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Res. 38469-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 21/11/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber dismisses the amparo, finding no fundamental rights violation; the community must regularize its situation through a water concession and technical studies.La Sala Constitucional declara sin lugar el amparo por no encontrar violación a derechos fundamentales; la comunidad debe regularizar su situación mediante concesión y estudios técnicos.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismisses an amparo action filed by residents of Barrio Los Gamboa, Turrialba, against the local ASADA, AyA, and the Municipality. The plaintiffs claimed a violation of the right to water because these entities refused to guarantee supply; the community had been supplied by a spring on private land whose new owner restricted access. The Chamber finds no violation, holding that the authorities acted within their powers and that the community had not regularized its situation: they lacked a water concession, environmental feasibility, and the required technical studies. The institutional response was deemed lawful, based on the absence of technical and legal feasibility. The Chamber stresses that regularization is the responsibility of the interested parties under the ASADA Regulation. It also notes that the settlement grew irregularly, with constructions within the river protection zone, in breach of Article 33 of the Forestry Law.La Sala Constitucional declara sin lugar un recurso de amparo presentado por vecinos de Barrio Los Gamboa, Turrialba, contra la ASADA local, el AyA y la Municipalidad. Los recurrentes alegaban vulneración del derecho al agua por la negativa de estas entidades a garantizar el abastecimiento, ya que la comunidad se abastecía de una naciente en finca privada cuyo nuevo dueño restringió el acceso. La Sala determina que no hubo infracción porque las autoridades actuaron dentro de sus competencias y la comunidad no había regularizado su situación: carecían de concesión de aguas, viabilidad ambiental y estudios técnicos requeridos. La respuesta institucional fue calificada como ajustada a derecho, basada en la ausencia de factibilidad técnica y legal. Se subraya que la regularización compete a los interesados conforme al Reglamento de ASADAS. La Sala también advierte que el asentamiento creció de manera irregular, con construcciones dentro de la zona de protección del río, contraviniendo el artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal.
Key excerptExtracto clave
III.- SPECIFIC CASE. Based on the sworn report by the respondent authorities [...] a violation of the fundamental rights of the petitioners is ruled out, on the grounds set out below. [...] Thus, since 2024 the petitioners have been fully aware that, for legal water supply in the “Barrio Los Gamboa” sector, under Article 44 et seq. of the ASADA Regulation, they must make a series of investments by submitting a technical study in coordination with the ASADA and AyA, which must subsequently be approved by the Regional Community Aqueduct Office of Central East; there is no record that they have made or submitted any such request to regularize water service provision in that community before any of the respondent authorities, and therefore no fundamental rights violation against the protected parties is found in this case, and the action must consequently be dismissed, as is hereby ordered.III.- CASO CONCRETO. Del informe rendido bajo juramento por las autoridades recurridas [...] se descarta una infracción a los derechos fundamentales de la parte recurrente, con fundamento en las consideraciones que a continuación se exponen. [...] Así las cosas, los recurrentes tienen plenamente conocimiento desde el año 2024 que para el abastecimiento legal de agua en el sector de “Barrio Los Gamboa”, de acuerdo con el artículo 44 y siguientes del Reglamento de ASADAS tienen que efectuar una serie inversiones mediante la presentación del estudio técnico en coordinación con la ASADA y el AyA y que posteriormente este tiene que sea aprobado por la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este, lo cual no constan que hayan realizado o presentando alguna solicitud en ese sentido tendiente a regularizar la prestación del servicio de agua en esa comunidad ante alguna de las autoridades recurridas, motivo por el cual en el presente caso, se descarta la infracción de algún derecho fundamental en contra de los amparados, motivo por el cual el presente recurso debe ser declarado sin lugar, como en efecto se ordena.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Así las cosas, los recurrentes tienen plenamente conocimiento desde el año 2024 que para el abastecimiento legal de agua en el sector de “Barrio Los Gamboa”, de acuerdo con el artículo 44 y siguientes del Reglamento de ASADAS tienen que efectuar una serie inversiones mediante la presentación del estudio técnico en coordinación con la ASADA y el AyA y que posteriormente este tiene que sea aprobado por la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este, lo cual no constan que hayan realizado o presentando alguna solicitud en ese sentido tendiente a regularizar la prestación del servicio de agua en esa comunidad ante alguna de las autoridades recurridas."
"Thus, since 2024 the petitioners have been fully aware that, for legal water supply in the “Barrio Los Gamboa” sector, under Article 44 et seq. of the ASADA Regulation, they must make a series of investments by submitting a technical study in coordination with the ASADA and AyA, which must subsequently be approved by the Regional Community Aqueduct Office of Central East; there is no record that they have made or submitted any such request to regularize water service provision in that community before any of the respondent authorities."
Considerando III
"Así las cosas, los recurrentes tienen plenamente conocimiento desde el año 2024 que para el abastecimiento legal de agua en el sector de “Barrio Los Gamboa”, de acuerdo con el artículo 44 y siguientes del Reglamento de ASADAS tienen que efectuar una serie inversiones mediante la presentación del estudio técnico en coordinación con la ASADA y el AyA y que posteriormente este tiene que sea aprobado por la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este, lo cual no constan que hayan realizado o presentando alguna solicitud en ese sentido tendiente a regularizar la prestación del servicio de agua en esa comunidad ante alguna de las autoridades recurridas."
Considerando III
"…el patrón de crecimiento sugiere un proceso de ocupación espontánea, caracterizado por la ausencia de planificación urbanística y por la cercanía inmediata de las construcciones al cauce del río, contraviniendo lo establecido en el artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal, que protege una franja mínima de quince metros desde los márgenes de los ríos y quebradas."
"…the growth pattern suggests a process of spontaneous occupation, characterized by the absence of urban planning and by the immediate proximity of buildings to the riverbed, contravening the provisions of Article 33 of the Forestry Law, which protects a minimum strip of fifteen meters from the banks of rivers and streams."
Informe técnico citado en el Considerando II
"…el patrón de crecimiento sugiere un proceso de ocupación espontánea, caracterizado por la ausencia de planificación urbanística y por la cercanía inmediata de las construcciones al cauce del río, contraviniendo lo establecido en el artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal, que protege una franja mínima de quince metros desde los márgenes de los ríos y quebradas."
Informe técnico citado en el Considerando II
Full documentDocumento completo
File: 25-025820-0007-CO CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours fifteen minutes on the twenty-first of November two thousand twenty-five.
An amparo action filed by Nombre50046, identity card CED25165 and Nombre50047, identity card CED25166, on behalf of Nombre50048, identity card CED25167, Nombre50049, identity card CED25168, Nombre50050, identity card CED25169, Nombre50051, identity card CED25170, Nombre50052, identity card CED25171, Nombre50053, identity card CED25172, JOSÉ MANUEL SOLÍS GUTIÉRREZ, identity card CED25173, Nombre50054, identity card CED25174, Nombre50055, identity card CED25175, Nombre50056, identity card CED25176, Nombre50057, identity card CED25177, Nombre50058, identity card CED25178, Nombre50059, identity card CED25179, Nombre50060, identity card CED25166, Nombre50061, identity card CED25180, Nombre50062, identity card CED25181, Nombre50063, identity card CED25182, Nombre50064, identity card CED25183, Nombre50065, identity card CED25184, Nombre50066, identity card CED25185, Nombre50067, identity card CED25186, Nombre50068, identity card CED25187, against the ADMINISTRATIVE ASSOCIATION OF THE RURAL AQUEDUCT OF Nombre50069 OF TURRIALBA, THE COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF TURRIALBA.
Whereas:
It is true that the springs (nacientes) used by the amparados are the only source of water they have for their basic activities; however, the association I represent has no infrastructure in the area, since said community is located outside our area of coverage (área de cobertura). In that regard, Article 8 of the Regulation entitled: Modificación Integral al Reglamento para la Prestación de los Servicios del AyA published in La Gaceta N°27, of February 9, 2021, Alcance N°29, establishes the following: “Of the services. AyA will provide water supply services for population use within the coverage zones provided that the area has technical and legal feasibility (factibilidad técnica y legal).”… As can be seen, in order to provide the respective water service to Los Gamboa, with the aqueduct system administered by the ASADA, the petitioners would have to be located within our COVERAGE ZONE, which IS NOT THE CASE for Los Gamboa, and in addition to that, there must be TECHNICAL AND LEGAL FEASIBILITY for it, these last two requirements that the amparados ALSO DO NOT MEET.
Regarding TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY, I report that the aqueduct system administered by the ASADA of Tuis operates by gravity, and the hamlet of Los Gamboa is located at a considerable height relative to the aqueduct systems we have, which is another reason why, in the case of Los Gamboa, there is no certainty that the water service administered by the respondent Association can be provided under optimal conditions, that is, with the quantity and pressure required by provision 9 of the aforementioned Regulation, specifically regarding the minimum dynamic pressure parameter per service that the ASADA would have to guarantee of 10 meters of water column (m.c.a) at the connection point where the measurement system is located, and I say that “there is no certainty” that the service can be provided with the systems this ASADA currently has, because WE LACK THE TECHNICAL STUDY that refers to the conditions that limit continuity or make it impossible to serve the area of interest, a technical study that the interested parties in the Los Gamboa project have not wanted or been able to carry out, and for which this ASADA also lacks the budget to do.
With respect to LEGAL FEASIBILITY, the petitioners reveal that the spring they utilize is located on the private property of a third party—a foreign citizen—with whom restrictions and blockages of the water flow have arisen, and that this conduct has led to sudden cuts that have left their community without water... From reading this fact, it is evident that Nombre50070 do not have an easement (servidumbre) right, a pipeline easement (servidumbre de tubería), much less ownership over the private property they need to enter and where they have their water collection tanks that they apparently captured illegally (without a concession from MINAE) and, as deduced from what was stated by the petitioners, without the owner's authorization, so they are clearly operating against the law, and under those conditions, the respondent Association CANNOT ASSUME THE ADMINISTRATION of the failed aqueduct system of Los Gamboa, so that the ASADA can grant the service to its beneficiaries, since if it took it over under these conditions, the liability derived from the 50 years of neglect in which their aqueduct finds itself would have to be rectified by the ASADA, and it lacks the budget to resolve the situations that need correcting in the Los Gamboa aqueduct, since the resources the ASADA has are committed to the service needs we provide to our customers, such that IF WE ASSUMED THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE LOS GAMBOA AQUEDUCT, THE ASADA WOULD HAVE TO NEGLECT THE NEEDS OF THE CUSTOMERS OUR ASSOCIATION CURRENTLY HAS.
I report that although the petitioners may have some type of problem with the owner of the farm onto which they entered to capture the water they use, such problems occurred between the neighbors of the Nombre50070 project and the third-party owner of that land, and NOT with the ASADA I represent, an Association that has never had any part in any of the private property problems the petitioners report, which resulted in the water cuts, restrictions, or blockages that the amparados decry; in any case, I consider that such situations must be aired by the interested parties (neighbors of the Nombre50070 neighborhood and the third-party owner of the farm where the springs are located) through the respective legal channel, without arguable repercussions on the respondent Association, because the ASADA is NOT a party to any of the conflicts raised, and in any case, the AMPARO ACTION BEFORE US IS NOT THE VENUE TO ELUCIDATE SUCH CONFLICTS, which is yet another reason why the action before us must be dismissed. 3) Regarding the REQUEST FOR HELP that the Los Gamboa community made to the ASADA I represent and to other institutions, I report that the only thing I can offer is the accompaniment that the Association can provide, since the association I represent is not a social aid institution, but rather a legal organization that provides a public service, which CANNOT BE FREE according to the provisions of provision 11 of the Regulation entitled: Modificación integral al reglamento para la prestación de los servicios de AyA, published in La Gaceta N° 27, Alcance N°29, of February 9, 2021, according to which: Of the payment for services.
The services provided to all users by Law may not be free, even if dealing with national public entities, regional entities, municipalities, or other operators, which is why the ASADA cannot assume the costs involved in resolving the deficiencies that the Los Gamboa project has accumulated due to its lack of investment over 50 years in order to operate lawfully. I report that, as recorded in the administrative file kept by my represented party, which I provide along with this response, several neighbors of the Los Gamboa community REQUESTED from my represented party the AVAILABILITY OF THE POTABLE WATER SERVICE that this Association administers, but with a negative result, because NONE of THEIR REQUESTS MET THE NECESSARY REQUIREMENTS TO GRANT the required water availability. That Article 7, subsection 31, of the Regulation entitled: Modificación Integral al Reglamento para la Prestación de los Servicios del AyA, published in La Gaceta N° 27, Alcance N° 29, of February 9, 2021, defines a certificate of service availability (constancia de disponibilidad de servicios) as: A document issued by the operating entity in which it attests to the real and current existence of HYDRAULIC CAPACITY (CAPACIDAD HIDRÁULICA) and WATER CAPACITY (CAPACIDAD HÍDRICA) on any of the boundaries of a specific property, based on the flow demand required by the real estate project verified by the operator, which will eventually allow the installation of potable water services, the foregoing to prevent affecting the demand of existing services.
I report that the respondent Association does not have a water supply in the sector known as Los Gamboa, as it is located outside our area of coverage, for which reason the ASADA lacks HYDRAULIC CAPACITY, understood as the lack of infrastructure (pipes, tanks, and other systems) necessary to convey the water to the connection points, and in the absence of studies to demonstrate it, I report that there is no certainty that the ASADA has WATER CAPACITY, the latter understood as the water flow necessary to supply this project, so, in the case of Los Gamboa, the amparados do not meet the necessary requirements to be granted the availability of the water service. I report that despite the solidarity or empathy that the ASADA Board of Directors may have with the neighbors of the Los Gamboa hamlet, the Administrating Association of the Aqueduct of Nombre50069 of Turrialba does not have the economic resources to resolve their situation; it is [not] a social aid institution, but rather a legal organization subject to a mandatory legal framework that provides a public service, hence the granting of CERTIFICATES OF AVAILABILITY or the interconnection of new services DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE DESIRE TO HELP OR NOT OUR CUSTOMERS, but rather on their meeting the NECESSARY REQUIREMENTS to obtain positive water availabilities, or the interconnections of new services they require, warning that accepting such requests by DISAPPLYING those requirements to the specific case of Los Gamboa, as the neighbors of said community seem to intend, would imply arbitrariness and inequality to the detriment of the other customers from whom the ASADA has, in due course, demanded those requirements and they have fulfilled them.
In addition to the foregoing, demanding the requirements from the rest of our customers and disapplying them in the case of Los Gamboa would generate legal uncertainty that the Law does not protect. I report that the responses given to the applicants from the Los Gamboa community who have undertaken procedures, steps, or requests before this ASADA have not been evasive or insufficient, but rather each one has had their respective petition resolved clearly and in a timely manner, and if the Association I represent has not been able to grant what they requested, it is because the interested parties have not met the necessary requirements to obtain a positive response.” Requests that the action be dismissed.
Drafted by Judge Cruz Castro; and,
Considering:
The petitioners state that they are neighbors of Dirección2856, which is a rural community in Nombre50069 of Turrialba, Cartago, inhabited by approximately 25 families that include children, adolescents, older adults, two families belonging to indigenous communities, and people with delicate medical conditions. They state that the community has been supplied from a natural water spring (naciente) located on a private farm, which for more than fifty years was used without conflicts. This spring is the only source of water for all basic activities: consumption, food cooking, hygiene, washing, and minimal irrigation of subsistence crops. They indicate that with the change of owner—a foreign citizen—growing restrictions and arbitrary blockages of the water flow arose. This conduct has led to sudden cuts that have left the entire community without water for days, generating health crises, social tension, illnesses from consuming untreated water, and permanent fear of completely losing access to the vital resource.
Faced with this situation, they affirm that the community sought help from AyA, the ASADA of Nombre50069, and the Municipality of Turrialba, through letters, collective signatures, meetings, and oral and written requests. However, all responses have been evasive or insufficient. Particularly, the official letter issued by the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales of AyA dated November 20, 2024, which indicates the following: “• There is no legalized potable water service provider with infrastructure in the area. • There is no availability of immediate financial or technical support from AyA.” The community is required to carry out costly technical, hydrological, and water quality studies as a prerequisite, a requirement impossible to cover given the limited economic capacity of the neighbors. In the same letter, AyA admits the vulnerability to contamination of the spring due to nearby fruit-growing activity, which compromises potability and exposes the population to gastrointestinal diseases, infections, and the risk of epidemiological outbreaks.
II.PROVEN FACTS.- Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been accredited as such or because the respondent authority has omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
Additionally, it is important to indicate that the sources currently used for water supply to the “Barrio Los Gamboa” sector are highly vulnerable to contamination due to the fruit-growing activity that exists near them, so it is necessary that within the technical study, the water capacity (capacidad hídrica) of the ASADA of Tuis be analyzed to determine if there is potential to supply Dirección2856, or otherwise, the search for and identification of new sources will be necessary. It is clarified that the Regional Office of Communal Aqueducts Central Este and the ASADA of Nombre50069 of Turrialba are fully willing to clarify and collaborate on the technical aspects for the proposals of possible solutions” (digital case file).
From the report rendered under oath by the respondent authorities, with the consequences, even criminal, provided for in provision 44 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, an infringement of the fundamental rights of the petitioner is ruled out, based on the considerations set forth below. In this regard, it is proven that the springs (nacientes) that Barrio Nombre50070 utilizes are located inside a private farm, property of a third party. Additionally, it is verified that in official letter GSD-UEN-GAR-2024-05068 of November 20, 2024, the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales responded to a request presented by a group of neighbors of Barrio Los Gamboa, Nombre50069 of Turrialba, and indicated to them: “In response to the note sent to this office dated November 13, 2024, regarding the situation of the sector of Barrio Nombre50070 of Nombre50069 of Turrialba, with access to potable water, it is necessary to make the following clarifications.
In said sector, there is no operation by a legalized potable water service provider (AyA, ASADAS, or Municipality) that has infrastructure in front of the properties to administer the service, so an immediate solution is not possible. Under this situation, it is not possible to provide financial support to carry out water quality analyses or any other required investment. According to Article 44 and following of the ASADAS Regulation, it is the responsibility of the interested parties to make these investments by presenting the technical study in coordination with the ASADA and AyA, which must subsequently be approved by the Regional Office of Communal Aqueducts Central Este. Additionally, it is important to indicate that the sources currently used for water supply to the “Barrio Los Gamboa” sector are highly vulnerable to contamination due to the fruit-growing activity that exists near them, so it is necessary that within the technical study, the water capacity (capacidad hídrica) of the ASADA of Tuis be analyzed to determine if there is potential to supply Barrio “Los Gamboa,” or otherwise, the search for and identification of new sources will be necessary.
It is clarified that the Regional Office of Communal Aqueducts Central Este and the ASADA of Nombre50069 of Turrialba are fully willing to clarify and collaborate on the technical aspects for the proposals of possible solutions.” On the other hand, it is verified that Report No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2025-03710 of September 25, 2025, issued by the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales, indicated: “Background. Barrio Nombre50070 is a community located in Nombre50069 of Turrialba, Cartago, where housing has been developed without having an operating entity that provides potable water supply service in that area. On August 21, 2024, the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), through the Dirección de Aguas, intervened in the Barrio known as Nombre50070 following a complaint filed by the owner of the farm where the community has been supplied with water over the years, in which the temporary suspension of the supply was ordered, and the neighbors were notified that, to continue using the source, they had to regularize their situation by processing a concession, granting them a deadline. As a result of this, on August 26, 2024, the community of Barrio Nombre50070 requested via email support and intervention from AyA regarding the water supply in said community. (Annex
Analysis of the Development of Barrio Nombre50070 Upon analyzing the sequence of satellite images from the years 2002, 2016, 2018, and 2022, a clear evolution in the pattern of land occupation in Barrio Los Gamboa, Tuis district, is observed. The 2002 image (image 1) reflects a predominantly rural environment, with scarce housing density and abundant vegetation cover along the riverbank. No formal urban developments or consolidated infrastructure are visible, demonstrating that the area was in an initial stage of occupation, without planning or visible permits. Subsequently, towards 2016 (image 2), a greater number of structures are present, with dwellings along the main road. Although density was still low, the growth pattern suggests a process of spontaneous occupation, characterized by the absence of urban planning and the immediate proximity of constructions to the river channel, contravening the provisions of Article 33 of the Ley Forestal, which protects a minimum strip of fifteen meters from the margins of rivers and streams.
The image corresponding to the year 2018 (image 3) shows a more noticeable increase in construction density. Unlike earlier stages, a greater number of roofs, expansions, and an improvised layout of internal access routes are perceived, indicating a process of consolidation of an irregular settlement. This growth occurs without evidence of formal public utility infrastructure, such as sewage systems or a legal aqueduct, reinforcing the condition of informal land use and water resource use. Finally, by the year 2022 (image 4), the settlement appears densely consolidated. Multiple new constructions are observed, some of a larger size, which could correspond not only to dwellings but also to incipient economic activities.
Conclusions According to what is described in this report, the legal conditions and technical feasibility for an ASADA or AyA to provide potable water service in accordance with the Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios del AyA do not currently exist. Both AyA and the ASADA of Nombre50069 have expressed a willingness to advise and support, but always within the limits of legality and with the backing of the competent institutions.” In a similar vein, the President, acting with the powers of a generalísimo unlimited proxy (apoderado generalísimo sin límite de suma) of the entity named Asociación Administradora del Acueducto Rural de Nombre50069 de Turrialba, reported that the springs (nacientes) that the Dirección2856 uses are located within a private farm, the property of a third party, and that this hamlet has used the water produced by those springs for more than fifty years; however, over so many years, the respective users never bothered to come into compliance with the law, since they do not have the respective permits for their use, because, due to their negligence, they have not processed their respective water concession (concesión) before the Dirección de Aguas of MINAE; he does not even have any news that they have filed their corresponding formal application with MINAE or fulfilled the other requirements that must accompany said application.
He also has no knowledge that they have the respective environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) approved by SETENA, nor that they are up to date with their state obligations, such as taxes and debts with the CCSS. They also have not carried out their corresponding technical study for the diagnosis of the state of their systems and to determine the improvements required, among other things. The only knowledge he has is that it involves an informal water collection (captación informal) administered by a neighborhood group. He adds that the protected parties have also not bothered to make investments in the aqueduct system they possess, in order to improve the quality of the water they consume, since their installations are in a state of evident poor conservation and maintenance. Given the circumstances, the petitioners have had full knowledge since the year 2024 that, for the legal water supply in the “Barrio Los Gamboa” sector, in accordance with Article 44 and following of the Reglamento de ASADAS, they must make a series of investments through the presentation of a technical study in coordination with the ASADA and AyA, and that subsequently, this study must be approved by the Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este.
There is no record that they have carried out or filed any application in this regard aimed at regularizing the provision of water service in that community before any of the respondent authorities. For this reason, in the present case, the infringement of any fundamental right against the protected parties is dismissed, and therefore, the present appeal must be declared without grounds (sin lugar), as is hereby ordered.
The parties are warned that, should they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional device of an electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic nature or produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of thirty business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in Session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Boletín Judicial No. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in Session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is declared without grounds (sin lugar).
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G. Ingrid Hess H. Ana María Picado B.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del veintiuno de noviembre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por Nombre50046, cédula de identidad CED25165 y Nombre50047, cédula de identidad CED25166, a favor de Nombre50048, cédula de identidad CED25167, Nombre50049, cédula de identidad CED25168, Nombre50050, cédula de identidad CED25169, Nombre50051, cédula de identidad CED25170, Nombre50052, cédula de identidad CED25171, Nombre50053, cédula de identidad CED25172, JOSÉ MANUEL SOLÍS GUTIÉRREZ, cédula de identidad CED25173, Nombre50054, cédula de identidad CED25174, Nombre50055, cédula de identidad CED25175, Nombre50056, cédula de identidad CED25176, Nombre50057, cédula de identidad CED25177, Nombre50058, cédula de identidad CED25178, Nombre50059, cédula de identidad. CED25179, Nombre50060, cédula de identidad CED25166, Nombre50061, cédula de identidad CED25180, Nombre50062, cédula de identidad CED25181, Nombre50063, cédula de identidad CED25182, Nombre50064, cédula de identidad CED25183, Nombre50065, cédula de identidad CED25184, Nombre50066, cédula de identidad CED25185, Nombre50067, cédula de identidad CED25186, Nombre50068, cédula de identidad CED25187, contra la ASOCIACIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL ACUEDUCTO RURAL DE Nombre50069 DE TURRIALBA, EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS Y LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE TURRIALBA.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
Los recurrentes señalan que, son vecinos de Dirección2856, que es una comunidad rural, en Nombre50069 de Turrialba, Cartago, habitada por aproximadamente 25 familias que incluyen niños, niñas, personas adultas mayores, dos familias pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas y personas con condiciones médicas delicadas. Señalan que la comunidad se ha abastecido de una naciente de agua natural ubicada en una finca privada, que durante más de cincuenta años fue utilizada sin conflictos. Esta naciente es la única fuente de agua para todas las actividades básicas: consumo, cocción de alimentos, higiene, lavado y riego mínimo de cultivos de subsistencia. Indican que con el cambio de propietario -un ciudadano extranjero- surgieron restricciones crecientes y bloqueos arbitrarios del paso de agua. Esta conducta ha derivado en cortes repentinos que han dejado a toda la comunidad sin agua durante días, generando crisis sanitarias, tensión social, enfermedades por consumo de agua no tratada y miedo permanente de perder totalmente el acceso al recurso vital.
Ante esa situación, afirman que la comunidad gestionó ayuda ante el AyA, la ASADA de Nombre50069 y la Municipalidad de Turrialba, mediante cartas, firmas colectivas, reuniones y solicitudes orales y escritas. No obstante, todas las respuestas han resultado evasivas o insuficientes. Particularmente, la carta oficial emitida por la UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales del AyA con fecha 20 de noviembre de 2024, que indica lo siguiente: “• No existe un ente prestador de agua potable legalizado con infraestructura en la zona. • No hay disponibilidad de apoyo financiero ni técnico inmediato por parte del AyA”. Se exige a la comunidad realizar costosos estudios técnicos, hidrológicos y de calidad de agua como requisito previo, requisito imposible de cubrir dada la limitada capacidad económica de los vecinos. En la misma carta, el AyA admite la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de la naciente por la actividad frutícola cercana, lo que compromete la potabilidad y expone a la población a enfermedades gastrointestinales, infecciones y riesgo de brotes epidemiológicos.
II.HECHOS PROBADOS.- De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Además, es importante indicar que, las que las fuentes utilizadas actualmente para el abastecimiento de agua al sector de “Barrio Los Gamboa” poseen gran vulnerabilidad a la contaminación debido a la actividad de fruticultura que existe cerca de estas, por lo que es necesario que dentro del estudio técnico se analice la capacidad hídrica de la ASADA de Tuis, para determinar si se cuenta con potencial para abastecer el Dirección2856“ o de lo contrario será necesario la búsqueda e identificación de nuevas fuentes. Se aclara que, por parte de la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este y la ASADA de Nombre50069 de Turrialba se tiene toda la disposición de aclarar y colaborar en los aspectos técnicos para las propuestas de posibles soluciones” (expediente digital).
Del informe rendido bajo juramento por las autoridades recurridas, con las consecuencias incluso penales que prevé el numeral 44 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se descarta una infracción a los derechos fundamentales de la parte recurrente, con fundamento en las consideraciones que a continuación se exponen. Al respecto, se acredita que las nacientes que el Bario Nombre50070 aprovechan se encentran ubicadas a lo interno de una finca privada, propiedad de un tercero. Además, se constata que en oficio GSD-UEN-GAR-2024-05068 del 20 de noviembre de 2024, la UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales brindó respuesta a una solicitud que presentaron un grupo de vecinos de Barrio Los Gamboa, Nombre50069 de Turrialba y les indicó: “En atención a la nota enviada a esta oficina con fecha 13 de noviembre del 2024, referente a la situación del sector de Barrio Nombre50070 de Nombre50069 de Turrialba, con el acceso al agua potable, es necesario realizar las siguientes aclaraciones.
En dicho sector no se cuenta con operación de un ente prestador de agua potable legalizado (AyA, ASADAS o Municipalidad) que cuente con infraestructura frente a las propiedades que administre el servicio, por lo que no es posible una solución inmediata. Bajo esta situación no es posible brindar apoyo financiero para realizar análisis de calidad de agua o cualquier otra inversión requerida. De acuerdo con el artículo 44 y siguientes del Reglamento de ASADAS, corresponde a los interesados efectuar estas inversiones mediante la presentación del estudio técnico en coordinación con la ASADA y el AyA y que posteriormente sea aprobado por la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este. Además, es importante indicar que, las que las fuentes utilizadas actualmente para el abastecimiento de agua al sector de “Barrio Los Gamboa” poseen gran vulnerabilidad a la contaminación debido a la actividad de fruticultura que existe cerca de estas, por lo que es necesario que dentro del estudio técnico se analice la capacidad hídrica de la ASADA de Tuis, para determinar si se cuenta con potencial para abastecer el Barrio “Los Gamboa” o de lo contrario será necesario la búsqueda e identificación de nuevas fuentes.
Se aclara que, por parte de la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Central Este y la ASADA de Nombre50069 de Turrialba se tiene toda la disposición de aclarar y colaborar en los aspectos técnicos para las propuestas de posibles soluciones”. Por otra parte, se constata que Informe No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2025-03710 del 25 de septiembre de 2025, emitido por el UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales se indicó. “Antecedentes. Barrio Nombre50070 es una comunidad ubicada en Nombre50069 de Turrialba, Cartago, donde se han desarrollado viviendas sin contar con un ente operador que brinde el servicio de abastecimiento de agua potable en esa zona. El 21 de agosto del 2024, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), a través de la Dirección de Aguas, intervino en el Barrio conocido como Nombre50070 tras la denuncia presentada por el propietario de la finca en donde la comunidad se ha abastecido de agua a lo largo de los años y en la cual se ordenó la suspensión temporal del suministro y se notificó a los vecinos que, para continuar utilizando la fuente, debían regularizar su situación mediante la tramitación de una concesión de otorgándoles un plazo.
Producto de esto, el 26 de agosto del año 2024, la comunidad de Barrio Nombre50070 solicitó vía correo electrónico al AyA apoyo e intervención sobre el abastecimiento de agua en dicha comunidad. (anexo
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en Sesión No. 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial No. 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la Sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Ana María Picado B.
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