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Res. 27214-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/08/2025
OutcomeResultado
The amparo petition is flatly dismissed because it was filed in the abstract and generically, without showing a direct threat to fundamental rights.Se rechaza de plano el recurso de amparo por ser planteado en abstracto y de forma genérica, sin exponer una amenaza directa a derechos fundamentales.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber flatly dismisses an amparo petition filed by a resident of Carrillo against the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, requesting that the municipalities be ordered to promote dialogue and citizen participation concerning the Papagayo Tourism Project. The petitioner argued that the lack of dialogue violated rights such as the right to petition, to work, to due process, and to a healthy environment. The Chamber bases its decision on the fact that the petition was filed in the abstract and generically, without describing a specific, individual situation implying a direct threat to his fundamental rights. It notes that amparo is not the proper avenue to abstractly review the constitutionality or legality of public actions, nor for the court to assume administrative powers, such as deciding on the advisability of dialogue or citizen participation. Consequently, it declares the petition inadmissible and indicates that the petitioner must seek the appropriate legal channels.La Sala Constitucional rechaza de plano un recurso de amparo interpuesto por un vecino de Carrillo contra las municipalidades de Carrillo y Liberia, en el que solicitaba que se ordenara a dichas municipalidades fomentar el diálogo y la participación ciudadana en relación con el Proyecto Turístico Papagayo. El recurrente alegaba una falta de diálogo que, a su juicio, vulneraba derechos como el de petición, al trabajo, al debido proceso y a un ambiente sano. La Sala fundamenta su decisión en que el recurso fue planteado en abstracto y de forma genérica, sin exponer una situación concreta e individual que implique una amenaza directa a sus derechos fundamentales. Señala que el amparo no es la vía para controlar en abstracto la constitucionalidad o legalidad de actuaciones del poder público, ni para que el tribunal asuma competencias propias de la Administración, como decidir sobre la conveniencia del diálogo o la participación ciudadana. En consecuencia, declara inadmisible el recurso e indica que el recurrente debe acudir a las vías de legalidad correspondientes.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In the case at hand, the petitioner comes in the abstract and generically, requesting that the respondent municipalities be ordered to promote dialogue and citizen participation regarding the Papagayo Tourism Project. However, the petitioner does not set forth a concrete and individual situation that presupposes a direct threat to his fundamental rights or those of a third party. Thus, he seeks for this Court to abstractly control the constitutionality or legality of what he alleges, without there being a real situation on which to exercise such control, which, as indicated, is improper in an amparo proceeding. Additionally, it is not for this Court to usurp the legally assigned powers of the respondent authorities to review and determine, according to technical, legal, and suitability criteria, as well as appropriateness and convenience, whether the respondent authorities should or should not foster dialogue or citizen participation regarding the tourism project in question; since this is a task proper to the Administration, whose disputes must be raised before the respondent authority itself or through the corresponding judicial channels, by means of the challenge mechanisms provided for that purpose, as they fall outside the scope of competence of this specialized jurisdiction.En el caso que nos ocupa, el recurrente acude en abstracto y de forma genérica, para solicitar que se ordene a las municipalidades recurridas fomentar el diálogo y participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto Turístico Papagayo. Sin embargo, el recurrente no expone una situación concreta e individual que presuponga la amenaza directa de sus derechos fundamentales o de un tercero. De manera que, pretende que este Tribunal controle en abstracto la constitucionalidad o legalidad, de lo alegado, sin que exista de por medio una situación real sobre la cual ejercer ese control, lo cual, como se indicó, resulta improcedente en el amparo. Adicionalmente, no le compete a este Tribunal usurpar las competencias legalmente asignadas a las autoridades recurridas a fin de revisar y determinar, conforme a los técnicos, jurídicos y de idoneidad, así como de oportunidad y conveniencia, si las autoridades recurridas deben o no fomentar el diálogo o la participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto turístico en cuestión; toda vez que, ello es una labor propia de la Administración, cuyos diferendos deben ser planteados ante la propia autoridad recurrida o en la vía judicial correspondiente, a través de los mecanismos de impugnación dispuestos al efecto, por ser ajenos al ámbito de competencias de esta jurisdicción especializada.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna, con efectos restitutivos, contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, por lo que su procedencia, en general, está condicionada, no sólo a que se acredite la existencia de una turbación —o amenaza de ésta— a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o los de carácter fundamental establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos y debidamente incorporados al ordenamiento jurídico, sino también a que el agravio alegado comporte una amenaza o quebranto directo y grosero de aquellos derechos."
"the purpose of the amparo remedy is to provide timely protection, with restitutive effects, against infringements or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, and therefore its admissibility is generally conditioned not only on proving the existence of a disturbance—or threat thereof—to one or more of the rights or guarantees set forth in the Political Charter or those of a fundamental nature established in duly ratified international human rights instruments, but also on the alleged grievance constituting a direct and gross threat to or breach of those rights."
Considerando II
"la finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna, con efectos restitutivos, contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, por lo que su procedencia, en general, está condicionada, no sólo a que se acredite la existencia de una turbación —o amenaza de ésta— a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o los de carácter fundamental establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos y debidamente incorporados al ordenamiento jurídico, sino también a que el agravio alegado comporte una amenaza o quebranto directo y grosero de aquellos derechos."
Considerando II
"la legitimación en la acción de amparo se mide por el perjuicio o la lesión infringida al recurrente o de la persona concreta en favor de la cual se promovió el recurso, no por el mero interés en la legalidad o la constitucionalidad."
"standing in amparo actions is measured by the harm or injury inflicted on the petitioner or the specific person on whose behalf the petition was brought, not by a mere interest in legality or constitutionality."
Considerando II
"la legitimación en la acción de amparo se mide por el perjuicio o la lesión infringida al recurrente o de la persona concreta en favor de la cual se promovió el recurso, no por el mero interés en la legalidad o la constitucionalidad."
Considerando II
"no le compete a este Tribunal usurpar las competencias legalmente asignadas a las autoridades recurridas a fin de revisar y determinar, conforme a los técnicos, jurídicos y de idoneidad, así como de oportunidad y conveniencia, si las autoridades recurridas deben o no fomentar el diálogo o la participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto turístico en cuestión."
"it is not for this Court to usurp the legally assigned powers of the respondent authorities to review and determine, according to technical, legal, and suitability criteria, as well as appropriateness and convenience, whether the respondent authorities should or should not foster dialogue or citizen participation regarding the tourism project in question."
Considerando II
"no le compete a este Tribunal usurpar las competencias legalmente asignadas a las autoridades recurridas a fin de revisar y determinar, conforme a los técnicos, jurídicos y de idoneidad, así como de oportunidad y conveniencia, si las autoridades recurridas deben o no fomentar el diálogo o la participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto turístico en cuestión."
Considerando II
Full documentDocumento completo
Type of matter: Recurso de amparo SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del veintiseis de agosto de dos mil veinticinco.
Recurso de amparo filed by Nombre49424, identity card number CED38524, older adult; against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE CARRILLO AND THE MUNICIPALIDAD DE LIBERIA.
Resultando:
Analysis: • Role of the municipalities: Municipalities are the entities tasked with promoting local development and managing land use within their cantons. In the case of Bahía Papagayo, both municipalities have jurisdiction over the area and, therefore, a crucial role in facilitating dialogue and seeking solutions. • Conflict and criticism: The Bahía Papagayo project has generated strong criticism for its environmental and social impact, including reports of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), deforestation, and damage to ecosystems. This criticism, coupled with the uncertain legal situation, highlights the need for a space for dialogue to address concerns and seek alternatives. • Shared responsibility: Although the developing company also bears responsibility for the situation, the municipalities cannot remain on the sidelines of the controversy. Their inaction or lack of impetus for dialogue can be interpreted as a lack of commitment to sustainable development and citizen participation. • Importance of dialogue: Dialogue between the company, local communities, environmental organizations, and municipalities is essential to finding solutions that balance economic development with environmental protection and social well-being.
A transparent and participatory dialogue process could help resolve conflicts, build trust, and promote more equitable and sustainable development. In summary, although the Proyecto Bahía Papagayo faces legal challenges and criticism, the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia have an important role to play in promoting dialogue and seeking joint solutions for more sustainable and equitable development. Thus, dialogue between parties is defined as intentional and constructive communication between two or more individuals or groups, with the aim of understanding each other, resolving conflicts, or building agreements. If there is no dialogue, or if it is interrupted or used in a violent manner (verbally, psychologically, or physically), there is a risk that the conflict will escalate, worsen, or be resolved unsatisfactorily or even destructively. Dialogue as a tool for conflict resolution: • Allows expression: Dialogue provides a safe space for the parties to express their points of view, needs, concerns, and expectations. • Fosters active listening: Effective dialogue involves listening attentively to the other, understanding their perspective, and validating their feelings, even if one does not agree with them. • Facilitates mutual understanding: By sharing information and perspectives, a deeper understanding of the situation, interests, and motivations of each party can be generated. • Promotes empathy: Actively listening and understanding the other can generate empathy, which in turn facilitates the search for joint solutions. • Allows the search for solutions: Dialogue can lead to the identification of creative and mutually acceptable solutions, avoiding the imposition of a single perspective.
Consequences of the absence or inappropriate use of dialogue: • Conflict escalation: If there is no dialogue, or if it is aggressive or contemptuous, the conflict can intensify and become more difficult to resolve. • Resentment and distrust: The lack of dialogue can generate resentment, distrust, and distancing between the parties. • Emotional damages: Verbal or psychological violence can cause emotional damage and affect the mental health of the individuals involved. • Unsatisfactory solutions: The lack of dialogue can lead to solutions that do not meet the needs of all parties, generating frustration and new conflicts in the future. • Breakdown of relationships: In extreme cases, the lack of dialogue can lead to the breakdown of personal or professional relationships. In summary, dialogue is a fundamental tool for building healthy relationships and the peaceful resolution of conflicts.
Its absence or inappropriate use can have significant negative consequences, while its effective practice can lead to more satisfactory and lasting solutions. JURISDICTION The Cantón de Carrillo has four districts: Filadelfia (the capital), Palmira, Sardinal, and Belén. Playa Panamá is located in the district of Sardinal, which also includes the town of Tamarindo and other coastal areas. The Proyecto Turístico Papagayo, located in Bahía Culebra, encompasses parts of the cantons of Liberia (district of Nacascolo) and Carrillo (district of Sardinal). Districts of the Cantón de Carrillo: • Filadelfia: The capital of the canton, formerly known as Sietecueros. • Palmira: Formerly called Boquerones. • Sardinal: The largest district in population and territory, known for its beaches and tourism. • Belén: Formerly known as Villita. Communities in the District of Sardinal: • Playa Panamá: Located in the district of Sardinal. • Tamarindo: One of the oldest towns in the district of Sardinal.
Proyecto Turístico Papagayo: • This project extends between the district of Nacascolo (Liberia) and the district of Sardinal (Carrillo) in Bahía Culebra. • It includes areas from Punta Cabuyal to Punta Cacique. The Proyecto Bahía Papagayo, located in Guanacaste, currently faces legal challenges related to reports of illegal logging and strategic litigation against critics of the project. Defamation complaints have been filed and precautionary measures have been used against individuals who question the environmental legality of the development. The project, declared of national interest and under the administration of the ICT, defends its adherence to legality and transparency, while its detractors argue that legal tactics are being used to silence opposition and limit citizen participation. Project Development and Legal Framework: • Ley 6758: The Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo is governed by Ley N° 6758, which establishes its declaration of national interest and its development under the administration of the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT). • Master Plan: The project has a Master Plan that defines development guidelines and is aligned with broader national policies. • Land Use: The project establishes strict limits on construction, allowing only 30% of the concession area for building and reserving the remaining 70% as a conservation area. • State Control: The project is under the supervision of the ICT, which exercises its powers in the area, in coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
Legal Challenges and Criticisms: • Logging Reports: Illegal logging has been reported, but the SINAC inspection ruled out logging and only identified clearing of regrowth (chapias de rebrotes). • Strategic Litigation (SLAPP): Defamation lawsuits have been filed against critics of the project, which has generated accusations of being strategic litigation to silence the opposition. • Lack of Citizen Participation: The lack of citizen participation in the project approval process has been questioned, although the company claims to have complied with the consultation processes. • Legal Framework and Transparency: The lack of transparency in the project's fiscal management and the difficulty in tracking the corporations linked to it are criticized, according to ALBASUD. Project's Position: • Adherence to the Law: The company defends that the project is developed in accordance with the law, complying with environmental permits and the regulations of the Polo Turístico de Papagayo. • Transparency and Dialogue: The project claims to maintain a transparent relationship with the community and to be open to dialogue to clarify any questions, according to Periódico Mensaje. • Sustainable Development: The project is presented as a model of sustainable development with a community focus, seeking to benefit the local population, according to Periódico Mensaje.
In summary, the Proyecto Bahía Papagayo is at a legal crossroads, facing criticism for its environmental and social impact, while at the same time defending its legality and commitment to sustainable development. POR TANTO: This Amparo Appeal be declared with merit and the Municipalidad de Carrillo and Liberia be ordered to take the necessary measures and foster dialogue between environmentalists, or other interested parties, residents of Playa Panamá and communities surrounding the Proyecto Papagayo." (SIC). Likewise, in a second filing, he reiterates his arguments.
Drafted by Magistrate Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
The appellant seeks that this Chamber intervene so that the respondent municipalities take measures and foster dialogue between environmentalists and interested parties, in relation to the Proyecto Turístico Papagayo and the land-use change (cambio de uso de suelo), given that the said project is at a legal crossroads, facing criticism for its environmental and social impact and, at the same time, defending its legality and commitment to sustainable development. Therefore, in his judgment, there must be a dialogue between the authorities and the citizenry, as well as citizen participation, since the lack of dialogue could harm fundamental rights.
In view of the appellant's allegations, it is pointed out to him that the purpose of the amparo appeal is to provide timely protection, with restitutive effects, against infringements or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms. Therefore, its admissibility, in general, is conditioned not only on proving the existence of a disturbance—or threat thereof—to one or more of the rights or guarantees enshrined in the Political Constitution or those of a fundamental nature established in international human rights instruments signed and duly incorporated into the legal system, but also on the alleged grievance entailing a direct and gross threat or breach of those rights. For this reason, the Constitutional Chamber has also emphasized that standing in an amparo action is measured by the harm or injury inflicted on the appellant or the specific person on whose behalf the appeal was filed, not by mere interest in legality or constitutionality. Consequently, it is not the responsibility of this Tribunal to directly hear, through the summary amparo proceeding, complaints and reports formulated in the abstract against provisions adopted by the Public Power, it being possible for it to admit for study only those claims in which there are indicia or sufficient elements to presume, prima facie, the existence of such direct and gross threats or breaches of a fundamental right.
In the case at hand, the appellant comes in the abstract and in a generic manner to request that the respondent municipalities be ordered to foster dialogue and citizen participation regarding the Proyecto Turístico Papagayo. However, the appellant does not set forth a concrete and individual situation that presupposes a direct threat to his own fundamental rights or those of a third party. Thus, he intends for this Tribunal to control in the abstract the constitutionality or legality of what is alleged, without there being an actual situation upon which to exercise such control, which, as indicated, is improper in an amparo proceeding.
Additionally, it is not the purview of this Tribunal to usurp the legally assigned powers of the respondent authorities in order to review and determine, in accordance with technical, legal, and suitability criteria, as well as opportunity and convenience, whether the respondent authorities should or should not foster dialogue or citizen participation regarding the tourism project in question; given that this is a task proper to the Administration, whose disputes must be raised before the respondent authority itself or through the corresponding judicial channel, via the challenge mechanisms established for that purpose, as they are beyond the scope of this specialized jurisdiction's competence. Thus, the appellant must—if he deems it appropriate—resort to the corresponding legal channels to raise the claims he considers pertinent, so that they may be resolved as the Law provides. Consequently, the amparo is inadmissible and is so declared.
The appellant is forewarned that if any paper document was provided, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is rejected outright.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del veintiseis de agosto de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por Nombre49424 , cédula de identidad número CED38524, adulto mayor; contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE CARRILLO Y LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE LIBERIA.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente pretende que esta Sala intervenga para que las municipalidades recurridas tomen medidas y fomenten el diálogo entre ambientalistas e interesados, en relación con el Proyecto Turístico Papagayo y el cambio de uso de suelo, toda vez que, dicho proyecto se encuentra en una encrucijada legal, enfrentando críticas por su impacto ambiental y social y, al mismo tiempo, defendiendo su legalidad y compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible, por lo que a su juicio debe haber un diálogo entre las autoridades y la ciudadanía, así como participación ciudadana, pues la falta de diálogo podría lesionar derechos fundamentales.
Vistas las alegaciones de la parte recurrente, se le hace ver que la finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna, con efectos restitutivos, contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, por lo que su procedencia, en general, está condicionada, no sólo a que se acredite la existencia de una turbación —o amenaza de ésta— a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o los de carácter fundamental establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos y debidamente incorporados al ordenamiento jurídico, sino también a que el agravio alegado comporte una amenaza o quebranto directo y grosero de aquellos derechos. Por esta razón, la Sala Constitucional también ha hecho hincapié en que la legitimación en la acción de amparo se mide por el perjuicio o la lesión infringida al recurrente o de la persona concreta en favor de la cual se promovió el recurso, no por el mero interés en la legalidad o la constitucionalidad.
Consecuentemente, no le corresponde a este Tribunal conocer directamente, por la vía sumaria del amparo, quejas y denuncias formuladas en abstracto contra disposiciones adoptadas por el Poder Público, siéndole posible admitir para estudio, solamente, aquellos reclamos en que haya indicios o elementos suficientes para presumir, prima facie, la existencia de tales amenazas o quebrantos directos y groseros de un derecho fundamental.
En el caso que nos ocupa, el recurrente acude en abstracto y de forma genérica, para solicitar que se ordene a las municipalidades recurridas fomentar el diálogo y participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto Turístico Papagayo. Sin embargo, el recurrente no expone una situación concreta e individual que presuponga la amenaza directa de sus derechos fundamentales o de un tercero. De manera que, pretende que este Tribunal controle en abstracto la constitucionalidad o legalidad, de lo alegado, sin que exista de por medio una situación real sobre la cual ejercer ese control, lo cual, como se indicó, resulta improcedente en el amparo.
Adicionalmente, no le compete a este Tribunal usurpar las competencias legalmente asignadas a las autoridades recurridas a fin de revisar y determinar, conforme a los técnicos, jurídicos y de idoneidad, así como de oportunidad y conveniencia, si las autoridades recurridas deben o no fomentar el diálogo o la participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto turístico en cuestión; toda vez que, ello es una labor propia de la Administración, cuyos diferendos deben ser planteados ante la propia autoridad recurrida o en la vía judicial correspondiente, a través de los mecanismos de impugnación dispuestos al efecto, por ser ajenos al ámbito de competencias de esta jurisdicción especializada. Así las cosas, deberá la parte recurrente -si a bien lo tiene- acudir a las vías de legalidad correspondiente a plantear los reclamos que estimen pertinentes, para que se resuelvan como en Derecho corresponda. En consecuencia, el amparo resulta inadmisible y así se declara.
Se previene a la parte recurrente que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se rechaza de plano el recurso.
Nombre137 V.
Nombre9290 .
Nombre138 .
Nombre139 V.
Nombre5268 .
Hubert Fernández A.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
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