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Res. 31020-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/09/2025
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is granted against the Environmental Administrative Tribunal for violation of the right to prompt and complete justice, due to the over 12-year delay in resolving the administrative proceeding. It is dismissed against SENARA.Se declara con lugar el amparo contra el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo por violación al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida, debido a la demora de más de 12 años en resolver el procedimiento administrativo. Se declara sin lugar contra SENARA.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber hears an amparo action against the Environmental Administrative Tribunal (TAA) for undue delay in processing administrative file No. 177-13-03-TAA, concerning a complaint about hydrocarbon contamination of the Moín Coastal Aquifer in Limón by a gas station. The complaint dates from 2013, and despite multiple resolutions and reports from SENARA, the requirement to approve a hydrogeological study remained unresolved. The Chamber finds that the TAA took more than 8 years from Resolution No. 771-17-TAA (2017) and more than 12 years from the start of proceedings to issue the final Resolution No. 1006-2025-TAA, rendered during the amparo proceedings. It considers such timeframes manifestly disproportionate and contrary to the right to prompt and complete justice under Article 41 of the Constitution. The appeal is granted solely against the TAA, without an award of costs or damages (with dissenting votes). The amparo against SENARA is dismissed.La Sala Constitucional conoce un recurso de amparo contra el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (TAA) por mora en la tramitación del expediente administrativo n.° 177-13-03-TAA, relacionado con una denuncia por contaminación con hidrocarburos en el Acuífero Costero de Moín, Limón, por parte de una estación de servicio. La denuncia data de 2013 y, a pesar de múltiples resoluciones e informes de SENARA, no se había resuelto el requisito de aprobación de un estudio hidrogeológico. La Sala constata que el TAA tardó más de 8 años desde la resolución n.° 771-17-TAA (2017) y más de 12 desde el inicio del procedimiento para emitir la resolución final n.° 1006-2025-TAA, dictada en el curso del amparo. Considera que estos plazos son abiertamente desproporcionados y contrarios al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida del artículo 41 constitucional. Declara con lugar el recurso exclusivamente contra el TAA, sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios (con votos salvados). El amparo contra SENARA se declara sin lugar.
Key excerptExtracto clave
First, regarding the petitioner's statements expressing opposition to the reports rendered due to an alleged lack of technical-scientific rigor, lack of notification of administrative documents, or questioning the TAA's decision because, in his view, it fails to set peremptory deadlines, delegates sovereign powers, presents factual or legal inconsistencies, or relies on insufficient reasoning, the Chamber explains that this jurisdiction is not an appellate instance of the TAA nor is it competent to hear matters of legality. Therefore, the scope of this proceeding is limited to the claim initially raised, related to administrative delay; as for the remaining aspects, the interested party may file the remedies and actions deemed appropriate through the legality channel, if he so wishes. Regarding administrative delay, the Chamber acknowledges that the situation of file 177-13-03-TAA was already addressed in judgment No. 2015-003170 of 9:30 a.m. on March 6, 2015, ... Now, the Chamber notes that the issuance of the aforementioned TAA resolution occurred on the occasion of this proceeding, notified to that Tribunal on August 21, 2025. Likewise, it is established that it took more than 8 years from the issuance of Resolution No. 771-17-TAA of 3:44 p.m. on May 30, 2017, and more than 12 years from the start of the administrative proceeding, for the TAA to issue the final resolution. Such timeframes are manifestly disproportionate and contrary to the parameters of constitutional Article 41. Accordingly, the appeal is granted, without a special award of costs or damages, as explained below.En primer lugar, vistas las manifestaciones del recurrente, quien expresa su oposición a los informes rendidos por una alegada falta de rigor técnico-científico, falta de notificación del oficios administrativos, o cuestiona lo resuelto por el TAA porque, en su criterio, omite dictar plazos perentorios, delega potestades de imperio, presenta incoherencias en el sustento fáctico o jurídico o incurre en una supuesta fundamentación, la Sala explica que esta jurisdicción no es una instancia en alzada del TAA ni es competente para conocer temas de legalidad. En ese tanto, el objeto de este proceso se restringe al reclamo inicialmente planteado, relacionado con la mora administrativa; en lo que respecta a los extremos restantes, podrá el interesado interponer los recursos y acciones que estime pertinentes en la vía de la legalidad, si a bien lo tiene. Atinente a la mora administrativa, la Sala reconoce que la situación del expediente 177-13-03-TAA fue conocida en la sentencia nro. 2015-003170 de las 9:30 horas del 6 de marzo de 2015, ... Ahora bien, la Sala observa que el dictado de la citada resolución del TAA se dio con ocasión de este proceso, notificado a ese Tribunal el 21 de agosto de 2025. Asimismo, se establece que se requirieron más de 8 años, desde el dictado de la resolución nro. 771-17-TAA de las 15:44 horas del 30 de mayo de 2017, y más de 12 años, desde el inicio del procedimiento administrativo, para que el TAA dictara la resolución final. Tales plazos resultan abiertamente desproporcionados y contrarios a los parámetros del numeral 41 constitucional. En ese tanto, se declara con lugar el recurso, sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, según se explica de seguido.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Tales plazos resultan abiertamente desproporcionados y contrarios a los parámetros del numeral 41 constitucional."
"Such timeframes are manifestly disproportionate and contrary to the parameters of constitutional Article 41."
Considerando IV
"Tales plazos resultan abiertamente desproporcionados y contrarios a los parámetros del numeral 41 constitucional."
Considerando IV
"esta jurisdicción no es una instancia en alzada del TAA ni es competente para conocer temas de legalidad."
"this jurisdiction is not an appellate instance of the TAA nor is it competent to hear matters of legality."
Considerando IV
"esta jurisdicción no es una instancia en alzada del TAA ni es competente para conocer temas de legalidad."
Considerando IV
"la Sala Constitucional no hace un análisis de fondo de la situación a tutelar, dada la terminación del amparo o habeas corpus por la circunstancia sobrevenida ya citada."
"the Constitutional Chamber does not conduct a substantive analysis of the situation to be protected, given the termination of the amparo or habeas corpus due to the supervening circumstance already mentioned."
Voto salvado del Magistrado Salazar Alvarado
"la Sala Constitucional no hace un análisis de fondo de la situación a tutelar, dada la terminación del amparo o habeas corpus por la circunstancia sobrevenida ya citada."
Voto salvado del Magistrado Salazar Alvarado
Full documentDocumento completo
Case File: 25-024125-0007-CO Type of Matter: Amparo appeal SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours twenty-five minutes on the twenty-sixth of September, two thousand twenty-five.
Amparo appeal processed in case file no. 25-024125-0007-CO, filed by Nombre50792, identification card CED2111, against the TRIBUNAL AMBIENTAL ADMINISTRATIVO and the SERVICIO DE NACIONAL DE AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS, RIEGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA).
Whereas:
By means of said Resolution, the reported company is ordered “to suspend the operation of the service station as of May 18, until such time as the integrity and safety of its operation is verified, and the existence or lack thereof of contamination by the presence of petroleum-derived fuels is verified... and additionally for the purpose of determining the alleged and eventual violation of the regulations contained in Decreto Ejecutivo 30131...” Furthermore, it is ordered to perform a tightness and leak-proof test (prueba de hermeticidad y estanqueidad) of all tanks and pipes, to carry out “an analysis of the quantity of hydrocarbons contained in each of the observation wells, to determine the presence of fuel. In the event of exceeding the maximum limits, carry out a verification of the granular material of the tank pit, specifically the lower part of the slab” and to replace “spill containers that are fractured or repaired.” The effective period of the precautionary measure is set at one month.
€. Unsigned copy of a document from Ing. José Zúñiga Cárdenas of the Refinery Engineering Department of RECOPE, addressed to Ing. Henry Arias Jiménez, Refining Manager, with the adduced results of the inspection carried out on May 31, 2013 (folios 8 to 11). It is asserted that the reported party: “made the improvements requested by MINAET, which consisted of the replacement of the spill container vessels... the new containers and their connections were visually inspected, verifying that they did not present liquid fuel leaks from any pipe connection, pump-to-tank connection, or from any system of the pump body... no leak was observed in any mentioned sector.” It adds that “Only the super gasoline and diesel systems” were reviewed.
a. Legal status (personería) of RECOPE (folios 12 and 13). b. Resolution No. R-DGTCC-0184-2013-MINAET of 9:00 a.m. on June 4, 2013, by which the precautionary measure of suspension of operation is lifted; however, the reported party is ordered “to provide all pertinent evidence in order to determine if contamination by hydrocarbons existed, to what degree, and what measures can be taken to mitigate it, if applicable, specifically, it must provide the analysis of the granular material of the tank pit, specifically the lower part of the slab...” (folios 14 to 16).
£. Official Letter No. DGTCC-DGH-DI-122-2013 addressed to SENARA, indicating that: “it can be inferred that failures existed which could have caused soil contamination,” for which reason the information is referred to SENARA (folios 17 to 31).
d. Document from Mr. Nombre23140, in his adduced capacity as generalísimo legal representative (apoderado generalísimo) of Servicentro Costa Caribeños, legal ID CED129454, addressed to DGTCC, requesting the lifting of the precautionary measure established by Resolution No. R-DGTCC-0162-2013-MINAET (folios 32 to 35 of the file). He attaches copies that are asserted to correspond to the following documentation: -) Tightness Certificates (Certificados de Hermeticidad) for fuel tanks and pipes for tanks 388, 387, 418, 386, 410, dated May 13, 2013 (folios 36 to 51). -) Laboratory test of four monitoring wells (folio 52). -) "Tightness Certificate for Containers, Servicentro Costa Caribeños Service Station", dated May 27, 2013 (folios 53 to 56).
I.That in response to the complaint, administrative file No. 177-13-03-TAA was assigned in this Environmental Administrative Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo).
The petitioner (amparado) continues stating: “That resolution no. 377-16-TAA of April 12, 2017, ordered the company to present a hydrogeological study (estudio hidrogeológico) in accordance with the terms of reference of the National Service for Groundwater, Risk, and Drainage (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riesgo y Avenamiento, SENARA), with the approval (visto bueno) of that entity. He assures that, resolution No. 771-17-TAA of May 30, 2017, confirmed that there is no document whatsoever in the administrative file of Senara in relation to the approval of the Hydrogeological Study presented by said company. In this regard, it is important to clarify that once the complaint was filed before this Tribunal, a series of concatenated actions aimed at stabilizing environmental conditions were carried out, among them, and which in summary are indicated:
By means of Resolution 609-13-TAA at 9:25 a.m. on July 22, 2013, a precautionary measure was issued ordering the reported party to allow inspections and analyses by the competent public bodies, to investigate the matter reported. Furthermore, SENARA, the Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua), AyA, the Ministry of Health, and DIGECA are ordered “to proceed to form an inter-institutional commission for the purpose of: 1- Carrying out the pertinent studies and sending them to this Office in order to determine if there is contamination of the water resource (recurso hídrico) and especially of the aquifers (mantos acuíferos). 2- Carrying out and sending to this Tribunal an economic valuation of the possible environmental damage resulting from the fuel spill that could have affected the quality of the surface water, groundwater, and soil,” the commission will be directed by the Water Directorate.
Likewise, the Director of DGTCC is required to submit an updated report, explain if the reported party complied with the plans to mitigate the possible contamination, if the asserted failures that could have caused the contamination were resolved, “and if the granular analysis of the tank pit, specifically the lower part of the slab, was carried out, as well as the structural state of said station and its tanks, and if there is a risk of spill and subsequent contamination” (folios 74 to 80 of the file).
From there, reports were requested from SETENA, the Ministry of Health, the General Directorate of Transport and Commercialization of Fuel (Dirección General de Transporte y Comercialización de Combustible, DGTCC), SENARA, Water Directorate, and others, in order to ascertain the real truth of the facts. Highlighting with the Hydrogeological study:
o That on March 19, 2015, a document is received from the reported company, providing a hydrogeological study and results of chemical analysis and requesting the dismissal of the complaint (folios 789 to 872 of the file).
o That by virtue of Resolution No. 325-15-TAA of March 26, 2015, SENARA is required to indicate whether it grants its approval (visto bueno) to the hydrogeological study presented by the reported party, which is on folio 791 and following of the file, along with any other pertinent information or input. Additionally, the Ministry of Health is requested to coordinate with the institutions that make up the Technical Committee of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 37757-S, to formulate its criteria on the hydrogeological study and “indicate the corrective actions that must be implemented...” along with any other data or information of interest (folios 830 to 944 of the file).
o That on April 14, 2015, Official Letter No. DPAH-UNSSAH-112-15 from the Ministry of Health is received, responding to Resolution No. 325-15-TAA, forwarding Official Letter No. DPAH-UNSSAH-111-2015. In this latter Official Letter, it is requested to clarify the hydrogeological study provided, with the observations formulated by the Technical Committee. Additionally, it must carry out four boreholes with the characteristics indicated (for the purpose of determining whether there is contamination of the soil resource (recurso edáfico)), including piezometers in boreholes 2, 3, and 4, and indicate the date or schedule for soil sampling, within a maximum period of thirty days. Likewise, each of the four sampling points must be georeferenced. Additionally, within three months, it must submit to the Ministry of Health “the laboratory report on the concentration of total hydrocarbons in water in said piezometers.” Said Official Letter is signed by Ing. Eugenio Androvetto Villalobos, Director of DPAH of the Ministry of Health, Ing. Ricardo Morales Vargas, Acting Head of the Standardization Unit of DPAH, and Ing. Agr. Adrián Rojas Mata of said Unit (folios 945 to 951 of the file).
o That by means of Resolution No. 415-15-TAA of April 16, 2015, SENARA and DGTCC are requested to comply with Resolution No. 325-15-TAA. (folios 988 to 989 of the file) o That by virtue of Resolution No. 979-15-TAA of August 7, 2015, the following is required: -) For the third time to SETENA, comply with resolutions Nos. 415-15-TAA and 555-15-TAA. -) To the reported party, report on compliance with the administrative acts of the Ministry of Health DPAH-UNSSAH-111-2015 and DPAH-UNSSAH-0198-15, as well as SENARA Ul-127-15. (.....) To SENARA, set forth the degree of compliance with Official Letter No. Ul-127-15 and explain if the project is located in an aquifer recharge area or an area of considerable water vulnerability (vulnerabilidad hídrica), and, if affirmative, explain its compatibility with the matrix of permitted and prohibited uses (...Y (folios 1109 to 1112 of the file).
o That on September 1, 2015, a document is submitted by the General Manager of SENARA, forwarding SENARA Official Letter No. Ul-218-15 of August 31, 2015, stating that the reported party has not presented the observations indicated in Official Letter No. Ul-127-15. Likewise, the service station is located in a zone of high water vulnerability, in accordance with the hydrogeological vulnerability study of AyA, published in La Gaceta No. 83 of May 2, 2007; it adds that gas stations are classified as a type A activity (Decreto No. 30485-S) and that, in accordance with the land-use matrix (matriz de uso), type A industrial activities are not permitted, which must conduct a detailed hydrogeological study (folios 1126 to 1127).
* Consequently, at folios 1469 to 1496 of the file through Resolution No. 377-16-TAA at ten hours fifty-one minutes on April twelve, two thousand sixteen, this Tribunal resolves to order the opening of the ordinary administrative proceeding (procedimiento ordinario administrativo) formally imputing to the reported parties 1) Compañía Servicentro Costa Caribeños, S.A. legal ID CED129454 represented by its President Mr. Nombre23140, ID CED129455 or whoever holds the position. 2) Mr. Nombre23140, ID CED129455 in his personal capacity, by virtue of potential joint and several liability (responsabilidad solidaria) (article 101 of the Organic Law of the Environment - Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), the following alleged facts, concerning the property of the Partido de Limón with real estate folio registration Placa34081 cadastral map Placa34082:
* That although the oral and public hearing was held, a homologation request for a Monitoring Plan Approved by the Directorate of Protection of the Human Environment (Dirección de Protección al Ambiente Humano), presented on September 8, 2016, by Mr. Nombre23140, was submitted in the process. (visible at folios 1718 to 1869).
Being that at folio 2048 a of the administrative file, Official Letter DM-9043-2016 dated November 22, 2016, presented on November 29, 2016, signed by Dr. Fernando Lorca Castro, Minister of Health, is included, through which he indicates: ”... this Ministry agrees to receive a refrigerated container fully conditioned as an office, to be used by the Hospital Polivalente del Día service of Hospital Tony Faci” * That at folios 2049 a of the administrative file, Resolution No. 1604-16-TAA at fourteen hours fifty-one minutes on November twenty-nine, two thousand sixteen, is included, by which this Tribunal resolves: First: Suspend the oral and public hearing convened for December 7, 2016, at 09:00 hours. Second: Order Ing. Eugenio Androvetto Villalobos, Director of Protection of the Human Environment of the Ministry of Health, and Ing. Ricardo Morales Vargas, Acting Head of the Standardization Unit of Health Services in the Human Environment of said Ministry, to inform this Tribunal if the Action Plan for flammability risks (Plan de Acción de riesgos por flamabilidad), was presented by the reported party and if it meets the established requirements.
Additionally, the Ministry of Health will take the measures it deems appropriate. Third: In response to Official Letter No. DM-9043-2016, the following is replied to Dr. Fernando Llorca Castro, in his capacity as Minister of Health; This Tribunal will rule on the proposal of the reported party at the appropriate procedural moment. See folios 2049 to 2052 of the administrative file.
That at folio 2073 to 2074, official letter DPAH-USSAH-505-2016 dated December 5, 2016, presented on December 6, 2016, is included, by which a report is sent regarding the presentation by Costa Caribeños of the Flammability Risk Action Plan, signed by Ing. Eugenio Androvetto Villalobos, Director, and Ing. Ricardo Morales Vargas, Acting Head UNSSAH of the Ministry of Health.
That at folio 2075 to 2090 of the administrative file, a document presented on December 7, 2016, by Mr. Nombre23140, in his capacity as generalísimo legal representative (Apoderado Generalísimo) of Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., is included, through which he indicates that the fourth update of the Monitoring Plan is provided, which corresponds to the action plan for the elimination of flammability risks.
That at folio 2091 to 2189 of the administrative file, a document presented on February 15, 2017, by Mr. Nombre23140, in his capacity as generalísimo legal representative (Apoderado Generalísimo) of the Company Costa Caribeños S.A., is included, through which he indicates that he provides the first monitoring of gases and pumping in well PXO1 according to the action plan to eliminate flammability risks.
That at folio 2200 of the administrative file, Resolution No. 476-17-TAA at thirteen hours two minutes on April seventeen, two thousand seventeen, is included, by which this Tribunal resolved regarding the Conciliation Plan (Plan de conciliación): “... before this Tribunal rules on the same, and for the sake of knowing the position of all parties in this ordinary administrative proceeding, it is considered necessary to inform Mr. Nombre50792, in his capacity as coadjuvant (coadyuvante), so that he may present the observations he deems pertinent...” , granting a hearing (dándose traslado) to the parties.
That at folio 2227 to 2228 of the administrative file, Official Letter DPAH-UNSSAH-403-2016 presented on May 5, 2017, is included, signed by Ing. Eugenio Androvetto Villalobos, Director DPAH, and Ing. Ricardo Morales Vargas, Acting Head UNSSAH of the Ministry of Health, addressed to Mr. Nombre23140, Legal Representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños.
That at folios 2229 to 2261 of the administrative file, a document presented on June 19, 2017, and signed by Mr. Nombre23140, in his capacity as representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., is included, through which he sends the Report of the Company Futuris Consulting S.A., concerning the second and third monitoring of gases and pumping in PX01.
Finally, through resolution number 771-17-TAA at fifteen hours forty-four minutes on May thirty, year two thousand seventeen, this Tribunal resolved: “...FIRST: Homologate the Conciliatory Proposal to approve the Monitoring Plan Approved by the Ministry of Health through DPAH-UNSSAH-403-2016 dated September 2, 2016, emanating from the Standardization Unit of Health Services in the Human Environment of the Directorate of Protection of the Human Environment of the Ministry of Health. SECOND: Mr. Nombre23140, holder of ID CED129455, legal representative of the company called Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., is ordered to comply with all obligations established herein and not to carry out activities contrary to Law. The Ministry of Health, in accordance with its powers, must provide semi-annual follow-up to said Plan. Said Ministry must be informed that only in the event of finding any non-compliance during those years, it must notify this Tribunal to assess whether or not it is appropriate to continue the ordinary administrative proceeding.
THIRD: Mr. Nombre23140, holder of ID CED129455, legal representative of the company called Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., is ordered to comply with the provisions of the eleventh whereas clause (considerando) of this resolution and send a detailed note of the equipment to be donated, as well as the invoices demonstrating the investment. In this sense, it is important to request Mr. Fernando Llorca Castro, in his capacity as Minister of Health, or whoever holds his position, that once the donation of the equipment is made, send an official letter indicating whether it was received under the terms agreed upon. It is indicated that for this purpose, the asset must be delivered to the corresponding Asset Directorate (Dirección de Bienes) so that said asset may be entered into the central asset registry of the institution and be assigned a code. FOURTH: That Mr. Nombre23140, holder of ID CED129455, legal representative of the company called Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., is informed that in the event of non-compliance with any of the points indicated herein, the Homologation carried out will be rendered void and the ordinary administrative proceeding will continue.
FIFTH: Summon the parties to the continuation of the Oral and Public Hearing for Thursday, July 27, 2017, at 13:30 hours at the headquarters of the Environmental Administrative Tribunal, maintaining as the sole imputed fact that of not having complied with 1) Present to this Tribunal a hydrogeological study (under the Terms of Reference established by SENARA) that had the approval (visto bueno) of SENARA”, the foregoing in accordance with resolution NO. 377-16-TAA at ten hours fifty-one minutes on April twelve, year two thousand sixteen, visible at folios 1469 to 1466 of the administrative file...” See folios 2262 to 2320 of the administrative file. (The bold is not from the original) It is clarified that resolution number 771-17-TAA at fifteen hours forty-four minutes on May thirty, year two thousand seventeen, is an abnormal resolution to terminate the process, homologating the proposed conciliation “Monitoring Plan Approved by the Ministry of Health in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 7727 on Alternative Conflict Resolution and Promotion of Social Peace RAC (Ley N° 7727 de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Resolución de la Paz Social RAC), leaving as the sole imputed fact "that of not having complied with 1) Present to this Tribunal a hydrogeological study (under the Terms of Reference established by SENARA) that had the approval (visto bueno) of SENARA”, the foregoing in accordance with resolution NO. 377-16-TAA at ten hours fifty-one minutes on April twelve, year two thousand sixteen, visible at folios 1469 to 1466 of the administrative file”, for which reason it is decided to continue with the Ordinary Administrative Proceeding, for that single point.
Thus, according to the facts described in summary, it is partially true, with the variants noted above, regarding the presentation of the study before SENARA, but failing to meet the requirement of obtaining the approval (visto bueno) of SENARA, being that through resolution No. 771-17-TAA of May 30, 2017, the conciliation of the reported facts is partially homologated, and it is decided to continue with the administrative proceeding solely for the imputed fact that the hydrogeological study approved by Senara is not found within the instructed administrative file, as the Environmental Tribunal requested in resolution 377-16-TAA at ten hours fifty-one minutes on April twelve, two thousand sixteen. It is clarified that the other aspects of the imputation of the complaint and imputation through resolution No. 377-16-TAA at ten hours fifty-one minutes on April twelve, two thousand sixteen, were homologated in the conciliation presented before this Tribunal, and the procedure of article 8 of the RAC law, which states: “Partial conciliation and continuation of process.
If the conciliation is partial, a resolution will be issued, without further procedure, to terminate the process, regarding the points on which an agreement has been reached and, as to these, it will be immediately enforceable. The process will follow its normal course in relation to the points on which there was no agreement.” L. The petitioner (amparado) continues stating: “He states that official letter number SENARA-DIGH-UI-0231-2017, of August 4, 2027, confirmed that the study presented was not endorsed by SENARA.” Subsequently, it is decided to continue with the oral and public hearing, the minutes of the oral and public hearing held on July 27, two thousand seventeen, being recorded at folio 2344 to 2345 of the administrative file.
That at folios 2349 to 2350 of the administrative file, Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-UE-0231-2017 dated August 4, 2017, presented on August 9, 2017, and signed by Geól. María Magdalena Monge C, Research Unit DUGH, and Geól. Roberto Ramírez Chavarría, Director of the Directorate of Research and Water Management (Dirección de Investigación y Gestión Hídrica) SENARA, and addressed to Mr. Nombre23140, is included, in which they indicate: “that on February 15, 2017, Annex 4 to the Hydrogeological Study is received from Mr. Nombre23140, legal representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños. Annex prepared by geologists Alexander Goyenaga and Emma Tristan: “(.....) analysis of hydrocarbons in water must be carried out again, broken down for the compounds requested by Senara(...) In order to issue a criterion on the part of the institution, the entirety of the requested Terms of Reference must be complied with (...). Being that in this Senara official letter, a prevention (prevención) is again made to the company Servicentro Costa Caribeños requesting expansion of the information and new requirements.
That from folio 2351 to 2352 of the file, there is a document from Mrs. Lilliana Navarrete Porras, Special Judicial Representative (Apoderada Especial Judicial) of Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., through which she states that SENARA has not notified her represented party about compliance with the corrections and clarifications to the Hydrogeological Study presented.
II.The petitioner (amparado) continues stating: “He comments that, despite more than ten years of proceedings, the subsequent resolutions- including number 1626-2021-TAA and Official Letter number SENARA-DIGH-Ul-102-2022 do not evidence the approval of the Hydrogeological study. He accuses that the Environmental Administrative Tribunal, in resolution no. 892-2025-TAA of August 1, 2025, omitted ruling on that failure, limiting itself to informing the parties of official letter no. SENARA-DIGH-Ul-102-2022, without demanding compliance with the requirement ordered in 2017. He claims that the hydrocarbon contamination, initially documented by SENARA, affected groundwater, a critical resource for public health and ecological balance. He adds that the lack of an approved hydrogeological study prevents verifying if the remediation was effective, putting the environment and the fundamental rights of the community at risk.”
> In response to this argument, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) is informed that through Resolution No. 1442-2021-TAA at ten hours on October twenty-five, 2021, this Tribunal resolved: “... THIRD:... this Office, prior to issuing the Final Act,... as evidence for better resolution (prueba para mejor resolver), resolves to request Geól. Roberto Ramírez Chavarría, in his capacity as Director of the Directorate of Water Research of the National Service for Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage SENARA, or whoever holds his position, to report: a. Whether the Company Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., legal ID CED129456, presented the information requested through Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-Ul-231-2017 dated August 4, 2017 (visible at folios 2349 to 2350 of the administrative file), in the affirmative, indicate whether the Hydrogeological Study carried out by the cited company has the Endorsement (Aval) of the National Service for Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage...” See folios 2360 to 2363 of the administrative file.
That subsequently, at folios 2406 to 2411 of the administrative file, Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-0146-2021 presented on October 27, 2021, and signed by MSc. Hydrogeologist Roberto Ramírez Chavarría, Director of the Directorate of Research and Water Management SENARA, is included. “(...) the developer of the Servicentro Costa Caribeños project, specifically its legal representative, is responsible for complying with the presentation to the TAA of a hydrogeological study (under the terms of reference established by Senara) that has the approval (visto bueno) of Senara, and to date has not yet complied with the requirements of Senara and therefore neither with what was ordered by the TAA. (...) The company Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., legal ID CED129457, has not presented the annexes of the information requested, through Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-Ul-2017 dated August 4, 2017, as the foregoing has not been complied with, the National Service for Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage has not ENDORSED (AVALADO) the Hydrogeological Study carried out by the cited company.” That at folios 2412 to 2415, a document presented by Mr.
Nombre50792 is included. That at folios 2416 to 2426 of the administrative file, Official Letter MS-DM-8655-2021 dated November 3, 2021, and signed by Dr. Daniel Salas Peraza, Minister of Health, is included, which indicates: “...The Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health (Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental) through resolution DPAH-UNSAH-098-2017 of March 15, 2017, concludes the work corresponding to the Monitoring, Sampling, and Analysis Plan for Soils and Groundwater requested by this Ministry. Likewise, in follow-up to the Second Mandate (Por Tanto segundo) of Resolution No. 771-17-TAA, it is necessary to indicate that the aforementioned Directorate has not received further complaints or technical reports from the Regional or Local level indicative of any non-compliance...” That through Resolution No. 1626-2021-TAA at eleven hours on November twenty-six, two thousand twenty-one, this Tribunal resolved: “...ONLY: Inform the parties of Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-0146-2021, signed by MSc. Hydrogeologist Roberto Ramírez Chavarría, Director of the Directorate of Research and Management SENARA... so that within a period of three business days... they may address what is established in the cited documentation...” See folios 2494 to 2497 of the administrative file.
That at folio 2508 of the administrative file, a document presented on December 17, 2021, by Lic. Roberto Soto Vega, special attorney-in-fact (apoderado especial) of the Reported Company, is included, in which he requests from this Tribunal a period of 30 days to comply with the requirement by SENARA, alleging that due to a change of Supervising Attorney (Abogada Directora), they did not notice official letter SENARA-DIGHOU|-0231-2017 dated August 4, 2017.
That at folio 2510 of the administrative file, a document presented by Mr. Nombre23140, legal representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., is included, addressed to Geologist Roberto Ramírez Chavarría - Director of the Directorate of Research and Water Management of SENARA, regarding the definition of a date for sampling for hydrocarbon analysis in water.
That at folio 2511 to 2512 of the administrative file, Official Letter SENARA-DGIH-Ul-102-2022 presented on April 25, 2022, signed by MSc. Roberto Ramírez Chavarría, Director of the Directorate of Research and Water Management SENARA, addressed to the representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeña S.A., is included, emphasizing as a finding that: “Regarding the water samples taken after pumping in all piezometers, 8 to 9 samples were found to have levels exceeding the standard for benzene. Benzo(A)pyrene and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified. Given the above situation, the remediation process at the site is necessary, as well as controlling the contaminant source. Regarding the remediation process, the following is requested to be provided, TO PROCEED WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE PLAN: Carry out an analysis of the extent of the affected area. Provide the detailed schedule of activities to be carried out in the remediation process, where control dates and the submission of periodic reports to SENARA are also specified. Include monitoring activities and a proposal for follow-up after the remediation process” (The bold, underline, and capitalization are not from the original).
That at folios 2513 to 2516, Official Letter AEL-00293-205 addressed to Dr. Franz Tattenbach Capra, Minister of Environment and Energy, and signed by Mr. Nombre50792, is included. That at folio 2517 to 2518 of the administrative file, Official Letter 543-2025-TAA addressed to Dr. Franz Tattenbach Capra is included.
That at folios 2523 to 2507, Resolution No. 892-2025-TAA at thirteen hours thirty minutes on August first, two thousand twenty-five, is included, by which this Tribunal resolves to inform the parties of Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-Ul-102-2022.
That at folio 2547 to 2550, a document presented by Mr. Nombre50792, on August 7, 2025, is included.
That on folios 2551 to 2557 there is a brief submitted by Mr. David Vargas Gonzalez, legal representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños, in response to resolution 892-2025-TAA, of 1:30 p.m. on August 1, 2025, indicating and attaching official communications SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023, stating that it accredits his represented party's compliance with the recommendations of SENARA -DIGH-Ul-102- 2022 and administrative resolution number 1923-2023-SETENA of 8:25 a.m. on December 7, 2023, from the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), deeming the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) process fulfilled. It is necessary to emphasize to the Honorable Constitutional Chamber, Official Communication SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 signed by Lic. María Magdalena Monge Cordero, Geologist, of the Hydrogeological Research Unit of SENARA addressed to Mr.
Nombre23140, Legal Representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., in which it is stated that on June 17, 2022, a remediation plan was proposed, which would be carried out over a period of 7 months; said official communication indicates that on September 12, 2022, the remediation plan began and that after completing the remediation plan, the concentrations of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTEX) were below the Maximum Values of the Drinking Water Quality Regulation (Reglamento de Calidad de Agua Potable), but that in the case of Benzo-alpha-pyrene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), the concentrations had increased, in this regard said official communication states: "...After completing the remediation plan, it is observed that the concentrations of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTEX) at the site have decreased and are below the Maximum Allowable Values, according to the Regulation for Drinking Water Quality No. 38924-S...
In the case of Benzo-alpha-pyrene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), the concentrations have increased, and even a variation (increase or decrease) is observed after pumping the control piezometers... Within the results of the sampling of January 27, 2023, the analyses of water from a nearby stream (quebrada) to the service center are provided, and concentrations of benzene, benzo-alpha-pyrene, and PAHs are observed above the Maximum Allowable Values... Therefore, Servicentro Costa Caribeños has fulfilled the proposed remediation plan, and has carried out the necessary work to eliminate contamination sources associated with its activity. However, residues of Benzo-alpha-pyrene and PAHs still exist above the Maximum Allowable Values established in the Regulation for Drinking Water Quality No. 38924-S. At the site there are other external factors that can affect the quality of groundwater and surface water, such as, for example, contamination sources outside the property, being an area prone to flooding, and the management of stormwater in the sector.
Due to the above, it is recommended that Servicentro Costa Caribeños continue monitoring groundwater on a periodic basis, as part of its environmental follow-up (seguimiento ambiental), and provide the results to the Ministry of Health and to SETENA for their evaluation...." See folios 2554 to 2556 of the administrative file. (The bold is not from the original) For all the above, this Court finally issued resolution Res-1006-2025-TAA of 2:45 p.m. on August 25, 2005, on the only unresolved matter (in resolution 771-17-TAA of 3:44 p.m. on May 30, two thousand seventeen) in which this Court resolved (See folios 2564 to 2616 of the administrative file) * FIRST: The complaint against Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., legal identification number No. CED129454, whose current President is Mr. David Alberto Vargas González, identity card No. CED129453-, is partially upheld, solely responsible for not presenting to this Court proof of the monitoring requested by SENARA -OBLIGATORY RECOMMENDATION, in official communication SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023.
Therefore, Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., legal identification number No. CED129454, whose current President is Mr. David Alberto Vargas González, identity card No. CED129453, is ordered to carry out the control and follow-up (seguimiento) measures on the Property located in the Province of Limón, Canton of Limón, District of Limón, Property Registered Real Folio No. Placa34080-, on Plan L-51869-98, under the terms indicated in Considering Seventh of this resolution. (...)" A resolution that is in the process of notification, and once notified to all parties, the period to file the ordinary appeal for revocation begins. For all the above, the Constitutional Chamber is informed that this Court, pursuant to article 99 of the Organic Law of the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), since 2016 in resolution No. 377-16-TAA of 10:51 a.m. on April 12, two thousand sixteen, in which charges were brought, and subsequently through the partial approval of the conciliation, and the only matter that continued through resolution No. 771-17-TAA of 3:44 p.m. on May 30, two thousand seventeen, this Court, in accordance with the scope of its powers to apply protective measures and sanctions.
Subsection g) states in relevant part: "Imposition of compensatory or stabilizing obligations for the environment or biological diversity," ordering Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., legal identification number No. CED129454, to "1) Present to this Court a hydrogeological study (under the Terms of Reference established by SENARA), that has the approval (visto bueno) of SENARA," in response to the need for a hydrogeological study with SENARA's approval, in any activity that may have a negative and irreparable impact on the water resource, its recommendations being obligatory for private parties and also for public entities. Finally, already on file in the administrative record is Official Communication SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 signed by Lic. María Magdalena Monge Cordero, Geologist, of the Hydrogeological Research Unit of SENARA addressed to Mr. Nombre23140, Legal Representative of Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A., which in relevant part states: "(...)After completing the remediation plan, it is observed that the concentrations of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTEX) at the site have decreased and are below the Maximum Allowable Values, according to the Regulation for Drinking Water Quality No. 38924-S...
In the case of Benzo-alpha-pyrene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), the concentrations have increased, and even a variation (increase or decrease) is observed after pumping the control piezometers... Within the results of the sampling of January 27, 2023, the analyses of water from a stream near the service center are provided, and concentrations of benzene, benzo-alpha-pyrene, and PAHs are observed above the Maximum Allowable Values... (...) Therefore. Servicentro Costa Caribeños has fulfilled the proposed remediation plan, and has carried out the necessary work to eliminate contamination sources associated with its activity. However, residues of Benzo-alpha-pyrene and PAHs still exist above the Maximum Allowable Values established in the Regulation for Drinking Water Quality No. 38924-S. At the site there are other external factors that can affect the quality of groundwater and surface water, such as, for example, contamination sources outside the property, being an area prone to flooding, and the management of stormwater in the sector.
Due to the above, it is recommended that Servicentro Costa Caribeños continue monitoring groundwater on a periodic basis, as part of its environmental follow-up, and provide the results to the Ministry of Health and to SETENA for their evaluation..." See folios 2554 to 2556 of the administrative file. (The bold and underline are not from the original) Therefore, this Court concluded that Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., legal identification number No. CED129454, presented the Remediation Plan requested by SENARA through official communication Nombre169134 filed on April 25, 2022, as a prerequisite for the approval of the plan, and through Official Communication SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023, SENARA indicates to Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A. that after completing the remediation plan, it has fulfilled the proposed remediation plan, and has carried out the necessary work to eliminate contamination sources associated with its activity, recommending that the company continue monitoring groundwater on a periodic basis, as part of its environmental follow-up, and provide the results to the Ministry of Health and to SETENA for their evaluation.
THIRD: By virtue of the foregoing, let the report requested by the Constitutional Chamber be deemed rendered, and likewise, let this amparo action be dismissed with the information and arguments presented."
The purpose is to provide a detailed analysis of the background and irregularities committed by Estación de Servicio Costa Caribeños S.A., located in the province of Limón, highlighting Resolution No. 2015003170 of the Constitutional Chamber (expediente 14-018632-0007-CO) and, additionally, the copy of official letter No. DOF-ARA1075-2006 from the Dirección General de Obras Fluviales of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), cited in said resolution and in official letter ACLAC-PNE-102-2014 of SINAC. This official letter confirms the illegal encasement (entubamiento) of a public-domain watercourse, used as a drain for wastewater and encroached upon by the station, constituting irrefutable proof of violations of watercourse protection regulations (Ley de Aguas and Ley Forestal), as well as the presumed tolerance of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (TAA) by not ordering the eviction of the protection zone.
This omission aggravates the TAA's sluggishness and passivity in handling the environmental pollution complaint, violating the precautionary principle (in dubio pro natura), Article 41 of the Political Constitution (prompt and complete justice), and Article 50 (right to a healthy environment). Background and Detailed Analysis of Irregularities To contextualize this request, I present a chronological and detailed analysis of the facts, based on official documentation, Resolution No. 2015003170, and official letter No. DOF-ARA-1075-2006, demonstrating a persistent chain of irregularities by Estación de Servicio Costa Caribeños S.A., the inaction of the TAA, and the illegal encroachment of protected zones. This 2015 resolution grants my amparo against the TAA, ordering the complaint to be resolved within three months and condemning the State, and it is identical in facts to the current expediente, demonstrating a failure to prevent recurrence of omissions and res judicata.
The official letter DOFARA-1075-2006, attached in copy, adds proof of irregularities since 2006, unaddressed by the TAA despite knowledge. 1. Origin of the Complaint and Initial Irregularities (2006-2013): Since 2006, official letter No. DOF-ARA-1075-2006 (Dirección19964 , signed by Eng. Jorge Álvarez Mondragón, Director Área Regional Atlántica, Dirección de Obras Fluviales, MOPT) documents the illegal encroachment of a public-domain watercourse (unnamed stream) by Estación de Servicio Costa Caribeños S.A., located at coordinates Dirección17962 : North 218943, Dirección19965 (cartographic sheets Río Banano and Moín, scale 1:50,000). The hydrological analysis reveals: • Small basin (area: 200 ha, perimeter: 11,696 m, length: 2,400 m, time of concentration: 27 min), sensitive to flooding from local storms, with urban use and coral soils. • The watercourse is illegally encased (entubado) in an adjacent vacant lot and partially under the gas station, with a grate at the entrance for trash, but insufficient for flow rates (estimated design flow rate: 20 m³/sec). • Field observations: The upstream reach is free but insufficient, with neighborhood protections against flooding; the vacant lot and part of the gas station encroach upon the protection zone (strip of 15-50 m according to Ley de Aguas No. 276 and Ley Forestal No. 7575).
The adjacent block factory also encroaches. • Explicit recommendations: “Remove the pipes that are illegally built and the structures built on the public-domain watercourse as well as on the protection strip of the stream. Review the performance level of the culvert under the Dirección92 and rebuild it if that is the case.” This encroachment violates the Ley de Aguas (prohibits encasements without a permit and construction in protection zones) and Ley Forestal (protects watercourses as public domain). Despite this, no actions were executed, evidencing initial tolerance. In 2013, the DGTCC detected hydrocarbon contamination (Resolution RDGTCC-162-2013, May 14, 2013), temporarily closing the station due to failures in tanks and pipes, communicated to the TAA, but without resolving the illegal encasement. 2. Persistence of Contamination and Confirmation by SINAC (2014): Official letter ACLAC-PNE-102-2014 from SINAC (cited in Resolution 2015003170) confirms that the site is not a wetland, but recognizes the watercourse as a “drain for wastewater and even raw sewage,” illegally encased and encroached upon by the station, explicitly referring to official letter DOF-ARA-1075-2006.
Inspections by the Interinstitutional Commission (May 20, 2014) found hydrocarbons in monitoring wells, recommending a hydrogeological diagnosis (official letter DIGH-UI-147-14, SENARA). The DGTCC ordered a cessation of operations (Resolution R-485-2014-DGTCCMINAE), extended for non-compliance, with analyses confirming hydrocarbons above limits (Decree 33601-MINAE-S). The Ministry of Health revoked permits but lifted them prematurely. The Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (AyA) classified the stream as “class 5” (highly contaminated). 3. Inaction of the TAA and Resolution 2015003170 as Irrefutable Proof The TAA, despite evidence (including DOF-ARA-1075-2006 and ACLAC-PNE-102-2014), did not order eviction of the protection zone or sanctions in almost two years (expediente 177-13-03-TAA). Four requests from DGTCC (last: DGTCC-DL-096-2014) were ignored, violating Article 110 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (maximum period of 60 days).
Resolution 2015003170 confirms undue delay, ordering resolution within three months and warning of disobedience. This official letter DOF-ARA-1075-2006, unaddressed, evinces the TAA's presumed tolerance, allowing risks of flooding and contamination in Dirección1511 . Demand for Rigorous Action against the TAA The TAA's sluggishness perpetuates violations: encroachment of a watercourse (illegal since 2006), persistent contamination, and risks to health and the environment. This violates constitutional Articles 41 and 50, the precautionary principle, and watercourse regulations. I vehemently request that this background be noted when resolving 25-024125-0007-CO, ordering: • Disciplinary action against the TAA for tolerance and omission. • Immediate eviction of the station from the protection zone, with remediation and damage assessment. • Definitive closure until compliance is achieved. • Condemnation of the State for damages, liquidable in contentious-administrative proceedings.” “…I address this honorable Chamber with due respect to request an exhaustive and rigorous analysis of the background information presented by the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (TAA) in the report rendered on August 26, 2025 (Official Letter O-582-2025-TAA) and the certification of Administrative File No. 177-13-03-TAA (Official Letter C-211-2025-TAA).
Vehemently, I denounce the unacceptable inaction of the TAA, which for over a decade has consented to the dilatory maneuvers of the company Estación de Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A. in a case of serious groundwater contamination by hydrocarbons in an area of high water resource potential, to the direct detriment of the fundamental rights of the community of Limón to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Under the protection of Articles 29, 41, 43, 44, and 45 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (Law No. 7135), Articles 99, 103, 108, 109, and 111 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (Law No. 7554), Articles 214 and following of the Ley General de la Administración Pública (Law No. 6227), Decree No. 30131, Decree No. 37757-S, Regulation No. 38924-S, and the guiding principles of environmental law (precaution and prevention), I expose the shortcomings of the TAA and request a forceful resolution ordering said Tribunal to act with the rigor that the seriousness of the situation demands.
I. CONTEXT AND SERIOUSNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM Since 2013, hydrocarbon contamination in the Moín Coastal Aquifer (Acuífero Costero de Moín), Limón, derived from operational failures of Estación de Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., has been documented, affecting a water resource critical to public health and ecological balance. Despite technical evidence (Official Letters SENARA-DIGH-UI-0231-2017, SENARADIGH-UI-102-2022, among others), which confirms levels of benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and PAHs above the maximum admissible values (Regulation No. 38924-S), the TAA has allowed systematic delays, omitting sanctions, peremptory deadlines, and effective restorative measures. This inaction perpetuates environmental damage of magnitude, violating the principles of precaution and prevention (Article 11, Law No. 7554) and the fundamental right to a healthy environment. II. SHORTCOMINGS OF THE TAA AND LEGAL VIOLATIONS 1.
Omission of Exclusive Powers and Subordination to the Company: The TAA, as a deconcentrated body with exclusive competence (Article 103, Law No. 7554), has improperly delegated its powers by accepting monitoring and remediation plans proposed by the Company, without requiring the hydrogeological study with the approval of SENARA ordered since 2016 (Resolution No. 377-16-TAA). Official Letter SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 confirms that, despite the execution of the remediation plan, contaminants such as benzo(a)pyrene and PAHs persist, but the TAA minimizes these findings, attributing them to “external factors” without technical support, violating the principle of non-delegability (Article 11, Law No. 6227). 2. Lack of Coercion and Peremptory Deadlines: Over a decade, the TAA has not imposed sanctions or coercive deadlines, despite documented repeated non-compliance (e.g., Official Letters SENARA-DIGH-UI-0231-2017, SENARA-DIGH-0146-2021).
Resolution No. 1006-2025-TAA, issued on August 25, 2025, partially grants the complaint, but only orders “control and monitoring measures” without specifying deadlines, sanctions, or verification of effective remediation, contravening Articles 99, 108, and 111 of Law No. 7554. 3. Incoherence with Environmental Regulations: The TAA ignores Decree No. 30131 (fuel regulations), Decree No. 37757-S (technical committee for hydrocarbons), and Regulation No. 38924-S (drinking water quality), by not demanding complete remediation of contaminants that exceed legal limits. The partial approval (homologación) of 2017 (Resolution No. 771-17-TAA) maintained as the sole imputed fact the lack of an approved hydrogeological study, but the TAA has not guaranteed its compliance, violating environmental due process (Articles 214 et seq., Law No. 6227). 4. Harm to Fundamental Rights: The TAA's inaction puts public health and the ecological balance of Limón at risk by allowing the persistence of contaminants in a vital aquifer.
This constitutes a direct violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution and the precautionary principle, generating doubts about the Tribunal's impartiality and its possible subordination to private interests. III. PETITION TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER Based on the facts presented and the cited regulations, I respectfully request: 1. Rigorous Analysis of Background: That this Chamber conduct an exhaustive examination of Administrative File No. 177-13-03-TAA and the report rendered by the TAA (Official Letter O-582-2025-TAA), verifying the denounced omissions and the non-compliance with current environmental regulations. 2. Grant the Amparo Appeal: Annul Resolution No. 1006-2025-TAA for its mediocrity and lack of rigor, ordering the TAA to exercise its powers with coercive actions, peremptory deadlines, and sanctions, in accordance with Articles 99, 108, and 111 of Law No. 7554. 3.
Restorative and Compensatory Measures: Require the TAA to order a comprehensive hydrogeological study with the endorsement of SENARA, an effective and verifiable remediation plan, and sanctions for the Company's non-compliance. 4. Investigation of Irregularities: Request an investigation into possible irregularities in the TAA's handling, given the pattern of delays and permissiveness.”
Drafted by Judge Sánchez Navarro; and,
Considering:
I.Preliminary issue. Before analyzing the merits of the matter, it must be clarified that, beginning with judgment No. 2008-02545 of 08:55 hours on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction those matters in which it is disputed whether the Public Administration has complied with the deadlines set by the Ley General de la Administración Pública (Articles 261 and 325) or sectoral laws in special administrative procedures, to resolve by final act an administrative procedure—initiated ex officio or at the request of a party—or to hear the corresponding administrative appeals. However, it has also contemplated cases of exception to the above, as occurs in this instance, since the grievance refers to proceedings related to possible environmental impacts. In this type of matter, constitutional jurisprudence has deemed the application of constitutional control appropriate, and thus we proceed to resolve the sub iudice.
II.Purpose of the appeal. The appellant files an amparo against the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. He claims that said tribunal has incurred delay (mora) in the processing of an administrative file. In particular, he complains because final approval of the hydrogeological study has not been granted.
III.Proven facts. Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been so accredited or because the respondent has omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
THIRD: Mr. Nombre23140 , holder of ID card CED129455 legal representative of the company named Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. is ordered to comply with the provisions of the eleventh considering of this resolution and to send a detailed note of the equipment to be donated, as well as the invoices demonstrating the amount invested. In this regard, it is important to request Mr. Fernando Llorca Castro in his capacity as Minister of Health or whoever holds his position, that once the donation of the equipment is made, forward an official letter indicating whether it is received under the terms in which it was agreed. It is indicated that for this, the asset must be delivered to the corresponding Dirección de Bienes so that said property may be entered into the institution's asset registry and assigned a code. FOURTH: Mr. Nombre23140 , holder of ID card CED129455 legal representative of the company named Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. is informed that in the event of non-compliance with any of the points indicated herein, the Approval (Homologación) granted shall be nullified and the ordinary administrative proceeding shall continue.
FIFTH: Summon the parties to the continuation of the Oral and Public Hearing for Thursday, July 27, 2017, at 13:30 hours at the headquarters of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, maintaining as the sole imputed fact that of not having complied with 1) Submitting to this Tribunal a hydrogeological study (under the Terms of Reference established by SENARA) that has the approval of SENARA…”. (See report rendered and evidence provided).
SECOND: Declare without merit the complaint against Mr. Nombre169138 , identity card CED129455, in his personal capacity. THIRD: In accordance with the provisions of Article 150 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, IT IS ORDERED (SE INTIMA) FOR THE FIRST TIME to proceed with compliance with this resolution in all its aspects. FOURTH: In accordance with what was analyzed in the First Considering, the allegation made by the respondent's representative, Attorney Liliana Navarrete, in the oral and public hearing held on July 27, two thousand seventeen, regarding the existence of Double Sanction against the respondent, is rejected. FIFTH: In accordance with what was analyzed in the First Considering, the request made in the written submission filed on August 7, 2025, by Mr. Nombre50792 , visible on folios 2547 to 2550 of the administrative file, is rejected.” This decision was notified to the appellant on August 26, 2025. (See report rendered and evidence provided).
IV.On the specific case. In the sub examine, the appellant files an amparo against the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. He claims that said tribunal has incurred delay (mora) in the processing of an administrative file. In particular, he complains because final approval of the hydrogeological study has not been granted.
Having analyzed the case record, the Chamber has deemed it proven that, on June 7, 2013, the coordinator of the Comisión Interventora of the Dirección General de Transporte y Comercialización de Combustible, reported to the TAA the company Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. for alleged environmental contamination. This complaint is processed in administrative file 177-13-03-TAA. Through Resolution 609-13-TAA of 09:25 hours on July 22, 2013, the TAA issued a precautionary measure. By Resolution No. 377-16-TAA of 10:51 hours on April 12, 2016, the TAA ordered the opening of the ordinary administrative proceeding. On September 8, 2016, the respondent party submitted a request for approval (homologación) of a Monitoring Plan. Through Resolution No. 771-17-TAA of 15:44 hours on May 30, 2017, the TAA resolved: “...FIRST: To approve (Homologar) the Conciliatory Proposal to approve the Monitoring Plan Approved by the Ministry of Health through DPAH-UNSSAH-403-2016 dated September 2, 2016, emanating from the Unidad de Normalización de Servicios de Salud en Ambiente Humano of the Dirección de Protección al Ambiente Humano of the Ministry of Health.
SECOND: Mr. Nombre23140 , holder of ID card CED129455 legal representative of the company named Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. is ordered to comply with all obligations established herein and not to carry out activities contrary to Law. The Ministry of Health, in accordance with its competencies, must give semi-annual follow-up to said Plan. It must be indicated to said Ministry that only in the event of finding any non-compliance during those years must it notify this Tribunal in order to assess whether or not to continue the ordinary administrative proceeding. THIRD: Mr. Nombre23140 , holder of ID card CED129455 legal representative of the company named Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. is ordered to comply with the provisions of the eleventh considering of this resolution and to send a detailed note of the equipment to be donated, as well as the invoices demonstrating the amount invested.
In this regard, it is important to request Mr. Fernando Llorca Castro in his capacity as Minister of Health or whoever holds his position, that once the donation of the equipment is made, forward an official letter indicating whether it is received under the terms in which it was agreed. It is indicated that for this, the asset must be delivered to the corresponding Dirección de Bienes so that said property may be entered into the institution's asset registry and assigned a code. FOURTH: Mr. Nombre23140 , holder of ID card CED129455 legal representative of the company named Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. is informed that in the event of non-compliance with any of the points indicated herein, the Approval (Homologación) granted shall be nullified and the ordinary administrative proceeding shall continue. FIFTH: Summon the parties to the continuation of the Oral and Public Hearing for Thursday, July 27, 2017, at 13:30 hours at the headquarters of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, maintaining as the sole imputed fact that of not having complied with 1) Submitting to this Tribunal a hydrogeological study (under the Terms of Reference established by SENARA) that has the approval of SENARA…”.
On March 4, 2022, the respondent company submitted a hydrocarbon analysis and a Bioremediation Plan as part of the hydrogeological study. According to official letter No. SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 of June 7, 2023, the Unidad de Investigación Hidrogeológica of SENARA ordered: “The Servicentro Costa Caribeños has complied with the proposed remediation plan, and has carried out the necessary work to eliminate sources of contamination associated with its activity. However, residues of Benzo-alpha-pyrene and PAHs still exist above the Maximum Admissible Values established in the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable No. 38924-S. At the site, there are other external factors that can affect the quality of groundwater and surface water, such as, for example, sources of contamination outside the property, the area being prone to flooding, and the management of stormwater in the sector. Due to the foregoing, it is recommended that the Servicentro Costa Caribeños continue monitoring groundwater periodically, as part of its environmental follow-up, and provide the results to the Ministry of Health and SETENA for evaluation…” By Resolution 1006-2025-TAA of 14:45 hours on August 25, 2025, the TAA ordered: “FIRST: The complaint against Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., legal ID No. CED129454, whose current President is Mr.
David Alberto Vargas González, identity card No. CED129453- , is partially granted, solely responsible for not presenting to this Tribunal proof of the monitoring requested by SENARA—OBLIGATORY RECOMMENDATION, in official letter SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023. Therefore, Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., legal ID No. CED129454, whose current President is Mr. David Alberto Vargas González, identity card No. CED129453, is ordered to carry out control and monitoring measures on the Property located in the Province of Limón, Canton of Limón, District of Limón, Property Registration Folio Real No. Placa34080, with Plan L-51869-98, under the terms indicated in the Seventh Considering of this resolution. SECOND: Declare without merit the complaint against Mr. Nombre169138 , identity card CED129455, in his personal capacity. THIRD: In accordance with the provisions of Article 150 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, IT IS ORDERED (SE INTIMA) FOR THE FIRST TIME to proceed with compliance with this resolution in all its aspects.
FOURTH: In accordance with what was analyzed in the First Considering, the allegation made by the respondent's representative, Attorney Liliana Navarrete, in the oral and public hearing held on July 27, two thousand seventeen, regarding the existence of Double Sanction against the respondent, is rejected. FIFTH: In accordance with what was analyzed in the First Considering, the request made in the written submission filed on August 7, 2025, by Mr. Nombre50792 , visible on folios 2547 to 2550 of the administrative file, is rejected.” This decision was notified to the appellant on August 26, 2025.
In the first place, in view of the appellant's statements, who expresses his opposition to the reports rendered due to an alleged lack of technical-scientific rigor, lack of notification of administrative official letters, or questions what was resolved by the TAA because, in his opinion, it omits setting peremptory deadlines, delegates powers of authority, presents incoherencies in the factual or legal basis, or incurs in an alleged lack of proper reasoning, the Chamber explains that this jurisdiction is not an appellate instance of the TAA nor is it competent to hear matters of legality. In that regard, the purpose of this process is restricted to the claim initially raised, related to administrative delay (mora administrativa); regarding the remaining aspects, the interested party may, if he sees fit, file the appeals and actions he deems pertinent through legality channels.
Pertaining to administrative delay (mora administrativa), the Chamber recognizes that the situation of file 177-13-03-TAA was known in judgment No. 2015-003170 of 09:30 hours on March 6, 2015, when it was ordered:
“…The appeal is granted, for violation of prompt and complete administrative justice. Consequently, José Lino Chaves López and Yamilette Mata Dobles, in their order President and Processing Judge of file number 177-13-03-TAA, both of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, or whoever exercises the position in their stead, are ordered to resolve the complaint filed on June 17, 2013 against the Servicentro Costa Caribeño S.A. and to notify what is decided within a maximum period of THREE MONTHS, counted from the notification of this resolution…” For procedural economy and given that the claims raised refer to actions that are recent and subsequent to the issuance of the indicated judgment, the Chamber proceeds to resolve the petitioner's disagreement on the merits.
Based on the foregoing, the Chamber verified that the subject generating the petitioner's claim, namely, the failure to definitively resolve the administrative proceeding, particularly regarding the hydrogeological study, was not part of the conclusion reached through partial conciliatory Resolution No. 771-17-TAA of 15:44 hours on May 30, 2017, but rather remained open for future attention.
Likewise, in relation to this topic, the Chamber confirmed that, on March 4, 2022, the respondent company submitted a hydrocarbon analysis and a Bioremediation Plan as part of the hydrogeological study. Subsequently, official letter No.
SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 of June 7, 2023, from the Hydrogeological Research Unit of Senara concluded the remediation plan proposed by the denounced company and solely recommended that it continue “… periodic groundwater monitoring, as part of its environmental follow-up…”. In response, the TAA issued resolution no. 006-2025-TAA at 2:45 p.m. on August 25, 2025, already transcribed. It is further highlighted that this resolution was notified to the protected party on August 26, 2025.
Now, the Chamber observes that the issuance of the cited TAA resolution occurred on the occasion of this process, notified to that Tribunal on August 21, 2025. Likewise, it is established that more than 8 years were required, from the issuance of resolution no. 771-17-TAA at 3:44 p.m. on May 30, 2017, and more than 12 years, from the beginning of the administrative proceeding, for the TAA to issue the final resolution. Such timeframes are manifestly disproportionate and contrary to the parameters of constitutional numeral 41. In this regard, the recourse is granted, without special award of costs, damages, and losses, as explained below. Given that the claim made pertains to the TAA, the award is ordered against it.
Upon better consideration, the majority of the Chamber considers that, in the sub examine, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of article 52 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (“If, while the amparo is underway, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the recourse shall be granted solely for the purposes of compensation and costs, if they are applicable”), the granting must be without special award of costs, damages, and losses, based on the following considerations. While there is an express text in the law that obliges the operative part of the ruling to indicate that the recourse is granted when the grievance is resolved while the amparo is underway, it is no less true that the same paragraph in fine states that the granting is issued “solely for the purposes of compensation and costs, if they are applicable.” It is emphasized that the Law indicates “if they are applicable,” which means that the applicability or inapplicability of compensation and costs depends on an assessment, appreciation, or weighing by the Tribunal.
In cases like this, the content of the protected person's claim and the conduct of the respondent authority in acknowledging it suggest that the alleged impairments, injuries, or alterations are not directly related to a repercussion on a constitutional right of an evident patrimonial nature (as would occur, for example, with an impact on the right to salary). To dispel any doubt in this regard, it is important to highlight the provisions of article 51 of the same Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, when it stipulates that: “every resolution that upholds the recourse shall award in abstracto the compensation for damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the recourse, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the sentence,” where the possibility of assessing whether compensation and costs are applicable is not foreseen. The principles of Constitutional Law, those of Public and General Procedural Law or, as applicable, those of International or Community Law and, in order, the General Public Administration Law and the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code and other procedural codes, are supplementary sources for the application and interpretation of the norms of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction -cf. article 14-.
For the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the legislator established a precept fully applicable to the case by analogy, in article 197 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, which responds to procedural logic in any matter. In any event, the affected party in the sub lite retains the possibility of resorting, if they so choose, to a plenary proceeding to demonstrate that they have suffered some type of impairment. Based on the foregoing, it is the majority criterion to resolve this recourse without an award of costs, damages, and losses.
VI.Note from Magistrate Castillo Víquez, regarding prompt and complete administrative justice. I have supported the thesis of this Tribunal, that when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and complete justice in an administrative venue, those who must hear the legal controversy are the Contentious-Administrative Tribunals and not this Chamber. Now, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition, it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection through the amparo recourse established by article 32 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in relation to article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the Administration's material actions, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the newly enacted regulation does not imply that this Tribunal must modify its jurisprudential line, which, based on numeral 7 of its Law, is exclusively responsible for defining its own competence.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional controversies that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exceptional cases, which may indeed be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional amparo guarantee process, in other cases, and for the reasons given by this Tribunal (Judgment No. 2008-02545 at 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent parties are the Judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with numeral 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Constitutional Law (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
In environmental matters, it is also my criterion that, if there has already been intervention by the Public Administration, I consider that its hearing and resolution correspond to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. However, I do examine the merits of the matter when other rights of persons affected by the source of pollution are at stake, among them, health, quality of life, and the right to enjoy a healthy and pollution-free environment (article 50 of the Political Constitution), as is the case here, in which the appellant filed a complaint for environmental pollution, which involves the right to a healthy environment and the right to health, which the appellant claims has not been definitively resolved, in violation of the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and a dignified level of quality of life.
I consider that when an amparo proceeding is granted under the terms established in articles 50 and 52 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the award of costs, damages, and losses is applicable. However, in order not to cause disruptions in the functioning of the Chamber and the stability of its jurisprudence, I have inclined to adhere to the majority vote, as I am appointed for a brief period.
IX.PARTIALLY DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATE SALAZAR ALVARADO, SOLELY IN RELATION TO THE NON-AWARD OF COSTS, DAMAGES, AND LOSSES AGAINST THE RESPONDENT PARTY. Although I agree with the rest of the Chamber in granting the recourse, I depart from the majority criterion regarding exempting the respondent party from the payment of costs, damages, and losses derived from the injury caused to the fundamental rights of the protected party.
The Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in article 52, stipulates that:
“If, while the amparo is underway, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the recourse shall be granted solely for the purposes of compensation and costs, if they are applicable.” On the other hand, article 51 ibidem establishes that:
“...every resolution that upholds the recourse shall award in abstracto the compensation for damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the recourse, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the sentence.” This last norm establishes the general system regulating matters concerning compensation and payment of costs, which the majority calls the “natural or normal form of termination of the proceeding, where there is a pronouncement on the merits of the matter and recognition of the facts that have violated fundamental rights….” In the majority’s criterion, the cited article 51 regulates cases where the Chamber has verified the grievance and, as a consequence, the need for an award of costs, damages, and losses arises. However, in the opinion of the undersigned, from the systematic interpretation of both norms, it is concluded that, both in cases where this Constitutional Tribunal verifies an injury to a fundamental right and, therefore, grants the recourse, and in those where the Administration, by its own decision, restores the aggrieved person to the enjoyment of their fundamental rights, once informed of the amparo – a case contemplated in the referred article 52 – by force of articles 50 and 51 of the cited law, the necessary and inescapable consequence is the award against the infringer for the compensation of damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the recourse.
This rule is nothing more than the recognition, to the party that has suffered a violation of their fundamental rights, of the right to effective judicial protection regarding the reparation of the harmful consequences derived from the actions or omissions of the infringing authorities; and, as a deterrent, so that the State does not again incur in the actions that gave rise to the granting of the recourse, a matter regulated in article 50 of the law governing this jurisdiction. Thus, whether the Chamber has verified the grievance and examined the merits of the matter, or whether the violation ceased by decision of the respondent authority itself, once informed of the amparo proceeding, with restoration of the fundamental rights in favor of the aggrieved party (article 52), always, in any of these cases, the imperative need for an award of costs, damages, and losses against the infringer arises, the basis of which lies in the principles of protection of individual rights and that the Administration must be responsible for the damages and losses caused by its unconstitutional actions.
Thus, the fact that, at the time the amparo is heard and granted, the effects of the challenged act have already ceased, in the terms of articles 50 and 52 of the cited law, does not negate the applicability of the award of costs, damages, and losses, as such a case forms an integral part of the general system of mandatory award on these points contained in the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction.
On the other hand, it is clear that the aforementioned article 52 applies only in cases where the Chamber, even when it has not heard or ruled on the merits of the claim, has verified the violation of fundamental rights suffered by the protected party, by virtue of the restoration to the enjoyment of those rights agreed in their favor by the Administration; a situation that, as the majority of the Chamber affirms, implies an “abnormal termination of the proceeding.” The legislator precisely established and defined the conditions under which this Chamber may decree this form of abnormal conclusion of the amparo proceeding, as well as its scope, namely: 1) that the amparo is underway, that is, that the Administration has been duly notified of the resolution that granted course to the amparo; and, 2) that there exists an administrative or judicial resolution that orders, unequivocally, the revocation, halting, or suspension of the challenged action that violates fundamental rights.
Certainly, the norm in question contemplates an exception to the general system of awarding costs, damages, and losses, despite the granting of the recourse, by establishing that, in the cases regulated therein, the recourse shall be granted “solely for the purposes of compensation and costs, if they are applicable.” As an exception, it must be interpreted restrictively; that is, it only applies in the cases strictly contemplated in the norm, not only because of the rule that exceptions in law must be interpreted restrictively, but also because the consequences of applying such an exception imply, without a doubt, an impairment of the fundamental right of individuals to obtain effective judicial protection against the damages and losses suffered due to the injury to their constitutional rights.
In my judgment, such an exception must be interpreted in the sense that, in accordance with the general system of automatic award of costs, damages, and losses in the event of a violation of fundamental rights, such an award is always applicable, even in the event that the respondent party issues an administrative or judicial resolution that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, unless it is clearly and unequivocally established that in the specific case no compensable injury whatsoever was caused. Only and exclusively in such cases could the respondent Administration be exempted from paying these items. As in this case, there is no element whatsoever that disproves the presumption of the emergence, for the protected party, of economic damages and losses derived from the challenged actions – the specific determination of which does not correspond to this jurisdiction – the granting of this recourse must necessarily imply the award of costs, damages, and losses, and we so declare.
As an additional reason, it should be noted that the dynamics and very essence of amparo proceedings do not have as their primary object the analysis of the existence or non-existence of damages and losses, but rather the existence or non-existence of actions or omissions that may generate or produce a breach of the regime of individuals' fundamental rights. From this perspective, the analysis carried out by this venue focuses on said verification; however, it does not enter into the weighing of whether such issues have generated or not injuries in the eminently patrimonial sphere of the protected persons. Although the aforementioned precept 52 of the LJC, in its grammatical scope, establishes that said award (of damages, losses, and costs) operates if applicable, the undersigned does not consider that this relevance examination can, a priori, be automatically excluded in this type of proceeding, insofar as it is within another ordinary proceeding that it must be defined whether, within the legal relationship analyzed in the amparo recourse, the conducts or omissions attributable to the Administration (or private law subject, where applicable) have constituted an adequate cause of patrimonial injuries that are legally compensable.
For reference, numerals 179 to 184 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, Law No. 8508, define a special proceeding whose object is the definition of the economic effects derived from awards issued in these processes. In light of canon 179 ejusdem, that proceeding has the following object:
“ARTICLE 179.- The Contentious-Administrative Court is responsible for the execution of the judgments issued by the Constitutional Jurisdiction, in habeas corpus and amparo proceedings against Public Law subjects, solely regarding the demonstration, liquidation, and fulfillment of pecuniary compensations.” It is clear that this proceeding is directed to the analysis of the necessary antecedent issued by this Chamber regarding an award in abstracto on these items, as such claims would not be applicable within those types of causes when the judgment issued within the amparo proceeding expressly established the inapplicability of damages, losses, and/or costs, or when there is no express pronouncement on this matter. That is, the special proceeding in the contentious-administrative venue requires, as a sine qua non requirement, an award or express pronouncement by this Constitutional Chamber.
In that order, in my opinion, under the terms of the aforementioned ordinal 52 of the LJC, the exemption from that patrimonial award requires the proof, in each case, of situations from which the non-existence of patrimonial injuries, even potential ones, derived from or associated with the analyzed facts, is reasonably estimated. Therefore, it is an exception, which, as such, requires qualified and duly substantiated application on a case-by-case basis. The mere circumstance that, during the course of the procedure, the Administration issues a resolution or a judicial judgment is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action does not rule out, per se, that, prior to this cessation due to a cause proper or alien to the respondent entity, the accused indolence or reproached disturbance may have caused damages and losses. However, such a substantive issue, regarding the effectiveness of the injuries, their quantification, timely claim, etc., are considerations that escape the nature of these proceedings and regarding which, in order of what is regulated by the alluded mandate 52, are proper to an award in abstracto that subsequently constitutes the basis for analysis in the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction.
The protection sought in these constitutional proceedings does not require the demonstration of damages and losses, as, it is insisted, this is not their object or primary ratio. Thus, it does not fall to the protected person to claim or demonstrate damages, as what is sought is the safeguarding of their fundamental rights. Subsequently, whether those administrative conducts have caused them injuries is a point that, as a matter of principle and except for exceptional cases, does not form part of the basis for analysis in this type of cause. Note that, in the case regulated by that mandate, the Constitutional Chamber does not conduct an analysis on the merits of the situation to be protected, given the termination of the amparo or habeas corpus due to the supervening circumstance already cited. Ergo, in these cases, by legal imperative, it is not assessed whether there is an infraction or not, whereby, much less can it be defined whether, based on what is denounced by the petitioner, there may or may not be situations of possible civil reparation.
Thus, the exemption from an award referred to by that norm is exceptional, not of principle. Therefore, in these cases, the norm imposes the award in abstracto, so that its applicability is analyzed within another plenary proceeding. Otherwise, if this release from damages, losses, and costs were applied as a rule, the protection of the legal situation of the person who, despite that supervening response from the respondent party, could have suffered injuries in their patrimonial sphere, would be put at risk, to the detriment of what is stipulated by precept 45 of the Political Constitution, and ignoring the potential responsibility of the Administration, as imposed by article 9 ejusdem. Furthermore, it should not be overlooked that it was by virtue of an action of this nature that conduct was adopted that causes the cessation of the conducts that, in theory, threaten or violate the individual's fundamental rights.
That is, in order to obtain the safeguarding of those rights, the person opted for judicial protection, and it was by that virtue that the cessation of the reproached disturbance occurred. It is insisted, whether the persistence of the threat or deterioration of their situation while it was caused to cease due to the reasons alluded to in the norm under examination generated damages and losses, is a matter that, unless proven otherwise, must be analyzed within an ordinary proceeding, but which, it is reiterated, in no way, should be denied, as a presupposition, solely due to the materialization of the factual scenario regulated in the mentioned ordinal 52 of the LJC. Therefore, with the usual respect regarding the majority's position, I express my vote and reiterate that the granting of this recourse must necessarily imply the award in abstracto of costs, damages, and losses.
X.Documentation provided to the case file. The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. It is warned that any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Regulation on the Electronic Case File before the Judiciary," approved by the Full Court in article XXVI of session no. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, published in Judicial Bulletin no. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement of the Superior Council of the Judiciary, approved in article LXXXI of session no. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012.
Therefore:
The recourse is granted, without special award of costs, damages, and losses, against the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. The recourse against the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service is denied. Magistrate Castillo Víquez makes a note. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado makes a note. Magistrate Lara Gamboa subscribes a note in relation to the award of costs, damages, and losses. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado partially dissents from the vote and orders the award of damages, losses, and costs. Notify.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Ileana Sánchez N.
Nombre29922 G.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del veintiseis de setiembre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente nro. 25-024125-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre50792 , cédula de identidad CED2111, contra el TRIBUNAL AMBIENTAL ADMINISTRATIVO y el SERVICIO DE NACIONAL DE AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS, RIEGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA).
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Sánchez Navarro; y,
Considerando:
I.Cuestión previa. Antes de analizar el fondo del asunto debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia nro. 2008-02545 de las 08:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contenciosa‑administrativa aquellos asuntos, en los que se discute si la Administración Pública ha cumplido o no los plazos fijados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales en los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo ‑instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte‑ o conocer de los recursos administrativos correspondientes. Sin embargo, también ha contemplado casos de excepción a lo anterior, como sucede en la especie, toda vez que el agravio se refiere a gestiones relacionadas con posibles afectaciones ambientales. En este tipo de materia, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha estimado procedente la aplicación del control de constitucionalidad, de modo que se procede a resolver el sub iudice.
II.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente interpone un amparo en contra del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. Afirma que ese tribunal ha incurrido en mora en la tramitación de un expediente administrativo. En particular, reclama porque no se ha dado la aprobación final del estudio hidrogeológico.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
TERCERO: Se le ordena al Sr. Nombre23140 , portador de la cédula CED129455 representante legal de la empresa denominada Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. que cumpla con lo establecido en el considerando décimo primero de la presente resolución y remita una nota detallada del equipo a donar, así como las facturas que demuestren lo invertido. En este sentido es importante solicitar al señor Fernando Llorca Castro en su condición de Ministro de Salud o a quien ocupe su cargo, que una vez que se realice la donación del equipo remita un oficio en el que se indique si el mismo es recibido en los términos en los cuales se pactó. Se indica que para la misma deberá entregar el activo en la Dirección de Bienes correspondiente para que dicho bien proceda a ingresar en la central de activos de la institución y se le asigne código al mismo. CUARTO: Que se le indica al señor Nombre23140 , portador de la cédula CED129455 representante legal de la empresa denominada Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A, que en caso de incumplir con algunos de los puntos aquí indicados se dejará sin efecto la Homologación realizada y se continuará con el procedimiento ordinario administrativo.
QUINTO: Citar a las partes a la continuación de la Audiencia Oral y Pública para el día jueves 27 de julio del año 2017 a las 13:30 horas en la sede del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, manteniendo como único hecho imputado el de no haber cumplido con 1) Presentar a este Tribunal un estudio hidrogeológico (bajo Los Términos de Referencia establecidos por el SENARA) que contara con el visto bueno de SENARA…”. (Ver informe rendido y prueba aportada).
SEGUNDO: Declarar sin lugar la denuncia en contra del señor Nombre169138 , cédula de identidad CED129455, en su condición personal. TERCERO: De conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 150 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública SE INTIMA POR PRIMERA VEZ para que se proceda al cumplimiento de la presente resolución en todos sus extremos. CUARTO: Conforme a lo analizado en el Considerando Primero, se rechaza la alegación realizada por la representación del denunciado la Licenciada Liliana Navarrete en la audiencia oral y pública realizada en fecha 27 de julio de dos mil diecisiete respecto existencia de una Doble Sanción al denunciado. QUINTO: Conforme a lo analizado en el Considerando Primero, se rechaza lo solicitado en escrito presentado en fecha 07 de agosto de 2025, por el señor Nombre50792 , visible a folios 2547 a 2550 del expediente administrativo”. Esta decisión fue notificada al recurrente el 26 de agosto de 2025. (Ver informe rendido y prueba aportada).
IV.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub examine, el recurrente interpone un amparo en contra del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. Afirma que ese tribunal ha incurrido en mora en la tramitación de un expediente administrativo. En particular, reclama porque no se ha dado la aprobación final del estudio hidrogeológico.
Analizados los autos, la Sala tuvo por probado que, el 7 de junio de 2013, la coordinadora de la Comisión Interventora de la Dirección General de Transporte y Comercialización de Combustible, denunció ante el TAA a la empresa Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. por supuesta contaminación ambiental. Esta denuncia se tramita en el expediente administrativo 177-13-03-TAA. Mediante resolución 609-13-TAA de las 9:25 horas del 22 de julio de 2013, el TAA dictó una medida cautelar. Por resolución nro. 377-16-TAA de las 10:51 horas del 12 de abril de 2016, el TAA ordenó la apertura del procedimiento ordinario administrativo. El 8 de setiembre de 2016, la parte denunciada presentó una solicitud de homologación de Plan de Monitoreo. Mediante resolución nro. 771-17-TAA de las 15:44 horas del 30 de mayo de 2017, el TAA resolvió: “...PRIMERO: Homologar la Propuesta Conciliatoria para aprobar el Plan de Monitoreo Aprobado el Ministerio de Salud mediante DPAH-UNSSAH-403-2016 de fecha 2 de setiembre del año 2016, emanada de la Unidad de Normalización de Servicios de Salud en Ambiente Humano de la Dirección de Protección al Ambiente Humano del Ministerio de Salud.
SEGUNDO: Se le ordena al Sr. Nombre23140 , portador de la cédula CED129455 representante legal de la empresa denominada Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. cumplir con todas las obligaciones aquí establecidas y no realizar actividades contrarias a Derecho. El Ministerio de Salud de conformidad con sus competencias deberá dar un seguimiento semestral a dicho Plan. Se debe indicar a dicho Ministerio, que únicamente en caso de encontrar algún incumplimiento durante esos años deberá notificarlo a este Tribunal a fin de valorar sí procede o no continuar el procedimiento ordinario administrativo. TERCERO: Se le ordena al Sr. Nombre23140 , portador de la cédula CED129455 representante legal de la empresa denominada Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A. que cumpla con lo establecido en el considerando décimo primero de la presente resolución y remita una nota detallada del equipo a donar, así como las facturas que demuestren lo invertido.
En este sentido es importante solicitar al señor Fernando Llorca Castro en su condición de Ministro de Salud o a quien ocupe su cargo, que una vez que se realice la donación del equipo remita un oficio en el que se indique si el mismo es recibido en los términos en los cuales se pactó. Se indica que para la misma deberá entregar el activo en la Dirección de Bienes correspondiente para que dicho bien proceda a ingresar en la central de activos de la institución y se le asigne código al mismo. CUARTO: Que se le indica al señor Nombre23140 , portador de la cédula CED129455 representante legal de la empresa denominada Servicentro Costa Caribeños S.A, que en caso de incumplir con algunos de los puntos aquí indicados se dejará sin efecto la Homologación realizada y se continuará con el procedimiento ordinario administrativo. QUINTO: Citar a las partes a la continuación de la Audiencia Oral y Pública para el día jueves 27 de julio del año 2017 a las 13:30 horas en la sede del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, manteniendo como único hecho imputado el de no haber cumplido con 1) Presentar a este Tribunal un estudio hidrogeológico (bajo Los Términos de Referencia establecidos por el SENARA) que contara con el visto bueno de SENARA…”.
El 4 de marzo de 2022, la empresa denunciada presentó un análisis de hidrocarburos y un Plan de Biorremediación como parte del estudio hidrogeológico. Según oficio nro. SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 del 7 de junio de 2023, la Unidad de Investigación Hidrogeológica del Senara dispuso: “El Servicentro Costa Caribeños ha cumplido con el plan de remediación propuesto, y ha realizado las labores necesarias para eliminar fuentes de contaminación asociadas a su actividad. No obstante, aún existen residuos de Benzo-alfa-pireno y HAP's por encima de los Valores Máximos Admisibles establecidos en el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable No. 38924-S. En el sitio se encuentran otros factores externos que pueden afectar la calidad del agua subterránea y superficial como, por ejemplo, fuentes de contaminación fuera de la propiedad, ser una zona favorable a inundaciones, y el manejo de las aguas pluviales en el sector.
Debido a lo anterior, se recomienda que el Servicentro Costa Caribeños continúe el monitoreo de aguas subterráneas de una forma periódica, como parte de su seguimiento ambiental, y aporte los resultados al ministerio de Salud y a la SETENA para su evaluación…” Mediante resolución 1006-2025-TAA de las 14:45 horas del 25 de agosto de 2025, el TAA dispuso: “PRIMERO: Se declara parcialmente con lugar la denuncia en contra de Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., cédula jurídica No. CED129454, cuyo actual Presidente es el señor David Alberto Vargas González, cédula de identidad No. CED129453- , únicamente responsable por no presentar a este Tribunal prueba del monitoreo solicitado por el SENARA -RECOMENDACIÓN OBLIGATORIA, en el oficio SENARA- DIGH-UIH-154-2023. Por lo que se ordena a la Empresa Servicios Costa Caribeños S.A., cédula jurídica No. CED129454, cuyo actual Presidente es el señor David Alberto Vargas González, cédula de identidad No, CED129453, a realizar las medidas control y seguimiento en la Finca ubicada en la Provincia de Limón, Cantón de Limón, Distrito de Limón, Finca Matrícula Folio Real No. Placa34080, con el Plano L-51869- 98, en los términos indicados en el Considerando Séptimo de la presente resolución.
SEGUNDO: Declarar sin lugar la denuncia en contra del señor Nombre169138 , cédula de identidad CED129455, en su condición personal. TERCERO: De conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 150 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública SE INTIMA POR PRIMERA VEZ para que se proceda al cumplimiento de la presente resolución en todos sus extremos. CUARTO: Conforme a lo analizado en el Considerando Primero, se rechaza la alegación realizada por la representación del denunciado la Licenciada Liliana Navarrete en la audiencia oral y pública realizada en fecha 27 de julio de dos mil diecisiete respecto existencia de una Doble Sanción al denunciado. QUINTO: Conforme a lo analizado en el Considerando Primero, se rechaza lo solicitado en escrito presentado en fecha 07 de agosto de 2025, por el señor Nombre50792 , visible a folios 2547 a 2550 del expediente administrativo”. Esta decisión fue notificada al recurrente el 26 de agosto de 2025.
En primer lugar, vistas las manifestaciones del recurrente, quien expresa su oposición a los informes rendidos por una alegada falta de rigor técnico-científico, falta de notificación del oficios administrativos, o cuestiona lo resuelto por el TAA porque, en su criterio, omite dictar plazos perentorios, delega potestades de imperio, presenta incoherencias en el sustento fáctico o jurídico o incurre en una supuesta fundamentación, la Sala explica que esta jurisdicción no es una instancia en alzada del TAA ni es competente para conocer temas de legalidad. En ese tanto, el objeto de este proceso se restringe al reclamo inicialmente planteado, relacionado con la mora administrativa; en lo que respecta a los extremos restantes, podrá el interesado interponer los recursos y acciones que estime pertinentes en la vía de la legalidad, si a bien lo tiene.
Atinente a la mora administrativa, la Sala reconoce que la situación del expediente 177-13-03-TAA fue conocida en la sentencia nro. 2015-003170 de las 9:30 horas del 6 de marzo de 2015, cuando se dispuso:
“…Se declara con lugar el recurso, por violación a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida. En consecuencia, se ordena a José Lino Chaves López y Yamilette Mata Dobles, por su orden Presidente y Jueza Tramitadora del expediente número 177-13-03-TAA, ambos del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, o a quienes en su lugares ejerzan el cargo, que resuelvan la denuncia presentada el 17 de junio del 2013 contra el Servicentro Costa Caribeño S.A. y notifiquen lo que se decida dentro del plazo máximo de TRES MESES, contado a partir de la comunicación de esta resolución…” Por economía procesal y dado que los reclamos planteados se refieren a actuaciones recientes y posteriores al dictado de la sentencia señalada, la Sala procede a resolver la disconformidad del justiciable por el fondo.
A partir de lo expuesto, la Sala verificó que el objeto que genera el reclamo del tutelado, es decir, la omisión de resolver definitivamente el procedimiento administrativo, en particular, lo que se refiere al estudio hidrogeológico, no fue parte de la conclusión que se dio mediante la resolución conciliatoria parcial nro. 771-17-TAA de las 15:44 horas del 30 de mayo de 2017, sino que permaneció abierto para su atención futura.
Asimismo, en relación con este tema, la Sala constató que, el 4 de marzo de 2022, la empresa denunciada presentó un análisis de hidrocarburos y un Plan de Biorremediación como parte del estudio hidrogeológico. Posteriormente, el oficio nro. SENARA-DIGH-UIH-154-2023 del 7 de junio de 2023 de la Unidad de Investigación Hidrogeológica del Senara dio por concluido el plan de remediación propuesto por la empresa denunciada y le recomendó únicamente que continuara “…el monitoreo de aguas subterráneas de una forma periódica, como parte de su seguimiento ambiental…”. En atención a ello, el TAA emitió la resolución nro. 006-2025-TAA de las 14:45 horas del 25 de agosto de 2025, ya transcrita. Se resalta, además, que esa resolución fue notificada al tutelado el 26 de agosto de 2025.
Ahora bien, la Sala observa que el dictado de la citada resolución del TAA se dio con ocasión de este proceso, notificado a ese Tribunal el 21 de agosto de 2025. Asimismo, se establece que se requirieron más de 8 años, desde el dictado de la resolución nro. 771-17-TAA de las 15:44 horas del 30 de mayo de 2017, y más de 12 años, desde el inicio del procedimiento administrativo, para que el TAA dictara la resolución final. Tales plazos resultan abiertamente desproporcionados y contrarios a los parámetros del numeral 41 constitucional. En ese tanto, se declara con lugar el recurso, sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, según se explica de seguido. Dado que el reclamo formulado atañe al TAA, la condenatoria se dispone en su contra.
V.SOBRE LA CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS DE CONFORMIDAD CON EL ARTÍCULO 52 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. Bajo una mejor ponderación, la mayoría de la Sala considera que, en el sub examine, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 1° del artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (“Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”), la estimatoria debe serlo sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, con base en las siguientes consideraciones. Si bien hay un texto expreso en la ley que obliga a que la parte dispositiva del fallo indique que se declara con lugar el recurso, cuando estando en curso del amparo se resuelva el agravio, no menos cierto es que ese mismo párrafo in fine refiere que la estimatoria se dicta “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Se subraya que la Ley indica “si fueren procedentes”, lo cual significa que la procedencia o improcedencia de la indemnización y costas depende de una valoración, apreciación o ponderación del Tribunal. En casos como este, el contenido de la pretensión de la persona amparada y la conducta de la autoridad recurrida de reconocer aquella, sugieren que los menoscabos, lesiones o alteraciones alegados no están referidos de modo directo a una repercusión en un derecho constitucional de evidente naturaleza patrimonial (como sí ocurriría, por ejemplo, con una afectación al derecho al salario). Para disipar cualquier duda al respecto, es importante destacar lo dispuesto en el artículo 51 de la misma Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, cuando dispone que: “toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”, donde no se prevé la posibilidad de valorar si procede o no lo concerniente a indemnización y costas.
Los principios del Derecho Constitucional, los del Público y Procesal General o, en su caso, los del Derecho Internacional o Comunitario y, además, por su orden, la Ley General de la Administración Pública y el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo y los demás códigos procesales, son fuente supletoria para la aplicación e interpretación de las normas de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional -cfr. artículo 14-. Para la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, el legislador estableció un precepto plenamente aplicable al caso por analogía, en el artículo 197 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, que responde a la lógica procesal en cualquier materia. En todo caso, la parte afectada del sub lite preserva la posibilidad de acudir, si a bien lo tiene, a un proceso de conocimiento a fin de demostrar que ha sufrido algún tipo de menoscabo. Con base en lo anterior, es criterio de mayoría resolver este recurso sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios.
VI.Nota del Magistrado Castillo Víquez, en cuanto a la justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida. He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales.
A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia. Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
En asuntos ambientales, es también criterio del suscrito, de que, si ya ha habido intervención de la Administración Pública, considero que su conocimiento y resolución corresponde a la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa. No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente presentó una denuncia por contaminación ambienta, que involucra el derecho a un ambiente sano y el derecho a la salud, que alega la parte recurrente no ha sido resuelta en forma definitiva, con violación del derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado y de un nivel digno de calidad de vida.
Considero que al resolverse con lugar un proceso de amparo en los términos de lo dispuesto en los artículos 50 y 52, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, procede la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, a efectos de no ocasionar trastornos en el funcionamiento de la Sala y la estabilidad de su jurisprudencia, me he inclinado por adherirme al voto de mayoría, al encontrarme nombrado por un breve lapso.
IX.VOTO SALVADO PARCIAL DEL MAGISTRADO SALAZAR ALVARADO, ÚNICAMENTE EN RELACIÓN CON LA NO CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS A LA PARTE RECURRIDA. Si bien coincido con el resto de la Sala en declarar con lugar el recurso, me separo del criterio de mayoría en cuanto exime de condenar a la parte recurrida al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios derivados de la lesión producida a los derechos fundamentales de la parte tutelada.
La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el artículo 52, dispone que:
“Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Por otra parte, en el artículo 51 ibídem, se establece que:
“...toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”.
Esta última norma establece el sistema general que regula lo relativo al tema de la indemnización y el pago de las costas, y que la mayoría denomina “forma natural o normal de terminación del proceso, donde hay pronunciamiento sobre el fondo del asunto y reconocimiento de los hechos que han vulnerado los derechos fundamentales…”.
En criterio de la mayoría, el artículo 51, de cita, regula los supuestos en los que la Sala ha tenido por comprobado el agravio; y, como consecuencia, surge la necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, a juicio del suscrito, de la interpretación sistemática de ambas normas, se concluye que, tanto en los casos en que este Tribunal Constitucional constate una lesión a algún derecho fundamental; y, por ende, declare con lugar el recurso, como en aquellos en los que la Administración, por decisión propia, restituya a la persona agraviada en el goce de sus derechos fundamentales, una vez que tenga conocimiento del amparo -supuesto contemplado en el artículo 52, referido-, por imperio de los artículos 50 y 51, de la ley citada, la consecuencia necesaria e ineludible es la condenatoria al infractor a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y del pago de las costas del recurso.
Esta regla no es más que el reconocimiento, a la parte que ha sufrido una vulneración en sus derechos fundamentales, del derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva en torno a la reparación de las consecuencias dañosas derivadas de las actuaciones u omisiones de las autoridades infractoras; y, como medio disuasivo, a fin de que el Estado no incurra nuevamente en las acciones que dieron base a la estimatoria del recurso, tema regulado en el artículo 50, de la ley que rige esta jurisdicción. De modo, que ya sea que la Sala haya tenido por comprobado el agravio y haya entrado a conocer el fondo del asunto, o que la violación haya cesado por decisión de la propia autoridad recurrida, una vez que tuvo conocimiento de la tramitación del amparo, con restitución en el goce de los derechos fundamentales a favor del agraviado (artículo 52), siempre, en cualesquiera de esos supuestos, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios al infractor, cuyo fundamento se encuentra en los principios de tutela de los derechos de las personas y en el de que la Administración debe hacerse responsable por los daños y perjuicios que ocasione con su actuar inconstitucional.
Así, el hecho de que al momento de conocerse y resolverse con lugar el amparo, los efectos del acto impugnado ya hubieren cesado, en los términos de lo dispuesto en los artículos 50 y 52, de la ley de cita, no enerva la procedencia de la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, pues tal caso forma parte integral del sistema general de condenatoria necesaria en esos extremos, que contiene la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Por otra parte, es claro que el artículo 52, mencionado, se aplica únicamente en los casos en que la Sala, aun cuando no ha conocido, ni se ha pronunciado sobre el fondo del reclamo, ha constatado la vulneración que en sus derechos fundamentales ha sufrido la parte amparada, en virtud de la restitución, que, en el goce de esos derechos, ha acordado a su favor la Administración; situación que, tal y como la afirma la mayoría de la Sala, implica una “terminación anormal del proceso”.
El legislador estableció y delimitó, de forma precisa, las condiciones en las cuales esta Sala puede decretar esa forma de conclusión anormal del proceso de amparo, así como sus alcances, a saber: 1) que el amparo esté en curso, es decir, que la Administración haya sido debidamente notificada de la resolución que dio curso al amparo; y, 2) que exista una resolución administrativa o judicial que disponga, de forma indubitable, la revocación, detención o suspensión de la actuación impugnada violatoria de derechos fundamentales. Ciertamente, la norma en cuestión contempla una excepción al sistema general de condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, no obstante la estimatoria del recurso, al disponer que, en los casos allí regulados, se declarará con lugar el recurso “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”. Como excepción que es, debe ser interpretada restrictivamente; es decir, que solo procede en los supuestos estrictamente contemplados en la norma, no solo por la regla de que las excepciones en derecho deben interpretarse de forma restrictiva, sino también porque las consecuencias de aplicar tal excepción implican, sin lugar a dudas, un menoscabo en el derecho fundamental de las personas a obtener una efectiva tutela judicial frente a los daños y perjuicios sufridos con la lesión a sus derechos constitucionales.
En mi criterio, tal excepción se debe interpretar en el sentido de que, de conformidad con el sistema general de condenatoria automática en costas, daños y perjuicios ante una violación a derechos fundamentales, esa condenatoria es siempre procedente, aún en el caso de que la parte recurrida dicte una resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, a menos que conste de manera indubitable y clara que en el caso concreto no se causó perjuicio alguno capaz de ser indemnizado. Solo y únicamente en tales supuestos podría eximirse a la Administración recurrida del pago de dichos extremos. Como en este caso, no existe elemento alguno que desvirtúe la presunción del surgimiento, para la parte amparada, de daños y perjuicios económicos derivados de las actuaciones impugnadas -cuya determinación concreta no le corresponde a esta jurisdicción-, la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, y así lo declaramos.
Como razón adicional, cabe destacar que la dinámica y esencia misma de los procesos de amparo, no tiene por objeto primario el análisis de la existencia o no de daños y perjuicios, sino, de la existencia o no de acciones u omisiones que puedan generar o producir un quebranto al régimen de los derechos fundamentales de las personas. Desde esa arista, el análisis que realiza esta sede, se concentra en dicha verificación, empero, no ingresa a la ponderación de si esas cuestiones han generado o no lesiones en el ámbito eminentemente patrimonial de las personas amparadas. Si bien el precitado precepto 52, de la LJC, en su ámbito gramatical, estatuye que dicha condena (en daños, perjuicios y costas) opera, de ser procedente, no estima el suscrito que dicho examen de pertinencia pueda, a priori, excluirse de manera automática en este tipo de procesos, en la medida en que, es dentro de otro proceso ordinario, que se ha de definir si dentro de la relación jurídica analizada en el recurso de amparo, las conductas u omisiones imputables a la Administración (o sujeto de derecho privado, cuando corresponda), se han constituido como causa adecuada de lesiones de orden patrimonial, que sean jurídicamente indemnizables.
A modo de referencia, los numerales 179 al 184, del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Ley N° 8508, define un proceso especial que tiene por objeto la definición de los efectos económicos derivados de condenas dictadas en estos procesos. A la luz del canon 179 ejusdem, ese proceso tiene por objeto lo siguiente:
“ARTÍCULO 179.- Corresponde al Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo, la ejecución de las sentencias dictadas por la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en procesos de hábeas corpus y de amparo contra sujetos de Derecho público, únicamente en lo relativo a la demostración, la liquidación y el cumplimiento de indemnizaciones pecuniarias”.
Es claro que ese proceso se direcciona al análisis del antecedente necesario emitido por esta Sala en cuanto a una condena en abstracto en esos rubros, pues no procedería ese tipo de pretensiones dentro de ese tipo de causas, cuando la sentencia dictada dentro del proceso de amparo, estableciere, de manera expresa, la improcedencia de daños, perjuicios y/o costas, así como cuando no exista pronunciamiento expreso en cuanto a este particular. Es decir, el proceso especial en sede contencioso administrativa, requiere, a modo de requisito sine qua non, de condena o pronunciamiento expreso por parte de esta Sala Constitucional. En ese orden, a mi juicio, al tenor del mencionado ordinal 52, de la LJC, la dispensa en esa condena patrimonial precisa de la acreditación, en cada caso, de situaciones a partir de las cuales, es estime, motivadamente, la inexistencia de lesiones patrimoniales, aún potenciales, derivadas o asociadas a los hechos analizados.
Por ende, se trata de una excepción, que, como tal, requiere de aplicación calificada y debidamente fundamentada de manera casuística. La sola circunstancia que, en el curso del trámite, la Administración dicte resolución o se emita sentencia judicial que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, no descarta, per se, que, de previo a esa cesación por causa propia o ajena al ente accionado, la indolencia acusada o perturbación reprochada, haya llegado a ocasionar daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, tal cuestión de fondo, en lo relativo a la efectividad de las lesiones, su cuantía, reclamo oportuno, etc., son ponderaciones que escapan a la naturaleza de estos procesos y respecto de la cual, en orden a lo regulado por el mandato 52 aludido, son propias de una condena en abstracto que luego constituye base de análisis en la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa. La tutela que se pretende en estos procesos de orden constitucional no precisa de la demostración de daños y perjuicios, pues, se insiste, no es su objeto o ratio primaria.
Así, no corresponde a la persona amparada el reclamo o demostración de daños, siendo que lo que busca es el resguardo de sus derechos fundamentales. Luego, si esas conductas administrativas le han producido lesiones, es un extremo que, por tesis de principio y salvo casos excepcionales, no forman parte de la base de análisis de este tipo de causas. Nótese que, en el supuesto regulado en ese mandato, la Sala Constitucional no hace un análisis de fondo de la situación a tutelar, dada la terminación del amparo o habeas corpus por la circunstancia sobrevenida ya citada. Ergo, en estos casos, por imperativo legal, no se ingresa a valorar si hay o no infracción, con lo cual, mucho menos puede definirse si a partir de lo denunciado por el requirente, puede haber o no situaciones de posible reparación civil. De esa manera, la dispensa de condena a que alude esa norma, es de orden excepcional, no de principio.
Por tanto, en esos supuestos, la norma impone la condena en abstracto, para que sea dentro de otro proceso plenario, que se analice su procedencia. De otro modo, de aplicarse como regla esa liberación de daños, perjuicios y costas, se estaría poniendo en riesgo la tutela de la situación jurídica de la persona que, pese a esa respuesta sobrevenida de la parte reclamada, pudo haber sufrido lesiones en su esfera patrimonial, en detrimento de lo estatuido por el precepto 45, de la Constitución Política, y desconociendo la potencial responsabilidad de la Administración, tal y como lo impone el artículo 9 ejusdem. Además, no debe dejarse de lado que fue en virtud de una acción de esa índole, que se adoptó una conducta que hace cesar las conductas que, en teoría, amenazan o conculcan los derechos fundamentales de la persona. Es decir, a efectos de obtener el resguardo de esos derechos, la persona optó por la tutela judicial, y fue por esa virtud, que se produce el cese de la perturbación reprochada.
Se insiste, si la permanencia de la amenaza o deterioro de su situación en tanto se hizo cesar por las causas aludidas en la norma bajo examen, generó daños y perjuicios, es un tema que, salvo prueba en contrario, debe ser analizado dentro de un proceso ordinario, pero que, se reitera, en modo alguno, debe negarse, como presupuesto, por la sola concreción del supuesto de hecho regulado en el mencionado ordinal 52, de la LJC. Por ende, con el respeto de siempre en cuanto a la postura de mayoría, externo mi voto y reitero que la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en abstracto en costas, daños y perjuicios.
X.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en el plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo aquel material no retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo de Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, aprobado en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión nro. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso, sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, en contra del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. Se declara sin lugar el recurso en contra del Servicio de Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento. El magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna nota. El magistrado Lara Gamboa suscribe nota en relación con la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado salva parcialmente el voto y dispone la condenatoria en daños, perjuicios y costas. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Ileana Sánchez N.
Nombre29922 G.
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