protected not only in article 50 of the Political Constitution, but also in a series of current laws and executive decrees (regulations), such as the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Law No. 7554 of October 4, 1995; the Ley de Biodiversidad, Law No. 7788 of April 30, 1998; the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Law No. 7317 of October 21, 1992; and Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849 of May 24, 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), to cite just a few. This makes it necessary, in environmental matters, to separate the control of constitutionality from the control of legality. In this sense, it is the undersigned's criterion that this Chamber, by way of amparo, should only hear a matter in which a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged, if the Administration has not yet intervened and when the violation of that right is manifest and evident, easily verifiable, of certain importance or gravity, and directly affects a specific person or community.
Otherwise, the issue must be raised and discussed in the legality channel. Therefore, the mere breach of obligations and duties legally imposed on the various public administrations in environmental matters is proper to be heard in the legality channel –administrative or jurisdictional–, where, with much greater scope, the breaches or omissions accused may be overseen. It must be kept in mind that the amparo action is a summary, informal, simple, and rapid proceeding, in such a way that, from the very moment the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter, in the exercise of its competencies, and substantiates a procedure, with the issuance of administrative acts, its hearing becomes outside the scope of action of this specialized jurisdiction. For this reason, the review of administrative actions carried out regarding an environmental issue that requires, for its correct assessment, a full-knowledge proceeding, is only possible in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the design of the amparo proceeding is incompatible with the contrasting or review of technical or legal criteria developed under the protection of current legal or regulatory norms or with the evacuation of new and greater elements of conviction necessary for the contrasting or review of criteria already present in the administrative file of the case.
The opposite would imply transforming the amparo into an ordinary, full-knowledge proceeding, which would denature it and render null the purposes for which it has been designed, thereby losing its condition as an instrument for the effective protection of fundamental rights. As a consequence of the foregoing, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened, in diverse forms, or has issued administrative acts in relation to an environmental matter, its hearing and oversight correspond to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It is, precisely, the verification of the existence of that administrative intervention that determines that the matter is the competence of the legality channel. Consequently, this action should have been rejected outright, since its object is a matter proper to be discussed, analyzed, and resolved in the legality channel. However, as it was not done so, the appropriate course is to declare it without merit, without making any pronouncement regarding the merits of the issue raised, as it corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically, the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, to determine whether the accused administrative actions and conducts conform or not, in substance, to what is prescribed in the legal system of legal rank, regarding the protection, guardianship, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
VII- DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED TO THE FILE. The parties are warned that, if any paper document has been provided, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 working days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
THEREFORE:
The action is declared WITHOUT MERIT. Let LOURDES MARÍA SÁUREZ BARBOZA, in her capacity as Executive President of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, as well as CARLOS BARQUERO LÓPEZ, in his capacity as Legal Representative of the Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur or whoever holds those positions, take note of what is indicated in considering IV of this judgment. Judges Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissent and order the continuation of the processing of the action for the purposes of requesting a report from the general regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos. Judge Salazar Alvarado declares the action without merit, because it corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically, the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, to determine whether the accused administrative actions and conducts conform or not, in substance, to what is prescribed in the legal system of legal rank, regarding the protection, guardianship, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Notify.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document Signed Digitally FILE No. 25-039977-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Judicial Branch.
Its reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 07-05-2026 20:01:06.
Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Derechos Humanos,Derecho a la salud,Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS Subtemas:
AGUA POTABLE.
003603-26. SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS. ACUSA QUE HA GESTIONADO SIN ÉXITO EL ACCESO AL SERVICIO DE AGUA POTABLE PARA DOS PROPIEDADES EN BUENOS AIRES SUR. SE REITERA QUE, LA NEGATIVA DEL SERVICIO DE AGUA POTABLE, CUANDO EXISTEN IMPIEDIMENTOS TÉCNICOS, NO CONSTITUYE UNA LESIÓN A LOS DERECHOS DE UNA PERSONA. LA SOLA CERCANÍA DEL INMUEBLE A UN TANQUE U OTRAS OBRAS NO GENERA UN DERECHO AUTOMÁTICO A LA CONEXIÓN. SIN EMBARGO, SE HACE LA INDICACIÓN DE QUE LA PARTE ACCIONADA DEBE EJECUTAR LAS ACTUACIONES PERTINENTES DENTRO DEL ÁMBITO DE SUS COMPETENCIAS Y COORDINANDO LO NECESARIO, PARA SOLUCIONAR EL PROBLEMA QUE GENERA LA IMPOSIBILIDAD TÉCNICA EN UN PLAZO RAZONABLE Y SIN DILACIONES INDEBIDAS. SIN LUGAR. VCG02/2026 “(…) IV.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. Después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados, este Tribunal descarta la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. De los informes rendidos por los representantes de las autoridades recurridas -que se tienen dados bajo juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y la prueba aportada para la resolución del asunto ha sido debidamente acreditado que, en primer término, el sector en el que se ubican las propiedades del amparado (Valle Verde, específicamente el área cercana al Colegio Green Valley) no forma parte del área de cobertura de los sistemas de acueducto administrados directamente por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Región Huetar Caribe.
Asimismo, se comprobó que el acueducto institucional más cercano (sistema HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez) no alcanza a cubrir la zona donde se encuentran las fincas del amparado y que, en particular, el tanque Numancia se ubica a una elevación inferior respecto del sector Valle Verde, por lo que no resulta técnicamente viable extender el servicio desde dicha infraestructura. En consecuencia, la sola cercanía del inmueble a ese tanque o a otras obras no genera un derecho automático a la conexión, pues la prestación del servicio está sujeta a criterios técnicos y a la capacidad real de los sistemas existentes.
En segundo término, se tuvo por demostrado que el área presenta restricciones ambientales relevantes, vinculadas a la protección de fuentes estratégicas de abastecimiento y a la vulnerabilidad del acuífero, lo cual impone límites severos para la aprobación de nuevas conexiones o disponibilidades de servicio, particularmente cuando se trate de procesos de urbanización, lotificación o segregación que puedan comprometer la calidad y la cantidad del recurso hídrico. En este punto, los criterios técnicos aportados por las autoridades accionadas evidenciaron que, tratándose de una zona ambientalmente sensible, la evaluación de factibilidad no puede prescindir del análisis integral de la capacidad hídrica e hidráulica, así como del componente sanitario-ambiental, en especial del manejo adecuado de aguas residuales y su eventual tratamiento.
En tercer lugar, se acreditó que, respecto del sector norte de Valle Verde donde se ubican las propiedades del amparado, no constaba en los registros del AyA el ingreso de una solicitud formal de disponibilidad de agua potable, ni la presentación de estudios técnicos específicos orientados a urbanizaciones, lotificaciones o segregaciones que habilitaran un análisis técnico-jurídico de factibilidad. Ello resulta determinante, puesto que el ordenamiento que regula la prestación del servicio impone requisitos generales y objetivos para que la Administración o el operador por delegación valoren el abastecimiento, entre ellos, la existencia de redes, la capacidad hidráulica e hídrica real, la viabilidad legal del trazado (servidumbres o accesos) y el cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental aplicable. Así, mientras tales requisitos no se acrediten mediante el estudio correspondiente, no es jurídicamente procedente exigir una constancia positiva de disponibilidad, ni una conexión definitiva.
Ahora bien, la Sala ha determinado que no constituye una lesión a los derechos de una persona que se niegue el servicio de agua potable cuando existen impedimentos técnicos que lo justifiquen:
“II.-Sobre el caso concreto. Entre la prueba aportada, se aprecia una certificación de no disponibilidad de agua del 15 de julio de 2021, mediante la que el AyA le notificó al accionante el rechazo de su solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable para la individualización de servicios para un apartamento ubicado en el inmueble de su propiedad. La denegatoria se sustentó en la falta de factibilidad técnica debido a la insuficiencia de capacidad hídrica e hidráulica en el sistema de abastecimiento de la zona, por lo que no se tiene disponibilidad del servicio de agua potable para nuevos proyectos de desarrollo.
Así las cosas, se acredita que el sub lite no versa sobre una denegatoria arbitraria del servicio de agua potable, pues esta se fundamentó en la falta de factibilidad técnica. En esta línea, adviértase que este Tribunal Constitucional no es un contralor de la legalidad de las actuaciones o resoluciones de la autoridad recurrida y tampoco puede reemplazar a la Administración activa en la gestión de sus competencias, de modo que no le corresponde usurpar las atribuciones que le han sido legalmente conferidas a otras dependencias, órganos o entes, como el AyA. Tampoco este Tribunal funge como mediador ante una determinada persona física o jurídica -ya sea de derecho público o privado-, para interceder a fin de que se le conceda lo que la parte recurrente pretende, en este caso, que se le instale un nuevo medidor para el apartamento que construyó para su hija. Ahora bien, si lo que ocurre es que el recurrente está inconforme con las razones que justificaron la denegatoria del nuevo medidor por parte del AyA, deberá plantear sus agravios y pretensiones ante la vía ordinaria de legalidad, para que allí se determine lo que en derecho corresponde”. (Sentencia nro. 2021018977 de las 11:50 horas de 24 de agosto de 2021).
La Sala no observa motivos para cambiar el criterio transcrito. En efecto, no se estima que la denegatoria sea irrazonable ni antojadiza cuando se basa en una justificación técnica como es, en este caso, la deficiente capacidad hidráulica del acueducto. La discusión del tema de fondo puede ser planteada en la vía de legalidad.
Valga acotar que al resolver un asunto similar al presente, este Tribunal en la sentencia No. 2020-19832 de las 09:30 horas de 16 de octubre de 2020, dispuso:
“(…) de las pruebas de factibilidad realizadas en la localidad, se determinó la indisponibilidad del servicio de agua por falta de capacidad de almacenamiento en la comunidad de Pijije de Bagaces; sin embargo, alega que se están realizando una serie de acciones tendientes a aumentar la capacidad, para lograr la dotación de agua potable en esta comunidad por parte de la ASADA recurrida. Cabe destacar, que la procedencia o no del servicio solicitado no es un asunto que deba discutirse en esta jurisdicción, ya que es ajeno al ámbito de competencia de esta Sala. En reiteradas ocasiones, este Tribunal ha sostenido que resulta posible desestimar las gestiones presentadas para el otorgamiento del servicio de agua potable, cuando se presenten imposibilidades técnicas, incumplimiento de requisitos infraconstitucionales o existan criterios técnicos y/o legales que así lo justifiquen. Asimismo, no le corresponde a esta Sala definir si el recurrente cumple o no los requisitos legales o técnicos para que la solicitud sea aprobada, ya que su verificación es una función de las autoridades administrativas correspondientes, sin que esta Sala pueda incursionar en la materia, por tratarse de aspectos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia (…)” (el énfasis no pertenece al original).
Aunado a lo anterior, en lo relativo a la Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, se comprobó que esta presta el servicio a la comunidad de Buenos Aires Sur y a una parte del sector sur de Green Valley, abasteciendo aproximadamente 650 abonados. También se acreditó que la comunidad de Green Valley se encuentra dividida en tres sectores y que el sector central carece de un ente operador formal. En ese contexto, la ASADA informó que no se ha negado de manera arbitraria a colaborar para encontrar soluciones y que su actuación se encuentra condicionada por la necesidad de intervención y aprobación institucional del AyA, así como por el cumplimiento de la normativa sanitaria y ambiental. De manera particular, se probó que el estudio técnico integral realizado en 2020 por la ASADA contempló una eventual ampliación hacia parte de Green Valley y fue conocido y aprobado por el AyA; sin embargo, ello no equivale, por sí mismo, a un mandato inmediato y absoluto de conexión para cualquier inmueble del sector, pues la ampliación requiere la delimitación concreta del proyecto, la verificación de redes en el área específica y, en su caso, las obras y servidumbres necesarias para su ejecución.
De hecho, también se acreditó que la gestión tramitada en 2021 por el comité de vecinos se proyectó para un conjunto de 40 propiedades del sector sur y que expresamente no consideró la extensión hacia el sector norte cercano al Colegio Green Valley, donde se ubican las fincas del amparado; de modo que la situación del recurrente no es equiparable a la de ese grupo de viviendas, que fue objeto de un proyecto técnico específico y delimitado.
En este orden de ideas, la jurisprudencia de esta Sala ha sido constante en señalar que, si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es irrestricto ni impone, en cualquier circunstancia, una obligación de dotar el servicio cuando exista imposibilidad técnica, jurídica o ambiental debidamente acreditada o cuando el solicitante no haya cumplido los requisitos generales exigibles para valorar la factibilidad de abastecimiento. Bajo ese entendido, cuando la denegatoria o la imposibilidad de prestación se sustenta en criterios objetivos, técnicos y ambientales, y no en una actuación arbitraria o discriminatoria, no se configura violación de derechos fundamentales.
Finalmente, debe indicarse a la parte accionada que debe ejecutar las actuaciones pertinentes dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y coordinando lo necesario, de tal forma que se solucione el problema que genera la imposibilidad técnica apuntada, dentro de un plazo razonable, sin dilaciones indebidas.
En virtud de lo expuesto, se declara sin lugar el presente proceso, tal como se indica en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia. (…)” ... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 057- Amparo contra sujetos de derecho privado Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 57 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL “(…) I.- SOBRE EL RECURSO DE AMPARO CONTRA SUJETO DE DERECHO PRIVADO. Por su excepcional naturaleza, el trámite ordinario de los recursos de amparo contra sujetos de derecho privado exige comenzar por examinar si, en la especie, estamos o no ante alguno de los supuestos que lo hacen admisible, para —posteriormente y en caso afirmativo—, dilucidar si es estimable o no. En ese particular, la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 57, estipula bajo qué supuestos es admisible el amparo contra las acciones u omisiones de sujetos de derecho privado, es decir, cuando éstos actúen o deban actuar en ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas, o, se encuentren, de derecho o de hecho, en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resulten claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales a que se refiere el artículo 2°, inciso a), de la misma Ley.
Visto lo anterior, en el caso concreto, se estima procedente entrar a conocer el fondo del asunto, considerando que la una de las partes accionadas (Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur) se encuentra en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resultan claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales que se reclaman como lesionados. En consecuencia, procede conocer el recurso por el fondo. (…)” VCG02/2026 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS Subtemas:
AGUA POTABLE.
En el sub examine, la parte accionante reclama la inadecuada prestación del servicio de agua potable en el lugar donde vive.
Al respecto, tal y como ha ocurrido en otros asuntos en los que se han alegado problemas de abastecimiento de esa magnitud (por ejemplo, el expediente nro. 20-004883-0007-CO), consideramos imprescindible tener como parte a la Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep). Incluso, en la sentencia dictada en el proceso referido (nro. 2020007754 de las 9:45 horas de 24 de abril de 2020), la Sala valoró que Aresep, al rendir su informe, puntualizó una serie de problemas del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados en relación con la inversión en infraestructura, pérdidas por agua no contabilizada y capacidad de ejecución. En esa oportunidad, este Tribunal consideró: “Al respecto, no solo consta que la problemática de desabastecimiento de agua se venía reflejando desde el 2017, sino que la ARESEP puntualizó que el ICAA tenía un rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y, además, significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada. Asimismo, el ente regulador también afirmó que la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores del servicio de agua potable no ha sido la deseable”.
En consecuencia, salvamos el voto y ordenamos continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
VCG02/2026 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS Subtemas:
AGUA POTABLE.
En este caso, coincido con el voto de mayoría que declara sin lugar el recurso, sin embargo, de conformidad con las siguientes razones:
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad. Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
VCG02/2026 ... Ver más SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del treinta de enero de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente número 25-039977-0007-CO interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], a favor de [Nombre 002], cédula de identidad [Valor 002], contra la ASOCIACIÓN DE ACUEDUCTO RURAL DE BUENOS AIRES SUR DE JIMÉNEZ Y EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS.
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
Por su excepcional naturaleza, el trámite ordinario de los recursos de amparo contra sujetos de derecho privado exige comenzar por examinar si, en la especie, estamos o no ante alguno de los supuestos que lo hacen admisible, para —posteriormente y en caso afirmativo—, dilucidar si es estimable o no. En ese particular, la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 57, estipula bajo qué supuestos es admisible el amparo contra las acciones u omisiones de sujetos de derecho privado, es decir, cuando éstos actúen o deban actuar en ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas, o, se encuentren, de derecho o de hecho, en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resulten claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales a que se refiere el artículo 2°, inciso a), de la misma Ley. Visto lo anterior, en el caso concreto, se estima procedente entrar a conocer el fondo del asunto, considerando que la una de las partes accionadas (Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur) se encuentra en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resultan claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales que se reclaman como lesionados. En consecuencia, procede conocer el recurso por el fondo.
La parte recurrente interpone recurso de amparo y expone que, desde el año 2015, el amparado adquirió dos lotes ubicados en Calle Valle Verde, Guápiles, debidamente inscritos y cercanos a un edificio del Poder Judicial, y desde entonces ha gestionado sin éxito el acceso al servicio de agua potable. Pese a múltiples solicitudes y a la constitución de la ASADA Buenos Aires Sur junto con otros vecinos, el AyA ha negado reiteradamente la disponibilidad del servicio sin respaldo técnico suficiente, autorizándolo únicamente para 40 viviendas. Las negativas se han sustentado en argumentos que el amparado considera infundados y discriminatorios, pese a existir infraestructura instalada, disponibilidad de agua acreditada por la ASADA y un tanque del AyA cercano. Añade que, aun cuando los vecinos asumieron costos económicos significativos a solicitud del AyA, el servicio sigue sin brindarse, manteniéndolo en una situación prolongada de indefensión y trato arbitrario.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
Hechos relacionados con el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados:
El 28 de abril de 2015, la Dirección Ambiental del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados emitió el criterio técnico SUB-AID-GA-2015-432, en el cual no recomendó, desde el punto de vista hidrogeológico y de protección del acuífero, la exoneración del proyecto urbanístico “Nuevo Guápiles”, ubicado en el área de Valle Verde, por tratarse de un acuífero altamente vulnerable a la contaminación (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 20 de julio de 2017, la Unidad Cantonal RHC-Pococí del AyA informó a representantes de la comunidad de Valle Verde que en dicho sector no existía red de agua potable del sistema de Guápiles y que el tanque Numancia se encontraba a una elevación menor, lo que hacía técnicamente inviable el abastecimiento desde ese sistema (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 05 de marzo de 2021, mediante oficio N.° GSD-UEN-GAR-2021-00953, la UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales del AyA indicó que la ASADA Buenos Aires tenía disposición de asumir el suministro de agua potable para el sector Valle Verde, aclarando que el proyecto técnico se limitaba a 40 propiedades del sector sur y que no contemplaba la extensión del servicio hacia el sector norte, cercano al Colegio Green Valley, donde se ubican las propiedades del recurrente (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 05 de marzo de 2021, el AyA señaló que la eventual ampliación del servicio por parte de la ASADA Buenos Aires requería la constitución previa de una servidumbre de acueducto sobre una propiedad privada perteneciente a la empresa El Colono, sin la cual el proyecto no resultaba técnica ni legalmente viable (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). No constaba en los registros institucionales una solicitud formal de disponibilidad de agua potable para el sector norte de Valle Verde, donde se ubican las propiedades del recurrente, ni la presentación de estudios técnicos específicos para urbanizaciones, lotificaciones o segregaciones (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El sector de Valle Verde se encontraba fuera del área de cobertura de los sistemas de acueductos administrados directamente por el AyA en la Región Huetar Caribe, razón por la cual no se habían emitido constancias de disponibilidad de agua para dicho sector (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El área donde se ubican las propiedades del recurrente se encuentra parcialmente dentro de una zona de restricción ambiental asociada a la protección del Pozo Numancia, lo que impone limitaciones severas para nuevas conexiones de agua potable y desarrollos habitacionales (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). La sola cercanía física del inmueble del recurrente a infraestructura institucional, como el tanque Numancia, no genera un derecho automático a la conexión del servicio, máxime cuando dicho tanque se encuentra a una elevación inferior respecto al sector de Valle Verde, lo que impide técnicamente la ampliación de la cobertura (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). La situación del recurrente no es comparable con la de las 40 viviendas del sector sur de Valle Verde y la negativa al otorgamiento de disponibilidad de agua se fundamenta en criterios técnicos, legales y ambientales objetivos (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Para que la ASADA Buenos Aires Sur pudiera otorgar una constancia de disponibilidad de servicios de forma positiva, los interesados debían cumplir con los requisitos reglamentarios, incluidos la presentación de estudios técnicos de factibilidad y la ejecución de obras de mejora, lo cual no había sido acreditado en el caso del recurrente (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Hechos relacionados con la Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur:
El alrededor del año 2000, ante la imposibilidad del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de brindar el servicio de agua potable en la zona, surgió como iniciativa comunal el acueducto que posteriormente sería administrado por la Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). En septiembre de 2007, se celebró la asamblea constitutiva mediante la cual se formalizó la Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, entidad que con posterioridad suscribió el respectivo convenio de delegación con el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados para regular su operación (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). En el año 2020, la Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, realizó un estudio técnico integral para evaluar la condición hídrica e hidráulica del sistema de acueducto, el cual contempló como posible área de desarrollo futuro una parte de la comunidad de Green Valley, específicamente el sector comprendido desde el cuadrante hasta las cercanías del Colegio Green Valley (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
En el año 2020, el estudio técnico integral realizado por la ASADA Buenos Aires Sur fue conocido y aprobado por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, sirviendo de base para valorar una eventual ampliación del servicio de agua potable en parte de la comunidad de Green Valley (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). La ASADA Buenos Aires Sur abastecía aproximadamente a 650 abonados activos y brindaba el servicio de agua potable a la comunidad de Buenos Aires Sur y a una parte del sector sur de la comunidad de Green Valley (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). La comunidad de Green Valley está dividida en tres sectores diferenciados: un sector sur abastecido por la ASADA Buenos Aires Sur, un sector norte abastecido por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y un sector central que no contaba con un ente operador del servicio de agua potable (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Nunca se negó de forma arbitraria el acceso al servicio de agua potable a los habitantes del sector central de Green Valley y que había mostrado su anuencia y disposición para colaborar en la búsqueda de soluciones, condicionadas a la aprobación y acompañamiento de las instituciones competentes, particularmente el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados, este Tribunal descarta la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. De los informes rendidos por los representantes de las autoridades recurridas -que se tienen dados bajo juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y la prueba aportada para la resolución del asunto ha sido debidamente acreditado que, en primer término, el sector en el que se ubican las propiedades del amparado (Valle Verde, específicamente el área cercana al Colegio Green Valley) no forma parte del área de cobertura de los sistemas de acueducto administrados directamente por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Región Huetar Caribe. Asimismo, se comprobó que el acueducto institucional más cercano (sistema HC-A-14 Guápiles-La Rita-Roxana-Jiménez) no alcanza a cubrir la zona donde se encuentran las fincas del amparado y que, en particular, el tanque Numancia se ubica a una elevación inferior respecto del sector Valle Verde, por lo que no resulta técnicamente viable extender el servicio desde dicha infraestructura. En consecuencia, la sola cercanía del inmueble a ese tanque o a otras obras no genera un derecho automático a la conexión, pues la prestación del servicio está sujeta a criterios técnicos y a la capacidad real de los sistemas existentes.
En segundo término, se tuvo por demostrado que el área presenta restricciones ambientales relevantes, vinculadas a la protección de fuentes estratégicas de abastecimiento y a la vulnerabilidad del acuífero, lo cual impone límites severos para la aprobación de nuevas conexiones o disponibilidades de servicio, particularmente cuando se trate de procesos de urbanización, lotificación o segregación que puedan comprometer la calidad y la cantidad del recurso hídrico. En este punto, los criterios técnicos aportados por las autoridades accionadas evidenciaron que, tratándose de una zona ambientalmente sensible, la evaluación de factibilidad no puede prescindir del análisis integral de la capacidad hídrica e hidráulica, así como del componente sanitario-ambiental, en especial del manejo adecuado de aguas residuales y su eventual tratamiento.
En tercer lugar, se acreditó que, respecto del sector norte de Valle Verde donde se ubican las propiedades del amparado, no constaba en los registros del AyA el ingreso de una solicitud formal de disponibilidad de agua potable, ni la presentación de estudios técnicos específicos orientados a urbanizaciones, lotificaciones o segregaciones que habilitaran un análisis técnico-jurídico de factibilidad. Ello resulta determinante, puesto que el ordenamiento que regula la prestación del servicio impone requisitos generales y objetivos para que la Administración o el operador por delegación valoren el abastecimiento, entre ellos, la existencia de redes, la capacidad hidráulica e hídrica real, la viabilidad legal del trazado (servidumbres o accesos) y el cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental aplicable. Así, mientras tales requisitos no se acrediten mediante el estudio correspondiente, no es jurídicamente procedente exigir una constancia positiva de disponibilidad, ni una conexión definitiva.
Ahora bien, la Sala ha determinado que no constituye una lesión a los derechos de una persona que se niegue el servicio de agua potable cuando existen impedimentos técnicos que lo justifiquen:
“II.-Sobre el caso concreto. Entre la prueba aportada, se aprecia una certificación de no disponibilidad de agua del 15 de julio de 2021, mediante la que el AyA le notificó al accionante el rechazo de su solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable para la individualización de servicios para un apartamento ubicado en el inmueble de su propiedad. La denegatoria se sustentó en la falta de factibilidad técnica debido a la insuficiencia de capacidad hídrica e hidráulica en el sistema de abastecimiento de la zona, por lo que no se tiene disponibilidad del servicio de agua potable para nuevos proyectos de desarrollo.
Así las cosas, se acredita que el sub lite no versa sobre una denegatoria arbitraria del servicio de agua potable, pues esta se fundamentó en la falta de factibilidad técnica. En esta línea, adviértase que este Tribunal Constitucional no es un contralor de la legalidad de las actuaciones o resoluciones de la autoridad recurrida y tampoco puede reemplazar a la Administración activa en la gestión de sus competencias, de modo que no le corresponde usurpar las atribuciones que le han sido legalmente conferidas a otras dependencias, órganos o entes, como el AyA. Tampoco este Tribunal funge como mediador ante una determinada persona física o jurídica -ya sea de derecho público o privado-, para interceder a fin de que se le conceda lo que la parte recurrente pretende, en este caso, que se le instale un nuevo medidor para el apartamento que construyó para su hija. Ahora bien, si lo que ocurre es que el recurrente está inconforme con las razones que justificaron la denegatoria del nuevo medidor por parte del AyA, deberá plantear sus agravios y pretensiones ante la vía ordinaria de legalidad, para que allí se determine lo que en derecho corresponde”. (Sentencia nro. 2021018977 de las 11:50 horas de 24 de agosto de 2021).
La Sala no observa motivos para cambiar el criterio transcrito. En efecto, no se estima que la denegatoria sea irrazonable ni antojadiza cuando se basa en una justificación técnica como es, en este caso, la deficiente capacidad hidráulica del acueducto. La discusión del tema de fondo puede ser planteada en la vía de legalidad.
Valga acotar que al resolver un asunto similar al presente, este Tribunal en la sentencia No. 2020-19832 de las 09:30 horas de 16 de octubre de 2020, dispuso:
“(…) de las pruebas de factibilidad realizadas en la localidad, se determinó la indisponibilidad del servicio de agua por falta de capacidad de almacenamiento en la comunidad de Pijije de Bagaces; sin embargo, alega que se están realizando una serie de acciones tendientes a aumentar la capacidad, para lograr la dotación de agua potable en esta comunidad por parte de la ASADA recurrida. Cabe destacar, que la procedencia o no del servicio solicitado no es un asunto que deba discutirse en esta jurisdicción, ya que es ajeno al ámbito de competencia de esta Sala. En reiteradas ocasiones, este Tribunal ha sostenido que resulta posible desestimar las gestiones presentadas para el otorgamiento del servicio de agua potable, cuando se presenten imposibilidades técnicas, incumplimiento de requisitos infraconstitucionales o existan criterios técnicos y/o legales que así lo justifiquen. Asimismo, no le corresponde a esta Sala definir si el recurrente cumple o no los requisitos legales o técnicos para que la solicitud sea aprobada, ya que su verificación es una función de las autoridades administrativas correspondientes, sin que esta Sala pueda incursionar en la materia, por tratarse de aspectos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia (…)” (el énfasis no pertenece al original).
Aunado a lo anterior, en lo relativo a la Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur, Jiménez, se comprobó que esta presta el servicio a la comunidad de Buenos Aires Sur y a una parte del sector sur de Green Valley, abasteciendo aproximadamente 650 abonados. También se acreditó que la comunidad de Green Valley se encuentra dividida en tres sectores y que el sector central carece de un ente operador formal. En ese contexto, la ASADA informó que no se ha negado de manera arbitraria a colaborar para encontrar soluciones y que su actuación se encuentra condicionada por la necesidad de intervención y aprobación institucional del AyA, así como por el cumplimiento de la normativa sanitaria y ambiental. De manera particular, se probó que el estudio técnico integral realizado en 2020 por la ASADA contempló una eventual ampliación hacia parte de Green Valley y fue conocido y aprobado por el AyA; sin embargo, ello no equivale, por sí mismo, a un mandato inmediato y absoluto de conexión para cualquier inmueble del sector, pues la ampliación requiere la delimitación concreta del proyecto, la verificación de redes en el área específica y, en su caso, las obras y servidumbres necesarias para su ejecución.
De hecho, también se acreditó que la gestión tramitada en 2021 por el comité de vecinos se proyectó para un conjunto de 40 propiedades del sector sur y que expresamente no consideró la extensión hacia el sector norte cercano al Colegio Green Valley, donde se ubican las fincas del amparado; de modo que la situación del recurrente no es equiparable a la de ese grupo de viviendas, que fue objeto de un proyecto técnico específico y delimitado.
En este orden de ideas, la jurisprudencia de esta Sala ha sido constante en señalar que, si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es irrestricto ni impone, en cualquier circunstancia, una obligación de dotar el servicio cuando exista imposibilidad técnica, jurídica o ambiental debidamente acreditada o cuando el solicitante no haya cumplido los requisitos generales exigibles para valorar la factibilidad de abastecimiento. Bajo ese entendido, cuando la denegatoria o la imposibilidad de prestación se sustenta en criterios objetivos, técnicos y ambientales, y no en una actuación arbitraria o discriminatoria, no se configura violación de derechos fundamentales.
Finalmente, debe indicarse a la parte accionada que debe ejecutar las actuaciones pertinentes dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y coordinando lo necesario, de tal forma que se solucione el problema que genera la imposibilidad técnica apuntada, dentro de un plazo razonable, sin dilaciones indebidas.
En virtud de lo expuesto, se declara sin lugar el presente proceso, tal como se indica en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia.
En el sub examine, la parte accionante reclama la inadecuada prestación del servicio de agua potable en el lugar donde vive.
Al respecto, tal y como ha ocurrido en otros asuntos en los que se han alegado problemas de abastecimiento de esa magnitud (por ejemplo, el expediente nro. 20-004883-0007-CO), consideramos imprescindible tener como parte a la Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep). Incluso, en la sentencia dictada en el proceso referido (nro. 2020007754 de las 9:45 horas de 24 de abril de 2020), la Sala valoró que Aresep, al rendir su informe, puntualizó una serie de problemas del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados en relación con la inversión en infraestructura, pérdidas por agua no contabilizada y capacidad de ejecución. En esa oportunidad, este Tribunal consideró: “Al respecto, no solo consta que la problemática de desabastecimiento de agua se venía reflejando desde el 2017, sino que la ARESEP puntualizó que el ICAA tenía un rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y, además, significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada. Asimismo, el ente regulador también afirmó que la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores del servicio de agua potable no ha sido la deseable”.
En consecuencia, salvamos el voto y ordenamos continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
En este caso, coincido con el voto de mayoría que declara sin lugar el recurso, sin embargo, de conformidad con las siguientes razones:
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad. Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
VII- DOCUMENTACIÓN APORTADA AL EXPEDIENTE. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara SIN LUGAR el recurso. Tomen nota LOURDES MARÍA SÁUREZ BARBOZA, en condición de Presidenta Ejecutiva del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, así como, CARLOS BARQUERO LÓPEZ, en condición de Representante legal de la Asociación de Acueducto Rural Buenos Aires Sur o quienes ocupen esos cargos, de lo indicado en el considerando IV de esta sentencia. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto y ordenan continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado declara sin lugar el recurso, por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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