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Res. 31963-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 03/10/2025
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is partially granted against the Municipality of Sarchí and the Central Occidente Health Authority, ordering them to jointly execute pending health orders within three months; the claim against the Transit Police and the Public Force is dismissed.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el amparo contra la Municipalidad de Sarchí y el Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente, ordenando ejecutar coordinadamente las órdenes sanitarias pendientes en tres meses; se desestima contra la Policía de Tránsito y la Fuerza Pública.
SummaryResumen
Neighbors of Sarchí Norte filed an amparo alleging irregular operation of three businesses that function as clandestine bars despite holding only licenses for a mini-supermarket, restaurant and soda shop. They denounce noise pollution, alcohol and drug consumption in public areas, insecurity, and authorities’ failure to take effective action despite repeated complaints since 2015. The Constitutional Chamber found that the Municipality of Sarchí issued warnings and carried out inspections but its response was insufficient and untimely, while the Ministry of Health acted with partial diligence but left regulatory gaps. In contrast, no inaction was proven against the Transit Police or the Public Force. The Chamber granted the amparo against the Municipality and partially granted it against the Health Authority, ordering coordinated execution of pending health orders within three months, and stressed the constitutional duty to prevent harm to a healthy environment and the obligation of inter‑institutional cooperation.Vecinos de Sarchí Norte interpusieron recurso de amparo por la operación irregular de tres comercios que, según afirman, funcionan como bares clandestinos a pesar de contar únicamente con patentes de minisúper, restaurante o soda. Denuncian contaminación sónica, consumo de licor y drogas en la vía pública, inseguridad, y la omisión de las autoridades locales y sanitarias para adoptar medidas efectivas pese a denuncias reiteradas desde 2015. La Sala Constitucional constató que la Municipalidad de Sarchí realizó prevenciones e inspecciones, pero sus actuaciones fueron insuficientes y tardías, mientras que el Ministerio de Salud mostró diligencia parcial pero insuficiente, dejando aspectos de fiscalización pendientes. En cambio, respecto de la Policía de Tránsito y la Fuerza Pública no se acreditó inacción. La Sala declaró con lugar el amparo contra la Municipalidad y parcialmente con lugar contra el Área Rectora de Salud, ordenando ejecutar coordinadamente las órdenes sanitarias pendientes en un plazo de tres meses, y recalcó el deber constitucional de prevenir afectaciones al ambiente sano y la obligación de cooperación interinstitucional.
Key excerptExtracto clave
VIII.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE REGARDING THE MUNICIPALITY OF SARCHÍ. From the factual background described and the reports provided by the municipal authority, it is verified that the Municipality of Sarchí has issued resolutions on business licenses and liquor licenses, has carried out inspections, has addressed neighborhood complaints and, in some cases, has warned license holders about compliance with hours, prohibitions and operating conditions of the mentioned businesses. However, from the numerous neighborhood reports, Public Force inspections and minutes of inter‑institutional meetings (CCCI), it is evident that the measures adopted by the local entity have been insufficient, fragmented and delayed to effectively guarantee the fundamental right of neighbors to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (Art. 50 of the Political Constitution). (...) XI.- CONCLUSION. This Chamber reminds that Article 50 of the Political Constitution imposes on all public authorities a positive obligation of prevention and protection against environmental and health impacts that compromise quality of life. That duty is not fulfilled by isolated or merely formal actions, but through coordinated, effective and timely responses, especially when the problem — as in this case — requires concurrence of jurisdictions (municipality, health area, police and traffic control in the road environment). The principle of inter‑administrative cooperation and coordination requires that the involved institutions share useful information, plan joint actions, execute coordinated operations and evaluate results, avoiding duplications, control gaps or delays that empty fundamental rights of their content.VIII.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO EN RELACIÓN CON LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE SARCHÍ. De los antecedentes fácticos reseñados y de los informes rendidos por la autoridad municipal, se constató que la Municipalidad de Sarchí ha emitido resoluciones de patentes y licencias de licores, ha practicado inspecciones, ha atendido denuncias vecinales y, en algunos supuestos, ha prevenido a los patentados sobre el cumplimiento de horarios, prohibiciones y condiciones de funcionamiento de los comercios señalados. No obstante, de los múltiples reportes vecinales, inspecciones de Fuerza Pública y actas de reuniones interinstitucionales (CCCI), se evidencia que las medidas adoptadas por el ente local han sido insuficientes, fragmentadas y tardías para garantizar de manera efectiva el derecho fundamental de los vecinos a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado (art. 50 Constitución Política). (…) XI.- CONCLUSIÓN. Esta Sala recuerda que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política impone a todas las autoridades públicas una obligación positiva de prevención y tutela frente a afectaciones ambientales y sanitarias que comprometan la calidad de vida. Ese deber no se satisface con actuaciones aisladas o meramente formales, sino mediante respuestas coordinadas, eficaces y oportunas, especialmente cuando la problemática -como en el sub lite- exige concurrencia de competencias (municipalidad, área de salud, policía y control de tránsito en el entorno vial). El principio de cooperación y coordinación interadministrativa, exige que las instituciones involucradas compartan información útil, planifiquen acciones conjuntas, ejecuten operativos coordinados y evalúen resultados, evitando duplicidades, lagunas de control o dilaciones que vacíen de contenido los derechos fundamentales.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El deber constitucional de la municipalidad no se agota en emitir patentes o prevenciones formales; implica velar de forma activa por la tranquilidad, salubridad y seguridad en la comunidad, aplicando oportunamente las potestades de clausura, revocatoria de patentes o imposición de sanciones administrativas cuando las conductas reiteradas así lo ameritan."
"The constitutional duty of a municipality is not exhausted by issuing licenses or formal warnings; it implies actively ensuring peace, health and safety in the community, timely applying powers of closure, license revocation or administrative sanctions when repeated conduct so warrants."
Considerando VIII
"El deber constitucional de la municipalidad no se agota en emitir patentes o prevenciones formales; implica velar de forma activa por la tranquilidad, salubridad y seguridad en la comunidad, aplicando oportunamente las potestades de clausura, revocatoria de patentes o imposición de sanciones administrativas cuando las conductas reiteradas así lo ameritan."
Considerando VIII
"El artículo 50 de la Constitución Política impone a todas las autoridades públicas una obligación positiva de prevención y tutela frente a afectaciones ambientales y sanitarias que comprometan la calidad de vida. Ese deber no se satisface con actuaciones aisladas o meramente formales, sino mediante respuestas coordinadas, eficaces y oportunas."
"Article 50 of the Political Constitution imposes on all public authorities a positive obligation of prevention and protection against environmental and health impacts that compromise quality of life. That duty is not satisfied by isolated or merely formal actions, but through coordinated, effective and timely responses."
Considerando XI
"El artículo 50 de la Constitución Política impone a todas las autoridades públicas una obligación positiva de prevención y tutela frente a afectaciones ambientales y sanitarias que comprometan la calidad de vida. Ese deber no se satisface con actuaciones aisladas o meramente formales, sino mediante respuestas coordinadas, eficaces y oportunas."
Considerando XI
"El principio de cooperación y coordinación interadministrativa, exige que las instituciones involucradas compartan información útil, planifiquen acciones conjuntas, ejecuten operativos coordinados y evalúen resultados, evitando duplicidades, lagunas de control o dilaciones que vacíen de contenido los derechos fundamentales."
"The principle of inter‑administrative cooperation and coordination requires that the involved institutions share useful information, plan joint actions, execute coordinated operations and evaluate results, avoiding duplications, control gaps or delays that empty fundamental rights of their content."
Considerando XI
"El principio de cooperación y coordinación interadministrativa, exige que las instituciones involucradas compartan información útil, planifiquen acciones conjuntas, ejecuten operativos coordinados y evalúen resultados, evitando duplicidades, lagunas de control o dilaciones que vacíen de contenido los derechos fundamentales."
Considerando XI
Full documentDocumento completo
Type of matter: Amparo action Judgment with separate opinion Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Strategic Themes: Environmental, Right to health, Economic social cultural and environmental rights Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: MUNICIPALITY Subtopics:
PERMITS. PATENTES.
Topic: EXECUTIVE BRANCH Subtopics:
SANITARY ORDER..
Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOISE POLLUTION.
031963-25. MUNICIPALITY. EXECUTIVE BRANCH. ENVIRONMENT. RESIDENTS OF SARCHÍ, ALLEGE THAT THEY HAVE DENOUNCED THE IRREGULAR OPERATION OF SEVERAL BUSINESSES, WITHOUT THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES DOING WHAT IS APPROPRIATE. THE MUNICIPALITY OF SARCHÍ IS ORDERED, AS WELL AS THE DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL OCCIDENTE GOVERNING HEALTH AREA OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH, TO, WITHIN A PERIOD OF THREE MONTHS, IN AN ORGANIZED AND COORDINATED MANNER, EXECUTE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS TO GIVE FULL COMPLIANCE TO THE PENDING SANITARY ORDERS YET TO BE FULFILLED THAT ARE RELATED TO THE OPERATION OF THE COMMERCIAL PREMISES (RESTAURANTE CHICHARRONERA LA GRANJA, MINISÚPER Y LICORES D SABOR). VCG10/2025 "(…) VIII.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE IN RELATION TO THE MUNICIPALITY OF SARCHÍ. From the factual background outlined and the reports submitted by the municipal authority, it was verified that the Municipality of Sarchí has issued resolutions on patentes and liquor licenses, has carried out inspections, has attended to neighborhood complaints, and, in some cases, has warned the patent holders regarding compliance with hours, prohibitions, and operating conditions of the indicated businesses.
However, from the multiple neighborhood reports, inspections by the Fuerza Pública, and minutes of inter-institutional meetings (CCCI), it is evident that the measures adopted by the local entity have been insufficient, fragmented, and tardy in effectively guaranteeing the fundamental right of the residents to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (art. 50 Constitución Política). The constitutional duty of the municipality is not exhausted by issuing patentes or formal warnings; it implies actively ensuring the tranquility, health, and safety of the community, by opportunely applying the powers of closure, revocation of patentes, or imposition of administrative sanctions when repeated conduct so warrants. In this case, the excessive noise, the sale and consumption of liquor outside the premises, the public disorder, and the impact on the residents' health were substantiated as a prolonged problem over time, demonstrating a municipal omission in the effective protection of the local interest.
Therefore, insofar as this authority is concerned, the amparo action must be granted, ordering it to reinforce inspections, apply immediate corrective measures, and coordinate with other competent institutions to guarantee the cessation of the harmful conduct affecting the petitioners' fundamental rights.
From the report submitted by the health authority, it was substantiated that since November 2023, complaints D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023, and D-VV-090-2023 were processed, concerning the establishments "La Granja", "D' Sabor", and "La Farmacia". Sanitary orders were issued, noise measurements were taken, one premises (D' Sabor) was temporarily closed, and conditional sanitary permits were renewed. Even though the institution has demonstrated significant diligence, especially in issuing sanitary orders and conducting technical inspections, aspects pending comprehensive oversight persist, particularly regarding excessive noise, emergency plans, adapted sanitary services, and smoke extractors. The jurisprudence of this Sala has established that the right to a healthy environment demands that health authorities act effectively and preventively, such that inertia or the indefinite prolongation of administrative proceedings generates a constitutional violation.
In this case, the action of the Ministry of Health was partially adequate, but not sufficient to guarantee comprehensive protection against the impact on the health and environment of the residents. Therefore, with respect to this authority, the amparo action is partially granted, ordering it to conclude the ongoing administrative proceedings with celerity, carry out the pending comprehensive inspections, and adopt, within the framework of its powers, the necessary corrective measures to guarantee compliance with health regulations.
From the reports submitted by the Dirección General de Policía de Tránsito and the Delegación de Occidente, it was substantiated that most incidents reported to the 911 System were assigned to the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública as the first responder, and, in specific cases, the Policía de Tránsito also participated as a second responder or for traffic infractions. In the reports reviewed, no inaction by the Fuerza Pública or traffic authorities within their spheres of competence was verified, nor any omission of the duties corresponding to them. It must be remembered that the amparo action is not admissible when the respondent authority acts within the limits of its legal competence and no violation of fundamental rights attributable to it is substantiated. In this case, no omission attributable to either the Policía de Tránsito or the Fuerza Pública is evident, since the referenced complaints mostly corresponded to public order rather than vehicular traffic control. Consequently, in relation to the Policía de Tránsito and the Fuerza Pública, the amparo action must be dismissed.
This Sala recalls that Article 50 of the Constitución Política imposes a positive obligation of prevention and protection upon all public authorities regarding environmental and health impacts that compromise quality of life. This duty is not satisfied by isolated or merely formal actions, but through coordinated, effective, and timely responses, especially when the problem—as in the case sub lite—requires the concurrence of powers (municipality, health area, police, and traffic control in the road environment). The principle of inter-administrative cooperation and coordination requires that the involved institutions share useful information, plan joint actions, execute coordinated operations, and evaluate results, avoiding duplications, control gaps, or delays that empty fundamental rights of their content. Consequently, the effective protection of the right to a healthy environment, health, privacy, and property of the residents requires inter-institutional planning with verifiable goals, sustained and non-episodic control during the identified critical hours and moments, the application and execution of a proportional and progressive sanctioning regime in the face of recidivism, and accountability to the citizenry, through periodic reports that allow verification of the correction of detected non-compliance.
Consequently, the present amparo proceeding is granted only against the Municipality of Sarchí and the Central Occidente Governing Health Area of the Ministry of Health. (…)" ELEVENTH: On November 9, 2023, we again filed a complaint before the Valverde Vega Governing Health Area (Área Rectora de Salud de Valverde Vega) where we reported that we are residents of Sarchí Norte, located on calle central avenida 3 and its surroundings, where there are three commercial establishments called "[Nombre 040]", "[Nombre 016]" and "[Nombre 015]", that said commercial establishments carry out activities different from those authorized by their operating permits (patente de funcionamiento), such as karaoke and music with loudspeakers, during the day and also during the early morning, Monday through Sunday, without said commercial establishments having adequate facilities for noise containment and apparently without having the respective permits for the development of said activity, added to this, that the majority of clients who frequent these businesses continue to consume liquor and smoke in the parking lot of the commercial establishments in question and on the public road, around these businesses and the neighboring homes, because the size of the commercial premises is small for the number of people they usually serve, therefore, the noise generated by the people (including karaoke, music, shouting and fights) is perceived with greater intensity from the homes; an activity that is aggravated during festivities, private celebrations and football matches.
Additionally, strong odors are perceived that bother the neighborhood, such as the smell of cigarette smoke and the smell of food, which even enters our homes, this is because the extractors of "[Nombre 040]" and of "[Nombre 015]" were located exactly on the property line, and the neighboring houses receive all the odors from what is cooked there, both commercial premises operate as clandestine bars. Added to the above, the people who frequent these commercial establishments urinate on and vomit on the fences and sidewalks, walls and entrances of nearby homes, as a result of the drunkenness and lack of control that exists in the place. In addition, it is common to have to wash sidewalks and gates of the adjacent houses because of these bad practices. All the situations described are carried out without any consideration for us (the appellant party in this matter) where children, young students, people who work and the elderly live, which affects their right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, right to privacy, public health, life, and private property.
Despite all the facts and complaints already described, the respondent authorities have not helped us with the problem described, and it seems that at this moment they have allowed the commercial establishments in question to operate without limits, imposing the particular interest of those over the public interest; the foregoing, despite the fact that said establishments are significantly close to the Red Cross, two children's daycare centers, the INA, the Escuela Líder Sarchí Norte and the Public Library of Sarchi, which at the same time makes this geographical point a transit zone, where minors and citizens of the canton travel daily, heading to educational centers, jobs and other places, exposing themselves to the problems widely described in this appeal. See evidence labeled as ten.
TWELFTH: On November 29, 2023, the Directorate of Urban Development and Control of Sarchí (Dirección de Desarrollo y Control Urbano de Sarchí), through official letter MS-DU-OF-441-2023, provided us with the land-use certificates (certificados de uso de suelo) numbers 365-2021 and 643-2021 processed for the property of the province of Alajuela, registration number 17576, property where the businesses that originate this process are located, said land-use certificates correspond to a use of SODA and Restaurant, NOT BAR, and even use number 643-2021 conditions said service to being allowed only within the restaurant's facilities, a situation that has not been respected in any way, since as evidenced in the described evidence marked twelve consisting of official letter MS-DU-OF-441-2023, as well as photographs of the facilities of "[Nombre 040]", "[Nombre 016]" and "[Nombre 015]" where it is evident that at all hours there are people consuming liquor on the public road, in the establishment's parking lot, as well as cars parked in front of our houses, activities totally unrelated to the services held by the operating permit (patente), however, although we have tried by all means to report the situation, none of the respondent authorities have helped us minimally with the problem.
THIRTEENTH: given that the problem has continued to increase during the last months, we continued filing complaints before the respondent instances, in this regard, evidence labeled as thirteen is provided, consisting of emails requesting information on the complaints filed. See evidence fourteen, which records sanitary order (orden sanitaria) number MS-CO-DARS-VV-OS-134-2023 concluding that the commercial premises "[Nombre 040]", carries out its activities with an expired operating permit.
FOURTEENTH: in recent months we again filed a formal complaint against the businesses "[Nombre 016]" "[Nombre 015]" and "[Nombre 040]" before the Municipality of Sarchí given that the three of them offer Bar service, behave as bars, the noise is unbearable given that they have Karaoke at all hours, they hold festive activities without having the respective permit such as cavalcades (cabalgatas), people consume liquor on the public road that they buy in said commercial establishments and if we the neighbors request, call the public force or the traffic police, we receive insults, threats, to the point that many of the neighbors fear for our lives, since the respondent authorities do not answer (in the case of the Municipality of Sarchí), they go to do monitoring at times when the businesses in question are not working (Ministry of Health), Transit Police and Public Force only make reports and minutes without providing us with adequate assistance, we do not have support regarding this problem.
See evidence labeled as 15 consisting of a complaint filed by the appellants before the Municipality of Sarchí, without any response, where we described the fact that the permits granted to the businesses in question were issued without taking into account Law 7600, nor were the required spaces for the sanitary services of said premises contemplated; this because it is common to observe, during the day and at night, clients of these three establishments urinating, vomiting and displaying their genitals on the sidewalks and walls of the homes. A situation that is generating: bad odors, an increase in vectors that affect public health such as mosquitoes, rodents and cockroaches, discomfort for passers-by and an increase in insecurity in the neighborhood. The foregoing, taking into consideration that the Sarchí Master Plan (Plan Regulador de Sarchí), although it allows the development of commercial activities because it is classified as a mixed-use zone (zona mixta); the commercial activities that we report in this case are currently not compatible with the well-being of the neighboring community, given that they do not have the appropriate conditions for: noise containment, meeting the basic needs of clients such as the use of toilets, or the parking of vehicles without obstruction of private entrances.
FIFTEENTH: again, in the absence of an effective response from the respondent authorities, we found it necessary to attend an ordinary session on June 12, 2024, before the Cantonal Council of Institutional Coordination of Sarchí (Consejo Cantonal de Coordinación Institucional de Sarchí), minutes 3-2024, where the appellants detailed the problem described herein and the violation of our conventionally and constitutionally protected rights, given the lack of institutional intervention, in view of the fact that the commercial establishments in question all function as a (clandestine) bar, without having the capacity control measures (medidas de aforo) for such activity, also working without a license for Karaoke, they sell liquor (the three establishments) that is consumed on the public road at any hour of the day and night, without any restriction, altering the social order, increasing the visit of drunk people in the area, which puts at risk our physical integrity and that of the families represented here who must transit through the area to go to the doctor, work, schools, high schools, university, among others. In this regard, evidence number 16 is provided, consisting of minutes 3-2024, Cantonal Council of Institutional Coordination of Sarchí.
SIXTEENTH: It is vitally important to highlight in this appeal, and as has been indicated throughout the facts described, that many of the neighbors of the locality are elderly adults who, due to our age, have effects on our physical health, such is the case of the undersigned [Nombre 005], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 004], [Nombre 001], [Nombre 002], and [Nombre 010]; but there are also other neighbors who, although not elderly, present effects on their physical and emotional health, duly declared by health sector professionals, as is the case of the undersigned [Nombre 009], [Nombre 003], [Nombre 011], who, due to past experiences in their lives but above all due to: the insecurity in the area, noise from the commercial premises in question that adjoin their dwelling house, crowds, and situations contrary to good customs such as those that have been described; present declared symptoms and illnesses such as anxiety disorder, depression, panic disorder, among others, which they have had to address and treat with their respective doctors in order to cope with the situation, however, given that the problem is increasing, our health condition is deteriorating, we no longer even want to leave our homes, many times we cannot even leave them, given that there are cars parked in our entrances, people in a state of drunkenness, drugged, urinating on our properties, cavalcades (cabalgatas) without municipal authorizations, bad odors, excessive noise at all hours, and disrespect, even many of us have been threatened that if we continue filing complaints we could have physical consequences or even for our dwelling houses, we can no longer continue living in these conditions, we are scared, overwhelmed, defenseless, alone, since the respondent authorities have weighed the particular interest of the owner-persons of the establishments in question, namely: "[Nombre 040]" it being that its permit holder (patentado) is [Nombre 027], ID [Valor 014], who only has a restaurant permit, NOT A LIQUOR STORE, NOR A BAR permit, however, the commercial line of his business is a bar, discotheque, "[Nombre 016]", permit holder (patentado) [Nombre 026], ID [Valor 013], who only has a mini-supermarket permit, however, his commercial establishment works as a bar, where you can buy liquor, even easily acquire any illicit substance; "[Nombre 015]", permit holder (patentado) [Nombre 020], ID [Valor 012], who in his bar sells all kinds of substances, also although his permit allows him to be open to the public until 12 midnight, however, this commercial establishment remains open throughout the early morning, although we make reports to the respondent authorities, it does not go beyond a simple warning, never with effective and real sanctions, aimed at addressing the problem from its origin, above the public interest, although the Municipality of Sarchí has explicitly indicated to us that they are committed to the well-being and quality of life of all the inhabitants of the canton, this being totally false, given that we have had to live with this problem since 2016 when they granted the first permit to [Nombre 016], which from the beginning, functioned as a clandestine bar, and despite all the complaints filed before the respondent authorities, the Municipality of Sarchí granted two more permits, the problem currently being unbearable and is affecting us physically and psychologically.
Regarding this described fact, see evidence labeled as seventeen where the epicrises (epicrisis) of the undersigned appear with the indicated illnesses, as well as civil registry studies recording the age of the undersigned elderly adults.
SEVENTEENTH: We have been documenting the calls to 911 where we describe the problem that is the object of this process, in this regard a table is provided with reports to 911 listing the complaints made by the appellants to 911 requesting some type of collaboration given the problem. See evidence labeled as 18.
EIGHTEENTH: It is for the foregoing that the affected neighbors appeal before this authority, since the entities involved have been dragging the matter out, shifting responsibilities among themselves, without addressing the problem from its origin, without us having any effective response even though different vulnerable populations coexist in the neighborhood, we are worried given that not only our life is at risk, but also those of the people who transit through the area, the insecurity is such that we can no longer even comfortably leave our dwelling houses, our right to private property, health, integrity, right to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, have been directly harmed, so we appear with the purpose of asserting our constitutionally and conventionally protected rights, given that the anguish, uncertainty and anxiety of continuing to live in this area is triggering, in addition to material damages to our private property, physical and psychological damages."
In attention to the amparo appeal filed by [Nombre 012], [Nombre 013], [Nombre 003]. [Nombre 004], [Nombre 005], [Nombre 006], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010] and [Nombre 011], against this Ministry of Health, regarding the cases Identified as the complaints filed confidentially respectively for the establishments [Nombre 040], [Nombre 016] and [Nombre 032], these located in [...].
BACKGROUND: The amparo appeal, case file No. 24-034459-0007-CO, is received by this Ministry of Health on December 18, 2024.
DEVELOPMENT: An analysis is made of the respective case files and of the attention given to the respective complaints, and next, what has been carried out by this Ministry of Health for each cited case is detailed.
Complaint D-W-088-2023: Filed on November 9, 2023 against the establishment [Nombre 040] for sanitary problems such as noise, safety conditions, hazardous products, activities without a permit, waste, smoking and odors.
On December 19, 2023, report MS-CO-DARS-W-072-2023 (folio 00286) and sanitary order MS-CO-DARS-W-OS-134-2023 (folio 00292) are issued, where the owner [Nombre 027] is requested to paralyze the restaurant's activity for not having a current health permit.
On January 30, 2024, Health Operating Permit (Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento) No. 11-2024 is issued with validity until November 15, 2024 upon presenting the renewal application.
In follow-up, various reports, inspections and recommendations are issued, highlighting the need to reschedule inspections due to the closure of the establishment or lack of access to the owner.
On August 9, 2024, a Sanitary Order is issued and notified to correct sanitary aspects related to inadequate handling and disposal of smoke, physical accessibility (Law 7600), state of sanitary services and absence of an emergency plan.
On November 15, 2024, the health permit is renewed until November 15, 2025. There are still aspects pending for a comprehensive inspection.
Complaint D-W-089-2023: Filed on November 9, 2023 against the establishment [Nombre 016] ([Nombre 016]) for sanitary problems similar to the previous ones, including non-compliance with Law 7600.
In February 2024, reports and sanitary orders are issued to condition the sanitary service for people with disabilities according to Law 7600.
In August 2024, a closure order (orden de clausura) of the establishment is issued for non-compliances.
In October 2024, a report is issued confirming compliance with the required conditions, the case being considered finalized.
Complaint D-W-090-2023: Filed on November 9, 2023 against the establishment [Nombre 032] for similar sanitary problems.
In January 2024, a sanitary order is issued requesting corrections of non-conformities such as walls without adequate conditions, absence of documented hygiene and disinfection programs, and non-adapted sanitary services.
Sonic measurements are carried out due to noise complaints, with results that in some homes they exceed the permitted limits for mixed-use zones (commercial-residential).
In October 2024, the closure of the establishment is ordered for persistent Non-compliances. Follow-up actions are maintained to verify compliance with the sanitary orders.
CONCLUSION: This Ministry of Health has given timely attention and follow-up to the cases identified with complaints D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 and D-VV-090-2023, in all their ends and under the margin of existing legality. Also, it will continue giving timely follow-up until the finalization of the complaints Filed (See the report MS-DRRSCO-DARS- MS-CO-DARS-W-2021-2024 in a comprehensive manner).
Honorable Magistrates, in defense of what is alleged by the appellants in the amparo appeal filed, in which the Ministry of Health is accused, through its Governing Health Areas, of not having attended adequately and comprehensively to the aspects reported in the cases identified as complaints D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 and D-VV-090-2023, it is necessary to emphasize that said affirmations are unfounded and premature, given that the corresponding administrative procedures are still active and in progress.
It is important to underline that the administrative procedure related to these complaints has not concluded. It is in an active stage, in which multiple proceedings, inspections and technical analyses have been carried out. The General Law of Public Administration, in its article 261, establishes a non-peremptory ordering deadline of two months for the resolution of administrative procedures, extendable according to the complexity of the case. In addition, article 340 on the expiration (caducidad) of the procedure sets a limit of six months before considering that the procedure has been paralyzed due to Inaction of the administration.
In this context, it is improper and unjustified to declare a Non-compliance or lack of attention on the part of the Ministry of Health, since the procedures are in progress and have been managed in accordance with the legal and technical requirements of each case.
On the Complexity of the Cases The amparo appeal in question encompasses complaints related to three different commercial establishments, each one with specific problems and circumstances.
[Nombre 040] (D-VV-088-2023): The complaints include noise, deficient safety conditions, inadequate waste management and activities without a health permit. Sanitary orders and permit renewals have been issued and recurrent inspections have been carried out to evaluate compliance with the regulations.
The complexity of the non-conformities detected has required detailed verifications and prolonged follow-up.
[Nombre 016] (D-VV-089-2023): Violations of Law 7600, noise, odors, and deficient sanitary conditions are reported.
The Ministry has issued orders to adapt the facilities to accessibility regulations, in addition to temporarily closing the establishment for serious non-compliance. Finally, it was verified that the conditions were remedied, closing the case.
[Nombre 032] (D-W-090-2023): Infrastructure, noise, hygiene, and waste management problems are reported.
Acoustic measurements and structural inspections were carried out, and orders were issued to correct non-conformities. The technical nature of the analyses has required additional time for their proper resolution.
Each of these complaints requires different technical evaluations, such as acoustic measurements, verifications of health permits, and structural analyses. This fully justifies the extension of the processing time, since each complaint is addressed comprehensively and with the necessary exhaustiveness.
Allegations of Inaction. Contrary to the appellants' assertions, the Ministry of Health has been actively involved in managing these complaints. Numerous proceedings have been carried out, including scheduled inspections, issuance of health orders, and follow-ups to ensure regulatory compliance. This is not a matter of omission or negligence, but rather the continuity of a complex and detailed administrative procedure.
It is relevant to note that some delays are due to factors beyond the Ministry's control, such as the refusal or impossibility of accessing certain establishments to conduct inspections, which was duly documented in the corresponding reports.
Principle of Reasonableness. The Ministry of Health's actions have adhered to the principle of reasonableness, considering the technical nature of the complaints and the need to ensure a reasoned and fair resolution. Every aspect of the complaints has been treated with the required depth, ensuring that no part of the process is neglected.
Therefore, regarding the appellants' requests for additional verifications, these are being processed within the framework of the ongoing administrative procedure. The results of these efforts will be fundamental for final decision-making, which underscores the inappropriate prematurity of this appeal."
On June 21, 2024, through official letter MS-DH-OF-036-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 038], Finance Director of the Municipality of Sarchí, addressed to Mr. [Name 026], Licensee of [Name 016], a report is remitted regarding the inspection carried out at the commercial premises of his property by engineer Marco Tulio Arias Morera on June 5, with the conclusions to be considered: - According to the occupancy of the premises and the risk classification of its contents, the Engineering Unit of the Fire Department has determined non-compliance with 14 preventive provisions which, until rectified, adversely affect human safety and fire risk. - Upon using the classification system, it is determined that the 14 observations are classified as follows: • 8 observations with a non-critical classification were found. • 6 observations with a critical classification were found. - The provisions indicated in this report must be implemented in order to improve the conditions of human safety and fire protection of the building. 48.
On June 21, 2024, through official letter MS-DH-OF-037-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 038], Finance Director of the Municipality of Sarchí, addressed to Mrs. [Name 020], Licensee of [Name 015], remitting a report on the inspection carried out at the commercial premises of her property by engineer Marco Tulio Arias Morera on June 5, from which the licensee is informed that the maximum total expected occupancy load that may remain on the premises at the same time is 42 persons. The conclusions must be considered: - According to the occupancy of the premises and the risk classification of its contents, the Engineering Unit of the Fire Department has determined non-compliance with 11 preventive provisions which, until rectified, adversely affect human safety and fire risk. - Upon using the classification system, it is determined that the 11 observations are classified as follows: • 8 observations with a non-critical classification were found. • 3 observations with a critical classification were found. - The provisions indicated in this report must be implemented in order to improve the conditions of human safety and fire protection of the building. 49.
On June 21, 2024, through official letter MS-DH-OF-038-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 038], Finance Director of the Municipality of Sarchí, addressed to Mr. [Name 027], Licensee ([Name 040]), remitting a report on the inspection carried out at the commercial premises of his property by engineer Marco Tulio Arias Morera on June 5, from which the licensee is informed that the maximum total expected occupancy load that may remain on the premises at the same time is 41 persons, so they must be vigilant. The report's conclusions state: - The conditions of storage, installation, and distribution of LP gas, as well as the aspects of human safety and fire risk evaluated, present inconsistencies; therefore, the minimum conditions required by current regulations are not met. - The observations indicated in this document must be addressed within the time established according to the risk level categorization for each item. 50.
On July 10, 2024, through a report of receipt of a telephone complaint in follow-up to the “Institutional Guideline for the Attention of Complaints Filed Before the Municipality of Sarchí,” a telephone complaint is received, requested to be anonymous, signed by [Name 038], Municipal Finance Director of the Municipality of Sarchí, reporting that at the commercial premises ([Name 040]), several people are conducting a musical activity, which is disturbing the peace of the neighborhood. The complainant is informed that coordination will be made with the Public Police Force (Fuerza Pública) to conduct the relevant inspection. 51. On July 12, 2024, through official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 038], Finance Director of the Municipality of Sarchí, addressed to [Name 027], licensee of [Name 040], stating: “Taking into consideration that on Wednesday, July 10 of the current year, the undersigned was able to verify that at approximately 4:45 p.m., a musical activity was taking place at [Name 040], you are FORMALLY WARNED to refrain from carrying out this type of event without the proper authorization, as otherwise we would be obliged to carry out the procedures that the legal system empowers us to do.” 52.
On July 22, 2024, through a document without an official letter number, signed by Mr. [Name 027], addressed to [Name 038], Finance Director of the Municipality of Sarchí, referring to official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024, the formal warning is rejected because it does not fall within the provisions established in subsection k of Article 3 of the General Regulation to Law No. 9047, and it also requests that the warning be revoked. 53. On July 24, 2024, through official letter MS-DH-OF-046-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 038], Municipal Finance Director, addressed to [Name 027], Licensee of [Name 040], reiterating the formal warning indicated in official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024, as adherence to the established guidelines is sought according to the commercial patent (patente comercial) and the license for the sale of liquor. 54. On July 31, 2024, through a document without an official letter number, signed by Mr. [Name 027], addressed to [Name 039], Mayor of the Municipality of Sarchí, filing an appeal against the act of warning imposed by Mr. [Name 038], Municipal Finance Director, through official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024, based on Article 171 of the Municipal Code. 55.
On August 8, 2024, through official letter MS-AL-OF-0388-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 039], Mayor of the Municipality of Sarchí, addressed to [Name 027], holder of identity card [Value 015], licensee of [Name 040], regarding the response to the Appeal against official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024, where the appeal filed against official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024 is declared inadmissible, because the possibility of challenging said act before the mayor's office was already precluded on the date the appeal was filed. 56. On August 19, 2024, through a document without an official letter number, received on August 23, 2024, signed by [Name 020] and ([Name 026]), addressed to the Municipal Council, requesting information on the complaints filed against their commercial premises, as well as requesting impartiality in the performance of duties. 57. On August 27, 2024, via an email signed anonymously, sent to the services platform of the Municipality of Sarchí, regarding a complaint about the consumption of liquor inside [Name 016] Licorera Donde Sabor, in the district of Sarchí Norte. 58.
On August 28, 2024, through official letter MS-PA-OF-062-2024, signed by [Name 021] of the Patents Department, addressed to [Name 026], holder of identity card number [Value 016], [Name 016], informing him that an anonymous complaint with an attached photograph has been received indicating that liquor has been sold for consumption inside his business; by this means, you are WARNED to proceed to abide by the prohibition of consuming alcoholic beverages within the establishment and its surroundings, indicating the type of license, prohibition, and sanction, according to Law No. 9047. 59. On August 29, 2024, via email, signed by David Villalobos Sancho, of 911 Operations, addressed to [Name 038], Municipal Finance Director, regarding the results of incident responses by the Ministry of Public Security during 2024, where the address mentioned is ([Name 040]), [Name 015], and [Name 016], from which a list of cases of public disorder, scandal, and others is derived. 60.
On September 5, 2024, through official letter MS-SCM-AC-0581-2024, signed by Mr. Jean Carlo Barquero Castro, Secretary of the Municipal Council, addressed to [Name 039], Mayor of the Municipality of Sarchí, by Article IV, agreement No. 10, of Ordinary Session No. 018, held by the Municipal Council of Sarchí on September 2, 2024, the document without an official letter number dated August 23, 2024, sent by [Name 020] and [Name 026], is forwarded to the Municipal Administration. 61. On October 3, 2024, through official letter MS-AL-OF-0493-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 039], Mayor of the Municipality of Sarchí, addressed to the Municipal Council of the Municipality of Sarchí, regarding the response to the note from Messrs. ([Name 026]) and [Name 020] and the attention to official letter MS-SCM-AC-0581-2024. Attached is official letter MS-DH-OF-064-2024, signed by [Name 038], Tax Finance Director, where the attention to the request received was provided.
REGARDING THE AMPARO APPEAL In relation to the arguments set forth in the petitioners' claim in the amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) brief, the following must be noted and specified regarding the Municipality of Sarchí: First: Regarding the content of point First of the brief filing this amparo appeal, the municipal entity has carried out a rigorous process in managing requests and procedures related to municipal patents in compliance with the respective requirements for each commercial activity carried out, including those noted for this particular process. Likewise, timely attention has been provided to each of the cases presented by the petitioners; in this context, the registered commercial premises have been subject on various occasions to inspections, preventive measures, and temporary closures, all grounded in current regulations and with the purpose of ensuring compliance with the legal provisions for this matter.
These actions reflect the commitment to good practices and transparency that govern public function, always oriented toward the well-being of the community in general. It is important to highlight that the follow-up to the respective processes that merit the attention of licensed commercial premises continues daily in adherence to due process to thus ensure the good practice of the function carried out by the Municipality. Second: Regarding the content of point Second of the brief filing this amparo appeal, it is true that Patent Resolution Number 129-2015, which corresponds to receipt No. 8515, concerning a license application for the sale of liquor in a Minisúper corresponds to the Minisúper premises, license type D1, in the name of Mrs. [Name 020], which is valid from December 10, 2015, until expiration on December 10, 2020; it is linked to the commercial patent under the commercial line Minisúper, in the name of Mrs. [Name 020], valid from December 7, 2015, until expiration on December 7, 2020, this with a land use (uso de suelo) requested for Mini-supermarket, in a commercial and services zone with a permitted compliant use.
Regarding the statement that it "has operated as a clandestine Bar," this municipal entity has no record of this, as inspections and visits have been repeatedly carried out in the area, where it has not been possible to verify the assertion made by the petitioners. Third: Regarding the content of point Third of the brief filing this amparo appeal, it is true that a document dated August 12, 2016, signed by various private individuals was filed before the Municipality, Patents Department, but it was addressed on August 25, 2016, under official letter MVV-PT-OF-091-2016, which states that a warning was issued to the licensees based on document MVV-PT-OF-078-2016, signed by [Name 021] of the Patents Department, which states: "The Municipality, by this means, WARNS YOU, to PROCEED TO COMPLY WITH THE ESTABLISHED HOURS FOR YOUR BUSINESS AND THE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES WITHIN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS SURROUNDINGS." See folios 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 of the attached certified file.
Fourth: Regarding the content of point Fourth of the brief filing this amparo appeal, it is true that a document was received at the Municipality of Sarchí on February 22, 2017, a situation addressed by Mrs. Norma Zeledón Pérez, Vice-Mayor of the Municipality, who requested a report regarding [Name 016] from the patents department, issued via official letter MVV-PT-OF-039-2017. See folios 49 and 50 of the attached certified file. Fifth: Regarding the content of point Seventh of the brief filing this amparo appeal, attached as evidence of the actions of the Municipality of Sarchí is Patent Resolution Number 069-2017, corresponding to [Name 016], with the operative part (por tanto) concerning the temporary suspension of the commercial license from eleven o'clock in the morning on July nineteenth until eleven o'clock in the morning on July twenty-fourth, 2017; it was closed down and administratively sanctioned with a preventive and temporary closure.
On September 26, 2019, under official letter MS-PT-OF-118-2019, signed by [Name 021] of the Patents Department, addressed to ([Name 026]), owner of [Name 016], stating that the Municipality, by this means WARNS YOU, to PROCEED TO take the necessary steps to avoid this situation in your BUSINESS. On July 18, 2023, under official letter MS-PA-OF-197-2023, signed by [Name 021] of the Patents Department, addressed to [Name 020], owner of [Name 015], stating that the Municipality of Sarchí, by this means WARNS YOU, to COMPLY WITH WHAT IS INDICATED IN YOUR LIQUOR LICENSE GRANTING RESOLUTION with greater emphasis. On July 12, 2024, under official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024, signed by [Name 038], Finance Director, addressed to [Name 027], owner of [Name 040] La Granja, stating YOU ARE FORMALLY WARNED, to refrain from holding events without proper authorization, as otherwise the respective procedures must be initiated.
On August 28, 2024, under official letter MS-PA-OF-062-2024, signed by [Name 021] of the patents department, addressed to [Name 026], owner of [Name 016], stating YOU ARE WARNED to proceed to COMPLY WITH THE PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION WITHIN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. See folios 67, 68, 98, 167, 311, 312, 339, and 340 of the attached certified file. Sixth: Regarding the content of point Tenth of the brief filing this amparo appeal, attached as evidence of the actions of the Municipality of Sarchí is official letter MS-AL-OF-0376-2024, signed by Mr. [Name 039], Mayor, addressed to [Name 021] of the Patents Department and [Name 022] of Municipal Finance, requesting urgent information regarding the licensees under attention, which was addressed through official letter MS-PA-OF-245-2023, detailing for the commercial premises under attention the land use, sanitary permit, dates of application for commercial activity and liquor licenses, license class, payment amounts for commercial patent and liquor license, hours of operation, restrictions, and tax status.
See folios 168, 169, 170, 171, and 172 of the attached certified file. Seventh: Regarding the content of point Twelfth of the brief filing this amparo appeal, attached as evidence of the actions of the Municipality of Sarchí is official letter MS-PA-OF-245-2023, from which information on the licensees is derived guaranteeing compliance with the regulations for the development of the noted commercial activities. See folios 170, 171, and 172 of the attached certified file. Eighth: Regarding the content of point Fourteenth of the brief filing this amparo appeal, submitted as support are the inspections conducted by the local government in response to the requests made by the neighbors of the area: official letters MS-DH-OF-0010-2024, MS-DH-OF-0011-2024, and MS-DH-OF-0009-2024, together with the respective reports proving the recognitions carried out by municipal officials, licensees, and the Public Police Force, at the premises under attention.
Likewise, a response was provided to the residents of Sarchí Norte through official letter MS-AL-OF-0135-2024, signed by [Name 039], Mayor, addressing the disagreement regarding the irregularities raised about the commercial premises “[Name 016], [Name 015], and ([Name 040]),” where the actions taken in search of solutions to the problem described by the area residents are mentioned. See folios 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 214, 215, 216, and 217 of the attached certified file. Ninth: Regarding the content of point Fifteenth of the brief filing this amparo appeal, an ordinary session of the Cantonal Council for Institutional Coordination (Consejo Cantonal de Coordinación Institucional, CCCI) of Sarchí was held in the session hall of the Municipality of Sarchí on June 12, 2024, with the presence of various authorities and institutions of the canton, as well as some residents of the Sarchí Norte sector, where the following agreements were reached: "1.
Prior communication between institutions when road improvements are made and ensure these do not generate waste that obstructs the drainage systems on the roads. 2. The Ministry of Health will issue a report to the CCCI regarding the progress status of the observations issued on the conditions of the extractors of the commercial premises [Name 040] and [Name 015]. 3. The Municipality of Sarchí will issue a report to the CCCI regarding the inspections carried out at the commercial premises Mini Super El Sabor, [Name 040], and [Name 015]. 4. The Municipality of Sarchí will notify the owner of the property and the licensees of Mini Super El Sabor, [Name 040], and [Name 015], about the placement of chains at the entrances of the parking lots in front of the premises and that these be used once the premises are closed. 5. The Ministry of Environment and Energy is requested to provide a report to determine the area covered by a possible spring (naciente) located near the property of Mr.
Gilbert Alpízar, the place where the commercial premises Mini Súper El Sabor, [Name 040], and [Name 015] are located." Thus, the commitment to the residents of the area remains in place in order to strengthen public safety within the legal scope available. Likewise, through official letter MS-DH-OF-035-2024, Danilo Granados Alvarado, Director of the Governing Health Area of Sarchí, was informed of the reports prepared by engineer Marco Tulio Arias Morera of the Costa Rican Fire Department (Benemérito Cuerpo de Bomberos de Costa Rica) on several of the canton's commercial premises, including those under attention herein. Similarly, through official letters MS-DH-OF-036-2024, MS-DH-OF-037-2024, and MS-DH-OF-038-2024, the results of the reports prepared by the professional were forwarded to the licensees for their respective attention. See folios 218 to 309 of the attached certified file. Tenth: Regarding the content of point Sixteenth of the brief filing this amparo appeal, the information provided by the petitioners regarding their medical diagnoses is acknowledged as received.
However, it is important to note that it is not within the competencies of the municipalities to prevent the exercise of commercial activities when the requirements established for their operation are met, and acting against this would constitute a discriminatory practice and a violation of rights. For this reason, on repeated occasions, the corresponding municipal procedures have been carried out to address the situation presented, following due process, with the goal of safeguarding the integrity of the inhabitants of the canton in an equitable and healthy manner. Having stated the above, the following clarification is made: The commercial activities subject to the appeal correspond to three premises, which have the following data and requirements: • [Name 016] o Taxpayer name: [Name 026] o Compliant land use: 3020-2015 [ZUCR Urban Commercial Residential Zone] o Commercial activity and license type: Class D 1. minisúper type. o Liquor license application date: July 18, 2018 o Liquor license response date: August 23, 2018 o Hours for liquor sales: 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 midnight.
See folios 88 and 90 of the attached certified file. • [Name 040] o Taxpayer name: [Name 027] o Compliant land use: 643-2021 [ZUCR Urban Commercial Residential Zone] o Commercial activity and license type: Class C. restaurant type o Liquor license application date: March 17, 2023 o Liquor license response date: April 13, 2023 o Hours for liquor sales: from 11:00 a.m. to 2:30 a.m. See folios 136, 136, and 138 of the attached certified file. • [Name 015] o Taxpayer name: [Name 020] o Compliant land use: 643-2021 [ZUCR Urban Commercial Residential Zone] o Commercial activity and license type: Class B1. Bar type. o Liquor license application date: April 20, 2023 o Liquor license response date: May 24, 2023 o Hours for liquor sales: 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 midnight. See folios 164, 165, and 166 of the attached certified file. PETITION Based on all the foregoing, the following is requested: • To reject the present amparo appeal with respect to the undersigned and our represented entity, given that the constitutional rights of the petitioners have not been violated.
On the contrary, the Municipality has carried out actions aimed at providing assistance and collaboration to the citizens of the canton, respecting at all times the rights of merchants and residents, performing actions that have been executed within the framework of due process and legality, principles that underpin and guide public function. • To reject the present amparo appeal considering that the undersigned and our represented entity have taken the necessary administrative steps to find a solution for the petitioners, coupled with the fact that both the Mayor's Office and the Municipal Council have addressed and carried out, as the Municipality, actions within their competencies. • To reject any claim for condemnation in costs, damages, or losses that the present appeal may generate."
Prepared by Judge Cruz Castro; and,
Considering:
Before analyzing the merits of the case – for the alleged violation of the right to a prompt and fulfilled procedure – it must be clarified that, based on ruling No. 2008-02545 at 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction – with some exceptions – those matters in which it is discussed whether the public administration has or has not complied with the deadlines established by the General Law of Public Administration (Articles 261 and 325) or by the sectoral laws relating to special administrative procedures, both to resolve by final act an administrative procedure – initiated ex officio or at the request of a party – and to hear the pertinent administrative appeals. Precisely, in this case, an exception is raised, as it involves several complaints filed before the Municipality of Sarchí, the Governing Health Area of Sarchí, and the Traffic Delegation for problems related to the activities of three commercial premises ([Name 040], [Name 016]) that may affect health and the environment. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo appeal.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 45 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction, if the respondent authority does not submit its report, the facts alleged by the petitioner are deemed to be true. The Chamber proceeds to study the admissibility of the amparo appeal, based on the factual basis presented, which does not imply that the appeal is automatically granted. In this specific case, the head of the Police Delegation of the Public Police Force of Sarchí did not submit the requested report. Therefore, the report is deemed not submitted, and this Chamber resolves the case by evaluating the other reports provided, the facts reported, the evidence attached to the amparo filing brief, and the applicable jurisprudence of this Court.
The petitioner files an amparo appeal and states that, from 2015 to the present, they have been denouncing, without success, the irregular operation of several businesses—particularly "[Name 016]"—which, although having only minisúper, soda, or restaurant patents, actually operate as clandestine bars. In these establishments, liquor is sold without time controls, parties, horseback riding events (cabalgatas), and activities with loud music are organized, generating noise pollution, garbage in the streets, fights, drug and alcohol consumption on public roads, as well as insecurity in the neighborhood. The petitioners state that, despite the constant complaints filed since 2016 before the Municipality of Sarchí, the Governing Health Area of Valverde Vega, the Public Police Force, and the Traffic Police, the authorities have not taken effective measures. They allege that there may even be a possible conflict of interest in the Municipality, given the family relationship between licensees and officials responsible for granting patents.
They claim that official responses have been limited to official letters or inspections at times when the businesses are not operating, rendering the actions ineffective. They relate that the situation has escalated over time: liquor and drug consumption in the street, urine and vomit on walls and sidewalks of homes, foul odors from neighboring restaurants due to poorly located exhaust fans, an increase in pests, improper parking in front of houses, threats and insults against those who report, and an atmosphere of insecurity that directly affects older adults, children, and people with physical and psychological illnesses. They argue that multiple calls to 911 and the presentation of medical evidence confirming damages to the physical and emotional health of the neighbors have been documented. The neighbors denounce that, although the land use certificates only authorize minisúper or restaurant activities, the establishments act as bars and discotheques, with karaoke, live music, and liquor sales throughout the early morning, without capacity control or adequate sanitary conditions.
They consider that the respondent institutions have allowed this situation, favoring private interests over the public interest, despite the proximity of these businesses to schools, daycare centers, the Red Cross, and the public library. They claim that institutional inaction has violated their fundamental rights to health, life, privacy, private property, and to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Therefore, they ask the Court to protect their rights and order the respondent authorities to adopt effective measures to put an end to the reported problem.
For the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been so accredited or because the appealed authority omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
Facts related to the Traffic Police of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport:
On October 12, 2023, incident 2023-10-12-03090 was reported to the 911 Emergency System, referred only to the Ministry of Public Security, without the participation of the Traffic Police (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On October 13, 2023, incident 2023-10-13-03366 was recorded, attended exclusively by the Ministry of Public Security, without assignment to the Traffic Police (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On March 24, 2024, incident 2024-03-24-03145 occurred, which was referred only to the Ministry of Public Security, without the knowledge of the Traffic Police (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 18, 2024, incident 2024-04-18-00115 was generated, reported to 911 and assigned only to the Ministry of Public Security, without the participation of the Traffic Police (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On July 25, 2024, incident 2024-25-07-01831 was reported, without intervention of the Traffic Police, as it was assigned only to the Ministry of Public Security (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On August 14, 2024, incident 2024-14-08-03174 was recorded, without knowledge or attention of the Traffic Police, being assigned only to the Ministry of Public Security (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On August 24, 2024, incidents 2024-08-24-02891, 2024-08-24-02293 and 2024-08-24-02404 were reported, all of them attended only by the Ministry of Public Security, without the Traffic Police being assigned as responder (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On December 16, 2024, the Deputy Chief of the Communications Center of the DGPT, Lic. Óscar Calvo Quirós, by email, forwarded 16 reports from the 911 Emergency System corresponding to incidents occurring between 2015 and 2024. Of these, nine were against public order (sent as first responder to the Ministry of Public Security and as second responder to the Traffic Police), and seven were traffic incidents, improperly parked or administrative procedures, processed by the respective Unit, without any failure in attention being evidenced (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On December 18, 2024, the chief of the Western Delegation, Lic. Osman Murillo Rodríguez, responded by official letter number DVT-DGPT-OPT-RHN-UD-N-2024-139, indicating that since he assumed the chief position in January 2021 he has not received direct complaints at the delegation about the case; that the incidents transferred by 911 have been attended according to the police protocol, without verifying the reported facts; that the majority of incidents correspond to disturbance of public order, a competence of the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Health; and that strategic controls have been carried out at access and exit points of Sarchí, without citation tickets having been issued (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
Facts related to the Central Occidente Health Governing Area (Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente) of the Ministry of Health:
On November 9, 2023, complaints D-VV-088-2023 (against [Name 040]), D-VV-089-2023 (against [Name 016] D’ Sabor) and D-VV-090-2023 (against [Name 032]) were filed, for noise, deficient sanitary conditions, activities without a permit, inadequate waste management, smoking and odors, among others (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On December 19, 2023, regarding La Granja, report MS-CO-DARS-VV-072-2023 and sanitary order MS-CO-DARS-VV-OS-134-2023 were issued, ordering the activity to be halted for lacking a valid sanitary permit (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On January 30, 2024, in relation to the La Granja business, Sanitary Operating Permit No. 11-2024 was granted, valid until November 15, 2024 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). In January 2024, in relation to the La Farmacia business, a sanitary order was issued to correct nonconformities (walls without proper conditions, absence of documented hygiene/disinfection programs, and non-adapted sanitary facilities) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
In February 2024, in relation to the D’ Sabor business, reports and sanitary orders were issued to adapt the sanitary facility in accordance with Law 7600 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). In relation to the La Farmacia business, sonic measurements were taken due to noise complaints, recording excesses over the limits permitted for mixed-use zones in some dwellings (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On August 9, 2024, in relation to the La Granja business, a sanitary order was notified to correct smoke management and disposal, accessibility (Law 7600), condition of sanitary facilities, and absence of an emergency plan (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). In August 2024, the closure of D’ Sabor was ordered for non-compliance (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). In October 2024, compliance with the conditions required of D’ Sabor was verified and the case was closed (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On November 15, 2024, the sanitary permit for La Granja was renewed until November 15, 2025, with aspects pending comprehensive inspection (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
Regarding the facts related to the Municipality of Sarchí:
On December 7, 2015, Patents Resolution No. 126-2015 was issued, approving the Minisúper business license for the premises “Minisúper D’ Sabor”, in the name of [Name 020] (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On December 7, 2015, official letter MVV-PT-OF-127-2015 was sent to the Municipal Council with the license application for the sale of alcoholic beverages (class D1) for “Minisúper D’ Sabor” (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On December 8, 2015, the Municipal Council approved the liquor license for [Name 020] (minutes transcribed on December 9, 2015, official letter SMVV0708-2015) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On December 10, 2015, Patents Resolution No. 129-2015 was issued, granting a liquor license (class D1) to Minisúper D’ Sabor, with hours from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On August 25, 2016, by official letter MVV-PT-OF-091-2016, the Municipality warned the establishment to adhere to hours and prohibitions according to Law 9047, following a complaint of August 17, 2016 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On September 21, 2016, the Public Force reported (official letter Sub36-048-2016) the issuance of an observation report for events at the premises, forwarded to the Patents Department (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On September 26, 2016, [Name 020] responded to Patents regarding a neighbors’ letter concerning [Name 016] D’ Sabor (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On September 29, 2016, by official letter MVV-PT-OF-105-2016, the Municipality warned for the last time to adhere to the non-consumption of alcoholic beverages inside and in the surroundings of the premises, according to Law 9047 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On January 28, 2017, the Public Force reported persons consuming liquor inside [Name 016] Licorera D’ Sabor (official letter No. 0012185-17). (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On February 1, 2017, Patents inspected the premises and confirmed liquor consumption inside, based on report 0012185-17 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On February 2, 2017, [Name 026] submitted a defense regarding the warning call from the inspection of February 1, 2017 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On March 7, 2017, Patents informed the Vice Mayor’s Office (official letter MVV-PT-OF-039-2017) about municipal actions regarding [Name 016] Licorera D’ Sabor (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On March 8, 2017 (00:06 h), the Public Force reported the premises open with people and vehicles (report No. 0026041-17) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 6, 2017, the person in charge of the establishment submitted a defense regarding the police report of March 3, 2017; additionally, neighbors reported incidents of March 27, 2017 that culminated in a police check (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On May 3, 2017, the Public Force reported three attendances (reports 0045533-17, 0045541-17 and 0050255-17) for liquor consumption outside and inside and made warnings to the administrator (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On May 16, 2017, the patent holder expressed disagreement for not receiving copies of police reports and requested they be dismissed (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On July 18, 2017, by Patents Resolution 069-2017, the Municipality temporarily suspended the commercial license of [Name 016] Licorera D’ Sabor from July 19 to 24, 2017, with preventive closure and seals (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On March 27, 2018, by Resolution 043-2018, the patent for [Name 016] D’ Sabor was transferred from [Name 020] to [Name 026] (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On August 1, 2018, Patents elevated to the Council the liquor license application for [Name 016] D’ Sabor in the name of [Name 026] (official letter MVV-PT-OF-075-2018) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On August 6, 2018, the Council approved the liquor license for D’ Sabor (official letter SMVV368-2018 of August 14, 2018) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On September 7, 2018, by Resolution 101-2018, the Municipality accepted the resignation of the patent of [Name 020] (premises not operating as of September 6, 2018) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On March 25, 2019, a change of activity to Restaurant was requested in the name of [Name 027] (procedure 20831) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On May 24, 2019, the Municipality warned D’ Sabor for possible non-compliance with hours (official letter MVV-PT-OF-037-2019 of March 25 and follow-up MS-PT-OF-118-2019 of September 26, 2019). (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On March 22 and 27, 2023, the liquor license application for [Name 040] was forwarded to the Council (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 3, 2023, the Council approved the liquor license for La Granja (official letter MS-SCM-AC-0166-2023) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On April 13, 2023, Patents Resolution 03-01-2023 was issued with the liquor license ballot for La Granja (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 28 and May 10/19, 2023, the Bar liquor license for [Name 032] was processed and approved (official letters MS-AL-OF-0238-2023, MS-SCM-AC-0228-2023, MS-SCM-AC-0259-2023) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On May 24, 2023, Patents Resolution 06-01-2023 was issued granting the liquor license to [Name 015] (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On July 18, 2023, the Municipality warned [Name 015] to comply that the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages only occur inside the premises (official letter MS-PA-OF-197-2023) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On September 8 and 21, 2023, the Mayor’s Office requested, and the Patents Office responded, comprehensive information on the patents of La Granja, D’ Sabor and La Farmacia (official letters MS-AL-OF-0376-2023 and MS-PA-OF-245-2023) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On March 15, 2024, the Legal Advisory Office forwarded a neighborhood complaint for alleged irregularities of D’ Sabor, La Farmacia and La Granja (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 2 and 3, 2024, Hacienda notified La Granja, La Farmacia and D’ Sabor of the results of inspections of March 15, 2024 (consumption on public roads, excess noise and other situations), warning about potential infractions to Law 9047 (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 9, 2024, the Council forwarded to Hacienda an official letter from the MSP regarding liquor consumption on public roads in the vicinity of Licorera Sabor. (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On April 17, 2024, the Mayor’s Office responded to the neighborhood group of Sarchí Norte, detailing municipal actions and patent information. (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On June 12, 2024, the Cantonal Council for Institutional Coordination held a session (minutes 3-2024) and agreed: reports from Health and Municipality on extractors and inspections; placement of chains at parking lot access points upon closing; and actions before MINAE for a possible spring (naciente) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On June 21, 2024, inspection reports (June 5) were sent to Health and the findings (preventive non-compliance and maximum capacities: 42 persons in La Farmacia; 41 in La Granja) and critical safety observations from the Fire Department were forwarded to D’ Sabor, La Farmacia and La Granja (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On July 10, 2024, an anonymous telephone complaint was received for musical activity at La Granja; an inspection was coordinated with the Public Force (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On July 12, 2024, La Granja was formally warned to refrain from holding musical events without authorization (official letter MS-DH-OF-043-2024) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On July 22 and 24, 2024, the patent holder of La Granja challenged the warning and the Municipality reiterated the measure (official letter MS-DH-OF-046-2024) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On July 31, 2024, the patent holder appealed to the Mayor’s Office; on August 8, 2024, the Mayor’s Office declared the appeal inadmissible due to preclusion (official letter MS-AL-OF-0388-2024) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On August 27 and 28, 2024, an anonymous complaint was received for liquor consumption inside Minisúper D’ Sabor and the Municipality warned to adhere to the prohibition of consumption in the establishment and its surroundings (official letter MS-PA-OF-062-2024) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On August 29, 2024, 911 reported incidents for public disorder and scandal at La Granja, La Farmacia and D’ Sabor (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On September 5, 2024, the Council forwarded to the municipal Administration the submission from [Name 020] and [Name 026] regarding complaints and impartiality (official letter MS-SCM-AC-0581-2024) (see report rendered by the respondent authorities). On October 3, 2024, the Mayor’s Office responded to the Council and attached official letter MS-DH-OF-064-2024 with the attention given to the request for information on the involved businesses (see report rendered by the respondent authorities).
On repeated occasions, this Court has developed the content of this right, enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. The protection of the environment is an adequate mechanism to safeguard and improve the quality of life for all, which necessitates the intervention of Public Authorities over factors that can alter its balance and hinder the person from developing and functioning in a healthy environment. The State constitutes itself as the guarantor in the protection and safeguarding of the environment and natural resources. In this sense, the control and oversight of environmental subject matter and activity constitute an essential function of the State, therefore, in matters of environmental protection, the functions of stewardship, control, and oversight of environmental matters correspond to the State, through the various administrative dependencies.
As has been reiterated in the case law of this Chamber, constitutional competence in environmental matters cannot extend to the point where it becomes a verifier of technical criteria expressed in norms or by administrative authorities in environmental matters, but is limited to ascertaining whether the competent state dependencies have fulfilled the obligation imposed on them by Article 50 of the Political Constitution, to assume responsible and timely action regarding environmental protection. It has also been held that the admissibility of the recurso de amparo is conditional upon accrediting the existence of a disturbance or threat to one or more of the rights or guarantees contemplated in the Political Charter or in international human rights instruments signed by the country. This latter circumstance highlights the eminently summary nature of the amparo process, whose processing does not lend itself well to the practice of slow and complex evidentiary proceedings, or to the need to previously examine - with declarative character - whether or not infra-constitutional rights exist that the parties cite as part of the factual array of the recurso de amparo or of the legal report, as the case may be, since it is evident that this is a competence that this Chamber lacks.
Faced with this situation, it is not appropriate for the Chamber to issue any pronouncement (positive or negative) in these cases, because to elucidate whether there has been an infringement of fundamental rights or not, that conflict must first be resolved at the level of legality.
The action of public institutions must be swift and efficient, especially when it comes to providing the services within their competence. In the case of municipalities, being assigned the generic task of attending to local interests and services covers a broad set of activities. In judgment No. 2011-012886, of 12:44 p.m. on September 23, 2011, this matter was addressed, and on that occasion the Chamber indicated:
"…As established by Article 169 of the Political Constitution and the Municipal Code, municipalities are responsible for the administration of local services and interests, in order to promote the comprehensive development of the cantons in harmony with national development. Consequently, the Municipality must establish a comprehensive urban planning policy in accordance with the respective law, which pursues the efficient and harmonious development of urban centers and guarantees - at a minimum - efficient electrification and communication services; good drinking water supply and sewage disposal systems, adequate aqueduct and sewer systems, city lighting and ornamentation systems; construction, repair and cleaning services of streets and other public roads; in general, concrete and practical plans to make the life of the population comfortable and safe. (…) Consequently, in the judgment of this Court, by its omission, the Municipality has endangered the free movement of the petitioners and residents of the community in question, as well as the right to enjoy a healthy and balanced environment, recognized in Articles 27 and 50 of the Political Constitution, therefore, with regard to this entity, this recurso should be upheld…".
From the factual background detailed and the reports rendered by the municipal authority, it was verified that the Municipality of Sarchí has issued patent and liquor license resolutions, has conducted inspections, has attended neighborhood complaints and, in some instances, has warned patent holders about compliance with hours, prohibitions and operating conditions of the indicated businesses. However, from the multiple neighborhood reports, Public Force inspections and minutes of inter-institutional meetings (CCCI), it is evident that the measures adopted by the local entity have been insufficient, fragmented and tardy to effectively guarantee the fundamental right of the neighbors to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (Art. 50 Political Constitution). The constitutional duty of the municipality is not exhausted by issuing patents or formal warnings; it implies actively ensuring tranquility, health and safety in the community, timely applying the powers of closure, patent revocation or imposition of administrative sanctions when repeated conducts so merit.
In this case, the excess noise, the sale and consumption of liquor outside the premises, public disorder and the impact on the health of the neighbors were accredited as a prolonged problem over time, evidencing a municipal omission in the effective protection of the local interest. Therefore, insofar as concerns this authority, the recurso must be upheld, ordering it to reinforce inspections, apply immediate corrective measures and coordinate with other competent institutions to guarantee the cessation of the conducts harmful to the fundamental rights of the petitioners.
IX.ON THE SPECIFIC CASE IN RELATION TO THE CENTRAL OCCIDENTE HEALTH GOVERNING AREA (ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD CENTRAL OCCIDENTE) OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH. From the report rendered by the health authority, it was accredited that since November 2023, complaints D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 and D-VV-090-2023 were processed, relating to the establishments "La Granja", "D’ Sabor" and "La Farmacia". Sanitary orders were issued, noise measurements were taken, one premises (D’ Sabor) was temporarily closed and conditional sanitary permits were renewed. Even though the institution has demonstrated important diligence, especially in the issuance of sanitary orders and the conduct of technical inspections, aspects subject to comprehensive oversight persist, particularly regarding excessive noise, emergency plans, adapted sanitary facilities and smoke extractors. The case law of this Chamber has established that the right to a healthy environment requires health authorities to act effectively and preventively, such that inertia or the indefinite prolongation of administrative procedures generates a constitutional violation.
In this case, the action of the Ministry of Health was partially adequate, but not sufficient to guarantee comprehensive protection against the impact on the health and environment of the neighbors. Therefore, with respect to this authority, the recurso is partially upheld, ordering it to conclude the ongoing administrative procedures with speed, conduct the pending comprehensive inspections and adopt, within the framework of its competencies, the corrective measures necessary to guarantee compliance with the sanitary regulations.
From the reports rendered by the General Directorate of Traffic Police and the Western Delegation, it was accredited that the majority of incidents reported to the 911 System were assigned as first responder to the Ministry of Public Security, as well as, in specific cases where the Traffic Police also participated as second responder or for traffic infractions. In the reports reviewed, no inaction by the Public Force or traffic authorities within their jurisdictional areas was verified, nor any omission in the duties incumbent upon them. It must be remembered that the recurso de amparo does not apply when the respondent authority acts within the limits of its legal competence and no violation of fundamental rights attributable to it is accredited. In this case, no attributable omission is evident from either the Traffic Police or the Public Force, since the referred complaints mostly corresponded to public order and not to vehicular traffic control. Consequently, in relation to the Traffic Police and the Public Force, the recurso must be dismissed.
This Chamber recalls that Article 50 of the Political Constitution imposes on all public authorities a positive obligation of prevention and protection against environmental and sanitary impacts that compromise the quality of life. That duty is not satisfied with isolated or merely formal actions, but through coordinated, effective and timely responses, especially when the problem - as in the sub lite - requires concurrence of competencies (municipality, health area, police and traffic control in the roadway environment). The principle of inter-administrative cooperation and coordination requires that the institutions involved share useful information, plan joint actions, execute coordinated operations and evaluate results, avoiding duplications, control gaps or delays that empty the fundamental rights of their content. Consequently, the effective protection of the right to a healthy environment, health, privacy and property of the neighbors requires inter-institutional planning with verifiable goals, sustained and non-episodic control during the identified critical hours and moments, the application and execution of a proportional and progressive sanctioning regime in the face of recidivism, and accountability to the citizenry, through periodic reports that allow verification of the correction of detected non-compliances.
Consequently, this amparo process is upheld solely against the Municipality of Sarchí and the Central Occidente Health Governing Area (Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente) of the Ministry of Health.
I have supported the thesis of this Court, that when the petitioner alleges a violation of the right to prompt and complete justice in the administrative venue, those who must hear the legal controversy are the Contentious-Administrative Tribunals and not this Chamber. That said, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition, it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection by means of the recurso de amparo established by Article 32 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction, in relation to Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the material actions of the Administration, its administrative acts or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently promulgated regulation does not imply that this Court must modify its jurisprudential line, which, based on numeral 7 of its Law, corresponds exclusively to define its own competence.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional controversies that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exceptional cases, which are admissible to be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional amparo guarantee process, in all other cases, and for the reasons given by this Court (judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent ones are the Judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with numeral 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Law of the Constitution (values, principles and norms) and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
The parties are warned that, if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or produced by new technologies, these must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of 30 working days counted from the notification of this judgment.
Otherwise, all material not removed within this period shall be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
The recurso is declared PARTIALLY WITH MERITS, solely, against the Municipalidad de Sarchí and the Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente of the Ministerio de Salud. Consequently, [Nombre 039], in their capacity as Mayor, and MARIELA CASTRO PACHECO, in her capacity as President of the Municipal Council, both of the Municipalidad de Sarchí, as well as DANILO GRANADO ALVARADO, in his capacity as Director of the Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente of the Ministerio de Salud, or whoever may occupy those positions, are ordered to, within a period of THREE MONTHS, counted from the notification of this judgment, execute in an organized and coordinated manner the necessary actions for the purpose of fully complying with the pending Sanitary Orders related to the operation of the commercial premises ([Nombre 040], [Nombre 016] [Nombre 016]). The respondent authorities are warned that, in accordance with article 71 of the Ley de esta jurisdicción, a penalty of imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed upon anyone who receives an order that must be carried out or enforced, issued in a recurso de amparo, and fails to carry it out or enforce it, provided that the offense is not more severely punished.
In relation to the Policía de Tránsito of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes and the Delegación Policial of the Fuerza Pública, the recurso is dismissed. The Municipalidad de Sarchí and the State are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be settled in the execution of the judgment from the contentious-administrative proceeding. Magistrate Castillo notes. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental,Derecho a la salud,Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: MUNICIPALIDAD Subtemas:
PERMISOS. PATENTES.
Tema: PODER EJECUTIVO Subtemas:
ORDEN SANITARIA..
Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
CONTAMINACION SONICA.
031963-25. MUNICIPALIDAD. PODER EJECUTIVO. AMBIENTE. VECINOS DE SARCHÍ, ACUSAN QUE HAN DENUNCIADO LA OPERACIÓN IRREGULAR DE VARIOS COMERCIOS, SIN QUE LAS AUTORIDADES COMPETENTES, HAGAN LO QUE CORRESPONDA. SE ORDENA A LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE SARCHÍ, ASÍ COMO, AL DIRECTOR DEL ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD CENTRAL OCCIDENTE DEL MINISTERIO DE SALUD, QUE, EN EL PLAZO DE TRES MESES, DE FORMA ORGANIZADA Y COORDINADA EJECUTEN LAS ACCIONES NECESARIAS A EFECTOS DE DAR CABAL CUMPLIMIENTO A LAS ÓRDENES SANITARIAS PENDIENTES POR CUMPLIR QUE SE ENCUENTREN RELACIONADAS CON EL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS LOCALES COMERCIALES (RESTAURANTE CHICHARRONERA LA GRANJA, MINISÚPER Y LICORES D SABOR). VCG10/2025 “(…) VIII.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO EN RELACIÓN CON LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE SARCHÍ. De los antecedentes fácticos reseñados y de los informes rendidos por la autoridad municipal, se constató que la Municipalidad de Sarchí ha emitido resoluciones de patentes y licencias de licores, ha practicado inspecciones, ha atendido denuncias vecinales y, en algunos supuestos, ha prevenido a los patentados sobre el cumplimiento de horarios, prohibiciones y condiciones de funcionamiento de los comercios señalados.
No obstante, de los múltiples reportes vecinales, inspecciones de Fuerza Pública y actas de reuniones interinstitucionales (CCCI), se evidencia que las medidas adoptadas por el ente local han sido insuficientes, fragmentadas y tardías para garantizar de manera efectiva el derecho fundamental de los vecinos a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado (art. 50 Constitución Política). El deber constitucional de la municipalidad no se agota en emitir patentes o prevenciones formales; implica velar de forma activa por la tranquilidad, salubridad y seguridad en la comunidad, aplicando oportunamente las potestades de clausura, revocatoria de patentes o imposición de sanciones administrativas cuando las conductas reiteradas así lo ameritan. En este caso, el exceso de ruido, la venta y consumo de licor fuera de los locales, el desorden público y la afectación a la salud de los vecinos se acreditaron como una problemática prolongada en el tiempo, que evidencia una omisión municipal en la tutela efectiva del interés local.
Por ello, en lo que concierne a esta autoridad, el recurso debe declararse con lugar, ordenándosele reforzar las inspecciones, aplicar las medidas correctivas inmediatas y coordinar con otras instituciones competentes para garantizar la cesación de las conductas lesivas a los derechos fundamentales de los recurrentes.
Del informe rendido por la autoridad sanitaria, se acreditó que desde noviembre de 2023 se tramitaron las denuncias D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 y D-VV-090-2023, relativas a los establecimientos “La Granja”, “D’ Sabor” y “La Farmacia”. Se dictaron órdenes sanitarias, se realizaron mediciones de ruido, se clausuró temporalmente un local (D’ Sabor) y se renovaron permisos sanitarios condicionados. Aun cuando la institución ha demostrado diligencias importantes, en especial la emisión de órdenes sanitarias y la práctica de inspecciones técnicas, persisten aspectos pendientes de fiscalización integral, particularmente en lo relativo a ruido excesivo, planes de emergencia, servicios sanitarios adaptados y extractores de humo. La jurisprudencia de esta Sala ha establecido que el derecho al ambiente sano exige que las autoridades sanitarias actúen de manera eficaz y preventiva, de modo que la inercia o la prolongación indefinida de trámites administrativos genera una vulneración constitucional.
En este caso, la actuación del Ministerio de Salud fue parcialmente adecuada, pero no suficiente para garantizar una protección integral frente a la afectación de la salud y el ambiente de los vecinos. Por ello, respecto de esta autoridad, el recurso se declara parcialmente con lugar, ordenándole concluir con celeridad los procedimientos administrativos en curso, practicar las inspecciones integrales pendientes y adoptar, dentro del marco de sus competencias, las medidas correctivas necesarias para garantizar el cumplimiento de la normativa sanitaria.
De los informes rendidos por la Dirección General de Policía de Tránsito y la Delegación de Occidente, se acreditó que la mayoría de incidentes reportados al Sistema 911 fueron asignados como primer respondedor al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, así como, en casos específicos que también se tuvo participación de la Policía de Tránsito como segundo respondedor o para infracciones de tránsito. En los reportes revisados, no se constató inacción de las autoridades de Fuerza Pública o de tránsito dentro de sus ámbitos competenciales, ni omisión en los deberes que les corresponden. Debe recordarse que, el recurso de amparo no procede cuando la autoridad recurrida actúa dentro de los límites de su competencia legal y no se acredita vulneración alguna de derechos fundamentales atribuible a ella. En este caso, no se desprende omisión atribuible ni la Policía de Tránsito ni a la Fuerza Pública, ya que las denuncias referidas correspondían mayoritariamente al orden público y no al control del tránsito vehicular. En consecuencia, en relación con la Policía de Tránsito y la Fuerza Pública, el recurso debe declararse sin lugar.
Esta Sala recuerda que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política impone a todas las autoridades públicas una obligación positiva de prevención y tutela frente a afectaciones ambientales y sanitarias que comprometan la calidad de vida. Ese deber no se satisface con actuaciones aisladas o meramente formales, sino mediante respuestas coordinadas, eficaces y oportunas, especialmente cuando la problemática -como en el sub lite- exige concurrencia de competencias (municipalidad, área de salud, policía y control de tránsito en el entorno vial). El principio de cooperación y coordinación interadministrativa, exige que las instituciones involucradas compartan información útil, planifiquen acciones conjuntas, ejecuten operativos coordinados y evalúen resultados, evitando duplicidades, lagunas de control o dilaciones que vacíen de contenido los derechos fundamentales. En consecuencia, la tutela efectiva del derecho a un ambiente sano, a la salud, a la intimidad y a la propiedad de los vecinos requiere, la planificación interinstitucional con metas verificables, un control sostenido y no episódico en los horarios y momentos críticos identificados, la aplicación y ejecución del régimen sancionatorio proporcional y progresivo frente a reincidencias, y, la rendición de cuentas a la ciudadanía, a través de informes periódicos que permitan verificar la corrección de los incumplimientos detectados.
Consecuentemente, se estima el presente proceso de amparo, únicamente, en contra de la Municipalidad de Sarchí y el Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente del Ministerio de Salud. (…)” ... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 041- Tutela judicial efectiva. Justicia pronta y cumplida Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 41 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA “(…) I.- DE PREVIO. De previo a analizar el fondo del asunto –por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido– debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones– aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos, pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o por las leyes sectoriales relativas a los procedimientos administrativos especiales, tanto para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– como para conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este caso se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante varias denuncias interpuestas ante la Municipalidad de Sarchí, el Área Rectora de Salud de Sarchí, la Delegación de Tránsito por problemas relacionados con actividades de tres locales comerciales ([Nombre 040], [Nombre 016]), que pueden afectar la salud y el ambiente. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo. (…)” VCG10/2025 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 045- Omisión del envío del informe Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 45 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL “(…) II.- CONSECUENCIA DE NO RENDIR EL INFORME SOLICITADO POR LA SALA. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 45 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, si la autoridad recurrida no rinde su informe, se tienen por ciertos los hechos alegados por la parte recurrente. La Sala entra a estudiar la procedencia del amparo, con la base fáctica expuesta, lo que no implica que automáticamente se acoja el recurso. En el caso concreto, el jefe de la Delegación Policial de la Fuerza Pública de Sarchí no rindió el informe solicitado. Por lo anterior, se tiene por no rendido el informe y esta Sala resuelve el caso valorando los otros informes aportados los hechos denunciados, la prueba que se adjunta al escrito de interposición del amparo y la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal aplicable al caso concreto. (…)” VCG10/2025 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 050- Ambiente Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 50 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA “(…) V.- SOBRE EL DERECHO FUNDAMENTAL A UN AMBIENTE SANO Y ECOLÓGICAMENTE EQUILIBRADO. En reiteradas ocasiones este Tribunal ha desarrollado el contenido de este derecho, contemplado en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. La protección del ambiente es un mecanismo adecuado para tutelar y mejorar la calidad de vida de todos, lo que hace necesaria la intervención de los Poderes Públicos sobre los factores que pueden alterar su equilibrio y obstaculizar que la persona se desarrolle y desenvuelva en un ambiente sano. El Estado se constituye en el garante en la protección y tutela del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. En este sentido, el control y fiscalización de la materia y actividad ambiental se constituye en una función esencial del Estado, por lo que, tratándose de la protección ambiental, las funciones de rectoría, control y fiscalización de la materia ambiental, corresponden al Estado, a cargo de las diversas dependencias administrativas.
Tal y como ha sido reiterado en la jurisprudencia de esta Sala, la competencia constitucional en materia ambiental no puede extenderse al punto en que se convierta en un verificador de los criterios técnicos vertidos en las normas o por las autoridades administrativas en materia ambiental, sino que se limita a constatar si las dependencias estatales competentes han cumplido la obligación que les impone el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, de asumir una actuación responsable y oportuna respecto a la protección del ambiente. Se ha sostenido también, que la procedencia del recurso de amparo está condicionada a que se acredite la existencia de una perturbación o amenaza a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos por el país. Esta última circunstancia pone de relieve el carácter eminentemente sumario del proceso de amparo, cuya tramitación no se aviene bien con la práctica de diligencias probatorias lentas y complejas, o con la necesidad de entrar previamente a examinar -con carácter declarativo- si existen en realidad o no derechos de rango infra constitucional que las partes citen como parte del elenco fáctico del recurso de amparo o del informe de ley, según sea el caso, toda vez que es evidente que esa es una competencia de la que esta Sala carece.
Ante esta situación, no resulta procedente que la Sala vierta pronunciamiento alguno (positivo o negativo) en estos casos, porque para dilucidar si ha habido infracción o no de derechos fundamentales primero se debe resolver dicho conflicto en el plano de la legalidad. (…)” VCG10/2025 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 169- Gobierno municipal Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 169 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA “(…) VII.- SOBRE EL DEBER DE LAS MUNICIPALIDADES DE ATENDER LOS INTERESES Y SERVICIOS LOCALES. La actuación de las instituciones públicas debe ser célere y eficiente, sobre todo cuando se trata de proveer los servicios que les competen. En el caso de las municipalidades, al asignárseles la labor genérica de atender los intereses y servicios locales, se abarca un amplio conjunto de actividades. En la sentencia No. 2011-012886, de las 12:44 horas del 23 de setiembre de 2011, se abordó esta materia, y en esa oportunidad la Sala indicó:
“…Conforme lo establece el artículo 169 de la Constitución Política y el Código Municipal, corresponde a las municipalidades la administración de los servicios e intereses locales, con el fin de promover el desarrollo integral de los cantones en armonía con el desarrollo nacional. En consecuencia, la Municipalidad debe establecer una política integral de planeamiento urbano de acuerdo con la ley respectiva, que persiga el desarrollo eficiente y armónico de los centros urbanos y que garantice -al menos- eficientes servicios de electrificación y de comunicación; buenos sistemas de provisión de agua potable y evacuación de aguas servidas, adecuados sistemas de acueductos y alcantarillado, sistemas de iluminación y ornato de las ciudades; servicios de construcción, reparación y limpieza de calles y otras vías públicas; en general planes concretos y prácticos para hacer confortable y segura la vida de la población. (…) Por consiguiente, a juicio de este Tribunal, con su omisión, la Municipalidad ha puesto en situación de peligro el libre transitar de los recurrentes y vecinos de la comunidad en cuestión, así como el derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y equilibrado, reconocidos en los artículos 27 y 50 de la Constitución Política, por lo que, en cuanto a esta entidad, el presente recurso deberá ser declarado con lugar…”. (…)” VCG10/2025 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 2. PRINCIPIOS CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: Coordinación Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
PRINCIPIO DE COORDINACIÓN.
“(…) El principio de cooperación y coordinación interadministrativa, exige que las instituciones involucradas compartan información útil, planifiquen acciones conjuntas, ejecuten operativos coordinados y evalúen resultados, evitando duplicidades, lagunas de control o dilaciones que vacíen de contenido los derechos fundamentales. En consecuencia, la tutela efectiva del derecho a un ambiente sano, a la salud, a la intimidad y a la propiedad de los vecinos requiere, la planificación interinstitucional con metas verificables, un control sostenido y no episódico en los horarios y momentos críticos identificados, la aplicación y ejecución del régimen sancionatorio proporcional y progresivo frente a reincidencias, y, la rendición de cuentas a la ciudadanía, a través de informes periódicos que permitan verificar la corrección de los incumplimientos detectados. (…)” VCG10/2025 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 041- Tutela judicial efectiva. Justicia pronta y cumplida Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
VCG10/2025 ... Ver más SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del tres de octubre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente número 24-034459-0007-CO interpuesto por [Nombre 001], [Valor 001], [Nombre 002], [Valor 002], [Nombre 003], [Valor 003], [Nombre 004], [Valor 004], [Nombre 005], [Valor 005], [Nombre 006], [Valor 006], [Nombre 007], [Valor 007], [Nombre 008], [Valor 008], [Nombre 009], [Valor 009], [Nombre 010], [Valor 010] y [Nombre 011], [Valor 011], contra el MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTES, el MINISTERIO DE SALUD, el MINISTERIO DE SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA y la MUNICIPALIDAD DE VALVERDE VEGA.
RESULTANDO:
En atención al recurso de amparo interpuesto por [Nombre 012], [Nombre 013], [Nombre 003]. [Nombre 004], [Nombre 005], [Nombre 006], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010] y [Nombre 011], en contra de este Ministerio de Salud, referente a los casos Identificados como las denuncias interpuestas de forma confidencial respectivamente los establecimientos [Nombre 040], [Nombre 016] y [Nombre 032], estos ubicados en [...].
ANTECEDENTES: El recurso de amparo, expediente Nº 24-034459-0007-CO, es recibido por este Ministerio de Salud en fecha 18 de diciembre del 2024.
DESARROLLO: Se hace un análisis de los respectivos expedientes y de la atención de las denuncias respectivas, y a continuación se detalla lo ejecutado por este Ministerio de Salud para cada caso citado.
Denuncia D-W-088-2023: Interpuesta el 09 de noviembre del 2023 contra el establecimiento [Nombre 040] por problemas sanitarios como ruido, condiciones de seguridad, productos peligrosos, actividades sin permiso, residuos, fumado y olores.
En fecha 19 de diciembre del 2023 se emite informe MS-CO-DARS-W-072-2023 (folio 00286) y orden sanitaria MS-CO-DARS-W-OS-134-2023 (folio 00292). donde se solicita al propietario [Nombre 027] paralizar la actividad del restaurante por no poseer permiso sanitario vigente.
El 30 de enero del 2024 se emite Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento Nº 11-2024 con vigencia hasta el 15 de noviembre del 2024 al presentar la solicitud de renovación.
En seguimiento, se emiten varios informes, inspecciones y recomendaciones, destacándose la necesidad de reprogramar inspecciones debido al cierre del establecimiento o falta de acceso al propietario.
En fecha 09 de agosto 2024, se emite y notifica Orden Sanitaria para corregir aspectos sanitarios relacionados a inadecuado manejo y disposición de humo, accesibilidad física ( ley 7600), estado de servicios sanitarios y ausencia de plan de emergencias.
El 15 de noviembre del 2024 se renueva el permiso sanitario hasta el 15 de noviembre del 2025. Aún existen aspectos pendientes de inspección integral Denuncia D-W-089-2023: Interpuesta el 09 de noviembre del 2023 contra el establecimiento [Nombre 016] ([Nombre 016]) por problemas sanitarios similares a los anteriores, incluyendo incumplimientos de la Ley 7600.
En febrero del 2024 se emiten informes y órdenes sanitarias para acondicionar el servicio sanitario para personas con discapacidad según la Ley 7600.
En agosto del 2024 se emite una orden de clausura del establecimiento por incumplimientos.
En octubre del 2024 se emite informe confirmando el cumplimiento de las condiciones exigidas, dándose por finalizado el caso Denuncia D-W-090-2023: Interpuesta el 09 de noviembre del 2023 contra el establecimiento [Nombre 032] por problemas sanitarios similares.
En enero del 2024 se emite orden sanitaria solicitando correcciones de inconformidades como paredes sin condiciones adecuadas, ausencia de programas documentados de higiene y desinfección, y servicios sanitarios no adaptados.
Se realizan mediciones sónicas debido a denuncias de ruido. con resultados que en algunas viviendas sobrepasan los limites permitidos para zonas mixtas (comercial-residencial).
En octubre del 2024 se ordena la clausura del establecimiento por Incumplimientos persistentes. Se mantienen acciones de seguimiento para verificar el cumplimiento de las órdenes sanitarias.
CONCLUSIÓN: Este Ministerio de Salud ha dado atención y seguimiento oportuno a los casos identificados con las denuncias D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 y D-VV-090-2023, en todos sus extremos y bajo el margen de legalidad existente. Asimismo, continuará dando seguimiento oportuno hasta el finiquito de las denuncias Interpuestas (Ver de forma integral del informe MS DRRSCO-DARS- MS-CO-DARS-W-2021-2024)
Honorables Magistrados, en defensa de lo alegado por los recurrentes en el recurso de amparo interpuesto. en el cual se acusa al Ministerio de Salud, a través de sus Áreas Rectoras de Salud, de no haber atendido de manera adecuada e integral los aspectos denunciados en tos casos identificados como denuncias D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 y D-VV-090-2023, es necesario destacar que dichas afirmaciones son infundadas y prematuras, dado que los procedimientos administrativos correspondientes aún están activos y en curso.
Es importante subrayar que el procedimiento administrativo relacionado con estas denuncias no ha concluido. Este se encuentra en una etapa activa, en la que se han realizado múltiples diligencias, inspecciones y análisis técnicos. La Ley General de la Administración Pública, en su artículo 261, establece un plazo ordenatorio no perentorio de dos meses para la resolución de procedimientos administrativos, ampliable conforme a la complejidad del caso. Además, el articulo 340 sobre la caducidad del procedimiento fija un límite de seis meses antes de considerar que el procedimiento se ha paralizado por lnacciónde la administración.
En este contexto, resulta improcedente e injustificado declarar un Incumplimiento o falta de atención por parte del Ministerio de Salud, ya que los procedimientos están en curso y han sido gestionados conforme a las exigencias legales y técnicas de cada caso.
Sobre la Complejidad de los Casos El recurso de amparo en cuestión engloba denuncias relacionadas con tres establecimientos comerciales diferentes, cada uno con problemáticas y circunstancias específicas· [Nombre 040] (D-VV-088-2023): Las denuncias incluyen ruido, condiciones de seguridad deficientes, manejo inadecuado de residuos y actividades sin permiso sanitario Se han emitido órdenes sanitarias renovaciones de permisos y se han realizado inspecciones recurrentes para evaluar, el cumplimiento de las normativas. La complejidad de las inconformidades detectadas ha requerido verificaciones detalladas y seguimiento prolongado.
[Nombre 016] (D-VV-089-2023): Se denuncian incumplimientos de la Ley 7600, ruido, olores y condiciones sanitarias deficientes El Ministerio ha emitido órdenes para adaptar las instalaciones a las normativas de accesibilidad, además de clausurar temporalmente el establecimiento por incumplimientos graves. Finalmente, se verificó que las condiciones fueron subsanadas, dando cierre al caso.
[Nombre 032] (D-W-090-2023): Se señalan problemas de infraestructura, ruido, higiene y manejo de residuos.
Se realizaron mediciones sónicas, inspecciones estructurales y se emitieron órdenes para corregir inconformidades. La naturaleza técnica de los análisis ha demandado tiempo adicional para su adecuada resolución.
Cada una de estas denuncias requiere evaluaciones técnicas distintas, como mediciones acústicas, verificaciones de permisos sanitarios y análisis estructurales. Esto justifica plenamente la extensión del tiempo de tramitación, ya que cada denuncia es atendida de manera integral y con la exhaustividad necesaria.
Alegaciones de Inacción. Contrario a las afirmaciones de los recurrentes, el Ministerio de Salud ha estado activamente involucrado en la gestión de estas denuncias. Se han llevado a cabo numerosas diligencias, incluyendo inspecciones programadas, emisiones de órdenes sanitarias y seguimientos para garantizar el cumplimiento normativo. No se trata de omisión o negligencia. sino de la continuidad de un procedimiento administrativo complejo y detallado.
Es relevante señalar que algunos retrasos se deben a factores ajenos al control del Ministerio, como la negativa o imposibilidad de acceso a ciertos establecimientos para realizar inspecciones, lo cual fue oportunamente documentado en los informes correspondientes.
Principio de Razonabilidad. La actuación del Ministerio de Salud se ha ajustado al principio de razonabilidad, considerando la naturaleza técnica de las denuncias y la necesidad de asegurar una resolución fundamentada y justa. Cada aspecto de las denuncias ha sido tratado con la profundidad requerida. garantizando que ninguna parle del proceso sea descuidada Por lo anterior, respecto a las solicitudes de los recurrentes sobre verificaciones adicionales. estas están siendo procesadas dentro del marco del procedimiento administrativo en curso. Los resultados de estas gestiones serán fundamentales para la toma de decisiones finales, loque subraya la premura inapropiada de este recurso.”
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
De previo a analizar el fondo del asunto –por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido– debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones– aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos, pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o por las leyes sectoriales relativas a los procedimientos administrativos especiales, tanto para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– como para conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este caso se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante varias denuncias interpuestas ante la Municipalidad de Sarchí, el Área Rectora de Salud de Sarchí, la Delegación de Tránsito por problemas relacionados con actividades de tres locales comerciales ([Nombre 040], [Nombre 016]), que pueden afectar la salud y el ambiente. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 45 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, si la autoridad recurrida no rinde su informe, se tienen por ciertos los hechos alegados por la parte recurrente. La Sala entra a estudiar la procedencia del amparo, con la base fáctica expuesta, lo que no implica que automáticamente se acoja el recurso. En el caso concreto, el jefe de la Delegación Policial de la Fuerza Pública de Sarchí no rindió el informe solicitado. Por lo anterior, se tiene por no rendido el informe y esta Sala resuelve el caso valorando los otros informes aportados los hechos denunciados, la prueba que se adjunta al escrito de interposición del amparo y la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal aplicable al caso concreto.
La parte recurrente interpone recurso de amparo y expone que, desde el año 2015 hasta la fecha han venido denunciando, sin éxito, la operación irregular de varios comercios —en particular el “[Nombre 016]”— que, aunque cuentan únicamente con patentes de minisúper, soda o restaurante, funcionan en realidad como bares clandestinos. En dichos locales se expende licor sin control de horarios, se organizan fiestas, cabalgatas y actividades con música a alto volumen, generando contaminación sónica, basura en las calles, pleitos, consumo de drogas y alcohol en la vía pública, así como inseguridad en el vecindario. Los recurrentes señalan que, pese a las constantes denuncias presentadas desde 2016 ante la Municipalidad de Sarchí, el Área Rectora de Salud de Valverde Vega, la Fuerza Pública y la Policía de Tránsito, las autoridades no han tomado medidas efectivas. Acusan que existe incluso un posible conflicto de interés en la Municipalidad, dado el vínculo familiar entre patentados y funcionarios responsables de otorgar patentes.
Reclaman que las respuestas oficiales se han limitado a oficios o inspecciones en horarios en que los negocios no operan, lo cual hace ineficaces las acciones. Relatan que la situación ha escalado con el tiempo: consumo de licor y drogas en la calle, orines y vómitos en tapias y aceras de viviendas, malos olores de los restaurantes vecinos por extractores mal ubicados, aumento de plagas, estacionamiento indebido frente a casas, amenazas e insultos contra quienes denuncian, y un ambiente de inseguridad que afecta directamente a adultos mayores, niños y personas con enfermedades físicas y psicológicas. Aducen que se han documentado múltiples llamadas al 911 y la presentación de pruebas médicas que confirman daños a la salud física y emocional de los vecinos. Los vecinos denuncian que, aunque los certificados de uso de suelo solo autorizan actividades de minisúper o restaurante, los establecimientos actúan como bares y discotecas, con karaoke, música en vivo y venta de licor toda la madrugada, sin control de aforo ni condiciones sanitarias adecuadas.
Consideran que las instituciones recurridas han permitido esta situación, privilegiando intereses privados sobre el interés público, a pesar de la cercanía de estos comercios con escuelas, guarderías, la Cruz Roja y la biblioteca pública. Alegan que la inacción institucional ha vulnerado sus derechos fundamentales a la salud, a la vida, a la intimidad, a la propiedad privada y a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por ello solicitan al Tribunal tutelar sus derechos y ordenar a las autoridades recurridas adoptar medidas efectivas que pongan fin a la problemática denunciada.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Hechos relacionados con la Policía de Tránsito del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes:
El 12 de octubre de 2023, se reportó el incidente 2023-10-12-03090 al Sistema de Emergencias 911, remitido únicamente al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, sin participación de la Policía de Tránsito (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 13 de octubre de 2023, se registró el incidente 2023-10-13-03366, atendido exclusivamente por el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, sin asignación a la Policía de Tránsito (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 24 de marzo de 2024, ocurrió el incidente 2024-03-24-03145, que fue remitido únicamente al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, sin conocimiento de la Policía de Tránsito (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 18 de abril de 2024, se generó el incidente 2024-04-18-00115, reportado al 911 y asignado solo al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, sin participación de la Policía de Tránsito (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 25 de julio de 2024, se reportó el incidente 2024-25-07-01831, sin intervención de la Policía de Tránsito, ya que fue asignado únicamente al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 14 de agosto de 2024, se registró el incidente 2024-14-08-03174, sin conocimiento ni atención de la Policía de Tránsito, al estar asignado solo al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 24 de agosto de 2024, se reportaron los incidentes 2024-08-24-02891, 2024-08-24-02293 y 2024-08-24-02404, todos ellos atendidos únicamente por el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, sin que la Policía de Tránsito fuera asignada como respondedor (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 16 de diciembre de 2024, el Subjefe de la Central de Comunicaciones de la DGPT, licenciado Óscar Calvo Quirós, mediante correo electrónico, remite 16 reportes del Sistema de Emergencias 911 correspondientes a incidentes ocurridos entre 2015 y 2024.
De estos, nueve fueron contra el orden (enviados como primer respondedor al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública y como segundo respondedor a la Policía de Tránsito), y siete fueron incidentes de tránsito, mal estacionados o gestiones, tramitados por la Unidad respectiva, sin que se evidenciara incumplimiento en la atención (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 18 de diciembre de 2024, el jefe de la Delegación de Occidente, licenciado Osman Murillo Rodríguez, responde mediante oficio número DVT-DGPT-OPT-RHN-UD-N-2024-139, indicando que desde que asumió la jefatura en enero de 2021 no ha recibido denuncias directas en la delegación sobre el caso; que las incidencias trasladadas por el 911 se han atendido conforme al protocolo policial, sin constatar los hechos denunciados; que la mayoría de incidencias corresponden a alteración del orden público, competencia del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública y Ministerio de Salud; y que se han realizado controles estratégicos en accesos y salidas de Sarchí, sin que se hayan confeccionado boletas de citación (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Hechos relacionados con Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente del Ministerio de Salud:
El 09 de noviembre de 2023, se interpusieron las denuncias D-VV-088-2023 (contra [Nombre 040]), D-VV-089-2023 (contra [Nombre 016] D’ Sabor) y D-VV-090-2023 (contra [Nombre 032]), por ruido, condiciones sanitarias deficientes, actividades sin permiso, manejo inadecuado de residuos, fumado y olores, entre otros (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 19 de diciembre de 2023, respecto de La Granja, se emite el informe MS-CO-DARS-VV-072-2023 y la orden sanitaria MS-CO-DARS-VV-OS-134-2023, ordenando paralizar la actividad por carecer de permiso sanitario vigente (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 30 de enero de 2024, en relación con el comercio La Granja se le otorga el Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento N.º 11-2024, con vigencia hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2024 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas) En enero de 2024, en relación con el comercio La Farmacia, se dictó orden sanitaria para corregir inconformidades (paredes sin condiciones, ausencia de programas documentados de higiene/desinfección y servicios sanitarios no adaptados) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
En febrero de 2024, en relación con el comercio D’ Sabor, se emitieron informes y órdenes sanitarias a fin de acondicionar el servicio sanitario conforme a la Ley 7600 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). En relación con el comercio La Farmacia, se realizaron mediciones sónicas por denuncias de ruido, registrándose en algunas viviendas excesos sobre los límites permitidos para zonas mixtas (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas) En 09 de agosto de 2024, en relación con el comercio La Granja se le notificó orden sanitaria para corregir manejo y disposición de humo, accesibilidad (Ley 7600), estado de servicios sanitarios y ausencia de plan de emergencias (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). En agosto de 2024, se ordenó la clausura de D’ Sabor por incumplimientos (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
En octubre de 2024, se verificó el cumplimiento de las condiciones exigidas a D’ Sabor y se da por finalizado el caso (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 15 de noviembre de 2024, se renovó el permiso sanitario de La Granja hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2025, quedando aspectos pendientes de inspección integral (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
Sobre los hechos relacionados con la Municipalidad de Sarchí:
El 7 de diciembre de 2015, se emitió la Resolución de Patentes N.° 126-2015 que aprobó la patente de giro Minisúper para el local “Minisúper D’ Sabor”, a nombre de [Nombre 020] (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 7 de diciembre de 2015, se remitió al Concejo Municipal el oficio MVV-PT-OF-127-2015 con la solicitud de licencia para expendio de bebidas alcohólicas (clase D1) para “Minisúper D’ Sabor” (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 8 de diciembre de 2015, el Concejo Municipal aprobó la licencia de licores para [Nombre 020] (acta transcrita el 9 de diciembre de 2015, oficio SMVV0708-2015) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 10 de diciembre de 2015, se emitió la Resolución de Patentes N.° 129-2015 otorgando licencia de licores (clase D1) al Minisúper D’ Sabor, con horario de 8:00 a 24:00 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 25 de agosto de 2016, mediante oficio MVV-PT-OF-091-2016, la Municipalidad previno al establecimiento acatar horario y prohibiciones conforme Ley 9047, a raíz de denuncia del 17 de agosto de 2016 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 21 de setiembre de 2016, la Fuerza Pública informó (oficio Sub36-048-2016) la confección de un acta de observación por hechos en el local, remitida al Departamento de Patentes (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 26 de setiembre de 2016, [Nombre 020] contestó a Patentes sobre carta de vecinos relativa al [Nombre 016] D’ Sabor (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 29 de setiembre de 2016, por oficio MVV-PT-OF-105-2016, la Municipalidad previno por última vez acatar el no consumo de bebidas alcohólicas dentro y alrededores del local, según Ley 9047 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 28 de enero de 2017, la Fuerza Pública reportó personas ingiriendo licor dentro del [Nombre 016] Licorera D’ Sabor (oficio N.° 0012185-17). (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 1 de febrero de 2017, Patentes inspeccionó el local y constató consumo de licor en el interior, con base en el informe 0012185-17 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 2 de febrero de 2017, [Nombre 026] presentó descargo sobre la llamada de atención de la inspección del 1 de febrero de 2017 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 7 de marzo de 2017, Patentes informó a la Vicealcaldía (oficio MVV-PT-OF-039-2017) sobre actuaciones municipales respecto del [Nombre 016] Licorera D’ Sabor (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 8 de marzo de 2017 (00:06 h), la Fuerza Pública reportó el local abierto con personas y vehículos (informe N.° 0026041-17) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 6 de abril de 2017, el encargado del establecimiento presentó descargo por el informe policial del 3 de marzo de 2017; además, vecinos reportaron incidentes del 27 de marzo de 2017 que culminaron con revisión policial (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 3 de mayo de 2017, la Fuerza Pública reportó tres atenciones (informes 0045533-17, 0045541-17 y 0050255-17) por consumo de licor en exterior e interior y efectuó llamados de atención al administrador (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 16 de mayo de 2017, el patentado manifestó disconformidad por no recibir copia de informes policiales y solicitó desestimarlos (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 18 de julio de 2017, mediante Resolución de Patentes 069-2017, la Municipalidad suspendió temporalmente la licencia comercial del [Nombre 016] Licorera D’ Sabor del 19 al 24 de julio de 2017, con cierre preventivo y sellos (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 27 de marzo de 2018, por Resolución 043-2018, se traspasó la patente del [Nombre 016] D’ Sabor de [Nombre 020] a [Nombre 026] (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 1 de agosto de 2018, Patentes elevó al Concejo la solicitud de licencia de licores para el [Nombre 016] D’ Sabor a nombre de [Nombre 026] (oficio MVV-PT-OF-075-2018) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 6 de agosto de 2018, el Concejo aprobó la licencia de licores para D’ Sabor (oficio SMVV368-2018 del 14 de agosto de 2018) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 7 de setiembre de 2018, por Resolución 101-2018, la Municipalidad aceptó la renuncia de la patente de [Nombre 020] (local sin operación al 6 de setiembre de 2018) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 25 de marzo de 2019, se solicitó cambio de actividad para Restaurante a nombre de [Nombre 027] (trámite 20831) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 24 de mayo de 2019, la Municipalidad previno a D’ Sabor por posible incumplimiento de horario (oficio MVV-PT-OF-037-2019 del 25 de marzo y seguimiento MS-PT-OF-118-2019 del 26 de setiembre de 2019).(ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 22 y 27 de marzo de 2023, se remitió al Concejo la solicitud de licencia de licores para [Nombre 040] (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 3 de abril de 2023, el Concejo aprobó la licencia de licores para La Granja (oficio MS-SCM-AC-0166-2023) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 13 de abril de 2023, se expidió la Resolución de Patentes 03-01-2023 con la boleta de licencia de licores para La Granja (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 28 de abril y 10/19 de mayo de 2023, se tramitó y aprobó la licencia de licores en Bar para [Nombre 032] (oficios MS-AL-OF-0238-2023, MS-SCM-AC-0228-2023, MS-SCM-AC-0259-2023) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 24 de mayo de 2023, se expidió la Resolución de Patentes 06-01-2023 otorgando la licencia de licores a [Nombre 015] (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 18 de julio de 2023, la Municipalidad previno a [Nombre 015] cumplir que venta y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas solo ocurriera dentro del local (oficio MS-PA-OF-197-2023) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 8 y 21 de setiembre de 2023, Alcaldía solicitó e Intendencia de Patentes respondió información integral sobre patentes de La Granja, D’ Sabor y La Farmacia (oficios MS-AL-OF-0376-2023 y MS-PA-OF-245-2023) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 15 de marzo de 2024, la Asesoría Jurídica remitió denuncia vecinal por presuntas irregularidades de D’ Sabor, La Farmacia y La Granja (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 2 y 3 de abril de 2024, Hacienda notificó a La Granja, La Farmacia y D’ Sabor los resultados de inspecciones del 15 de marzo de 2024 (consumo en vía pública, exceso de ruido y otras situaciones), previniendo eventuales infracciones a la Ley 9047 (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 9 de abril de 2024, el Concejo trasladó a Hacienda oficio del MSP sobre consumo de licor en vía pública en inmediaciones de Licorera Sabor. (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas) El 17 de abril de 2024, la Alcaldía respondió al grupo vecinal de Sarchí Norte, detallando acciones municipales e información de patentes. (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 12 de junio de 2024, el Consejo Cantonal de Coordinación Institucional celebró sesión (acta 3-2024) y acordó: informes de Salud y Municipalidad sobre extractores e inspecciones; colocación de cadenas en accesos de parqueo al cierre; y gestiones ante MINAE por posible naciente (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 21 de junio de 2024, se remitió a Salud informes de inspecciones (05 de junio) y trasladó a D’ Sabor, La Farmacia y La Granja los hallazgos de Bomberos (incumplimientos preventivos y aforos máximos: 42 personas en La Farmacia; 41 en La Granja) y observaciones críticas de seguridad (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 10 de julio de 2024, se recibió denuncia telefónica anónima por actividad musical en La Granja; se coordinó inspección con Fuerza Pública (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 12 de julio de 2024, se previno formalmente a La Granja abstenerse de realizar eventos musicales sin autorización (oficio MS-DH-OF-043-2024) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 22 y 24 de julio de 2024, el patentado de La Granja impugnó la prevención y la Municipalidad reiteró la medida (oficio MS-DH-OF-046-2024) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 31 de julio de 2024, el patentado apeló ante Alcaldía; el 8 de agosto de 2024, la Alcaldía declaró inadmisible la apelación por preclusión (oficio MS-AL-OF-0388-2024) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 27 y 28 de agosto de 2024, se recibió denuncia anónima por consumo de licor dentro del Minisúper D’ Sabor y la Municipalidad previno acatar la prohibición de consumo en el establecimiento y alrededores (oficio MS-PA-OF-062-2024) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
El 29 de agosto de 2024, 911 reportó incidentes por desorden público y escándalo en La Granja, La Farmacia y D’ Sabor (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 5 de setiembre de 2024, el Concejo trasladó a la Administración municipal la gestión de [Nombre 020] y [Nombre 026] sobre denuncias e imparcialidad (oficio MS-SCM-AC-0581-2024) (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas). El 3 de octubre de 2024, la Alcaldía respondió al Concejo y adjuntó el oficio MS-DH-OF-064-2024 con la atención dada a la solicitud de información sobre los comercios involucrados (ver informe rendido por parte de las autoridades accionadas).
En reiteradas ocasiones este Tribunal ha desarrollado el contenido de este derecho, contemplado en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. La protección del ambiente es un mecanismo adecuado para tutelar y mejorar la calidad de vida de todos, lo que hace necesaria la intervención de los Poderes Públicos sobre los factores que pueden alterar su equilibrio y obstaculizar que la persona se desarrolle y desenvuelva en un ambiente sano. El Estado se constituye en el garante en la protección y tutela del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. En este sentido, el control y fiscalización de la materia y actividad ambiental se constituye en una función esencial del Estado, por lo que, tratándose de la protección ambiental, las funciones de rectoría, control y fiscalización de la materia ambiental, corresponden al Estado, a cargo de las diversas dependencias administrativas.
Tal y como ha sido reiterado en la jurisprudencia de esta Sala, la competencia constitucional en materia ambiental no puede extenderse al punto en que se convierta en un verificador de los criterios técnicos vertidos en las normas o por las autoridades administrativas en materia ambiental, sino que se limita a constatar si las dependencias estatales competentes han cumplido la obligación que les impone el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, de asumir una actuación responsable y oportuna respecto a la protección del ambiente. Se ha sostenido también, que la procedencia del recurso de amparo está condicionada a que se acredite la existencia de una perturbación o amenaza a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos por el país. Esta última circunstancia pone de relieve el carácter eminentemente sumario del proceso de amparo, cuya tramitación no se aviene bien con la práctica de diligencias probatorias lentas y complejas, o con la necesidad de entrar previamente a examinar -con carácter declarativo- si existen en realidad o no derechos de rango infra constitucional que las partes citen como parte del elenco fáctico del recurso de amparo o del informe de ley, según sea el caso, toda vez que es evidente que esa es una competencia de la que esta Sala carece.
Ante esta situación, no resulta procedente que la Sala vierta pronunciamiento alguno (positivo o negativo) en estos casos, porque para dilucidar si ha habido infracción o no de derechos fundamentales primero se debe resolver dicho conflicto en el plano de la legalidad.
La actuación de las instituciones públicas debe ser célere y eficiente, sobre todo cuando se trata de proveer los servicios que les competen. En el caso de las municipalidades, al asignárseles la labor genérica de atender los intereses y servicios locales, se abarca un amplio conjunto de actividades. En la sentencia No. 2011-012886, de las 12:44 horas del 23 de setiembre de 2011, se abordó esta materia, y en esa oportunidad la Sala indicó:
“…Conforme lo establece el artículo 169 de la Constitución Política y el Código Municipal, corresponde a las municipalidades la administración de los servicios e intereses locales, con el fin de promover el desarrollo integral de los cantones en armonía con el desarrollo nacional. En consecuencia, la Municipalidad debe establecer una política integral de planeamiento urbano de acuerdo con la ley respectiva, que persiga el desarrollo eficiente y armónico de los centros urbanos y que garantice -al menos- eficientes servicios de electrificación y de comunicación; buenos sistemas de provisión de agua potable y evacuación de aguas servidas, adecuados sistemas de acueductos y alcantarillado, sistemas de iluminación y ornato de las ciudades; servicios de construcción, reparación y limpieza de calles y otras vías públicas; en general planes concretos y prácticos para hacer confortable y segura la vida de la población. (…) Por consiguiente, a juicio de este Tribunal, con su omisión, la Municipalidad ha puesto en situación de peligro el libre transitar de los recurrentes y vecinos de la comunidad en cuestión, así como el derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y equilibrado, reconocidos en los artículos 27 y 50 de la Constitución Política, por lo que, en cuanto a esta entidad, el presente recurso deberá ser declarado con lugar…”.
De los antecedentes fácticos reseñados y de los informes rendidos por la autoridad municipal, se constató que la Municipalidad de Sarchí ha emitido resoluciones de patentes y licencias de licores, ha practicado inspecciones, ha atendido denuncias vecinales y, en algunos supuestos, ha prevenido a los patentados sobre el cumplimiento de horarios, prohibiciones y condiciones de funcionamiento de los comercios señalados. No obstante, de los múltiples reportes vecinales, inspecciones de Fuerza Pública y actas de reuniones interinstitucionales (CCCI), se evidencia que las medidas adoptadas por el ente local han sido insuficientes, fragmentadas y tardías para garantizar de manera efectiva el derecho fundamental de los vecinos a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado (art. 50 Constitución Política). El deber constitucional de la municipalidad no se agota en emitir patentes o prevenciones formales; implica velar de forma activa por la tranquilidad, salubridad y seguridad en la comunidad, aplicando oportunamente las potestades de clausura, revocatoria de patentes o imposición de sanciones administrativas cuando las conductas reiteradas así lo ameritan.
En este caso, el exceso de ruido, la venta y consumo de licor fuera de los locales, el desorden público y la afectación a la salud de los vecinos se acreditaron como una problemática prolongada en el tiempo, que evidencia una omisión municipal en la tutela efectiva del interés local. Por ello, en lo que concierne a esta autoridad, el recurso debe declararse con lugar, ordenándosele reforzar las inspecciones, aplicar las medidas correctivas inmediatas y coordinar con otras instituciones competentes para garantizar la cesación de las conductas lesivas a los derechos fundamentales de los recurrentes.
Del informe rendido por la autoridad sanitaria, se acreditó que desde noviembre de 2023 se tramitaron las denuncias D-VV-088-2023, D-VV-089-2023 y D-VV-090-2023, relativas a los establecimientos “La Granja”, “D’ Sabor” y “La Farmacia”. Se dictaron órdenes sanitarias, se realizaron mediciones de ruido, se clausuró temporalmente un local (D’ Sabor) y se renovaron permisos sanitarios condicionados. Aun cuando la institución ha demostrado diligencias importantes, en especial la emisión de órdenes sanitarias y la práctica de inspecciones técnicas, persisten aspectos pendientes de fiscalización integral, particularmente en lo relativo a ruido excesivo, planes de emergencia, servicios sanitarios adaptados y extractores de humo. La jurisprudencia de esta Sala ha establecido que el derecho al ambiente sano exige que las autoridades sanitarias actúen de manera eficaz y preventiva, de modo que la inercia o la prolongación indefinida de trámites administrativos genera una vulneración constitucional.
En este caso, la actuación del Ministerio de Salud fue parcialmente adecuada, pero no suficiente para garantizar una protección integral frente a la afectación de la salud y el ambiente de los vecinos. Por ello, respecto de esta autoridad, el recurso se declara parcialmente con lugar, ordenándole concluir con celeridad los procedimientos administrativos en curso, practicar las inspecciones integrales pendientes y adoptar, dentro del marco de sus competencias, las medidas correctivas necesarias para garantizar el cumplimiento de la normativa sanitaria.
De los informes rendidos por la Dirección General de Policía de Tránsito y la Delegación de Occidente, se acreditó que la mayoría de incidentes reportados al Sistema 911 fueron asignados como primer respondedor al Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, así como, en casos específicos que también se tuvo participación de la Policía de Tránsito como segundo respondedor o para infracciones de tránsito. En los reportes revisados, no se constató inacción de las autoridades de Fuerza Pública o de tránsito dentro de sus ámbitos competenciales, ni omisión en los deberes que les corresponden. Debe recordarse que, el recurso de amparo no procede cuando la autoridad recurrida actúa dentro de los límites de su competencia legal y no se acredita vulneración alguna de derechos fundamentales atribuible a ella. En este caso, no se desprende omisión atribuible ni la Policía de Tránsito ni a la Fuerza Pública, ya que las denuncias referidas correspondían mayoritariamente al orden público y no al control del tránsito vehicular. En consecuencia, en relación con la Policía de Tránsito y la Fuerza Pública, el recurso debe declararse sin lugar.
Esta Sala recuerda que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política impone a todas las autoridades públicas una obligación positiva de prevención y tutela frente a afectaciones ambientales y sanitarias que comprometan la calidad de vida. Ese deber no se satisface con actuaciones aisladas o meramente formales, sino mediante respuestas coordinadas, eficaces y oportunas, especialmente cuando la problemática -como en el sub lite- exige concurrencia de competencias (municipalidad, área de salud, policía y control de tránsito en el entorno vial). El principio de cooperación y coordinación interadministrativa, exige que las instituciones involucradas compartan información útil, planifiquen acciones conjuntas, ejecuten operativos coordinados y evalúen resultados, evitando duplicidades, lagunas de control o dilaciones que vacíen de contenido los derechos fundamentales. En consecuencia, la tutela efectiva del derecho a un ambiente sano, a la salud, a la intimidad y a la propiedad de los vecinos requiere, la planificación interinstitucional con metas verificables, un control sostenido y no episódico en los horarios y momentos críticos identificados, la aplicación y ejecución del régimen sancionatorio proporcional y progresivo frente a reincidencias, y, la rendición de cuentas a la ciudadanía, a través de informes periódicos que permitan verificar la corrección de los incumplimientos detectados. Consecuentemente, se estima el presente proceso de amparo, únicamente, en contra de la Municipalidad de Sarchí y el Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente del Ministerio de Salud.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR el recurso, únicamente, en contra de la Municipalidad de Sarchí y el Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente del Ministerio de Salud. Consecuentemente, se ordena a [Nombre 039], en condición de Alcalde y MARIELA CASTRO PACHECO, en condición de Presidenta del Concejo Municipal, ambos de la Municipalidad de Sarchí, así como, a DANILO GRANADO ALVARADO, en condición de Director del Área Rectora de Salud Central Occidente del Ministerio de Salud, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos que, en el plazo de TRES MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, de forma organizada y coordinada ejecuten las acciones necesarias a efectos de dar cabal cumplimiento a las Órdenes Sanitarias pendientes por cumplir que se encuentren relacionadas con el funcionamiento de los locales comerciales ([Nombre 040], [Nombre 016] [Nombre 016]). Se advierte a la autoridades recurridas que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
En relación con la Policía de Tránsito del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y la Delegación Policial de la Fuerza Pública, se desestima el recurso. Se condena a la Municipalidad de Sarchí y al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. El Magistrado Castillo pone nota. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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