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Res. 41068-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 11/12/2025
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is denied because the spoil heap has SETENA environmental clearance and the underlying dispute is technical and patrimonial, falling within the purview of ordinary jurisdiction.El amparo se declara sin lugar porque la escombrera cuenta con viabilidad ambiental de SETENA y la controversia subyacente es de naturaleza técnica y patrimonial, propia de la jurisdicción ordinaria.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismisses an amparo filed by the owner of a property adjacent to a spoil heap associated with the Route 32 expansion. The claimant alleged that earth accumulation and a drainage trench caused seepage and landslides damaging his synthetic soccer field. The Chamber finds that the spoil heap has SETENA environmental clearance and operates under approved protocols, with a perimeter channel designed to protect neighboring properties. Although the field lies at a lower elevation and receives stormwater, there is no technical evidence that the heap's design or operation is unreasonable or contrary to regulations, nor that a direct collapse or slide had occurred. Regarding the Municipality of Siquirres, it was shown that it does not execute the road works, received the claimant, inspected the site, and referred the matter to CONAVI. The underlying dispute is technical and patrimonial in nature, beyond the scope of amparo proceedings. The action is dismissed without prejudice to the claimant's right to pursue civil or administrative remedies.La Sala Constitucional rechaza un recurso de amparo presentado por el propietario de un terreno colindante con una escombrera de la ampliación de la Ruta 32. El recurrente alegaba que la acumulación de tierra y el diseño de una zanja de drenaje generaban filtraciones y deslizamientos que dañaban su cancha sintética. La Sala considera que la escombrera cuenta con viabilidad ambiental de SETENA y opera conforme a los protocolos aprobados, con un canal perimetral que evita afectar propiedades vecinas. Si bien la cancha se ubica en un nivel inferior y recibe aguas pluviales, no se demostró que el diseño u operación de la escombrera fuera irrazonable o contrario a la normativa, ni que hubiese ocurrido un colapso o deslizamiento directo. En cuanto a la Municipalidad de Siquirres, se acreditó que no ejecuta las obras, que atendió al recurrente y canalizó el caso ante el CONAVI. La controversia subyacente es de naturaleza técnica y patrimonial, ajena al ámbito del amparo, por lo que se declara sin lugar, sin perjuicio de que el recurrente acuda a la vía ordinaria.
Key excerptExtracto clave
III.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. After analyzing the evidentiary materials provided, this Court dismisses the injury to the fundamental rights of the amparo party. From the reports submitted under oath by the representatives of the respondent authorities — with the consequences, including criminal, set forth in Article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction — and the evidence adduced for resolution of the matter, it has been duly established that the spoil heap located at k96+320 has the respective environmental clearance issued by SETENA and operates in accordance with the approved protocols for the disposal of surplus materials. […] the claimant’s property lies at a lower elevation and, consequently, has historically had to receive water from higher-lying lands. Additionally, it was not technically established that the design, construction, or operation of the spoil heap and channel is unreasonable or contrary to applicable environmental regulations, nor that, as of the date the action was filed, a collapse, landslide, or transport of materials from the spoil heap directly and immediately caused concrete damage to the claimant’s synthetic soccer field. […] Thus, what essentially underlies the claim is a dispute of a predominantly technical and patrimonial nature, concerning the origin, scope, and eventual liability for damages that might arise from stormwater management and material disposal in the area adjacent to the claimant’s property. Determining whether there is a direct causal link between the road project works and the alleged harm requires complex evidentiary activity, typically expert evidence, which exceeds the proper scope of amparo proceedings, which are not intended to substitute ordinary judges or to definitively resolve controversies regarding civil or administrative liability. Therefore, this action must be dismissed, without prejudice to the claimant’s right to assert, should he so choose, his claims before the competent jurisdictional authorities.III.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. Después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados, este Tribunal desestima la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. De los informes rendidos por los representantes de las autoridades recurridas -que se tienen dados bajo juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y la prueba aportada para la resolución del asunto ha sido debidamente acreditado que, la escombrera ubicada en el k96+320 cuenta con la respectiva viabilidad ambiental otorgada por la Nombre3763 y se opera conforme a los protocolos aprobados para la disposición de materiales excedentes. […] la propiedad del recurrente se encuentra en un nivel inferior y, por ende, ha debido recibir históricamente aguas provenientes de terrenos más elevados. Adicionalmente, no se constató técnicamente que, el diseño, construcción u operación de la escombrera y de dicho canal sea irrazonable o contrario a la normativa ambiental aplicable, ni que se haya producido, a la fecha de la interposición del recurso, un colapso, deslizamiento o arrastre de materiales proveniente de la escombrera que, de manera directa e inmediata, haya provocado daños concretos en la cancha sintética del amparado. […] Así las cosas, lo que subyace en el fondo del reclamo es una controversia de naturaleza eminentemente técnica y patrimonial, relativa al origen, alcance y eventual responsabilidad por los daños que podrían derivarse del manejo de aguas pluviales y de la disposición de materiales en el área colindante con la propiedad del amparado. La determinación de si existe un nexo causal directo entre las obras del proyecto vial y los perjuicios alegados exige una actividad probatoria compleja, típicamente pericial, que excede el ámbito propio del proceso de amparo, el cual no está llamado a sustituir a los jueces ordinarios ni a dirimir, con carácter definitivo, controversias sobre responsabilidad civil o administrativa. Por lo anterior, el presente proceso debe ser desestimado, sin perjuicio de que el amparado haga valer, si a bien lo tiene, las pretensiones ante las autoridades jurisdiccionales competentes.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"No se constató técnicamente que, el diseño, construcción u operación de la escombrera y de dicho canal sea irrazonable o contrario a la normativa ambiental aplicable."
"It was not technically established that the design, construction, or operation of the spoil heap and of said channel is unreasonable or contrary to applicable environmental regulations."
Considerando III
"No se constató técnicamente que, el diseño, construcción u operación de la escombrera y de dicho canal sea irrazonable o contrario a la normativa ambiental aplicable."
Considerando III
"Lo que subyace en el fondo del reclamo es una controversia de naturaleza eminentemente técnica y patrimonial ... excede el ámbito propio del proceso de amparo."
"What essentially underlies the claim is a dispute of a predominantly technical and patrimonial nature ... exceeds the proper scope of amparo proceedings."
Considerando III
"Lo que subyace en el fondo del reclamo es una controversia de naturaleza eminentemente técnica y patrimonial ... excede el ámbito propio del proceso de amparo."
Considerando III
"Una parte relevante del problema descrito obedece a la ausencia de un sistema de drenaje propio en el inmueble del recurrente."
"A significant part of the problem described is due to the absence of a proper drainage system on the claimant's property."
Considerando III
"Una parte relevante del problema descrito obedece a la ausencia de un sistema de drenaje propio en el inmueble del recurrente."
Considerando III
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: December 11, 2025 at 10:10 a.m.
Type of matter: Amparo action SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at ten hours ten minutes on December eleventh, two thousand twenty-five.
An amparo action processed in expediente number 25-026471-0007-CO filed by Nombre87323, identity card CED47967, against the MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTE, THE CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD, AND THE MUNICIPALIDAD DE SIQUIRRES.
WHEREAS:
“It clarified that the inspection will be solely to address the case presented by Mr. Nombre87323 and that the objective is to generate an input contrasting with reality to present it at the August 27 meeting with UNOPS” (the underlining is not from the original) The agreement reached by the Council in relation to what was presented by Mr. Nombre87323, provides the following: “AGREEMENT N°1976-19-08-2025 Submitted to a vote and unanimously, the Municipal Council of Siquirres agrees: To carry out a technical visit to Dirección5528 the synthetic field la hermosa), with the objective of addressing the case presented by Mr. Nombre87323; the visit will include the participation of the municipal technical team, represented by the architect and/or the corresponding engineer, whose presence will be coordinated by the administration. The date for the visit is set for Thursday, August 21, 2025, at 1:00 p.m., considering that on that same day an extraordinary session of the Municipal Council will be held starting at 4:30 p.m. The visit will focus exclusively on the case presented by Mr.
Nombre87323, and will be attended by: Mrs. Brenedeth Mc Lean Fuller, Mr. Freddy Antonio Villalta Guadamuz, both from the Ruta 32 Commission, Mr. Álvaro Portillo Luna, Mrs. Dinia Hernández Abarca, and Mr. Freddy Badilla Barrantes. AGREEMENT DEFINITIVELY APPROVED AND FINAL.” The visit carried out on August 21 was accompanied by Eng. WILLIAM SOLANO OCAMPO, Coordinator of Territorial Development and Planning for the Municipality of Siquirres, and in this regard, he states in official communication CDPT-2025-242, addressed to the Municipal Mayor, the following transcribed below: “By this means, the observations from the visit requested by the Honorable Municipal Council in official communication SC-0776-2025 are submitted; case presented by Mr. Nombre87323, regarding the foregoing I must indicate the following: 1. The visit was carried out with the Councilors of the Municipal Council to the site of the La Hermosa synthetic field. 2.
Mr. Nombre87323 was present at the site and explained the situation. 3. It is verified that the neighboring lot or property belongs to a private owner. 4. Mr. Nombre87323 indicates that the water problem began when the expansion works of National Route 32 were carried out in the vicinity; before these works, he did not have these water problems. Due to the foregoing, the situation presented and explained by Mr. Nombre87323 falls outside Municipal jurisdiction, given that as Mr. Nombre87323 explains, the problem he reports began with the expansion works of National Route 32. The National Route 32 project and its complementary works are the direct responsibility of MOPT-CONAVI.” (the aforementioned official communication is attached) For his part, the Councilor President of the Municipal Council of Siquirres, Mr. FREDDY BADILLA BARRANTES, prepares minutes of the findings and conclusions reached during the inspection visit.
Indicating the following: “Activities carried out: 1. The synthetic field owned by Mr. Nombre87323 was visited, where its location was observed at a lower level than the rest of the land where it is situated. 2. The adjoining property was visited where the deposit of diverse material (earth and ballast) was observed, which allegedly comes from earthworks (movimientos) carried out during the construction of Ruta 32. Said material is spread over a large area of this property, which possibly causes rainwater runoff to overflow and invade Mr. Nombre87323's property. 3. It was not possible to verify who deposits the material on this property or its origin, as it is already on the site. It was also not possible to determine the entry of rainwater onto Mr. Nombre87323's land because it was not raining at that moment. 4. At the time of the visit to the land adjacent to Mr. Nombre87323's property, the landowners appeared, who indicated that the problem was the rain, that all the water comes from it and that it enters the synthetic field by natural displacement over the land; it is worth noting that the sports facility is located at a lower level than this property. 5.
After carrying out the visit, it is clear that the situations encountered are not the direct responsibility of the Municipality of Siquirres, as the institution has had no intervention whatsoever in the occurring events. However, the councilors and the district councilor who carried out the visit agree on the need to present the case at the next periodic meeting with the UNOPS and CONAVI officials, for its prompt attention, a task that will be carried out by Councilor Villalta Guadamuz and Councilor Mc Lean Fuller, as representatives of the Municipal Council before that body. That is all.” These minutes are communicated to Mr. Nombre87323 via email on September 23, 2025, to the account ...2220 (the minutes and a screenshot of the sending are attached). THIRD: Synopsis As is evident from what is recorded in this report, it has become clear that the Municipality of Siquirres has used its good offices to address the problem presented by Mr.
Nombre87323; he is received before the Municipal Council, an agreement is adopted to carry out an on-site inspection, which is conducted two days after having heard him in the Ordinary Session, his situation is noted, and it is concluded that the impacts on his rights are not due to actions of the Municipality but rather to the company carrying out the expansion works of route 32 and to the use of the property adjacent to his own for stockpiling the earth that is moved from the sites where the works are being carried out. As is well known, the Municipality of Siquirres is not the entity executing the highway expansion, and it has no involvement whatsoever in the arrangement, organization, and execution of these works. It participates in the Ruta 32 Commission, which is a forum in which members of the Municipal Council, the Mayor's Office and Vice Mayor's Office, and representatives of the National Roadway Council participate, where different topics related to the expansion works being carried out on the route are discussed.
It is before this Forum that all the information regarding the impacts on the petitioner's property is intended to be presented. In the intervention made by the Municipal President in Ordinary Session No. 68-2025, he undertakes to bring the findings obtained as a result of the inspection, with the intention that those executing the works take the corresponding measures to cease the impact on the rights of use, enjoyment, and disposal of his property, which protect the person granted amparo in this process. The meeting of the Ruta 32 Commission was scheduled for August 27 of the current year; however, it did not take place until September 9. In this meeting, due to agenda reasons, the subject of this appeal was not addressed. The Mayor's Office has prepared the documentation compiled in this regard, requesting the representatives of CONAVI that it be scheduled and addressed at the next meeting of the Commission (Official Communication DA-696-2025).
For all the foregoing, we most respectfully request that this appeal be rejected and therefore, declared without merit in all its aspects as far as the Municipality of Siquirres is concerned; as we will reiterate further on.”
Drafted by Magistrate Cruz Castro; and,
Considering:
The petitioner files an amparo appeal and states that he is the owner of a piece of land adjacent to the area where the earth removed by the expansion works of Dirección2420 is deposited. He points out that the fill reached a considerable height and forced the channeling of rainwater through a ditch, which has caused leaks and mudslides towards his property, affecting a synthetic field that he has kept in good condition for seven years and commercially exploited for five, without previous problems. He indicates that before, the waters dispersed uniformly, but now the ditch concentrates a greater flow, including waters coming from higher properties, increasing the risk of obstructions or large-scale landslides that could cause million-dollar damages and put his integrity at risk. He states that he informed the company CHEC, without it assuming responsibility, and that he reported the situation to UNOPS and the Council of Siquirres on August 19, 2025, without obtaining a response. Therefore, he requests that the amparo be granted and that whatever is legally appropriate be ordered.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been accredited or because the respondent authority has omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
Regarding the facts related to the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, as well as the National Roadway Council:
1. On March 6, 2025, the Executing Unit of National Route No. 32 requested before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) the opening of the spoil bank (escombrera) located at Dirección5527, guaranteeing slopes, berms, compaction, and drainages with sediment traps to prevent impacts on neighboring properties (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
2. On March 12, 2024, Nombre3763 acknowledged receipt of the request to enable the spoil bank (escombrera) at k96+320, within the framework of the expansion project of National Route No. 32 (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
3. On August 7, 2025, by means of official communication CARTA-CONAVI-DIE-07-2025-0946, an Environmental Responsibility Report (Informe de Responsabilidad Ambiental, IRA) was issued, resulting in reminders to the contractor regarding the obligation to build and maintain adequate water management systems and guarantee the stability of the material deposited in the spoil bank (escombrera) (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
4. On September 9, 2025, CONAVI formally required the company China Harbour Engineering Company of Costa Rica S.A. to implement and maintain in good condition the rainwater management systems at the spoil bank (escombrera), including ditches and material arrangement in accordance with geotechnical criteria, to prevent risks to third parties (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
5. On September 17, 2025, the Management of the Executing Unit of National Route No. 32 submitted technical report CARTA-CONAVI-UE32-09-2025-0661, indicating that the spoil bank (escombrera) k96+320 was authorized by Nombre3763, that it had a perimeter channel to drain the water towards Dirección2420, and that its design prevented impacts on neighboring properties (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
6. On September 17, 2025, the company CHEC issued report CHEC(CR)/32RR/CONAVI/OUT/2025/0404, in which it indicated that the petitioner's synthetic field was naturally located at a lower level and that it had always received water coming from higher terrains; additionally, it noted that the petitioner did not have an adequate drainage system to evacuate those waters (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
7. The spoil bank (escombrera) has adequate technical management and no environmental impact or impact on neighbors has been verified. The contractor began procedures for the technical closure and final runoff management works (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
Facts related to the Municipality of Siquirres:
1. On August 19, 2025, Ordinary Session No. 68-2025 of the Municipal Council of Siquirres was held, in which the person granted amparo was received, who explained the problems he was suffering on his property and business as a result of the expansion works of Dirección2420, requesting an inspection and help to solve the problem (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
2. On August 19, 2025, during that session, Vice Mayor Maureen Cash Araya, in her capacity as Coordinator of the Municipal Emergency Committee, emphasized the importance of documenting in writing or by email all impacts related to Dirección2420, generating 911 incidents for new impacts, and submitting formal inquiries to UNOPS and CONAVI, whose deadline was that same day (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
3. On August 19, 2025, in the same session, Mayor Randal Black Reid reported that the technical department had reviewed the site and verified that the works had just begun and that there was no serious impact at that moment, but that the increase of material could alter the situation, so he recommended that a commission from the Council, together with technical personnel, carry out an on-site inspection (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
4. On August 19, 2025, the Municipal Council unanimously approved Agreement No. 1976-19-08-2025, by which it ordered a technical visit to Dirección2420, in the sector of the synthetic field "La Hermosa", on August 21, 2025, at 1:00 p.m., with the participation of councilors and the municipal technical team (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
5. On August 21, 2025, the on-site inspection visit to the synthetic field "La Hermosa" was carried out with the participation of councilors of the Municipal Council and engineer William Solano Ocampo, verifying the presence of Mr. Nombre87323, who explained the situation and stated that the water problems began with the expansion works of Dirección2420 (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
6. On August 21, 2025, during the inspection, it was verified that the adjoining lot belonged to a private owner, that on said property material (earth and ballast) was deposited, presumably from the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) of the construction of Dirección2420, and that the petitioner's synthetic field was located at a lower level, which made it possible for runoff water to enter his property, without it being verified at that time who deposited the material nor the exact course of the rainwater (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
7. On August 21, 2025, the councilors and the district councilor who participated in the inspection concluded that the described situations were not the direct responsibility of the Municipality of Siquirres, as the expansion project of Ruta 32 and its complementary works were the responsibility of MOPT-CONAVI, agreeing to elevate the case to the Ruta 32 Commission for its attention before UNOPS and CONAVI (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
8. On September 9, 2025, a meeting of the Ruta 32 Commission was held, which had initially been scheduled for August 27 of the same year; however, for agenda reasons, the specific case of Mr. Nombre87323 was not addressed in that session, so the Mayor's Office prepared the respective documentation and forwarded it to the representatives of CONAVI via official communication DA-696-2025, requesting that the matter be scheduled and addressed at the next meeting of the Commission (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
9. On September 23, 2025, the President of the Municipal Council of Siquirres, Freddy Badilla Barrantes, sent to Mr. Nombre87323, by email addressed to the account ...2220, the minutes with the findings and conclusions of the inspection visit carried out on August 21, 2025 (see report provided by the respondent authorities).
After analyzing the evidentiary elements provided, this Tribunal dismisses the violation of the fundamental rights of the party granted amparo. From the reports provided by the representatives of the respondent authorities—which are given under oath with the consequences, including criminal ones, provided in article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction—and the evidence provided for the resolution of the matter, it has been duly accredited that the spoil bank (escombrera) located at k96+320 has the respective environmental viability granted by Nombre3763 and is operated in accordance with the approved protocols for the disposal of excess materials. In this way, to prevent runoff water and sediments from affecting neighboring properties, a perimeter channel was designed and built that discharges into the ditch of Dirección5523. Due to the very topography of the place, the petitioner's property is at a lower level and, therefore, must have historically received water from higher terrains.
Additionally, it was not technically verified that the design, construction, or operation of the spoil bank (escombrera) and said channel is unreasonable or contrary to the applicable environmental regulations, nor that, as of the date of filing the appeal, a collapse, landslide, or drag of materials from the spoil bank (escombrera) had occurred that, directly and immediately, caused concrete damages to the synthetic field of the person granted amparo. In this sense, it is evident from the reports provided that the contractor has been required to maintain and reinforce the water management works and that the procedures for the technical closure of the spoil bank (escombrera) are underway, as well as that a relevant part of the described problem is due to the absence of an adequate drainage system on the petitioner's property to properly channel the waters that, due to the natural configuration of the land, flow towards the property.
On the other hand, regarding the Municipality of Siquirres, it has been evidenced that said corporation does not execute or direct the expansion works of Ruta 32—which correspond to MOPT and CONAVI—nor does it carry out the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or the disposal of materials on the property adjacent to the petitioner's property. Likewise, it was accredited that the Municipality received Mr. Nombre87323 in a Council session, agreed to and carried out an on-site inspection with the participation of its technical team, drew up minutes of findings, concluded that the problem is linked to a road project under the responsibility of MOPT–CONAVI, and arranged to channel the information before the Ruta 32 Commission and the responsible entities. In this sense, a situation of absolute omission or unjustified refusal to address the petitioner's request is not established.
Thus, what underlies the complaint is a controversy of an eminently technical and patrimonial nature, relating to the origin, scope, and possible liability for damages that could derive from the management of rainwater and the disposal of materials in the area adjacent to the petitioner's property. Determining whether there is a direct causal link between the works of the road project and the alleged damages requires a complex evidentiary activity, typically expert examination, which exceeds the proper scope of the amparo process, which is not meant to substitute ordinary judges or to definitively decide controversies regarding civil or administrative liability. Therefore, the present process must be dismissed, without prejudice to the petitioner asserting, should he see fit, his claims before the competent jurisdictional authorities.
In principle, I believe that cases related to the activity or inactivity of the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, as that omission constitutes a matter of legality, the discussion of which corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested person can debate, with greater breadth, their disagreements. However, when from that administrative conduct (whether omissive or not) arises a violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction, or vulnerable groups are affected, I do proceed to hear the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position on this subject, as is the case here, in which the petitioner accuses that he is the owner of a piece of land adjacent to the area where the earth removed by the expansion works of Dirección2420 is deposited. He points out that the fill reached a considerable height and forced the channeling of rainwater through a ditch, which has caused leaks and mudslides towards his property, affecting his property, increasing the risk of obstructions or large-scale landslides that could cause million-dollar damages and put his integrity at risk, without the respondent authorities having acted to improve the problem.
The parties are warned that, if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Regulation on the Electronic File before the Judicial Branch" (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
THEREFORE:
The appeal is declared WITHOUT MERIT. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado adds a note.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alejandro Delgado F.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las diez horas diez minutos del once de diciembre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente número 25-026471-0007-CO interpuesto por Nombre87323, cédula de identidad CED47967, contra el MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTE, EL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD Y LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE SIQUIRRES.
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
La parte recurrente interpone recurso de amparo y expone que, es dueño de un terreno colindante con el área donde se deposita la tierra removida por las obras de ampliación de la Dirección2420. Señala que el relleno alcanzó una altura considerable y obligó a canalizar las aguas pluviales mediante una zanja, la cual ha generado filtraciones y deslizamientos de lodo hacia su propiedad, afectando una cancha sintética que ha mantenido en buen estado durante siete años y explotado comercialmente desde hace cinco, sin problemas previos. Indica que antes las aguas se dispersaban de forma uniforme, pero ahora la zanja concentra un mayor caudal, incluyendo aguas provenientes de propiedades más altas, aumentando el riesgo de obstrucciones o deslizamientos de gran magnitud que podrían causar daños millonarios y poner en riesgo su integridad. Afirma que informó a la empresa CHEC, sin que esta asumiera responsabilidad, y que denunció la situación ante UNOPS y ante el Concejo de Siquirres el 19 de agosto de 2025, sin obtener respuesta. Por ello, solicita se acoja el amparo y se ordene lo que en derecho corresponda.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Sobre los hechos relacionados con el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, así como, el Consejo Nacional de Vialidad:
1. El 06 de marzo de 2025, la Unidad Ejecutora de la Ruta Nacional n.° 32 gestionó ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) la apertura de la escombrera ubicada en el Dirección5527, garantizando taludes, bermas, compactación y drenajes con sedimentadores para evitar afectaciones en propiedades vecinas (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
2. El 12 de marzo de 2024, la Nombre3763 acusó recibo de la solicitud para habilitar la escombrera en el k96+320, en el marco del proyecto de ampliación de la Ruta Nacional n.° 32 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
3. El 07 de agosto de 2025, por medio del oficio CARTA-CONAVI-DIE-07-2025-0946, se emitió un Informe de Responsabilidad Ambiental (IRA) que derivó en recordatorios al contratista sobre la obligación de construir y mantener sistemas adecuados de manejo de aguas y garantizar la estabilidad del material depositado en la escombrera (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
4. El 09 de setiembre de 2025, el CONAVI requirió formalmente a la empresa China Harbour Engineering Company de Costa Rica S.A. que implementara y mantuviera en buen estado los sistemas de manejo de aguas pluviales en la escombrera, incluyendo cunetas y acomodo del material conforme a criterios geotécnicos, para evitar riesgos a terceros (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
5. El 17 de setiembre de 2025, la Gerencia de la Unidad Ejecutora de la Ruta Nacional n.° 32 remitió el informe técnico CARTA-CONAVI-UE32-09-2025-0661, indicando que la escombrera k96+320 se encontraba autorizada por Nombre3763, que contaba con un canal perimetral para desaguar el agua hacia la Dirección2420, y que su diseño evitaba afectaciones a propiedades vecinas (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
6. El 17 de setiembre de 2025, la empresa CHEC emitió el informe CHEC(CR)/32RR/CONAVI/OUT/2025/0404, en el cual indicó que la cancha sintética del recurrente se ubicaba naturalmente a un nivel inferior y que siempre había recibido agua proveniente de terrenos más elevados; además, señaló que el recurrente no contaba con un sistema adecuado de drenaje para evacuar esas aguas (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
7. La escombrera cuenta con manejo técnico adecuado y que no se ha verificado afectación ambiental o a vecinos. El contratista inició gestiones para el cierre técnico y obras finales de manejo de escorrentía (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Hechos relacionados con la Municipalidad de Siquirres:
1. El 19 de agosto de 2025, se celebró la Sesión Ordinaria n.° 68-2025 del Concejo Municipal de Siquirres, en la cual se recibió al amparado, quien expuso los inconvenientes que sufría en su propiedad y negocio a raíz de las obras de ampliación de la Dirección2420, solicitando una inspección y ayuda para solucionar el problema (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
2. El 19 de agosto de 2025, durante esa sesión, la Vicealcaldesa Maureen Cash Araya, en su condición de Coordinadora del Comité Municipal de Emergencias, enfatizó la importancia de documentar por escrito o por correo electrónico todas las afectaciones relacionadas con la Dirección2420, de generar incidentes en el 911 ante nuevas afectaciones y de presentar consultas formales a UNOPS y CONAVI, cuya fecha límite era ese mismo día (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
3. El 19 de agosto de 2025, en la misma sesión, el Alcalde Randal Black Reid informó que la parte técnica había revisado el sitio y constatado que los trabajos apenas iniciaban y que no existía una afectación grave en ese momento, pero que el aumento del material podía alterar la situación, por lo que recomendó que una comisión del Concejo, junto con personal técnico, realizara una inspección in situ (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
4. El 19 de agosto de 2025, el Concejo Municipal aprobó por unanimidad el Acuerdo n.° 1976-19-08-2025, mediante el cual dispuso realizar una visita técnica a la Dirección2420, en el sector de la cancha sintética “La Hermosa”, el 21 de agosto de 2025 a la 1:00 p. m., con participación de regidores y del equipo técnico municipal (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
5. El 21 de agosto de 2025, se realizó la visita de inspección in situ a la cancha sintética “La Hermosa” con la participación de regidores del Concejo Municipal y del ingeniero William Solano Ocampo, constatándose la presencia del señor Nombre87323, quien explicó la situación y manifestó que los problemas de agua iniciaron a partir de los trabajos de ampliación de la Dirección2420 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
6. El 21 de agosto de 2025, durante la inspección se verificó que el lote colindante pertenecía a un propietario privado, que en dicho predio se encontraba depositado material (tierra y lastre) presumiblemente proveniente de los movimientos de tierra de la construcción de la Dirección2420 y que la cancha sintética del recurrente se ubicaba en un nivel inferior, lo que posibilitaba que el agua de escorrentía ingresara a su propiedad, sin que se comprobara en ese momento quién depositaba el material ni el curso exacto del agua de lluvia (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
7. El 21 de agosto de 2025, los regidores y la síndica que participaron en la inspección concluyeron que las situaciones descritas no eran competencia directa de la Municipalidad de Siquirres, por cuanto el proyecto de ampliación de la Ruta 32 y sus obras complementarias eran de competencia del MOPT-CONAVI, acordando elevar el caso a la Comisión Ruta 32 para su atención ante UNOPS y CONAVI (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
8. El 9 de setiembre de 2025, se llevó a cabo una reunión de la Comisión Ruta 32 que había sido inicialmente programada para el 27 de agosto del mismo año; sin embargo, por motivos de agenda, en dicha sesión no se conoció el caso específico del señor Nombre87323, por lo que la Alcaldía preparó la documentación respectiva y la remitió a los personeros del CONAVI mediante el oficio DA-696-2025, solicitando que el asunto se agendara y conociera en la siguiente reunión de la Comisión (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
9. El 23 de setiembre de 2025, el Presidente del Concejo Municipal de Siquirres, Freddy Badilla Barrantes, remitió al señor Nombre87323, por correo electrónico dirigido a la cuenta ...2220, la minuta con los hallazgos y conclusiones de la visita de inspección realizada el 21 de agosto de 2025 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados, este Tribunal desestima la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. De los informes rendidos por los representantes de las autoridades recurridas -que se tienen dados bajo juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y la prueba aportada para la resolución del asunto ha sido debidamente acreditado que, la escombrera ubicada en el k96+320 cuenta con la respectiva viabilidad ambiental otorgada por la Nombre3763 y se opera conforme a los protocolos aprobados para la disposición de materiales excedentes. De esta manera, para evitar que las aguas de escorrentía y los sedimentos afecten las propiedades vecinas, se diseñó y construyó un canal perimetral que descarga hacia la cuneta de la Dirección5523. Por la propia topografía del lugar, la propiedad del recurrente se encuentra en un nivel inferior y, por ende, ha debido recibir históricamente aguas provenientes de terrenos más elevados.
Adicionalmente, no se constató técnicamente que, el diseño, construcción u operación de la escombrera y de dicho canal sea irrazonable o contrario a la normativa ambiental aplicable, ni que se haya producido, a la fecha de la interposición del recurso, un colapso, deslizamiento o arrastre de materiales proveniente de la escombrera que, de manera directa e inmediata, haya provocado daños concretos en la cancha sintética del amparado. En ese sentido, de los informes rendidos, se desprende que el contratista ha sido requerido para mantener y reforzar las obras de manejo de aguas y que se encuentran en curso las gestiones para el cierre técnico de la escombrera, así como que una parte relevante del problema descrito obedece a la ausencia de un sistema de drenaje propio en el inmueble del recurrente que permita encauzar adecuadamente las aguas que, por la configuración natural del terreno, escurren hacia el inmueble.
De otra parte, en lo que atañe a la Municipalidad de Siquirres, ha quedado evidenciado que dicha corporación no ejecuta ni dirige las obras de ampliación de la Ruta 32 –las cuales corresponden al MOPT y al CONAVI–, ni realiza los movimientos de tierra ni la disposición de materiales en el predio colindante con la propiedad del amparado. Asimismo, se acreditó que, la Municipalidad recibió al señor Nombre87323 en sesión del Concejo, acordó y realizó una inspección in situ con participación de su equipo técnico, levantó una minuta de hallazgos, concluyó que la problemática se vincula a un proyecto vial de competencia del MOPT–CONAVI y dispuso canalizar la información ante la Comisión Ruta 32 y los entes responsables. En este sentido, no se configura un supuesto de omisión absoluta o de negativa injustificada a atender la gestión del administrado.
Así las cosas, lo que subyace en el fondo del reclamo es una controversia de naturaleza eminentemente técnica y patrimonial, relativa al origen, alcance y eventual responsabilidad por los daños que podrían derivarse del manejo de aguas pluviales y de la disposición de materiales en el área colindante con la propiedad del amparado. La determinación de si existe un nexo causal directo entre las obras del proyecto vial y los perjuicios alegados exige una actividad probatoria compleja, típicamente pericial, que excede el ámbito propio del proceso de amparo, el cual no está llamado a sustituir a los jueces ordinarios ni a dirimir, con carácter definitivo, controversias sobre responsabilidad civil o administrativa. Por lo anterior, el presente proceso debe ser desestimado, sin perjuicio de que el amparado haga valer, si a bien lo tiene, las pretensiones ante las autoridades jurisdiccionales competentes.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la actividad o inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa (omisiva o no) se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que la parte recurrente acusa que es dueña de un terreno colindante con el área donde se deposita la tierra removida por las obras de ampliación de la Dirección2420.
Señala que el relleno alcanzó una altura considerable y obligó a canalizar las aguas pluviales mediante una zanja, la cual ha generado filtraciones y deslizamientos de lodo hacia su propiedad, afectando su propiedad, aumentando el riesgo de obstrucciones o deslizamientos de gran magnitud que podrían causar daños millonarios y poner en riesgo su integridad, sin que las autoridades recurridas hayan actuado para mejorar la problemática.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara SIN LUGAR el recurso. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alejandro Delgado F.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.