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Res. 19506-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 25/06/2025
OutcomeResultado
The action is dismissed for lack of standing and untimeliness, not on the merits regarding the constitutionality of the treaty.La acción es rechazada por falta de legitimación activa y extemporaneidad, no por razones de fondo sobre la constitucionalidad del tratado.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber rejects for lack of standing and untimeliness the action of unconstitutionality against the referendum and the law approving the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR). The petitioner, a citizen, alleged that the referendum violated Article 105 of the Constitution by submitting excluded matters (budgetary, tax, etc.) to a vote and that there were procedural flaws. The Chamber determined that the petitioner lacks standing because the action does not fit the defense of diffuse interests, and furthermore the claim is untimely with respect to all the challenged acts. The ruling does not address the merits of the constitutional arguments about the treaty, limiting itself to dismissal on procedural grounds.La Sala Constitucional rechaza por falta de legitimación y extemporaneidad la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el referéndum y la ley que aprobó el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y Estados Unidos (CAFTA-RD). El accionante, un ciudadano, alegó que el referéndum violó el artículo 105 constitucional al someter a votación materias excluidas (presupuestarias, tributarias, etc.) y que hubo vicios en el procedimiento. La Sala determinó que el accionante carece de legitimación activa porque la acción no encaja en la defensa de intereses difusos, y además la demanda es extemporánea respecto de todos los actos impugnados. La resolución no examina el fondo de los argumentos constitucionales sobre el tratado, limitándose a desestimar por razones procesales.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Nevertheless, this unconstitutionality action must be dismissed on the merits, as the petitioner has failed to demonstrate the existence of a diffuse or collective interest that can be protected through this remedy. The action of unconstitutionality against subjective acts and Law No. 8622 does not fit the admissibility criteria provided in the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law. Moreover, from a reading of the petitioner's arguments and the challenged norms, it is evident that, with the exception of Law No. 8622, all other challenged acts ceased to have effect in 2007, making the action untimely. Therefore, the action must be dismissed on the merits, without the need to analyze the substance of the petitioner's constitutional challenges to the treaty.No obstante, se debe rechazar por el fondo esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, pues el accionante no ha logrado acreditar la configuración de un interés difuso o colectivo susceptible de tutela mediante esta vía. La acción de inconstitucionalidad contra actos subjetivos y la Ley No. 8622 no encuadra en los supuestos de admisibilidad previstos en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Además, de una lectura de los argumentos del accionante y las normas impugnadas, se tiene que excepto la Ley No. 8622, todos los demás actos impugnados perdieron vigencia en el año 2007, por lo que la acción es extemporánea. Por tanto, lo procedente es rechazar por el fondo la acción, sin necesidad de analizar el fondo de los cuestionamientos del accionante sobre la constitucionalidad material del tratado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"el accionante no ha logrado acreditar la configuración de un interés difuso o colectivo susceptible de tutela mediante esta vía."
"the petitioner has failed to demonstrate the existence of a diffuse or collective interest that can be protected through this remedy."
Considerando
"el accionante no ha logrado acreditar la configuración de un interés difuso o colectivo susceptible de tutela mediante esta vía."
Considerando
"todos los demás actos impugnados perdieron vigencia en el año 2007, por lo que la acción es extemporánea."
"all other challenged acts ceased to have effect in 2007, making the action untimely."
Considerando
"todos los demás actos impugnados perdieron vigencia en el año 2007, por lo que la acción es extemporánea."
Considerando
"procedente es rechazar por el fondo la acción, sin necesidad de analizar el fondo de los cuestionamientos del accionante sobre la constitucionalidad material del tratado."
"it is appropriate to dismiss the action on the merits, without the need to analyze the substance of the petitioner's constitutional challenges to the treaty."
Considerando
"procedente es rechazar por el fondo la acción, sin necesidad de analizar el fondo de los cuestionamientos del accionante sobre la constitucionalidad material del tratado."
Considerando
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours fifty-five minutes on the twenty-fifth of June, two thousand twenty-five.
Action of unconstitutionality filed by Nombre01, of legal age, married, bearer of identity card no. CED01, advisor in customs brokerage and port logistics, and resident of the city of Limón, against a) Executive Decree No. 33717-MP, of April 17, 2007, which proposed the call for a referendum to approve or reject the “Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana, Centroamérica-Estados Unidos” (legislative file No. 16.047), published in Alcance No. 2 to La Gaceta; b) the agreement of the Plenary of the Legislative Assembly in ordinary session No. 183 of April 23, 2007, which approved said call; c) agreement No. 6323-06-07 of the Board of Directors of the Legislative Assembly communicating that approval; d) official letter DPAL-684-2007, of April 25, 2007, by which the President of the Legislative Assembly notified the Supreme Electoral Tribunal; e) the agreement of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in ordinary session No. 39-2007, which instructed the preparation of the call decree; f) official letter TSE-1987-2007, of May 3, 2007, from the Secretary of the TSE to the President of the Legislative Assembly; g) Decree No. 13-2007, of July 12, 2007, by which the TSE officially communicated the call for a referendum; h) the referendum held on October 7, 2007; i) TSE resolution No. 2944-E-2007, of October 22, 2007; and j) Law No. 8622, of November 21, 2007, on the Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos de América.
WHEREAS:
From the perspective of defending diffuse interests and within the framework of this unconstitutionality action, it is essential to differentiate between sovereignty, the people, and citizenship. Does the exercise of suffrage through a referendum, to approve or repeal laws and partial reforms of the Constitution established by Article 105 of the Constitution, constitute a diffuse interest susceptible to judicial protection? The exercise of suffrage through a referendum—when used to approve or repeal laws and partial reforms of the Constitution in accordance with Article 105—constitutes a diffuse interest fully protectable in the constitutional jurisdiction, and this can be demonstrated in three steps: Status as a political human right: The Supreme Electoral Tribunal has recognized that casting a vote is one of the most transcendent acts of citizenship as a human right of a political nature (Res.
No. 2267‑E8‑2025, April 2, 2025, 14:45 h). When that expression is channeled via referendum, suffrage ceases to be solely an individual prerogative and becomes a tool for collective decision-making on the normative architecture of the State. Configuration of a diffuse interest: By simultaneously affecting an indeterminate plurality of citizens and the global legitimacy of the democratic system, the correct use of the referendum overflows the personal sphere of each voter. It is an indivisible legal right whose injury reaches the political body as a whole; that is why the citizen legislative power is, in itself, a diffuse interest. Need for reinforced protection: If the citizen consultation extends to matters prohibited by Article 105 itself (budgetary, tax, credit, security matters, etc.), not only is the constitutional order infringed, but that diffuse interest that guarantees the integrity of the democratic process is undermined.
In such cases, any citizen is legitimized to resort to the constitutional jurisdiction in order to restore the balance and stability of the regime. Consequently, the exercise of this faculty through a referendum, which affects the whole of the citizenry as the guarantor of a robust democratic system, is a diffuse interest susceptible to judicial protection, since its alteration impacts the balance and stability of the constitutional regime.
The claimant states that, under the protection of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, he files this unconstitutionality action, basing his standing on the protection of diffuse interests, that is, those interests of the community as a whole whose violation implies, in turn, an individual injury for each citizen of the Republic. Within the framework of this unconstitutionality action, a matter of utmost gravity and constitutional relevance is raised. He files this unconstitutionality action supported by the interpretations and guidelines established by the Constitutional Chamber in its previous votes and resolutions. He bases this on the scopes and approaches that have been developed in constitutional jurisprudence to substantiate the relevance and necessity of this remedy. This approach aligns with the Constitutional Chamber's vision regarding the protection of diffuse interests and the importance of safeguarding constitutional rights in matters of national relevance.
He considers that he has standing to claim the unconstitutionality of the norms and actions challenged herein. As a citizen and inhabitant of this country, he protects a diffuse interest that he shares with all citizens of the Republic. In that capacity as citizens—holders of the political rights and duties proper to Costa Ricans over eighteen years of age, including suffrage, and therefore legitimized in accordance with Articles 73 and 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction—they are directly affected by the violation of the Constitution caused by the infringement of the challenged Free Trade Agreement of the fundamental principles of the domestic legal order. Such normative conflict, even without detailing or discussing its effects or its administrative interpretation and application, constitutes by itself an injury to the diffuse interest consisting of guaranteeing the freedom, order, and purity of the suffrage intrinsic to the referendum.
By way of substantiation of this action, in summary, the claimant states the following: He reiterates the challenge of the norms and subjective acts, detailed below, for infringing essential constitutional principles and for undermining the fundamental rights of the Costa Rican citizenry. The action is framed within the previously stated legal assumptions: a) the case is of such a nature that there is no individual and direct injury attributable to a specific person, and b) it concerns the defense of a diffuse interest that concerns the community as a whole. These principles—enshrined in various provisions of the Political Constitution—constitute the foundations of the Rule of Law and the necessary condition for the common welfare.
The claimant states that, in accordance with the guidelines of this Chamber on the imperative need to precisely delimit the object and scope of the unconstitutionality action, he sets forth below—in his opinion—in a clear and direct manner the contradiction between the RD-CAFTA Free Trade Agreement and the constitutional block, as well as the grounds that assist him to exhaustively present the reasons why said norm violates constitutional precepts, which shall be duly identified and individualized. He reiterates that the impact or effects of the Free Trade Agreement (TLC) on the economic, social, and cultural rights of the Costa Rican population do not form part of this unconstitutionality action. Likewise, he affirms and reiterates that the interpretation or application of the Treaty by public authorities is also not the object of this action. He explains that in this case, his questioning does not center on the power or the general possibility of Costa Rica and its Branches of Government to establish free trade agreements, nor on the nature or appropriateness of the administrative and legislative actions per se.
Rather, his concern lies in the excess committed by the State in calling and approving, by means of a referendum, matters constitutionally reserved, which constitutes an abuse of power in the exercise of democratic competencies. Specifically, he maintains that said actions directly violate the provisions of Article 105 of the Political Constitution and transgress fundamental constitutional principles such as legality, reasonableness, and proportionality. These principles, as essential parameters for the assessment of constitutionality, are reinforced by additional criteria of equality before the law, budgetary balance, administrative efficiency, legal certainty, and food sovereignty.
How this transgression occurs is detailed below: 1. Violation of Article 19 of the Political Constitution: The call for and subsequent approval of the Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR TLC) by referendum infringed the constitutional regime applicable to foreigners, provided for by Title III, Article 19. In the first place, CAFTA-DR grants foreign investors procedural and substantive prerogatives incompatible with the limits set forth in Article 19. The national treatment and most-favored-nation obligations contained in Articles 10.3 and 10.4 prevent the legislator, in exercise of its sovereign power, from establishing differentiated restrictions regarding foreign persons when there are reasons of public interest to do so. Likewise, Section B of Chapter 10 introduces an investor-State arbitration mechanism that empowers said investors to remove themselves from the jurisdiction of the courts of the Republic and resort to international forums such as ICSID, recreating a supranational path comparable to that "diplomatic" one that the Constitution expressly prohibits.
These advantages, in addition to eliminating the possibility of imposing reasonable limits, place foreigners in a "super-equal" position, as they confer upon them forums and guarantees—including payment of compensation in foreign currency and international standards of "fair and equitable" treatment—that are not available to nationals vis-à-vis their own State. In the second place, the campaign prior to the citizen consultation was marked by direct interventions from a foreign government. Various diplomatic communications subsequently disclosed confirm that the United States Embassy financed training activities, coordinated pro-TLC tours, and facilitated logistical resources aimed at influencing the electorate's opinion. Such involvement constitutes an intrusion prohibited by Article 19, which proscribes any intervention by foreigners in national political affairs and subjects them to Costa Rican jurisdiction without the possibility of resorting to diplomatic channels.
The practical effect of said interference was to condition the citizen will that ultimately approved the treaty, rendering null and void the referendum act itself and the law that sanctioned it. The available documentary evidence demonstrates a direct interference by the United States Government in the campaign prior to the referendum that approved the Free Trade Agreement between Central America, the Dominican Republic, and the United States (CAFTA-DR). Various declassified diplomatic cables—disseminated by WikiLeaks and disclosed in Costa Rica by La Nación and Semanario Universidad between March and April 2011—reveal that the U.S. Embassy in San José financed “training” and pro-TLC tours, hired buses to mobilize sympathetic demonstrators, and coordinated with the Southern Command the training of Public Force units in riot control, presented to the public as “human rights” courses. The same cables record detailed monitoring of legislative factions, as well as proselytizing activities by then-Ambassador Mark Langdale to influence the vote. 2.
Violation of the Third Paragraph of Article 105: Article 105 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica establishes the competencies and limits for the approval of international treaties. The third paragraph specifies that certain matters are excluded from being the object of international treaties or that they require special procedures for their approval. Approving a treaty that includes these excluded matters through a referendum implies a direct violation of the constitutional provisions, since action is taken outside the legal framework established for said matters. 3. Violation of Articles 176, 179, and 180 of the Political Constitution. The approval of the Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement (TLC RD‑CAFTA) by referendum directly injures Articles 176, 179, and 180 of the Political Constitution. Annex 3.3 of the treaty imposes a tariff elimination schedule that extinguishes, in a phased and definitive manner, the import duties that historically constitute an ordinary source of revenue for the Budget of the Republic.
Said revenues, being classified by Article 176 as "probable" and, therefore, of mandatory inclusion and annual quantification, could not be eliminated without the Legislative Assembly simultaneously approving compensatory sources or without the General Directorate of Taxation issuing the technical opinion on the fiscal impact that Article 179 requires for any initiative that reduces revenue. The referendum replaced the ordinary law in a matter subject to legislative reserve, violating the principle of fiscal balance since the elimination of taxes was adopted without the creation of alternative revenues and without the integration of the financial information corresponding to the Ordinary Budget bill for the following fiscal year. The effect is equally contrary to Article 180, because the commitments acquired in the treaty obligate the State to maintain tariffs at zero and to abstain from reintroducing them, thereby immobilizing a budgetary policy tool that can only be calibrated exercise by exercise in the Budget Law.
The agreed restriction cannot be modified by the Assembly through ordinary budget reallocation mechanisms, since any attempt to reestablish taxes would violate the standstill clause of the treaty itself and expose the country to investor-State arbitration disputes contemplated in Chapter 10. The risk of million-dollar compensation—which would have to be covered by the Public Treasury without prior budgetary allocation—represents a contingent financial burden that was never evaluated by the Comptroller General's Office nor authorized by the Assembly according to the procedure provided for in Article 179. The Constitutional Chamber has established that the principles of budgetary universality and legislative reserve in tax matters are violated when the legislator omits to quantify the fiscal effects of tax exemptions or reductions. If this omission is already unconstitutional when the decision emanates from the Assembly, it is even more so when the agreement is adopted through a referendum that, according to Article 105, cannot deal with tax or fiscal matters.
The defect is irremediable, since the citizen call improperly supplanted the parliamentary deliberation required to reform the Public Treasury, and the law approving the treaty consolidated a permanent decrease in revenues without the corresponding financial coverage. 4. Principle of Reasonableness. The principle of reasonableness requires that the actions and decisions of the State be logical, justified, and appropriate in relation to the objectives pursued. By approving a treaty that addresses constitutionally excluded matters through a referendum, the due legislative process and the specialized review that these matters require are omitted. This dynamic led to hasty and unsubstantiated decisions: the citizens, summoned to the referendum, lacked the indispensable technical knowledge to weigh such complex and sensitive issues. Instead of an informed debate, they were subjected to an authentic information bombardment aimed at inducing an uncritical "yes" to the treaty.
Therefore, the measure lacks the necessary justification and foundation, thus violating the principle of reasonableness. 5. Principle of Proportionality: The principle of proportionality requires that the adopted measures be adequate, necessary, and balanced in relation to the objectives sought to be achieved. Approving a treaty that includes constitutionally excluded matters through a referendum must be considered a disproportionate measure for several reasons: Adequacy: The referendum is not the adequate mechanism to deal with issues that require a detailed and specialized analysis, leading to decisions that do not comply with the legal and constitutional objectives. Necessity: There are established legislative procedures and other avenues that are more appropriate for the approval of treaties on sensitive matters. Using a referendum for this purpose was unnecessary and circumvented the established checks and balances.
Proportionality in the strict sense: Approving by referendum implied an excessive intervention in the legislative process, affecting the separation of powers and specialization in decision-making, which is not balanced with the objective of ratifying the treaty. 6. Additional consequences. In addition to the direct violation of the indicated constitutional provisions and the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, approving a treaty in this manner can generate legal uncertainty, since the procedures established for the approval of matters of high relevance and complexity are ignored. This can affect the stability of democratic institutions and respect for the constitutional framework. The approval, by referendum, of an international treaty that encompasses constitutionally excluded matters not only directly infringes the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica but also transgresses the principles of reasonableness and proportionality.
These transgressions compromise the legality, efficacy, and legitimacy of State decisions, affecting the constitutional order and the democratic foundations of the country. It is important to highlight that this infringement is evidenced by the mere confrontation of the content of CAFTA-DR with the constitutional provisions, without the need to analyze its effects, interpretations, or applications by public authorities. The approval of the treaty, under these conditions, violates the Constitution by ignoring the explicit restrictions it imposes on the subject matter.
The inclusion in CAFTA-DR of matters expressly excluded from the referendum according to Article 105 of the Constitution constitutes a violation of the principle of constitutional legality. By approving the treaty through a referendum, an inadequate mechanism is used for matters that require a specific legislative process and cannot be delegated or compromised in this manner. This infringement is evidenced by the mere confrontation of the content of CAFTA-DR with the constitutional provisions, without the need to analyze its effects, interpretations, or applications by public authorities. The approval of the treaty under these conditions: Ignores the specific restrictions imposed by the Constitution on matters excluded from the referendum. Violates the principle of legislative reserve, since provisions are approved that must be the object of formal legislation by the Legislative Assembly.
Compromises essential areas of national sovereignty, by delegating competencies in sensitive matters through an unconstitutional procedure. The approval of CAFTA-DR contravenes the principle of constitutional legality by including matters that, as will be observed in this section of the substantiation, are constitutionally excluded from the referendum mechanism, thus infringing the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica. This act violates constitutional supremacy and the fundamental principles that govern the Costa Rican legal system. 3. Principle of Budgetary Balance: The Constitution of Costa Rica requires that all public expenditure have legal coverage in the Budget Law and that revenues cover expenditures (principle of budgetary balance and legal reserve). Several commitments of CAFTA-DR limit the tax power and obligate extraordinary expenditures that could violate that principle.
In particular, the following clauses of the treaty stand out: • Article 3.3 (Tariff Elimination): Prohibits increasing or creating new tariffs on originating goods and orders their gradual elimination according to Annex 3.3. This implies that the State will progressively lose customs revenues that previously financed the budget, reducing its fiscal margins. Since Congress must authorize all public revenue, this obligation fixed in the treaty can compromise the fiscal legal reserve by “freezing” and eliminating taxes without authorizing equivalent compensation. • Article 9.2 (Public Procurement – national treatment): Requires treatment no less favorable to foreign suppliers in State purchases. This limits the discretion of the government and the Legislative Assembly to determine under what conditions it allocates resources in public procurement. For example, it prevents arbitrarily favoring national companies, which can increase costs or change the allocation of planned expenditure.
Although it does not establish direct additional expenditure, it restricts national budgetary control over state purchases and can alter the scheduled execution of the budget. • Article 10.7 (Expropriation and Compensation): Recognizes for foreign investors "prompt, adequate, and effective" compensation at market value for direct or indirect expropriations. If the State enacts laws or regulations—for example, environmental, health, or public services regulations—that affect foreign investments, it may be forced to make multimillion-dollar payments. These expenses, not foreseen in the original budget (must come from public funds), threaten fiscal balance, as they generate credit obligations or larger expenditures without prior approval from the Legislative Branch. • Article 10.16 (Investor-State Dispute Settlement): Allows foreign investors to sue the State for breach of any guarantee (including those in Section A of the investment chapter) before international arbitral tribunals.
If an award obliged Costa Rica to compensate an investor (e.g., for health measures, environmental measures, or indirect expropriations), the payment of damages and legal costs would come out of the public budget. This arbitration mechanism (ISDS) erodes internal control of expenditure: the necessary funds are not provided for by law and escape legislative authorization, affecting the constitutional budgetary balance. • Article 15.10 (Protection of Pharmaceutical Data): Imposes data exclusivity for clinical data for at least 5 years (pharmaceuticals) and 10 years (agricultural chemicals) from the marketing approval. In practice, it delays the entry of generics into the Costa Rican market and increases the cost of purchasing medicines in the public health system. The result is a permanent increase in public health expenditure (which the State finances), without the budget contemplating it in advance. This increase in expenditures—originating in treaty obligations—makes it difficult to fulfill the principle of balance if they are not compensated with more revenues or cuts in other expenses.
Taken together, these CAFTA-DR commitments entail revenue sacrifices (due to tariff reduction) and new expenditures (for compensations and higher sanitary costs) that can unbalance the national budget; furthermore, by imposing binding obligations beyond local laws, the treaty may usurp exclusive powers of the Legislative Assembly in budgetary matters (legal reserve), so each of the cited articles—and their corresponding annexes—must be evaluated in light of the constitutional principle of budgetary equilibrium and the tax and spending power reserved to the Legislative Branch. The principle of budgetary equilibrium is a fundamental pillar enshrined in Article 176 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica. This principle establishes that proposed expenditures cannot exceed probable revenues, thereby guaranteeing responsible and sustainable financial management of the State. Budgetary equilibrium implies not only an accounting equality between revenues and expenditures, but also the consideration of factors that may influence public finances and the economic and social development of the Nation during the corresponding period.
Based on this premise, the principle of budgetary equilibrium should not be interpreted as a limitation on investment in key areas that promote sustainable development and social welfare. On the contrary, it must be a stimulus for more strategic and conscious planning that ensures available resources are used in the most effective and beneficial way for the country. The challenge for the Public Administration is to balance the need for prudent fiscal management with the commitment to address the needs and aspirations of its population. This requires a strategic vision that recognizes budgetary equilibrium not as an end in itself, but as a means to achieve more equitable, inclusive, and sustainable development. The third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution provides specific limitations on the matters that may be submitted to a referendum, expressly excluding certain areas of special national relevance.
The treaty covers matters relating to budgetary equilibrium that, according to Article 105, are excluded from the referendum process (instituto del referéndum) and, therefore, cannot be submitted to this approval mechanism. Therefore, the approval of the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR) infringes this constitutional principle and the mentioned article. By including in CAFTA-DR provisions relating to budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit matters, approval of loans and contracts, and acts of an administrative nature, and having been approved by referendum, the principle of budgetary equilibrium and the constitutional framework governing the approval of such matters are violated. 4. Principle of Administrative Efficiency: The approval of the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR) by referendum, which includes matters excluded from the referendum process under Article 105 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica, infringes both the mentioned constitutional article and the principle of administrative efficiency enshrined in Article 191 of the same Constitution.
This infringement manifests in several fundamental aspects that contravene the legal framework and guiding principles of public administration. In the first place, Article 105 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica clearly and specifically establishes the powers and limitations regarding the matters that may be submitted to a referendum. By including in CAFTA-DR matters expressly excluded from this mechanism, the provisions of said article are directly violated. This non-compliance results in the use of an inappropriate procedure for the approval of a treaty covering topics of special national relevance, which not only contravenes the established legal framework but also calls into question the constitutional validity of the treaty itself. The failure to respect the provisions of Article 105 can lead to the nullity of the treaty or the need to reopen the approval process following the correct procedures, which in turn generates an inefficient use of public resources allocated to said process.
Likewise, the incorrect approval of the treaty generates legal uncertainty, hindering the planning and execution of related public policies. The uncertainty about the validity of CAFTA-DR may deter foreign investment and hinder economic development, thus contravening the objectives of administrative efficiency and effectiveness. Furthermore, this transgression indicates a lack of coordination and compliance within the institutions responsible for the approval of treaties, reflecting deficiencies in administrative management and affecting the cohesion and efficient functioning of the state apparatus. Additional consequences of this infringement include the loss of institutional credibility, since non-compliance with constitutional procedures erodes citizens' trust in public institutions, affecting the legitimacy and effectiveness of state administration. Likewise, the need for legal rectifications entails additional costs and a greater bureaucratic burden for public institutions, negatively impacting governance and compromising the principles of good governance, transparency, and accountability that are essential for an efficient and effective public administration. 5.
Principles of Sovereignty and Food Security: through a comprehensive interpretation of Articles 50 and 74 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica, together with relevant case law and the international commitments assumed by the country, the principle of food security is derived and consolidated as an essential part of Costa Rican constitutional law. This principle underlies the State's commitment to general welfare and social justice, fundamental elements for the full development of the individual and social cohesion. Budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, security, approval of loans and contracts matters, and acts of an administrative nature bear a direct and significant relationship to the principles of food security and food sovereignty, as all of them influence the capacity of the State to support local agricultural production, regulate markets, and guarantee equitable access to food.
Budgetary decisions determine the resources allocated to the agricultural sector, affecting investments in rural infrastructure, research, and support programs for producers, essential for strengthening national production and guaranteeing food supply. Tax and fiscal policies can incentivize or discourage agricultural practices, influence food prices, and affect the competitiveness of local products against imported ones. Monetary and credit policies impact inflation, consumer purchasing power, and access to financing by farmers, crucial factors for maintaining stable prices and stimulating sustainable production. Security policies guarantee adequate conditions for the production and distribution of food, while the approval of loans and contracts, especially international ones, can compromise the country's autonomy in managing its natural resources and food policies. Finally, administrative acts, through regulations and permits, control the food supply chain and ensure the quality and safety of products.
Together, these matters determine the State's capacity to design and implement policies that promote food security and sovereignty, ensuring that the population has continuous and reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, produced sustainably and in accordance with national cultural needs and traditions. By virtue of the foregoing, and considering that the Free Trade Agreement covers matters relating to budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, security, approval of loans and contracts, as well as acts of an administrative nature —all of them intrinsically linked to the constitutional principles of sovereignty and food security implicitly enshrined in Articles 50 and 74 of the Political Constitution— its approval by referendum infringes the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Constitution. This article expressly excludes said matters from the scope of the referendum, implying that their approval by this means is unconstitutional.
The direct confrontation between the text of the treaty and the constitutional provisions reveals this infringement, affecting the State's capacity to design and implement policies that promote food security and sovereignty. These principles are essential to guarantee the general welfare and social justice that the Constitution protects, ensuring that the population has continuous and reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, produced sustainably and in harmony with national cultural needs and traditions. Therefore, the approval of the Free Trade Agreement by referendum not only contravenes the constitutional order by ignoring the limitations established in Article 105, but also undermines fundamental principles that sustain welfare and social justice in Costa Rica. This constitutional infringement requires a rigorous legal review to safeguard the supremacy of the Constitution and protect the rights and principles it enshrines.
It alleges the transgression of the principle of legality, articulated in the first paragraph of Article 11 of the Political Constitution, which establishes the obligation of every act of authority to conform to the legal norms in force. This constitutional norm is essential to ensure that all State actions are carried out within a legal and ethical framework. Furthermore, this challenge highlights the infringement of the right to the protection of the interests of producers, consumers, and users, enshrined in Article 46 of the Political Constitution. The treaty in question directly contravenes this constitutional precept by including provisions that affect these interests, which is incompatible with the guarantees established by the Constitution. Likewise, the principle of distributive justice, established in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, has been violated. This principle imposes on the State the obligation to organize and stimulate production and ensure an adequate distribution of wealth.
The treaty provisions oppose this constitutional mandate, as they limit the State's capacity to fulfill its obligations regarding the equitable distribution of wealth. The violation of the principle of budgetary equilibrium, established in Article 176 of the Political Constitution, is another crucial aspect of this challenge. This principle dictates that the expenditures proposed by the State must not exceed probable revenues, thus ensuring responsible and sustainable fiscal management for the benefit of the entire population. Finally, the principle of administrative efficiency, stated in Article 191 of the Political Constitution, has been compromised. This principle implies the obligation to administer public resources and affairs efficiently, effectively, and in the public interest. This challenge is also based on the transgression of the constitutional maxims of reasonableness and proportionality.
These maxims are fundamental to guarantee that State actions are not only legal, but also fair, adequate, and proportionate in relation to the ends they pursue. In summary, these constitutional violations are demonstrated through the direct confrontation between the text of the treaty and the provisions of the Constitution, affecting fundamental rights such as the right to a dignified quality of life, a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and the protection of the legitimate economic and social interests of citizens in their role as producers, consumers, and users. This challenge constitutes a proactive and necessary effort to restore respect for the supreme constitutional principles that safeguard the fundamental rights of the Costa Rican citizenry. The inclusion, in CAFTA-DR, of provisions on matters that the Constitution (Article 105) excludes from the popular initiative (iniciativa popular) —such as budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, pension, security, the approval of loans, and contracts or administrative acts— demands a detailed examination of their character, as required by Article 3 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction.
By breaking down each of the Treaty's chapters — which range from trade and investment to labor and environmental rights— it is verified that its content transcends mere economic exchange and invades areas whose regulation corresponds exclusively to the ordinary legislative procedure. The claimant indicates that, below, a synthetic analysis is presented that reveals how each chapter of the treaty incorporates matters expressly excluded by Article 105 of the Political Constitution. For each case, the legal grounds will be set forth clearly and precisely, accompanied by the concrete reference to the infringed constitutional norms and principles, and the reasons why it is estimated that said provisions violate essential components of the constitutional block (bloque de constitucionalidad), duly identified and individualized, will be developed in detail: Preamble: The Preamble of CAFTA-DR, far from being mere rhetoric, incorporates substantive commitments whose execution collides with constitutional supremacy.
By proclaiming the "elimination of obstacles to trade" and the "progressive liberalization" of the agricultural and services markets, it imposes the irrevocable tariff elimination on basic products and the renunciation of differential subsidies, restricting the fiscal and budgetary instruments indispensable to fulfill the mandate of Article 50 to "organize and stimulate production" in guarantee of general welfare and food security. By promising "unrestricted mobility of capital" and "national and most-favored-nation treatment" for investors, it subjects future tax and regulatory decisions to the risk of investor-State litigation, thereby eroding the exclusive power to impose contributions recognized by Article 121(13) and the principles of social justice enshrined in Article 74. Insofar as these matters —fiscal, budgetary, credit, and economic organization— are expressly barred from the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105, the popular approval of the treaty violated the constitutional distribution of powers and confirms the nullity of the challenged act.
Chapter 1 - Initial Provisions: This chapter defines the scope and application of the treaty, establishing acts of an administrative nature for its implementation and execution. Chapter I of CAFTA-DR —entitled “Initial Provisions”— introduces self-executing obligations that, by imposing their direct application by administrative bodies, transfer normative powers that the Constitution reserves to the legislature: subparagraph (b) of Article 1.1 obliges the immediate execution of commitments in tax and regulatory matters, thereby violating the principle of legality and the legal reserve enshrined in Articles 121(13) and 140(3). Article 1.2 grants automatic precedence to the treaty over any "incompatible" domestic provision, granting it a supra-legal rank that contradicts the hierarchical scheme of Article 7 of the Constitution and de facto subordinates legislative power. In turn, Article 1.3 establishes the "predictability and transparency" of governmental policy as a binding standard, constraining the State from adopting fiscal or budgetary variations without prior consultations, cutting back the flexibility that Articles 176 to 180 and the third paragraph of Article 105 reserve to the Legislative Assembly and exclude from the referendum.
These initial mandates —which operate as permanent administrative acts— place CAFTA-DR in frontal collision with constitutional supremacy, the separation of powers, and the principles of social justice and food security derived from Articles 50 and 74, sufficient reason for the unconstitutionality of its approval and execution in the challenged form to be declared. Chapter 2 – General Definitions: Chapter II of CAFTA-DR —under the guise of a mere glossary— establishes operative definitions that transfer substantive obligations incompatible with constitutional supremacy. By characterizing any fiscal levy as a "tax measure" (Art. 2.1.j), it subjects future Costa Rican tax laws and budgetary adjustments to the disciplines of national treatment, most-favored-nation, and the threat of investor-State arbitration, usurping the legal reserve that Article 121(13) and Articles 176 to 180 grant exclusively to the Legislative Assembly and exclude, by mandate of Article 105, third paragraph, from the scope of the referendum.
The notion of "state enterprise" (Art. 2.1.h-i) incorporates strategic public entities —ICE, INS, RECOPE— within the competitive neutrality obligations of Chapter XI, forcing their equalization to private companies and eroding the constitutional autonomy of the institutions (Arts. 188-190) and the social purpose conferred on them by Article 50. Likewise, by defining "existing measure" (Art. 2.1.f) and linking its alteration to claims for "legitimate expectations," it freezes the future power of the legislature to modify sanitary or food safety regulations essential for the social justice protected in Articles 50 and 74. Finally, the centralization of the "central level of government" in the Ministry of Foreign Trade displaces normative powers towards the Executive Branch without an enabling law, contravening the separation of powers and regulatory subordination established in Articles 9, 11, and 140(3).
These general definitions, by restricting tax policy, institutional autonomy, and the State's regulatory capacity, collides frontally with the Fundamental Charter and confirm the unconstitutionality of the treaty in the challenged form. Chapter 3 - National Treatment and Market Access for Goods: Chapter III of CAFTA-DR —“National Treatment and Market Access for Goods”— imposes obligations that strip the State of the tariff and para-tariff instruments indispensable to comply with Articles 50 and 74 of the Political Constitution. Articles 3.2 and 3.3 freeze current tariffs, prohibit future customs duties, and oblige treating imported goods as national, curtailing the tax law reserve enshrined in Article 121(13) and frustrating the capacity to organize and stimulate local production. Annex 3.3 eliminates —within irrevocable periods of up to twenty years— the levies on rice, beans, white corn, and powdered milk, while Articles 3.14 and 3.18 bar export subsidies and quantitative restrictions even in situations of internal shortage, subordinating food security to the acquiescence of external States.
Such clauses annul the safeguards necessary to sustain floor prices, ensure the availability of essential foods, and protect small producers, eroding the social justice that inspires Article 74 and contradicting constitutional jurisprudence on dignified life and general welfare. As these are tax, fiscal, and administrative matters excluded from the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105, their approval through popular consultation broke the jurisdictional distribution and violated constitutional supremacy, which is why these provisions must be expelled from the legal system. Chapter 4 - Rules of Origin and Origin Procedures: Chapter IV of CAFTA-DR —“Rules of Origin and Origin Procedures”— displaces tax and customs powers that the Constitution reserves to the Costa Rican State. Article 4.16 obliges the General Directorate of Customs to grant preferential treatment based solely on the foreign exporter's certification, contradicting Article 121(14), which confers on the legislature the power to set the conditions for the collection of taxes and import control.
Article 4.17 suspends audit deadlines until the exporting country's authority responds, subordinating customs management to external governments and jeopardizing the timely collection destined for the general welfare protected by Article 50. Article 4.18 imposes the exchange of confidential information without prior judicial control, violating the right to informational self-determination recognized by the jurisprudence of Article 24. Furthermore, Article 4.19 transfers origin disputes to supranational panels under Chapter XX, displacing Costa Rican courts in open tension with the normative hierarchy of Article 7. Finally, the "broad regional accumulation" rule of Article 4.10 dilutes incentives for the use of local inputs, undermining the State's obligation to organize and stimulate national production provided for in Article 50. As these are fiscal and administrative matters expressly barred from the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105, their popular approval violated the jurisdictional distribution and confirms the unconstitutionality of the treaty in the challenged form.
Chapter 5 - Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation: Chapter V of CAFTA-DR (“Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation”) transfers to external instances powers that the Constitution reserves to the legislature and the national customs authority, violating essential principles of the Public Treasury and the separation of powers. Article 5.4 imposes a foreign cap on customs fees and charges, contravening the tax law reserve of Article 121(13) and compromising the budgetary sufficiency guaranteed in Articles 176-180. Articles 5.6 and 5.11 subordinate tariff classification and the application of internal measures to rigid deadlines and prior consultation with foreign governments, affecting the timely financing of welfare programs provided for in Article 50. Article 5.13 obliges the exchange of confidential commercial information without judicial control, injuring the right to privacy protected by Article 24; and Article 5.15 restructures the customs appeal system, restricting access to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and straining the effective judicial protection enshrined in Article 41.
Added to this are other obligations: mandatory publication of all customs regulations, prohibition of massive inspections and new levies that give fiscal or competitive advantage to local production, requirement for "simple and rapid" procedures, absolute confidentiality of customs data, and designation of permanent verifiers with foreign participation, which limits on-site verification and restricts fiscal and criminal investigation tools (Arts. 121(14), 50, 9, 11, and 140(3)). These matters, of a tax and administrative nature, are expressly barred from the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105; consequently, their popular approval broke the jurisdictional distribution and collides frontally with constitutional supremacy, sufficient reason to declare the unconstitutionality and expulsion of such provisions from the domestic legal system. Chapter 6 - Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Chapter VI of CAFTA-DR –“Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures”– curtails the sovereign power that the Political Constitution confers on the State to safeguard public health and the environment.
Article 6.6 obliges accepting the sanitary systems of the other Party countries as "equivalent," even when they operate with less strict norms, in open contradiction with the duty of reinforced protection emanating from Article 50 and the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) recognized by the Constitutional Chamber. Articles 6.7 and 6.11 require that every measure be based exclusively on "scientific evidence" and allow the provisional entry of goods while the national evaluation is concluded, shifting the burden of proof to the State and annulling the in dubio pro salute that protects the life and integrity of the population. Annex 6.6.2 imposes a maximum period of thirty days to issue import permits and establishes tacit consent (silencio positivo), whereby applications are automatically approved without comprehensive verification of pests or contaminants, again violating Article 50.
Furthermore, Article 6.9 refers sanitary disputes to a binational committee and, ultimately, to international panels provided for in Chapter XX, displacing internal jurisdictional control and injuring the constitutional supremacy of Article 7 and the guarantee of effective judicial protection of Article 41. These clauses, of a clearly administrative and public security nature – matters expressly barred from the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105– demonstrate that the citizen approval of the treaty broke the constitutional distribution of powers; therefore, Chapter VI is in frontal collision with the principles of precaution, health, and social justice that the Fundamental Charter mandates safeguarding. Chapter 7 - Technical Barriers to Trade: Chapter VII of CAFTA-DR, relating to “Technical Barriers to Trade,” imposes on Costa Rica a regime of normative harmonization that strips the State of essential regulatory powers.
Article 7.3.2 obliges adopting current international standards as a basis unless there is scientific proof to the contrary, reducing the application of the precautionary principle to an exception and subordinating the health and safety of the population —protected by Articles 50 and 11 of the Constitution— to foreign standards that do not reflect the local reality. Article 7.5 reinforces that impairment by requiring the automatic acceptance of "equivalent" foreign technical regulations, even when their testing is less rigorous, limiting the power of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Economy to guarantee the safety and quality of goods, to the detriment of consumer rights and dignified life (Arts. 46 and 50). The situation is aggravated by Article 7.6, which allows the manufacturers themselves to certify compliance with Costa Rican standards, depriving the State of its exclusive jurisdiction over control procedures (Art. 191) and granting public faith to foreign private entities.
Furthermore, Article 7.8 creates a binational Committee empowered to review draft technical regulations and recommend their modification "to facilitate trade," subjecting the regulatory power of the Executive Branch and the Legislative Assembly to prior foreign scrutiny and violating the separation of powers and administrative efficiency enshrined in Articles 9, 11, and 140(3). Finally, Article 7.9 obliges the publication of every draft regulation and subjecting it to international comments for sixty days, which prevents the immediate adoption of measures against sanitary or environmental risks and compromises the mandate of reinforced protection provided for in Article 50. These obligations, of a clearly administrative and product safety nature —matters expressly barred from the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105— were approved by citizen consultation, breaking the constitutional distribution of powers and placing it in open collision with the supremacy of the Fundamental Charter.
Their expulsion from the domestic legal system is therefore appropriate. Chapter 8 - Trade Defense: Chapter VIII of CAFTA-DR, regarding “Trade Defense,” deprives the Costa Rican State of the instruments necessary to protect its producers and guarantee the food security demanded by Articles 50 and 74 of the Constitution. Article 8.1, complemented by 8.3, subjects the transitional agricultural safeguard (salvaguardia agrícola) to the tariff reduction periods of Annex 3.3, obliging its lifting even when serious injury persists, while Article 8.4 obliges the delivery of equivalent concessions or the acceptance of commercial retaliation, with the consequent impairment of budgetary sufficiency protected in Articles 176 to 180. Article 8.6 prohibits combining that safeguard with the multilateral WTO mechanism, restricting the tax power provided for in Article 121(14).
Articles 8.7 to 8.9 subject antidumping and countervailing duty investigations to international consultations and panels, eroding the domestic jurisdiction and regulatory power enshrined in Articles 9, 11, 140(3), and 191. Finally, Article 8.11 creates a binational committee empowered to “reduce or eliminate” the agricultural safeguard, subordinating the continuity of that measure to foreign consensus and contravening the State's obligation to organize and stimulate national production. Such clauses, of a tax and administrative nature —matters expressly prohibited from referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105— were approved through a citizen consultation, breaking the distribution of competences and directly colliding with constitutional supremacy; therefore, their expulsion from the domestic legal order in the challenged aspects is warranted. Chapter 9 - Public Procurement: Chapter IX of the RD-CAFTA, concerning “Public Procurement,” invades competences that the Constitution reserves to the legislature and to the superior oversight bodies.
Article 9.2 imposes national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment on foreign bidders and proscribes any margin of preference or reservation for Costa Rican suppliers, frustrating the State's power to orient public purchasing toward productive development and social welfare protected in Articles 50 and 74. Article 9.6 subjects to the disciplines of the treaty any contract whose value exceeds thresholds set in Special Drawing Rights and updated externally, removing from the Legislative Assembly the determination of bidding ranges and violating the principle of budgetary legality of Article 176. Added to this is Article 9.7.5, which prohibits requiring local content, technology transfer, or the hiring of national labor, neutralizing historic instruments of socioeconomic development. Article 9.13 establishes a parallel avenue for challenge before “impartial or independent” bodies, outside the exclusive control that the Constitution confers on the Office of the Comptroller General (Contraloría General) and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (arts. 84 and 191), while Article 9.17 commits the country to expanding the chapter's coverage through future negotiations, undermining the sovereign power of Congress and the legislative reservation (reserva de ley) (arts. 9 and 11).
These provisions, of a budgetary and administrative nature —matters expressly prohibited from referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105— were approved through a citizen consultation, breaking the constitutional distribution of competences and injuring principles of constitutional supremacy, solidarity-based development, and fiscal control. Therefore, their expulsion from the domestic legal order is warranted. Chapter 10 – Investment: Chapter X of the RD-CAFTA —concerning investment— overflows the competence constitutionally attributed to the Costa Rican State and contravenes essential mandates of the Fundamental Charter. Article 10.3 imposes national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment on every foreign investor and prohibits local preferences, curtailing the State's power to orient spending and productive incentives toward the general welfare and social justice provided for in Articles 50 and 74.
In line with this, Article 10.9 vetoes requirements for local content, technology transfer, or the hiring of Costa Rican labor, while Article 10.11 prevents requiring national management or directorship, nullifying strategic instruments of development and employment. Article 10.4 elevates the “fair and equitable treatment” of customary international law to a binding parameter, subordinating domestic legislation to standards outside the constitutional control required by Article 7. Article 10.7 enables claims for “indirect expropriation” when a public measure affects profit expectations, placing the legislative reservation for taxes (art. 121(13)) and regulatory powers under the permanent threat of multi-million-dollar indemnifications. Added to this is the authorization of unrestricted capital transfers (10.8), with a negative impact on the fiscal stability enshrined in Articles 176-180.
The injurious core is completed by the ISDS clause (arts. 10.15-10.26), which empowers an investor to directly sue the State before arbitral fora and enforce awards against public assets, displacing domestic jurisdictional control and violating Articles 41 and 191. All of these matters —tax, budgetary, administrative, and of public interest— are expressly excluded from referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105; their citizen approval broke the constitutional distribution of competences and impaired the supremacy of the Constitution. Consequently, the challenged provisions of Chapter X must be declared unconstitutional and expelled from the domestic legal order. Chapter 11 - Cross-Border Trade in Services: Chapter XI of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Cross-Border Trade in Services,” deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to direct and supervise the provision of strategic services, in open contradiction with the Political Constitution.
Article 11.2 imposes national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment, proscribing selective incentives for local providers and frustrating the State's function of promoting the welfare and social justice provided for in Articles 50 and 74. Article 11.4 prohibits requiring presence or domicile in the country from foreign providers, reducing the capacity for supervision, tax control, and administrative sanction that rest upon Articles 9, 11, and 140(3). Article 11.6 freezes the scope of public monopolies, preventing autonomous institutions —protected by Articles 188 to 190— from expanding services of social interest; while Article 11.10 vetoes requiring Costa Rican nationality for directors and managers, thereby sacrificing national participation in sensitive sectors, contravening Article 45 and the social interest that informs it. The negative list clause (art. 11.9) subjects all new regulation to irreversibility (ratchet clause), limiting the future legislative power of Congress and the people (art. 105) and subordinating the domestic normative hierarchy (art. 7) to external commitments.
Likewise, the immediate liberalization commitments contained in Annex XI Costa Rica unrestrictedly open areas such as consulting, satellite telecommunications, and transportation, leaving the State without tariff tools or licenses to protect the quality and accessibility of basic services, to the detriment of the mandate to organize and stimulate production and general welfare (art. 50). These provisions, of an administrative and public interest nature —matters expressly prohibited from referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105— were approved through a citizen consultation, breaking the distribution of competences and directly colliding with constitutional supremacy; consequently, their expulsion from the domestic legal order is warranted. Chapter 12 - Financial Services: Chapter XII of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Financial Services,” deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to direct and supervise the provision of these strategic services, in open contradiction with the Political Constitution of the Republic.
First. By imposing, in Articles 12.2(a) and 12.2(b), obligations of national treatment and cross-border trade in financial services, it infringes Article 7, which prohibits delegating functions proper to the Branches of State, and Article 1, which enshrines the supremacy of the Magna Carta and annuls any provision contrary to it. Second. Articles 12.3 and 12.4 govern the access of foreign providers to our market and set conditions that directly affect the structure of public revenues: they infringe the principle of universality and budgetary sustainability of Article 176, by introducing financial levies and fees not approved by the Legislative Assembly, and transgress the prohibition on referendums concerning tax, monetary, and credit matters established in Article 105. Third. By empowering, in Articles 12.5 and 12.6, the free offering of new financial services without respecting institutional autonomy, it violates Article 188, which recognizes the administrative independence of the State's autonomous institutions, and subsection 1) of Article 189, which includes “the State Banks” among them; Article 3 of Organic Law No. 7558 of 27 November 1995 (subsections c, g, and i), which reserves to the Central Bank the definition and management of monetary, exchange, and credit policy, the determination of general credit policies, and the supervision of payment systems, guaranteeing its full technical and functional independence.
Fourth. Article 12.11 enables self-regulated entities to issue financial supervision rules without an internal legal basis or legislative control, which seriously infringes Article 7, by transferring regulatory powers that correspond exclusively to the Costa Rican State. Fifth. By conditioning the access of national and foreign institutions to payment and clearing systems (art. 12.12), it invades the functional exclusivity that the Constitution recognizes in the Central Bank in Article 97, since such systems are essential for the country's stability and monetary policy. Sixth. The dispute resolution provided for in Articles 12.18 and 12.19 strips the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) of its exclusive competence to declare the unconstitutionality of rules of any nature (art. 10), by delegating the interpretation and application of constitutional and legal provisions to committees and arbitral tribunals.
Seventh. The submission of all these matters to a referendum —as if they were ordinary reforms— contravenes Article 105 of the Constitution, which expressly excludes monetary, credit, tax, and financial matters from that mechanism. For these reasons, Chapter XII of the RD-CAFTA is manifestly unconstitutional and must be expelled from the Costa Rican legal order. Chapter 13 – Telecommunications: Chapter XIII of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Telecommunications Services,” subjects to referendum matters expressly excluded by Article 105 of the Political Constitution of the Republic —among them those relating to public services, concessions, monopolies, and administrative acts— and deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to regulate, direct, and supervise the provision of these strategic services, in open contradiction with the Magna Carta. Article 13.2 (paragraphs 1, 2, 5, and 6.b) establishes obligations regarding access to and use of public networks and services, matters that Article 105 excludes from referendum (“public services” and “concessions”); furthermore, it invades the legislative and regulatory reservation required by Article 9 to create, modify, or regulate public services, and violates the secrecy of communications protected by Article 24 by imposing exceptions without special law.
Article 13.3 (paragraphs 1 and 2), which regulates interconnection and resale contracts, also appears submitted to referendum despite being “contracts” excluded by Article 105; said precept delegates exclusive regulatory powers of the Legislative Assembly (art. 9), and disregards the procedural and confidentiality guarantees provided for the handling of sensitive information (art. 24). Article 13.4 (paragraphs 1 and 4) obliges the unbundling of network elements from state monopolies, a matter of “monopolies” prohibited from referendum according to Article 105; it also contravenes Article 46, which prohibits creating or dismantling state monopolies without a two-thirds vote, and usurps the legislative function that Article 9 reserves to the Legislative Assembly. Article 13.9, by regulating access to submarine cable systems, subjects to referendum a concession of strategic infrastructure —also excluded by Article 105— and departs from the constitutional procedure for concession and supervision that the national legislator must establish (arts. 9 and 24).
Article 13.11 provides for the creation of an “independent” regulatory body without submitting its constitution to the two-thirds quorum required by Article 189 for autonomous institutions, nor respecting prior legislative controls; this “new authority” qualifies as an administrative act excluded from referendum (art. 105). Articles 13.18 and 13.19, by establishing dispute resolution mechanisms through panels and arbitral committees, transfer to external bodies the exclusive competence of the Constitutional Chamber to declare the unconstitutionality of rules (art. 10), violating both the separation of powers (art. 9) and the guarantee of constitutional jurisdictional control. For the reasons stated, Chapter XIII of the RD-CAFTA is manifestly unconstitutional: it invades matters prohibited from referendum, distorts the legislative and regulatory reservation, and degrades the mechanisms of constitutional control and supervision.
It must, therefore, be declared void and expelled from the legal order. Chapter 14 - Electronic Commerce. Chapter XIV of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Electronic Commerce,” subjects to referendum matters expressly prohibited by the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution, which prohibits popular consultation on matters “of a budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, pension, security nature, approval of loans and contracts or acts of an administrative nature.” By regulating these subjects in the realm of electronic commerce, the treaty deprives the Costa Rican State of the exclusive power to legislate and guarantee due democratic process in sensitive areas of the Public Treasury and administrative intervention. The provision in Article 14.1, second paragraph, by establishing a standard for the imposition of internal taxes on digital products, invades the legislative reservation of Title VIII, Article 176, which requires that all public revenue be approved annually by the Legislative Assembly within the state budget, and transgresses the principle of separation of powers, by delegating to an international instrument competences belonging to the Legislative Branch (Article 9).
Article 14.3, first paragraph, by prohibiting customs duties on digital products, also directly affects tariff matters —an integral part of the tax burden— whose regulation is prohibited from referendum (art. 105) and is subject to the rules of universality and sustainability of the budget (art. 176). Likewise, Article 14.4, by imposing the duty to publish “laws, regulations, and other measures of general application” related to electronic commerce, invades administrative acts excluded from citizen consultation (art. 105), usurps powers of national bodies in matters of legislative and regulatory procedure (art. 9), and violates the guarantees of secrecy and privacy of communications, whose exceptional intervention requires a special law with a two-thirds vote (art. 24). Consequently, these provisions of Chapter XIV are manifestly unconstitutional and must be expelled from the Costa Rican legal order.
Chapter 15 - Intellectual Property Rights. Chapter XV of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Intellectual Property Rights,” deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to dictate and apply its own legislative and administrative policy regarding intellectual property, in open contradiction with the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution, which excludes contracts and administrative acts from referendum. By obligating Costa Rica to incorporate into its domestic legal order administrative, civil, and criminal procedures and sanctions for the protection of copyrights, patents, and trademarks, the Government submits to citizen consultation administrative acts and state contracts that the Constitution reserves to the Legislative Branch. By imposing prescription periods and measures for the retention, destruction, and seizure of goods at the border, it invades competences of the Executive and Legislative Branches in customs and budgetary matters; by requiring the adoption of technological protection measures (TPMs) and sanctions for circumvention, it dictates punitive norms proper to the Costa Rican State without domestic law.
By reserving the exclusivity of pharmaceutical test data, it extends private monopolies over public health information without the two-thirds quorum required to create state monopolies. And by recognizing geographical indications as exclusive rights, it establishes new territorial monopolies without the due special law. These provisions, by regulating implicit taxes in sanctions and seizures —fiscal matters prohibited from referendum— and by delegating legislative and administrative powers to an international instrument, fail to comply with the legislative reservation in tax and budgetary matters (Article 176), violate the separation of powers (Article 9), trample the prohibition of monopolies without a qualified quorum (Article 46), and contravene the supremacy of the Constitution (Article 1). Consequently, Chapter XV is manifestly unconstitutional and must be expelled from the Costa Rican legal order.
Chapter 16 – Labor: Chapter XVI of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to labor provisions, deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to organize and apply its own employment and labor relations policy, subjects to referendum administrative acts expressly excluded by the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution, and usurps legislative and administrative functions reserved to the Branches of the Republic, in open contradiction with the Magna Carta. By obligating Costa Rica to continuously guarantee the application of its labor legislation through sanctionable actions or omissions, the treaty regulates administrative acts that the Constitution prohibits submitting to citizen consultation. By establishing specific procedural guarantees —notification, justification, publicity, and review of administrative decisions— it exports outside the constitutional framework the regulatory power of the courts and agencies of the Executive Branch.
The creation of a Labor Affairs Council and a Labor Cooperation Mechanism configures internal structures and procedures that the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch must define without foreign intervention. The power to request consultations between Parties to settle labor disputes transfers to the international instrument the investigation, oversight, and sanctioning of infractions, exclusive competences of the Costa Rican State. With these provisions, Chapter XVI invests norms that the Constitution reserves to the national legislative and administrative process with the effect of law and administrative act, violates the separation of powers and constitutional supremacy, and must therefore be declared unconstitutional and expelled from the legal order. Chapter 17 – Environmental. Chapter XVII of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Cooperation and Environmental Protection,” subjects to referendum and to an international obligations regime matters that the Political Constitution, in its third paragraph of Article 105, excludes from citizen consultation (“acts of an administrative nature”), and, furthermore, invades exclusive competences of the Costa Rican State, in violation of other constitutional precepts and principles: Article 17.5 imposes the obligation to apply and maintain administrative sanctions, fines, and environmental inspection procedures, acts of an administrative nature prohibited from referendum and reserved to the Executive Branch and the National Environmental Authority, in open contradiction with Article 105.
Article 17.6 prohibits the Parties from lowering their current environmental standards to promote trade, establishing regulatory rules that only the Legislative Assembly can dictate or modify (violation of Article 9 on legislative reservation and separation of powers). Article 17.7 requires the execution of environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) and public consultations for cross-border projects, providing administrative formalities whose procedure cannot be submitted to referendum (art. 105) nor delegated to an international treaty (art. 9). Article 17.9 enshrines the right of public access to environmental information and citizen participation in regulatory decisions, regulating administrative acts of publication and hearing excluded from popular consultation (art. 105) and usurping functions of regulation and control of national bodies. Article 17.16 creates an Environmental Cooperation Mechanism financed with budgetary contributions, committing public resources that the Constitution reserves to the annual budget (Article 176) and that only the Legislative Assembly can authorize.
Article 17.17 provides for the establishment of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a supranational body whose supervisory and recommendation attributions invade institutional autonomy (Article 189) and the separation of powers (Article 9). Article 17.18 enables expert panels to resolve environmental disputes between investors and the State, transferring constitutional jurisdictional functions —exclusive to the Sala IV— to ad hoc tribunals, in violation of Article 10 on judicial competence and the principle of constitutional supremacy (Article 1). In sum, these provisions regulate and submit to referendum administrative acts, delegate legislative and judicial powers to external bodies, commit public budget without an annual law, and erode the autonomy of the Costa Rican State, for which reason they are manifestly unconstitutional. Chapter 18 – Transparency: Chapter XVIII of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to “Transparency,” deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to organize its own administrative and legislative policies regarding publicity, information, and the fight against corruption, and subjects to referendum administrative acts expressly excluded by the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution, in clear contradiction with the Magna Carta.
Article 18.1 imposes the obligation to designate, within strict timeframes, official contact points for the exchange of information, thus regulating administrative acts that the Constitution prohibits submitting to popular consultation and usurping the power of the Legislative Assembly to create or modify State structures. Article 18.2 obligates the publication of laws, regulations, procedures, and administrative rulings of general application, imposing a formal dissemination procedure that only the legislator can establish and which, by being submitted to referendum, contradicts the reservation of administrative acts prohibited by Article 105. Article 18.3 provides for notifications and the provision of information on national measures related to trade, regulating internal procedures and administrative deadlines whose establishment corresponds to the Executive Branch and the national courts, not to an international instrument.
Article 18.4 sets requirements and timeframes for administrative procedures linked to trade measures, usurping the regulatory power reserved to the Costa Rican State. Article 18.5 guarantees the review and appeal of administrative decisions in commercial matters, delegating to external entities jurisdictional functions that the Constitution attributes exclusively to the Sala IV and the national courts. Article 18.8 obligates Costa Rica to criminalize various forms of bribery and to maintain punitive sanctions —matters proper to the Penal Code and the Legislative Branch. And Article 18.9 imposes cooperation in international forums as a monitoring mechanism, delegating state discretion to supranational bodies. All these provisions regulate administrative and legislative acts excluded from referendum, injure the legislative reservation in administrative and criminal matters (Articles 9 and 105), contravene constitutional supremacy (Article 1), trample the separation of powers (Article 9), and, by generating burdens of dissemination, notification, and sanction without budgetary authorization from the Assembly (Article 176), are manifestly unconstitutional and must be expelled from the Costa Rican legal order.
Chapter 19 - Administration of the Treaty and Trade-Related Capacity Building: Chapter XIX of the RD-CAFTA, dedicated to the “Administration of the Treaty and Trade-Related Capacity Building,” deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers to organize and execute its own administrative and budgetary policy, subjects to referendum administrative acts expressly excluded by the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution, and delegates legislative and regulatory functions proper to the Branches of the Republic, in open contradiction with the Magna Carta. By establishing, in Article 19.1, the Free Trade Commission with powers to supervise the implementation of the Agreement, create and delegate responsibilities to committees and working groups, modify annexes (tariffs, rules of origin, common guidelines, and public procurement), issue interpretations, and adopt other measures of general objective, the treaty dictates administrative acts and rules of a regulatory scope that the Constitution reserves to the Legislative and Executive Branches, and unduly submits them to referendum.
By imposing, in Article 19.2, the mandatory designation of national coordinators, it creates a new bureaucratic mechanism and commits resources without prior approval of the annual budget. By providing, in Article 19.3, for the designation of support offices and the assumption of costs and remuneration for panelists and experts in dispute resolution matters, the treaty imposes budgetary burdens and administrative decisions that escape the democratic control of the Legislative Assembly and the Executive, and are prohibited from popular consultation. By enshrining, in Article 19.4, the creation of a Capacity Building Committee with powers to define national strategies, prioritize projects, invite donors, and monitor their execution, it introduces internal management and fund distribution mechanisms that must be approved in the budget law and that the Constitution excludes from referendum. Finally, by authorizing the Commission to modify the Agreement's annexes through “lower-rank protocols” (Annex 19.1.4), the international instrument is granted the capacity to alter tariff and origin commitments without submitting such changes to the debate and parliamentary approval required by Article 121 of the Constitution.
All these provisions invade matters prohibited from referendum, violate the separation of powers, trample the legislative reservation in administrative and budgetary matters, disregard the supremacy of the Constitution, and must, therefore, be declared unconstitutional and expelled from the Costa Rican legal order. Chapter 20 - Dispute Resolution: Below, the specific provisions of Chapter XX of the RD-CAFTA (“Dispute Resolution”) that, having been submitted to referendum, violate the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution (which prohibits citizen consultation on “acts of an administrative nature”) and, additionally, transgress other prevailing constitutional rules and principles: Article 20.04, paragraph 1 (Choice of Forums). Allows the complaining Party to choose between WTO instances or ad hoc tribunals, delegating the exclusive jurisdictional power of the national courts to an international body and an arbitral procedure, usurping the judicial function (Article 10) and the regulatory power of the State (Article 9), in matters prohibited from referendum (Article 105.3).
Article 20.06, subsection 1 (Consultations). Empowers any Party to request formal consultations, which constitutes a regulated administrative act that cannot be submitted to referendum (Article 105.3) nor delegated to an international treaty (Article 9). Article 20.07, paragraphs 1 and 4 (Intervention of the Commission). Obligates the convening and holding of meetings of the Free Trade Commission with broad powers of recommendation, acts of administrative authorization and supervision that the Constitution reserves to the Executive Branch and the legislator, and which cannot be submitted to referendum (Article 105.3) nor created without a two-thirds quorum (Article 189). Article 20.08, paragraphs 1 to 3 (Composition of the Arbitral Panel). Regulates in writing the formation of the arbitral tribunal, administrative and jurisdictional acts that invade the discretionary competence of national bodies and cannot be the object of referendum (Article 105.3), violating the separation of powers (Article 9) and the constitutional competence of the Judicial Branch (Article 10).
Article 20.09, subsection 1 (Lists of Arbitrators). Establishes the creation of lists of national and foreign arbitrators without submitting their constitution to the qualified legislative procedure of the Constitution (Article 189) and submits them to approval by referendum (Article 105.3). Article 20.12 (Model Rules of Procedure).
Authorizes the Commission to issue arbitration procedural rules—with binding force—without a national law or constitutional basis, delegating regulatory functions belonging to the Executive Branch (Article 9). Articles 20.15 and 20.16 (Preliminary and Final Reports). Confers upon the arbitration panel the issuance of binding decisions with the force of an administrative act, displacing national courts and violating the exclusive judicial competence of the Constitutional Chamber (Article 10). Articles 20.17 and 20.18 (Compliance and Suspension of Benefits). Establish timeframes and mechanisms for the execution and sanction (suspension of benefits) of arbitral decisions, administrative acts improperly submitted to referendum (Article 105.3) and that usurp budget and executive powers (Articles 176 and 9). Article 20.19 (Interpretation Before Domestic Courts). Allows the Commission to issue “non-binding opinions” for national judicial or administrative proceedings, invading the interpretive function of the courts (Article 10) and the separation of powers (Article 9).
Article 20.20 (Private Rights). Forbids providing domestic judicial action against another Party, restricting rights and attributing to a treaty legislative powers exclusive to the Legislative Branch (Article 9). Article 20.21 (Alternative Means for Disputes Between Private Parties). Regulates mediation and conciliation mechanisms between private parties in commercial matters, administrative acts excluded from referendum (Article 105.3) and delegated without a domestic legal basis (Article 9). Each of these provisions invests with the force of law and administrative act norms that the Constitution reserves for the national legislative, executive, or judicial process, violates the separation of powers, the legal reserve in administrative and budget matters, the exclusive competence of the Constitutional Chamber, and the supremacy of the Constitution, and must be declared unconstitutional and expelled from the Costa Rican legal system.
Chapter 21 – Exceptions: The provisions of Chapter XXI of the RD-CAFTA (“Exceptions”) which, having been submitted to referendum, violate the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Constitution and, additionally, transgress other constitutional norms and principles, are the following: Article 21.1 (paragraphs 1 and 2): by incorporating the exceptions of the GATT 1994 (Art. XX) and the GATS (Art. XIV) as part of the agreement itself, the treaty submits to referendum matters of normative application of an administrative and legislative nature—such as the limits on sanitary, environmental, and public morals measures—which the Constitution expressly excludes from referendum (art. 105.3). Furthermore, it invades the legal reserve and usurps the legislative power of the Costa Rican State (art. 9), contravening the principle of constitutional supremacy (art. 1). Article 21.2 (subsections a and b): by conditioning the disclosure of information and the adoption of national security measures on the treaty's standards, administrative acts of intelligence and defense are regulated, barred from referendum (art. 105.3), and the discretion of the Executive Branch in security matters is unduly restricted (art. 9).
Article 21.3 (paragraphs 1, 3 and 4): the RD-CAFTA extends obligations of national treatment and exemption from export taxes to “tax measures,” a tax and fiscal matter that is excluded from referendum (art. 105.3) and reserved for the annual budget law (art. 176). Thereby, it invades the budget law reserve, violating the universality and sustainability of the budget, and delegates competencies belonging to the Legislative and Executive Branches to an international instrument (art. 9). Article 21.4: by imposing the obligation to consult the other Parties before adopting balance-of-payments measures and regulating monetary crisis management procedures, the treaty conditions administrative acts—excluded from referendum (art. 105.3)—and usurps the regulatory power of the Costa Rican State (art. 9), without a domestic law authorizing it. Article 21.5: by establishing exceptions to the obligation to provide confidential information to another Party, it regulates administrative acts of access to and disclosure of information, a matter excluded from referendum (art. 105.3) and belonging to executive power (art. 9).
Annex 21.3: by requiring the designation of competent authorities (Deputy Minister of Finance, etc.) and setting their functions in the agreement, the treaty determines administrative appointments and roles—acts of an administrative nature excluded from referendum (art. 105.3)—and usurps the authority of the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch to structure public administration (art. 9). Together, these provisions invade matters barred from referendum, damage the separation of powers, trample the legal reserve in administrative and budget matters, disregard the supremacy of the Constitution, and must be declared unconstitutional. Chapter 22 - Final Provisions: The provisions of Chapter XXII of the RD-CAFTA (“Final Provisions”) which, having been submitted to referendum, violate the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Constitution and, additionally, transgress other constitutional norms and principles, are the following: Article 22.1 (Annexes, Appendices, and Footnotes): by declaring all its annexes, appendices, and footnotes to be an integral part of the Treaty, the approval of a set of acts of an administrative nature is submitted to referendum, in direct contravention of the third paragraph of Article 105 (which excludes “acts of an administrative nature” from referendum).
Furthermore, it invades the exclusive legislative power to define the scope of a treaty and its annexes (Article 9 of the Constitution) and contradicts constitutional supremacy (Article 1). Article 22.2 (Amendments): by allowing the Parties to agree on amendments to the Treaty and set their entry into force through notifications to the depositary, the approval of essential regulatory modifications and administrative acts, barred by Article 105, is transferred to referendum. Likewise, it usurps the Legislative Branch's competence to approve international reforms with the required votes (Article 121) and violates the separation of powers (Article 9). Article 22.3 (Modifications to the WTO Agreement): by subjecting to the Treaty the changes that the WTO Agreement undergoes, an automatic and administrative amendment procedure is instituted without parliamentary control or national law, which contradicts the legislative reserve (Article 9), the two-thirds requirement for treaties (Article 121), and the third paragraph of Article 105.
Article 22.4 (Reservations): by enabling the Parties to formulate reservations to the provisions of the Treaty, the creation of exceptions and the limitation of rights become the object of a referendum, acts of an administrative nature prohibited by Article 105, while invading the legislative power to define reservations to international conventions (Article 121). Article 22.5 (Entry into Force): by regulating the date and conditions for the Convention's entry into force through the treaty, the approval of administrative acts relating to the start of effectiveness is unduly delegated to the popular consultation, contravening Article 105.3 and usurping the competence of the Executive and Legislative Branches to decide the effective date of an international instrument (Articles 9 and 121). Article 22.6 (Accession): by allowing the incorporation of new States under agreed terms, a contractual and administrative act of national scope is submitted to referendum, barred by Article 105.3 and contrary to the legal reserve for integrating third parties into treaties (Article 9).
Article 22.7 (Denunciation): by contemplating the possibility of withdrawing from the Treaty through simple notification to the depositary, the decision to denounce an international agreement—an administrative act excluded from consultation—is transferred to referendum, in open violation of Article 105.3 and of the exclusive attribution of the Legislative Branch to authorize treaty denunciations (Article 121). Article 22.8 (Depositary): by designating the OAS as depositary of the authentic texts, it regulates an administrative act of international registration and custody, a matter that cannot be submitted to referendum (Article 105.3) and which corresponds to the Executive Branch to sign and deposit in accordance with law (Article 9). Article 22.9 (Authentic Texts): by establishing the equal authenticity of the English and Spanish versions, a matter of interpretation and internal ratification of official texts—administrative acts excluded by Article 105—is converted into the object of a referendum, usurping verification and certification functions belonging to the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch (Articles 9 and 121).
In all these cases, the submission to referendum of provisions and acts of an administrative and contractual nature violates the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Constitution, breaks the separation of powers (Article 9), disregards the procedure for approval and denunciation of treaties (Article 121), and contradicts the supremacy of the Constitution (Article 1). Therefore, these norms of Chapter XXII are manifestly unconstitutional. Annex I - Non-Conforming Investment Services Measures: The non-conforming measures included in Annex I that violate the third paragraph of Article 105 and other constitutional norms are, among others, the following: ◦The requirement to prove legal residence in the country and a minimum number of years of permanence to join professional associations (for example, the Reglamento de la Ley Orgánica del Colegio de Contadores Públicos and other health, technical, and legal professions): an administrative act submitted to referendum—which Article 105 expressly excludes—that also invades the national regulatory and legislative power (Articles 7 and 9), and contradicts the freedom of profession guaranteed to all inhabitants (Article 33). ◦ The exclusive reservation of the provision of agronomic consulting services to incorporated Costa Rican agricultural engineers, perpetually limiting the possibility that foreigners can provide such services: an administrative and contractual act barred from referendum (Article 105), usurpation of the function of the Legislative Branch to regulate professions (Articles 7 and 9), and unjustified restriction on the freedom to work (Article 33). ◦ The imposition of differentiated registration and authorization fees for foreign professionals (e.g., in clinical biology, optometry, and official translation), frozen by treaty and therefore immune to subsequent legislative modification: acts of an administrative nature submitted to referendum—contrary to the provisions of Article 105—which violate the separation of powers (Article 7), the legal reserve for modifying administrative rights and obligations (Article 9), and the principle of constitutional supremacy (Article 1).
By incorporating these provisions through a referendum, Annex I deprives the State of its capacity to reform, adapt, or derogate the administrative norms that regulate professional practice and investment in services, affects individual rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution, and must be declared unconstitutional. Annex II - Non-Conforming Services and Investment Measures: Annex II of the RD-CAFTA, entitled “Non-Conforming Services and Investment Measures,” deprives the Costa Rican State of essential powers by reserving, through referendum, the approval of acts of an administrative nature—a matter expressly barred by the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution—in sectors as vital as public services (generation and supply of electric power, aqueduct and sewerage), professional and social services, lottery and betting, railways, ports and airports, fishing, natural resources, petroleum and its derivatives, environmental, postal, radio and television services, and research and security.
By listing these reserves, the treaty imposes limits on obligations of national treatment, most-favored-nation, market access, local presence, senior executives, and performance requirements without any national law mediating, usurping legislative and regulatory functions that belong only to the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch, in violation of the principle of separation of powers enshrined in Article 9. Moreover, by committing resources linked to state monopolies and public services without approval in the annual budget—contravening the budget reserve of Article 176—and by maintaining or creating monopolies without a two-thirds quorum—in open contradiction with Article 46—this Annex tramples the supremacy of the Constitution (Article 1) and undermines the Costa Rican institutional design. Therefore, the non-conforming measures listed in Annex II are manifestly unconstitutional and must be expelled from the legal system.
Annex III - Non-Conforming Financial Services Measures Context: Annex III (Financial Services) in the RD-CAFTA Annex III of the RD-CAFTA, concerning Financial Services, contains the list of Costa Rica’s “non-conforming measures” in that sector. That is, it lists the internal laws, regulations, and policies that do not fully conform to the Treaty’s obligations (for example, in matters of national treatment, most-favored-nation, market access, etc.), but which Costa Rica maintains as permitted exceptions. In essence, this Annex III describes Costa Rica's specific commitments and reservations in financial services, including provisions on banking, insurance, and other financial services. What type of measures does it include? Mainly historical laws and current regulations in Costa Rica that restricted foreign participation or competition in certain financial areas. For example: ◦In banking, norms such as the Ley Orgánica del Sistema Bancario Nacional of 1953, the Ley Orgánica del Banco Central (No. 7558 of 1995), and others are listed, establishing privileges or restrictions for private banks.
It mentions, among other things, that “Private banks that operate checking and savings accounts must… maintain a minimum credit balance with the state banking system of 17% of their short-term deposits… said funds will be placed at a rate equivalent to 50% of the basic passive rate calculated by the Central Bank…”. Private banks are also required to open branches in certain regions or submit to special requirements, and the deposit of public funds is reserved exclusively for state commercial banks. These provisions, markedly regulatory/administrative in nature, were included in the Annex as permitted exceptions to free banking. ◦In insurance, Annex III recognizes that “insurance and reinsurance services in Costa Rica are reserved for a state monopoly, the Instituto Nacional de Seguros (INS).” However, Costa Rica assumes the obligation to gradually open the insurance market: “Costa Rica will allow insurance providers from any Party to compete effectively to offer insurance services to the consumer, according to the commitments and the liberalization schedule established in the ‘Specific Commitments of Costa Rica on Insurance Services’ in Annex 12.9.2.” In other words, the treaty imposes a schedule for opening the insurance monopoly.
In fact, it was agreed that upon completion of the schedule on January 1, 2011, the existence of said monopoly as a non-conforming measure would cease. This obligated internal reforms to end the INS monopoly and allow the entry of private insurers. ◦In other financial subsectors (for example, non-banking, non-insurance financial services), Costa Rica reserved the right to require foreign providers of those services to establish themselves as local companies (incorporation in Costa Rica) if they wish to operate in the country. This is an example of a reservation for future regulation: the State retains the power to issue measures (even if discriminatory or restrictive) in certain financial areas. In sum, Annex III incorporates both current domestic norms (which remain, even if they do not fully comply with the treaty's liberalization) and obligations for normative change (especially, the opening of the insurance market within a determined timeframe).
Several of these provisions touch upon sensitive topics of Costa Rica's legal-institutional organization, which has generated doubts about their compatibility with the Political Constitution. The analysis below considers which provisions of Annex III would conflict with the Constitution of Costa Rica—especially with Article 105, paragraph 3 (which prohibits submitting acts of an administrative nature to referendum)—and what constitutional principles are violated (constitutional supremacy, separation of powers, the legal reserve in budget matters, and the autonomy of the Central Bank). Acts of an administrative nature submitted to referendum (Art. 105, para.3): The third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution expressly excludes acts of an administrative nature (along with other barred matters) from the referendum mechanism. This means that a matter pertaining to the administrative sphere—for example, regulations, executive agreements, decisions of administrative bodies, etc.—cannot be submitted to direct popular decision.
The rationale for this prohibition is to safeguard the separation of functions: the referendum is conceived for approving or rejecting laws (norms of a general nature emanating from the Legislative Branch, or treaties approved with the force of law), not for deciding on the execution or administrative application of those laws. In the approval of the RD-CAFTA through referendum (2007), a problem arose: the Treaty, although it was a legal instrument of an international legislative nature, contained in its text—especially in Annexes such as III—very specific and operational matters, belonging to the administrative or regulatory sphere. In Annex III on Financial Services, Costa Rica listed decrees and regulations of a technical nature, and agreed on the implementation of certain concrete public policies (e.g., the method for opening the insurance market, specific obligations for private banks, etc.).
Some clear examples: ◦ A regulatory executive decree was literally included within the listed “measures.” The banking section of Annex III includes the “Decreto Ejecutivo No. 28985-H of September 20, 2000, Reglamento al artículo 59 de la Ley Orgánica del Sistema Bancario Nacional.” A regulation is undeniably an administrative act (emanating from the Executive Branch), not a formal law. The fact that the treaty incorporates it as part of the list of exceptions implies that the CAFTA’s approving referendum ended up, indirectly, ratifying or endorsing the validity of an administrative act (this decree) as part of the treaty's normative package. This collides with Article 105.3, because formally the people could not be consulted to “ratify” an administrative regulation; however, in practice, by voting “Yes” in the TLC referendum, the citizens gave their approval for that decree—and other measures of a regulatory nature—to remain in force as an exception to free trade.
A typically administrative decision (the regulation of state banking) was submitted to a popular consultation along with the Treaty. ◦Similarly, many provisions of Annex III are of an administrative or technical nature, even if backed by laws. For example, the requirement that private banks place 17% of their deposits in credits in public banking, or that they open branches in certain regions, is a concrete public financial policy. Although their origin lies in laws (Ley 1644, Ley 7107, etc.), they are operational details proper to financial regulation. By including them in the treaty text, these details acquired the status of “international commitment” and were part of what was voted on in the referendum. In other words, the electorate ended up deciding on highly specific matters of State financial administration (how banks and insurance are regulated), when the Constitution intends for such details to be resolved by the corresponding administrative authorities, not by popular consultation. ◦The case of the insurance market opening is even more illustrative.
The decision of how and when to liberalize a state insurance monopoly involved complex administrative steps: creation of a new superintendency, granting of licenses to insurers, regulation of policies, etc. The treaty already foresaw the final result (open market in 2011), and the “Specific Commitments” detailed the schedule. Although implementation required subsequent laws and decrees, the concrete administrative policy was predetermined by the referendum itself. Thus, acts of an administrative nature (such as authorizing new insurance companies, supervising their operation, etc.) were conditioned by the popular mandate of the referendum, which is at least questionable under the prohibition of art. 105. In a strict sense, the citizenry decided on an administrative reorganization of the insurance sector, something for which the referendum mechanism is not constitutionally enabled. In summary, several provisions of Annex III have an administrative or regulatory nature, and having been integrated into the treaty approved via referendum, a contradiction with Article 105, para. 3 of the Constitution arose.
This article establishes a dividing line between the legislative function (referendum-able) and the administrative function (non-referendum-able), a line that the RD-CAFTA referendum blurred by including administrative aspects in the question. This represents a violation of the principle of democratic legality, because the people acting as a legislative body (via referendum) ended up affecting competencies belonging to the Public Administration. Constitutional supremacy and treaty control (Art. 1 and the principle of normative hierarchy): Article 1 of the Political Constitution establishes Costa Rica as a democratic Republic and establishes the sovereignty of the people under the rule of the Constitution. Although it does not expressly mention constitutional supremacy, this principle derives from the Costa Rican constitutional structure: the Constitution is the supreme norm of the legal system and prevails over any law or treaty.
In fact, the constitutional text itself (Article 7) stipulates that international treaties, once approved by the Legislative Assembly, have the force of law in Costa Rica, but cannot violate the Constitution (it “does not lose its force and vigor” against treaties). In light of this principle of constitutional supremacy, any provision of the RD-CAFTA (including Annex III) that materially collides with precepts of the Constitution would be invalid or inapplicable in the domestic order. In practice, it fell to the Constitutional Chamber to determine if any such conflicts existed before the treaty's definitive approval. However, although the Constitutional Chamber endorsed the CAFTA's constitutionality in general terms, there are provisions in Annex III whose compatibility with supreme norms is doubtful, threatening the principle of supremacy: ◦Limits on future legislative power: The RD-CAFTA set very specific commitments that tie the hands of the Costa Rican legislator for the future.
For example, the international obligation to eliminate the INS monopoly by no later than 2011 imposed a restriction on the State's margin of decision regarding insurance. If a future Legislative Assembly wished to extend the monopoly or modify the pace of opening, it could not do so without violating the treaty. This generates tension with the supremacy of the Constitution and national sovereignty (art. 1), because in theory no agreement should annul the State's power to self-determine its policy in accordance with the Constitution. Although trade treaties usually create legitimate legal bindings, here a public service traditionally considered part of the Costa Rican state model was affected, which some interpret as a cession of economic sovereignty without prior constitutional reform. In other words, what was previously an internal policy modifiable by law was elevated to a supralegal obligation, raising doubts as to whether that supralegality contradicts the order of primacy of norms that the Constitution establishes. ◦ Conflict with institutional guarantees: If any reservation or commitment in Annex III contradicts an express provision of the Constitution, the latter prevails by virtue of supremacy.
For example, suppose the treaty had intended to limit the constitutional guarantee of Central Bank autonomy (analysis in detail below) or dispose of something contrary to a specific constitutional article; then such a treaty clause should not govern domestically. The principle of supremacy implies that the Constitution is the parameter of validity for what is agreed. If inconsistencies are found (such as those we will see in BCCR autonomy or in budget matters), the Constitution must prevail (art. 1). In summary, Annex III of the RD-CAFTA touches areas reserved by the Constitution (budget, institutional framework of the Central Bank, etc.) without a constitutional reform mediating, which strains the supremacy of the Constitution. Any provision of Annex III “violative” of pertinent constitutional precepts is, therefore, null or inapplicable in Costa Rica by virtue of the principle of supremacy.
In practice, however, upon the treaty's approval via referendum, it was politically assumed that the Constitution tolerated it. This does not eliminate the normative collision: it simply postpones it for eventual concrete cases or legal reforms where one must choose which norm prevails. The prevailing principle here is that no treaty can injure the Constitution; in case of conflict, the constitutional norm must prevail, thus maintaining the normative hierarchy and the sovereignty of the domestic legal system. Separation of powers and functions (Art. 9) Article 9 of the Constitution establishes the principle of separation of powers in Costa Rica: the Government of the Republic is exercised by the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches, independent and coordinated among themselves. It also recognizes forms of direct democracy (such as the referendum) integrated into the system, but always respecting that distribution of functions.
The provisions of Annex III of the CAFTA affect this principle in several ways: ◦ Blurring of legislative vs. administrative functions: As explained, the TLC referendum made the citizenry (direct legislative power) decide not only on the approval of a law (the treaty) but on very concrete guidelines for administrative implementation. This implies that, in a certain way, the Executive Branch was bound by a popular mandate on how to conduct administration in financial matters. For example, after the referendum, the Executive Branch had to undertake the opening of the insurance market as agreed, with no margin to change the action plan. Although the Executive Branch negotiated the treaty, once popularly approved, it lost the power to postpone, interpret, or administratively nuance those commitments. Thus, the administrative function (Executive) became rigidly subordinated to a result of the legislative/popular organ, which breaks the typical separation: the Legislative Branch setting only general frameworks and the Executive Branch executing with technical discretion.
Here, the margin of administrative discretion was reduced to zero in some aspects, as everything was predetermined by the treaty and the referendum. This represents an imbalance in functions (the administrative power was straitjacketed by the unusual popular legislative decision). ◦Delegation of national powers to external bodies: Free trade treaties usually create international mechanisms (committees, arbitration panels for dispute resolution, etc.) that can influence domestic decisions. In the case of the CAFTA, although the financial chapter has prudential exceptions, there are avenues for investor-State or State-State dispute settlement that, ultimately, could review measures adopted by Costa Rica in its financial sector. For example, if Costa Rica did not comply with the insurance opening according to the schedule, it would face claims either from other State Parties or from investors.
An international arbitrator could determine sanctions or compensations. This implies that Costa Rican executive and legislative decisions in financial matters become subject to the scrutiny of international entities, which affects the independence of the branches of power. The principle of separation of powers does not directly cover external entities, but it is linked to the idea of sovereignty and the autonomous exercise of public power. If national authorities see their action constrained by fear of sanctions from an international panel, there is an indirect effect on the free internal governmental function.
Special legislative process and limited judicial control: The approval and implementation of CAFTA also brought an accelerated legislative process (via a fast-track "implementation agenda") and a constitutional review concentrated on few points. This was subject to criticism regarding separation of powers, since the Assembly's role in detailing policies was reduced (most of the details came "pre-made" in the treaty) and the role of the Constitutional Chamber was limited to a summary prior consultation. Specifically, many implementing regulations (such as the Insurance Opening Law, the Telecommunications Law, etc.) were dictated by the need to comply with the treaty on time, rather than by the ordinary deliberation of Congress. This phenomenon, derived from the commitments of Anexo 3, diminished the Legislative Power's capacity to fully exercise its normative authority and political control over financial matters, because the margin for change was scarce: any alteration could violate the treaty.
Thus, the collaboration and balance among Powers required by art. 9 tilted in favor of the international mandate, reducing the prominence of both the Legislative (bound to approve laws exactly as CAFTA required) and potentially the Judicial (which could hardly declare unconstitutional a law necessary to comply with a treaty already declared constitutional). In conclusion, the provisions of Anexo 3 affected the principle of separation of powers by imposing very determined actions on the Costa Rican Executive and Legislative Powers, derived from an international commitment. The referendum, by making the people participate in administrative decisions, also altered the classic division of competencies. Ultimately, the will of the treaty prevailed over the functional autonomy of national institutions, presenting friction with article 9. This article is harmed in its essential core: the independence and balance of each Power to fulfill its role.
After CAFTA, the Executive had less freedom to administer in financial matters, and the Legislative had less freedom to legislate differently from what was agreed, which signifies an impairment of the constitutionally enshrined principle of separation of powers. Budgetary law reserve (Art. 176) and financial commitments of the treaty: Article 176 of the Constitution establishes that the management of public finances corresponds exclusively to the Legislative Assembly through the approval of the National Budget and of laws that create expenses or financial obligations. In essence, it enshrines the "law reserve" in budgetary matters: no significant public expenditure can be made without legal authorization and legislative control, and the budget is annual and under parliamentary control. When examining Anexo 3 and its implications, possible transgressions of this principle arise due to financial and administrative obligations that the treaty imposes outside the ordinary budgetary channel: • Creation of new financial burdens without explicit budgetary provision: The opening of the insurance market (committed in Anexo 3) required the creation of the General Superintendency of Insurance (Superintendencia General de Seguros, SUGESE) to regulate the new competitive market.
Said superintendency entailed considerable operating expenses (infrastructure, personnel, systems). However, instead of being financed with an item approved in the annual National Budget voted by the Assembly, it was decided that the Central Bank of Costa Rica would assume the operating expenses of SUGESE. According to an implementation report, "SUGESE was created as an organ attached to the Central Bank of Costa Rica, which will defray the expenses for its operation, and will be subject, like the other superintendencies of the financial sector, to the direction of CONASSIF." This means that a public financial burden (insurance supervision) was transferred to the budget of the Central Bank, which is not part of the Republic's budget approved by the Assembly year by year. Although the Insurance Opening Law (No. 8653) authorized this scheme, from a constitutional perspective this can be problematic: direct legislative budgetary control over the expenditure implied by the superintendency is being avoided, contravening the spirit of art. 176.
In other words, instead of financing SUGESE with central budget funds (which would require allocation in the budget law and supervision by the Comptroller and Assembly), it was opted to charge it to the BCCR's own resources. Given that this decision was dictated by the need to implement the treaty (which required having an operational regulator before opening the market), it can be affirmed that the treaty induced an evasion of the budgetary law reserve, placing public expenditures outside of annual parliamentary scrutiny. • Eventual financial backing obligations: With the financial opening, the State potentially assumed new risks or obligations. For example, the continuation of the state guarantee over INS in open competition (finally decided in Law 8653) implies that eventual losses of INS could fall on the treasury, which is a fiscal contingency. The U.S. showed concern about this point and an understanding was negotiated on how to apply it.
Any financial obligation towards INS or other entities derived from these understandings would have to be honored by Costa Rica. If such commitments did not pass through explicit approval in expenditure laws, there would likewise be a conflict with the budgetary reserve. (It is worth mentioning that INS maintained the State guarantee even before, but in a monopolistic market; upon liberalization, the fiscal risk could increase without a clear budgetary debate). • Expenses in eventual litigation or indemnifications: Though not directly in Anexo 3, the treaty in general provides that if Costa Rica breaches and loses in an international arbitration, it could have to pay multi-million dollar indemnifications to investors or counterparties. This is a financial obligation derived from the treaty and not necessarily contemplated in budgets (since it is contingent). If the case arose (for example, a financial investor suing the State for regulatory changes), the payment would have to be made with unforeseen public funds, possibly via debt or extraordinary items, which bypasses the normal budgetary procedure.
This also threatens the philosophy of art. 176, even though it is an indirect effect of signing CAFTA. In conclusion, Anexo 3 and the implementation of RD-CAFTA generated disbursements and financial responsibilities that did not pass through the ordinary filter of legislative budgetary approval, violating the constitutional principle of law reserve in matters of public spending (art. 176). The supremacy of the Legislative Power over state finances was undermined: important spending decisions (such as financing an entire new regulatory apparatus) were made ex ante in a treaty and in "technical" implementation laws, escaping the annual budgetary debate. Therefore, certain provisions resulting from Anexo 3 are violations of article 176, by committing public resources without the due explicit budgetary authorization or by circumventing the political control that said article intends to guarantee.
Autonomy of the Central Bank (Arts. 188 and 189): The Political Constitution, in its articles 188 and 189, enshrines the existence of the Central Bank of Costa Rica (BCCR) and – according to legal interpretation and development – its administrative and functional autonomy. Art. 188 places the BCCR within the chapter of autonomous institutions of the State, and art. 189 (after the 2003 reform) provides that the Central Bank shall be regulated by its organic law, with objectives such as ensuring the stability of the currency and fulfilling functions proper to a central bank (issuing currency, executing monetary policy, etc.). From these norms, the principle of autonomy of the BCCR follows: although the Central Bank coordinates with the Executive Power on economic matters, it should not be politically subordinated or used for purposes outside its primary competencies, except through legal provisions that respect that autonomy.
Likewise, its patrimony and resources, while public, enjoy a special regime distinct from that of the Central Government. The provisions of Anexo 3 of CAFTA – and the laws enacted to fulfill it – affect this autonomy of the Central Bank in several senses: • Mandatory assignment of additional functions to the BCCR: As noted, the creation of SUGESE implied that the Central Bank assumed the administrative tutelage and financing of a new superintendency. The financial superintendencies (of banks, securities, pensions, and insurance) operate under a scheme of "maximum deconcentration" attached to the BCCR and directed by the National Council for the Supervision of the Financial System (Consejo Nacional de Supervisión del Sistema Financiero, CONASSIF). In practice, this means that the Central Bank, by legal mandate (Law 7732 and later Law 8653), must provide resources, logistical support, and even part of its directive personnel (e.g., the President of the BCCR presides over CONASSIF) for the functioning of those supervisory entities.
Although this model already existed before CAFTA for banking, securities, and pensions, its extension to the insurance sector increased the burden on the BCCR. From a constitutional perspective, we can ask: is it compatible with the autonomy of the Central Bank for it to be imposed to finance and host other entities? It could be argued that the BCCR is being used for purposes foreign to its main function (monetary and exchange), converting it into a paying entity for the expenses of financial supervision. This could compromise resources of the Bank that would otherwise be available for reserves, monetary stability, or to be transferred to the treasury. By obligating the Central Bank by treaty/law to allocate part of its budget to insurance supervision, its financial autonomy is affected, since it is not a voluntary decision of its Board of Directors but an external mandate. Furthermore, the personnel and efforts of the Bank must be shared with this additional task, which impacts its operational independence. • Risk to monetary and financial stability decided externally: CAFTA limits certain tools that the Central Bank (and the State) could use in the financial sector.
For example, to favor the opening, Costa Rica committed not to impose restrictions that discriminate against foreign investors in banking and insurance, beyond the listed reservations. If at some point of financial crisis the Central Bank wanted to, say, limit the outflow of capital from foreign insurers or impose different requirements on foreign banks for stability, it could be impeded by the treaty's obligations (unless the prudential exception applies, with risk of dispute). That is, the autonomy of the BCCR in the formulation of prudential or monetary policies is conditioned: formally it retains its competencies, but the treaty frames which measures are acceptable. This means that certain decisions that the Central Bank would normally make (as a macroprudential regulator) no longer depend solely on its technical criteria, but on whether or not they fit within the international commitments.
The principle of autonomy implies freedom to act according to internal economic needs; however, Anexo 3, by setting a framework of financial liberalization, indirectly restricts the Bank's capacity to intervene discretionarily in those markets. • Subordination to a collegiate body with the presence of political powers: Although the Central Bank presides over CONASSIF, this Council also includes members appointed by the Executive Power and makes decisions on financial supervision and regulation. The expansion of CONASSIF's functions with SUGESE means more collegial decisions affecting the financial sector as a whole. From the perspective of autonomy, the Central Bank ceases to have exclusive control over areas that could influence financial stability (since the superintendencies, through CONASSIF, decide supervisory norms). This is not new, but it deepens with the opening: there are more private actors to supervise, more regulations to issue jointly, etc. The Central Bank sees its authority diffused in favor of a shared supervision scheme.
While this model exists by domestic law, it arises from the obligations to modernize the financial system (now driven by the treaty) and could collide with the idea that the Central Bank should enjoy independence to guarantee the ends of art. 189 (monetary and credit control). In particular, allocating efforts to microeconomic supervision (insurance, banks) could distract the Bank from its macroeconomic mandate, something a strict interpretation of its autonomy would not endorse. In summary, the measures derived from Anexo 3 violate the autonomy of the Central Bank enshrined in arts. 188 and 189 by: • Imposing financial and administrative burdens (financing and administering SUGESE and other superintendencies) on it that do not arise from its own sphere of decision, but from an external mandate (the treaty and implementation laws). This compromises its budgetary and operational autonomy. • Limiting its freedom of action in financial policies (any intervention that contravenes the agreed liberalization would be called into question, except for very justified exceptions), eroding its functional autonomy to act preventively in the financial system. • Integrating it into a supervision structure where its criterion is not unique or dominant, enhancing external or political interferences in spheres it previously controlled more directly.
All of the foregoing represents a violation of the principles of arts. 188 and 189, inasmuch as the Central Bank no longer acts entirely "autonomous" in its sphere, but rather conditioned and "burdened" by decisions taken in the treaty. Ideally, any international commitment affecting an autonomous institution should have been reconciled with the Constitution (for example, being approved with a qualified majority if it was interpreted as altering the fundamental organization of the State). By not doing so, these clauses of Anexo 3 are incompatible with the Constitution and, by the principle of supremacy, the autonomy of the Central Bank should prevail over what was agreed. Conclusions: Constitutional principles affected and primacy of the internal order: From the preceding examination, it is clear that several provisions of Anexo 3 of RD-CAFTA collide with constitutional norms and principles of Costa Rica, namely: • Article 105 (paragraph 3): Was violated by subjecting acts of an administrative nature (regulations, operational measures regarding banking and insurance) included in Anexo 3 to a referendum.
This breaches the constitutional distinction between legislative and administrative matters, weakening the principle of democratic legality. • Constitutional supremacy (art. 1): Is compromised because the treaty imposed obligations that, in fact, displace constitutional will in matters such as control of the state apparatus and normative self-determination. Any conflict must be resolved by affirming the preeminence of the Constitution over the treaty, under penalty of undermining the very basis of the Costa Rican Rule of Law. • Separation of powers (art. 9): The independence and balance of the Powers were affected, given that the referendum (people as legislator) invaded administrative functions and the treaty reduced the decision-making autonomy of the Legislative and the Executive in financial policies. This threatens the principle of checks and balances among the branches of public power. • Budgetary law reserve (art. 176): Was circumvented by creating and financing obligations (e.g., SUGESE) outside the scope of the national budget approved by the Assembly, transferring expenditures to the sphere of the Central Bank.
Legislative control of the treasury was partially frustrated by international commitments that forced this parallel structure, which injures the principle of legality of public spending. • Autonomy of the Central Bank (arts. 188 and 189): Was impaired by imposing burdens and limitations on the BCCR not decided internally, conditioning its functioning and finances to the demands of the treaty. This contradicts the autonomous regime that the Constitution guarantees to this key institution, a pillar of national economic stability. Tariff Elimination Program Context: RD-CAFTA and the Tariff Elimination Program: The Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement (known as RD-CAFTA) includes a Tariff Elimination Program, which establishes the progressive elimination of customs tariffs between the parties. This program is set forth in annexes of the treaty (Anexo 3.3 in the case of Costa Rica) where products are classified into different categories (A, B, C, D, etc.) with tariff reduction schedules over several years.
For example, many industrial goods obtained immediate free trade upon entry into force of the treaty (category A), while other goods would be tariff-eliminated in periods of 5, 10 or more years (categories B, C, D, etc.) until reaching zero tariff. In the agricultural sector, long deadlines were negotiated for sensitive products: "98.3% of the agricultural products that Costa Rica exports to the United States will not pay tax from the entry into force of the FTA. Of the remaining 1.7%, they will have periods of between 10 and 20 years to reach free trade," including beef, some dairy products, and sugar, which were also subject to tariff-rate quotas during the transition period. This shows that the Tariff Elimination Program consists of detailed provisions of a technical-administrative nature, setting specific reduction percentages and annual schedules for the lowering of import taxes. Costa Rica approved RD-CAFTA by means of a national referendum in 2007, an unprecedented fact in the country for an international treaty.
By submitting the treaty to popular decision, the entire text of the agreement, including its technical annexes such as the tariff program, was put to the consideration of the electorate. This generates a first point of legal tension: certain provisions of the Tariff Elimination Program could be acts of an administrative nature rather than norms of legislative rank, which raises doubts about the constitutionality of having included them in a referendum. Below, an analysis is detailed on which provisions could contravene the Political Constitution of Costa Rica –particularly the third paragraph of article 105– and which constitutional principles are affected. Acts of an administrative nature and prohibition of referendum (article 105): several provisions of the Tariff Elimination Program are, by their content, of an administrative nature, which would make them inappropriate for a referendum.
In particular, the tariff reduction schedule per se has an executive regulatory character: it establishes how the administration shall progressively adjust tariff rates year by year to fulfill the treaty. Normally, the setting of import tariffs (a type of tax) and their periodic modification is a power that, although originally emanating from a law, is exercised through administrative acts (executive decrees, Treasury resolutions, etc.) according to technical criteria and international commitments. In fact, the treaty itself provides that a Free Trade Commission (composed of representatives of the Executive Power of the Parties) may decide to accelerate the tariff elimination or include additional products in the tariff program, which shows that its implementation is understood more as a continuous administrative function than as a single static legislative norm. The text of RD-CAFTA empowers said Commission to "modify… a) the list of goods of a Party contained in Anexo 3.04 (Tariff Elimination Program)… [and] b) the deadlines established in Anexo 3.04… in order to accelerate tariff elimination," among other attributions.
These decisions are framed in what constitutional jurisprudence has called "lower rank protocols," that is, technical adjustments to the treaty that develop or modify mere procedural norms without altering the substance of the agreement. It is worth noting that the Constitutional Chamber has accepted that this type of administrative modifications to the treaty can be delegated to the Executive Power without violating the Constitution, provided that "no substantial and fundamental decisions are being taken that necessarily must be analyzed by the Legislative Assembly." The foregoing reinforces the idea that the operational detail of the tariff program has an administrative nature. Consequently, submitting said technical provisions (e.g., the annual percentage tariff reductions in each heading) to direct popular approval conflicts with the prohibition of article 105. Law reserve in tax and budgetary matters (arts. 121 and 176): In addition to the referendum question, the tariff elimination program directly touches the sphere of public finances and the tax power of the State, which are strongly protected by the principle of law reserve.
Constitutional Article 176 enshrines the principle of budgetary legality: the preparation and approval of the National Budget is an exclusive function of the Legislative Power, and no public disbursement or revenue can be created, modified, or suppressed without legal backing. In similar terms, the Constitution exclusively reserves to the Legislative Assembly the power to create taxes, fees, and tariffs (inferred from the legislative competencies of article 121, and from the exclusion of "tax and fiscal" matters from popular initiative as we saw). This principle of tax law reserve guarantees that tributes are defined through the ordinary legislative process, preventing their unrestricted delegation to the Executive or other entities. The Tariff Elimination Program, by establishing a gradual reduction of customs tariffs, in practice means a reduction of the State's tax revenues over several years.
Normally, to decrease a tax, a legal reform by the Assembly would be required in each case or legal authorization to the Executive. In the case of RD-CAFTA, the approval of the treaty (via referendum law) is equivalent to a framework law that sets future tax changes from the beginning: what would happen with tariffs up to, for example, 2025 (when the last tariff eliminations for sensitive products like rice and dairy products culminate) was legislated in 2007. This generates two possible frictions with the Constitution: -Eventual delegation or limitation of the legislative tax function: By internationally agreeing on a rigid tariff elimination schedule, the Legislative Assembly imposed a restriction on itself to exercise its tax power in the future. Henceforth, it could not legitimately legislate to maintain or increase those tariffs without contravening the treaty, under penalty of international responsibility.
Although any law can repeal a previous one, in practice a free trade agreement has a vocation of permanence and priority over ordinary domestic legislation (although always subordinated to the Constitution). Some critics point out that this represents a "cession of the tax power of the legislative body," at least during the treaty's validity. In El Salvador, for example, it was alleged that the tariff elimination clause of CAFTA-DR violated the legislative power to issue tax regulations, an argument that its Constitutional Chamber had to analyze. If we transfer that reasoning to Costa Rica, it could be affirmed that the Tariff Elimination Program compromises the future competence of the legislator in tax matters, straining article 176 and the principle of law reserve. However, the Costa Rican Constitutional Chamber has nuanced this point by indicating that there is no irreversible renunciation of powers: substantial modifications in tax matters would again require internal legislative approval, and the treaty mechanisms that allow adjustments (e.g., the Free Trade Commission accelerating deadlines) must be understood as valid only while "they are not… imposing… obligations different from those provided in our legislation," since otherwise "the respective constitutional procedures, in matters of law reserve, must be complied with." That is, any change outside what was originally foreseen – such as extending the elimination of a tariff or substantially modifying a tax – must return to the national legislative channel, thus recognizing the supremacy of the legislative power in tax matters.
Nonetheless, the initial fact is that the decision to suppress certain tributes (tariffs) in future terms was made by referendum and not through the ordinary annual legislative procedure, which is atypical with respect to article 176. - Impact on the annual budgetary principle: Article 176 also reflects the idea that the budget – and by extension the revenues and expenses of each fiscal year – is determined year by year according to needs and the economic situation. By immobilizing a source of revenue (tariffs) downward in the long term, the State loses flexibility to adjust its fiscal policy annually. If, for example, in a given year there were a need to increase tariff revenues for budgetary balance, the Constitution would allow the Assembly to legislate on the matter, but the treaty prevents it (except by denouncing it). Although the original approval of the treaty is a law that authorized that revenue reduction, from a constitutional perspective it could be seen as an attenuation of parliamentary control over the treasury in future fiscal years.
Hence why the Constitution excludes "budgetary matter" and "fiscal" from popular initiative – to avoid popular decisions that put public finances at risk – and reserves to Congress the last word on taxes and loans. The tariff elimination program, in a way, circumvented that reserve by being approved in a single plebiscitary act, without the detailed and periodic scrutiny that the legislative would normally carry out on tax measures impacting the national treasury. In summary, the provisions of the Tariff Elimination Program affect the principle of law reserve in tax and budgetary matters, since they deal with taxes and public resources through a mechanism that deviated from the ordinary legislative process. Although the treaty's approval is a law in a formal sense, the specific content – gradual tariff reduction – would have usually required successive laws or executive decrees under legislative supervision.
The way it was adopted could be seen as a transgression of article 176 and the exclusive power of the Legislative Power to manage taxes, reinforced by article 121. This, in turn, is linked to the principles of separation of powers and constitutional supremacy, as detailed below. Separation of powers and balance among functions (article 9): Constitutional Article 9 enshrines the separation of powers in Costa Rica, dividing the functions of the State among the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. The preceding analysis evidenced two types of possible interferences in that balance due to the effect of the Tariff Elimination Program: 1. Interference of the administrative function through the referendum route (Legislative vs. Executive): By submitting administrative aspects of the treaty to popular consultation, the Executive Power – in charge of the execution of commercial and tariff policies – saw its margin of action conditioned by an atypical legislative decision (a law approved directly by the people).
In other words, the dividing line between the legislative and the administrative function became blurred. The usual practice is that the Legislative Assembly approves a framework treaty, and then the Executive, through regulated administrative acts, executes the lowering of tariffs at each stage. However, with the referendum explicitly approving even the operational annexes, the electorate acted as legislator and administrator at once, setting details that in practice the Executive must only abide by. This can be seen as an indirect violation of the principle of separation of powers: the decision on acts pertaining to the Administration was attributed to the citizenry (legislative power in its direct facet). The Constitution, by prohibiting "acts of an administrative nature" to the referendum, precisely sought to avoid that overlap between the sphere of popular-legislative decision and the executive sphere. 2.
Controlled delegation of legislative powers to the Executive in the treaty (Legislative vs. Executive): On the other hand, the treaty itself – like many commercial agreements – delegates certain powers to executive bodies (the Free Trade Commission, composed of ministers) to adjust technical aspects of the agreement, such as the tariff program. This involves the Executive in tax regulatory matters, which in principle could clash with the separation of powers. However, the Costa Rican Constitution foresees that possibility under strict limits.
The Constitutional Chamber has indicated that the decisions of the Free Trade Commission on tariff matters are valid provided they are considered "lower-ranking protocols," meaning they do not create new substantial obligations nor exceed what is authorized by the main treaty. In practice, this means that the Executive Branch cannot, by itself, fundamentally alter the tariff elimination program; it can only apply it as is or even accelerate it if it is for further liberalization (never to impose duties beyond what was agreed). Any substantial modification—for example, changing a product’s category so it has a different timeline—should go through internal legislative approval. In this way, an attempt is made to reconcile the effectiveness of the treaty with the separation of powers: administrative functions (implementation and minor timeline adjustments) are assumed by the Executive Branch, but without invading the essence of the legislative function in tax matters.
Despite this control, the reality persists that the original design of the program was negotiated and proposed by the Executive Branch in the treaty, limiting the Legislature's deliberative margin to accepting or rejecting it as a whole (which it ultimately did via referendum). From the perspective of Article 9, there was a partial transfer of normative power to the international/administrative sphere, which is only constitutionally justified because it is "envisaged in the main treaty" and falls to "purely procedural rules that do not affect the substance" of the agreement. Even so, this exceptional arrangement demonstrates the tension with the principle of separation: the Legislative Branch self-restricted, allowing the execution of tariff policy to remain practically in the hands of the Executive Branch (and a joint international body) once the treaty was approved. In summary, the Tariff Elimination Program of the RD-CAFTA affected the separation of powers in two concerning ways: first, by the intrusion of the popular-legislative decision into administrative spheres, and second, by the high interference of the Executive Branch (national and international) in normative tax matters delegated by the Assembly itself.
Both aspects imply an imbalance with respect to the ordinary constitutional model. Although Chamber IV endorsed the constitutionality of the treaty based on mitigating interpretations (such as the figure of the lower-ranking protocols mentioned), there is no doubt that core principles of the legal system—such as legislative control over taxes and the administrative execution of the law—were altered by the provisions of the tariff elimination. Constitutional supremacy and conclusions (Article 1): No treaty can serve as an excuse to circumvent the limits imposed by the Fundamental Charter. This has been recognized by Central American jurisprudence: for example, in response to claims that CAFTA-DR harmed internal competencies, it was recalled that the judicial authority can cease to apply any law or provision contrary to the Constitution, reaffirming that the lex fundamentalis is above treaties and laws.
Applying this to the specific case, the apparent collision between the Tariff Elimination Program and norms such as Article 105 (referendum), 9 (separation of powers), or 176 (fiscal reservation) must be resolved in favor of the Constitution. The principle of constitutional supremacy (Art. 1) would be violated if it were admitted that a part of the treaty—approved by referendum—could circumvent these restrictions. Fortunately, the Costa Rican legal system has mechanisms to prevent such a circumstance: the Constitutional Chamber, in its prior review of treaties (mandatory judicial consultation), extensively examined the FTA and established interpretations in conformity with the Constitution to allow its incorporation without undermining superior principles. For example, it interpreted the powers of the Free Trade Commission in accordance with the legislative reservation, and established that no international commitment could empower any body to modify substantive obligations without legislative approval.
Similarly, implicitly, by not objecting to the referendum, it understood that the treaty as a whole was a matter capable of being voted on popularly, perhaps considering that its approval was essentially a legislative act and not "administrative" (although, as we have analyzed, it contains acts of that nature). Nevertheless, from a doctrinal perspective, important lessons remain. The RDCAFTA put the internal normative hierarchy to the test: the need was evidenced to clearly delineate which components of a treaty can be submitted to a referendum without violating the Constitution. It also highlighted that the Constitution prevails even over immediate citizen will; the people in a referendum could not implicitly repeal the prohibition of Art. 105, nor abdicate principles such as the separation of powers or budgetary legality. Any interpretation to the contrary would have compromised the supremacy of the Constitution and altered the form of government, something inadmissible (Art. 1).
In conclusion, a broad and precise analysis of the Tariff Elimination Program of the RD-CAFTA reveals that several of its provisions collide with Costa Rican constitutional norms and principles: in particular, they violate the prohibition of submitting administrative acts to a referendum (Art. 105), strain the legislative reservation in tax and budgetary matters (Arts. 176, 121), and affect the separation of powers (Art. 9), all of which compromises prevalent principles such as constitutional supremacy (Art. 1) and the Rule of Law. Although the treaty was finally incorporated into the domestic order, this was possible thanks to harmonizing interpretations by the Constitutional Chamber—aimed at saving its constitutionality—and the practical prevalence given to the popular decision. However, the precedent makes it clear that the Political Constitution remains the supreme norm: any provision of a treaty such as the RD-CAFTA can only operate in Costa Rica to the extent that it respects the limits and conditions imposed by the Constitution.
The principles resulting from this case reinforce the importance of respecting the constitutional design when implementing international agreements, ensuring that neither the referendum route nor external commitments undermine the fundamental pillars of the Costa Rican legal system. Conclusively, the CAFTA-DR encompasses the wide range of matters that are excluded by Article 105 of the Political Constitution. Each chapter, in its respective sphere, involves budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, pension, and security aspects, the approval of loans and contracts, or acts of an administrative nature. Therefore, the approval and application of this treaty requires a rigorous constitutional analysis to guarantee that the limitations and exclusions established in the Magna Carta are respected. This Action underscores the need for any international treaty, especially one as comprehensive as the CAFTA-DR, to be carefully evaluated in the context of national constitutional provisions, ensuring that its implementation does not violate fundamental principles nor exceed established legislative powers.
It is therefore necessary to highlight how each of the treaty’s provisions directly addresses these excluded matters. The recurring presence of elements such as tariffs—intrinsically linked to tax and fiscal matters—evidences that the CAFTA-DR not only affects key sectors of national economic policy but also incorporates topics that, by constitutional mandate, cannot be submitted to a referendum. This reality emphasizes the need for detailed scrutiny to ensure that the treaty approval process aligns with current constitutional precepts. Tariffs are taxes applied to the import and export of goods and services. As such (that is, being taxes), they are considered part of a country's tax and fiscal policy, because they provide revenue to the State and affect the overall tax structure. Tariffs have significant fiscal and tax implications, as they impact the government's financial resources and the regulation of foreign trade.
Although throughout the reading of the CAFTA-DR Free Trade Agreement the term "tariff"—tax, tax and fiscal matter—is used four hundred forty-four times from beginning to end, it is important to demonstrate its content because the approval of this treaty by a binding referendum is constitutionally prohibited. Let us see, below: Article 1.1: of the Initial Provisions of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, determined: “Article 1.1: Establishment of the Free Trade Zone The Parties to this Treaty, pursuant to the provisions of Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, establish a free trade zone.” Article 2.1 of the Definitions of General Provisions of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, established: “Article 2.1: Definitions of General Application For purposes of this Treaty, unless otherwise specified: … customs duty includes any tax or tariff on importation and a charge of any kind applied in connection with the importation of a good, including any form of surtax or surcharge in connection with such importation, but does not include any: (a) charge equivalent to an internal tax imposed consistently with Article III:2 of the GATT 1994, in respect of like, directly competitive, or substitutable goods of the Party, or in respect of goods from which the imported good has been manufactured or produced in whole or in part; (b) antidumping or countervailing duty that is applied pursuant to a Party’s domestic legislation; and (c) fee or other charge in connection with importation commensurate with the cost of services rendered; … heading means the first four digits of the Harmonized System tariff classification number; …
Harmonized System (HS) means the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, including its General Rules of Interpretation, Section Notes, and Chapter Notes, as adopted and applied by the Parties in their respective customs duty laws; subheading means the first six digits of the Harmonized System tariff classification number; … preferential tariff treatment means the applicable duty rate under this Treaty for an originating good.” (The underlining is not from the original). Article 3.2: on National Treatment, of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, orders: “Article 3.2: National Treatment 1. Each Party shall accord national treatment to the goods of another Party in accordance with Article III of the GATT 1994, including its interpretative notes, and to this end Article III of the GATT 1994 and its interpretative notes are incorporated into and made part of this Treaty, mutatis mutandis. 2.
The provisions of paragraph 1 regarding national treatment shall mean, with respect to a regional level government, treatment no less favorable than the most favorable treatment that regional level government accords to any like, directly competitive, or substitutable goods, as the case may be, of the Party of which it forms a part. 3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the measures set out in Annex 3.2.” Article 3.3: on Tariff Elimination, of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, stipulated: “Article 3.3: Tariff Elimination 1. Except as otherwise provided in this Treaty, no Party may increase any existing customs duty, or adopt any new customs duty, on an originating good. 2. Except as otherwise provided in this Treaty, each Party shall progressively eliminate its customs duties on originating goods in accordance with Annex 3.3. 3. For greater certainty, paragraph 2 shall not prevent a Central American Party from providing identical or more favorable tariff treatment to a good as provided for under the legal instruments of Central American integration, provided that the good meets the rules of origin under those instruments. 4.
At the request of any Party, the Parties shall consult to consider accelerating the elimination of customs duties set out in their Schedules to Annex 3.3. Notwithstanding Article 19.1.3(b) (The Free Trade Commission), an agreement between two or more Parties to accelerate the elimination of a customs duty on a good shall supersede any duty rate or staging category determined pursuant to their Schedules to Annex 3.3 for such good, when approved by each such Party in accordance with its applicable legal procedures. Following the conclusion of an agreement between two or more Parties under this paragraph, they shall promptly notify the other Parties of the terms of that agreement. 5. For greater certainty, a Party may: (a) raise a customs duty to the level established in its Schedule to Annex 3.3 following a unilateral reduction; or (b) maintain or increase a customs duty as authorized by the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. 6.
Annex 3.3.6 applies to the Parties specified in that Annex.” Article 3.4: on Waiver of Customs Duties, of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, established: “Article 3.4: Waiver of Customs Duties 1. No Party shall adopt a new waiver of customs duties, or expand the application of an existing waiver of customs duties with respect to current beneficiaries, or extend it to new beneficiaries, where the waiver is conditioned, explicitly or implicitly, on the fulfillment of a performance requirement. 2. No Party shall condition, explicitly or implicitly, the continuation of any existing waiver of customs duties on the fulfillment of a performance requirement. 3. Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, and Guatemala may each maintain existing measures inconsistent with paragraphs 1 and 2, provided that they maintain such measures in accordance with Article 27.4 of the SCM Agreement. Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, and Guatemala may not maintain any such measures after December 31, 2009. 4.
Nicaragua and Honduras may each maintain measures inconsistent with paragraphs 1 and 2 during the period they are Annex VII countries for purposes of the SCM Agreement. Thereafter, Nicaragua and Honduras shall maintain any such measures in accordance with Article 27.4 of the SCM Agreement.” Article 3.5: on Temporary Admission of Goods, of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, instituted: “Article 3.5: Temporary Admission of Goods 1. Each Party shall authorize the temporary admission free of customs duties for the following goods, regardless of their origin: (a) professional equipment, including press and television equipment, software, and broadcasting and cinematographic equipment, necessary for the exercise of the business activity, trade, or profession of a business person who qualifies for temporary entry according to the legislation of the importing Party; (b) goods intended for exhibition or demonstration; (c) commercial samples, advertising films, and recordings; and (d) goods admitted for sports purposes. 2.
Each Party, upon request of the interested person and for reasons its customs authority deems valid, shall extend the time limit for temporary admission beyond the period initially fixed. 3. No Party shall condition the temporary admission free of customs duties of a good referred to in paragraph 1, other than to require that the good: (a) be used solely by or under the personal supervision of a national or resident of another Party in the exercise of the business activity, trade, profession, or sport of that person; (b) not be sold or leased while in its territory; (c) be accompanied by a bond in an amount no greater than the charges that would otherwise be owed upon entry or final importation, releasable upon exit of the good; (d) be capable of identification when exported; (e) be exported upon the departure of the person referenced in subparagraph (a), or within such period as is reasonably related to the purpose of the temporary admission, as the Party may establish, or within one year, unless extended; (f) be admitted in no greater quantity than is reasonable for its intended use; and (g) be otherwise admissible into the Party's territory under its legislation. 4.
If any condition a Party imposes under paragraph 3 has not been fulfilled, the Party may apply the customs duty and any other charge that would normally be owed on the good plus any other charges or penalties as provided for under its legislation. 5. Each Party, through its customs authority, shall adopt procedures to facilitate the expeditious release of goods admitted under this Article. To the extent possible, when such a good accompanies a national or resident of another Party who is seeking temporary entry, those procedures shall allow the good to be released simultaneously with the entry of that national or resident. 6. Each Party shall permit a good temporarily admitted under this Article to be exported through a customs port other than the port through which it was admitted. 7. Each Party shall provide that its customs authority or other competent authority shall relieve the importer or other person responsible for a good admitted under this Article from any liability for failure to export the good upon presentation of satisfactory proof to the customs authority of the importing Party that the good has been destroyed within the original period fixed for temporary admission or any lawful extension. 8.
Subject to Chapters Ten (Investment) and Eleven (Cross-Border Trade in Services): (a) each Party shall allow a vehicle or container used in international traffic that has entered its territory from another Party to exit its territory by any route reasonably related to the prompt and economical departure of such vehicle or container; (b) no Party shall require any bond or impose any penalty or charge solely by reason of any difference between the port of entry and the port of departure of a vehicle or container; (c) no Party shall condition the release of any obligation, including any bond, that it applies to the entry of a vehicle or container into its territory, on its exit through any particular port; and (d) no Party shall require that the vehicle or carrier bringing a container from the territory of another Party into its territory be the same vehicle or carrier that takes it to the territory of another Party. 9.
For purposes of paragraph 8, vehicle means a truck, truck tractor, tractor, trailer unit or trailer, locomotive, or railway car or other railroad equipment.” Article 3.6: on Goods Re-Entered after Repair or Alteration, of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, was established: “Article 3.6: Goods Re-Entered after Repair or Alteration 1. No Party shall apply a customs duty to a good, regardless of its origin, that is re-entered into its territory after that good has been temporarily exported from its territory to the territory of another Party for repair or alteration, regardless of whether such repair or alteration could have been performed in the territory of the Party from which the good was exported for repair or alteration. 2. No Party shall apply a customs duty to a good, regardless of its origin, admitted temporarily from the territory of another Party for repair or alteration. 3. For purposes of this Article, repair or alteration does not include an operation or process that: (a) destroys a good's essential characteristics or creates a new or commercially different good; or (b) transforms an unfinished good into a finished good.” Article 3.7: on Duty-Free Entry of Commercial Samples of Negligible Value and Printed Advertising Materials, of the aforementioned CAFTA-RD, stipulated: “Article 3.7: Duty-Free Entry of Commercial Samples of Negligible Value and Printed Advertising Materials Each Party shall grant duty-free entry to commercial samples of negligible value and to printed advertising materials imported from the territory of another Party, regardless of their origin, but may require that: (a) such samples be imported solely for the solicitation of orders for goods or services from the territory of another Party, or of a non-Party; or (b) such advertising materials be imported in packets that each contain no more than one printed copy and that neither the materials nor the packets form part of a larger consignment.” In Costa Rica, customs duties constitute taxes or rights applied to goods imported into the national territory.
These taxes are set by the State in accordance with its commercial policy. As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Costa Rica applies customs duties under the Most-Favored-Nation principle. This implies that the country cannot establish discrimination in the levels of customs duties among different WTO members, thus guaranteeing equitable treatment in international trade. The Import Customs Duties on goods in Costa Rica are established in the Central American Import Tariff (Arancel Centroamericano de Importación). These duties are expressed in ad-valorem terms, that is, as a percentage of the value of the imported good. This tariff regime is governed in accordance with Article 17 of Law 6986 of May 16, 1985, known as the Agreement on the Central American Tariff and Customs Regime (Convenio sobre el Régimen Arancelario y Aduanero Centroamericano), which was amended by Law No. 7346 of June 7, 1993.
The Central American Import Tariff serves as the key instrument containing the nomenclature for the official classification of goods likely to be imported into the territory of the States of the Central American region. In addition to specifying the import customs duties, this tariff establishes the rules that govern the execution of its provisions, ensuring a coherent and harmonized framework for the importation of goods. In general terms, a tariff is defined as the tax that must be paid for the importation of goods. This tax not only represents a source of revenue for the State but also functions as a tool of commercial policy. Tariffs influence the flow and nature of imports, contributing to the protection of national industry, the balance of the trade balance, or the regulation of prices in the local market. In this sense, the Central American regulations contain the term Import Customs Duties (Derechos Arancelarios a la Importación, DAI), which they define as follows: “… the levies contained in the Central American Import Tariff and whose taxable event is the customs operation called importation.” (Agreement on the Central American Tariff and Customs Regime, Art. 2).
These taxes are called, by the same Agreement, the “Central American Import Tariff” and are conceived, in their entirety, as “Annex A” of the Central American Tariff and Customs Regime. The customs regulations in the Central American sphere, in particular the Regulation to the Uniform Central American Customs Code (RECAUCA), play a crucial role in regulating regional trade. Within this regulatory framework, the importance of the concept of “duties and taxes” in the customs context is highlighted. Specifically, the RECAUCA defines Import Customs Duties (DAI) as an integral part of this concept, together with other taxes levied on the import and export of goods (RECAUCA, Article 2). This definition, adopted by the Central American region, has a particular significance for Costa Rica, given that the country has incorporated the concept of customs tax obligation into its domestic legislation.
The DAI, as an essential component of customs duties and taxes, represents a key element in the foreign trade of the country and the region. Its function goes beyond mere tax revenue collection, as it also influences international trade regulation, the protection of local industries, and the balance of the trade balance. The RECAUCA, by standardizing the definition and application of the DAI and other related taxes, facilitates a more harmonized and predictable commercial environment within Central America. This uniformity is essential for the efficiency of regional trade, providing a clear and coherent framework for customs operations. In the case of Costa Rica, the integration of these principles and definitions into its domestic customs legislation reflects its commitment to regional cooperation and the strengthening of Central American trade. Furthermore, the adoption of these regulations in Costa Rican legislation demonstrates a proactive approach toward economic and commercial integration in the region.
By aligning its customs practices with regional standards, Costa Rica not only fulfills its commitments as a member of the Central American community but also optimizes its participation in the regional market, benefiting both national importers and exporters as well as commercial partners in the region. Currently, the General Customs Law (Ley General de Aduanas) of our country, No. 7557, defines the customs tax obligation as follows: “Article 53.—Tax and non-tax customs obligations. The customs obligation is constituted by the set of tax and non-tax obligations that arise between the State and private parties, as a consequence of the entry or exit of goods from the customs territory. The customs tax obligation is the legal bond that arises between the State and the taxable person by the occurrence of the taxable event provided by law and is constituted by the duties and taxes payable on the import or export of goods.
Unless otherwise provided, it shall be understood that what is regulated in this Law regarding the fulfillment of the customs tax obligation shall be applicable to related interest, fines, and surcharges of any nature. Non-tax obligations comprise non-tariff restrictions and regulations, whose fulfillment is legally required.” (Amended by Law 8373 of August 18, 2003, published in La Gaceta No. 171 of September 5, 2003, effective as of March 5, 2004.) (The underlining and bold are not from the original). The customs territory is defined by the General Customs Law as: “Article 2.—Territorial scope. The customs territory is the land, water, and air space over which the State of Costa Rica exercises complete and exclusive sovereignty. Special customs controls may be exercised in the zone over which the State exercises special jurisdiction, in accordance with Article 6 of the Political Constitution and the principles of international law.
Vehicles, transport units, and goods entering or leaving the national customs territory shall be subject to control measures inherent to the National Customs Service (Servicio Nacional de Aduanas) and to the provisions established in this law and its regulations. Likewise, persons crossing the customs frontier, with or without goods, or those driving them across it, shall be subject to the provisions of the customs legal regime.” In this scheme, customs obligations would have a dual object. First, because they would encompass tax obligations, which in turn includes both customs taxes (DAI) and other internal taxes (for example, the value-added tax IVA, the selective consumption tax ISC, the 1% tax of Law 6946). Second, because also included within the concept of customs obligation would be all those obligations that do not have an economic character, such as those relating to compliance with requirements, such as Phytosanitary and Zoosanitary permits and authorizations (mandatory technical notes).
The plaintiff clarifies that he is challenging both the rules and the subjective actions detailed above, which, as a whole, are serving to formally meet the legality requirement for a set of provisions that, in his judgment, transgress the material limits of Constitutional Law regarding principles as relevant as the principles of legality, reasonableness, proportionality, and administrative efficiency.
So that this Honorable Court may assess, among other points, the infringed rules and principles, as well as the proportionality and reasonableness of these provisions, it is worth recalling what it has reaffirmed in its judgments on very diverse occasions and what the Political Constitution establishes in its Articles 50, 105, and 191, since it is strikingly noteworthy that in this referendum call, ordinary rank has been conferred upon what our legal system considers extraordinary. In the present case, the call for the referendum—starting from the very proposal of the Executive Branch, from the Legislative Assembly that approved the resolution according to which, by the Executive Branch having exercised the powers provided for by the Political Constitution and the Law on Regulation, submitting the proposal to call a referendum and submit to the citizenry the draft "Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement" to the knowledge of the Legislative Assembly, as well as from the flagrant violation committed by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, according to which “finding no admissibility obstacles regarding the referred parliamentary proceeding, the following preliminary provisions are approved, which must be complied with as quickly and effectively as possible: '1.- The Secretariat shall prepare the draft decree of this Tribunal by which the referendum call shall be officially communicated, specifying the voting day and other pertinent aspects, in the terms of Articles 17 and 18 of the Law on Regulation of Referendum'”—directly and plainly infringes the constitutional principle of legal reservation in excluded matters in relation to the institute of the referendum provided for by Article 105 of the Constitution.
In summary, and he reiterates, without intending to go beyond the confrontation of the text of the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) with constitutional rules and principles—which is the object of this unconstitutionality action—it is evident that said treaty contains provisions that contravene constitutional precepts. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze these possible infractions in detail to guarantee that Costa Rica's incorporation into CAFTA-DR is fully adjusted to the current constitutional framework. This law and the actions of the public authorities, by incorporating and applying the tariff and customs administration subject matter established by the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement, infringe constitutional provisions by modifying exclusive powers of the Legislative Branch in tax and fiscal matters, as established by Article 121 of the Political Constitution.
By establishing changes in customs duties without following the constitutionally established legislative procedure, the principle of tax legality is violated and the limits imposed by Article 105, which excludes certain matters from being submitted to a referendum, are transgressed. Therefore, the approval and application of this treaty, under these conditions, constitutes an infraction of the Political Constitution. Therefore, these rules and actions contravene supreme constitutional principles such as legality, reasonableness, proportionality, equality, administrative efficiency, budgetary balance, and food sovereignty. Given the challenges presented by the approval of the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), it is indispensably appropriate for this Court to declare the unconstitutionality of all actions leading to its approval or, failing that, to order the corresponding authorities to modify the treaty, so that it conforms to the supreme constitutional principles that govern our Democratic and Social Rule of Law.
The need to protect the values and principles inherent to the Constitution and the Law of the Constitution itself must be the pillar upon which the provisions of CAFTA-DR are recalibrated. This action is crucial to restore a balance where the opportunities of an expanded market are not achieved at the cost of the social and economic well-being of the nation. The modification of CAFTA-DR, or its declaration of unconstitutionality, must be guided by the fundamental values of legality, reasonableness, proportionality, equality, administrative efficiency, budgetary balance, and food security and sovereignty. Article 105 of the Constitution categorically provides that certain matters—among them those of a budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, pension, security nature, the approval of loans, and those of an administrative nature—are expressly excluded from being submitted to popular decisions through a referendum.
In this sense, if the Branches of Government summon the citizenry to decide on any of these topics, a rupture of the constitutional order occurs, in principle; this is so because exclusive competence to resolve matters reserved to the legislative or administrative sphere is improperly transferred to a mechanism not contemplated for such purpose in the constitutional text. The referendum, understood as an instrument of direct participation, has the purpose of allowing the expression of citizen will in matters of political transcendence, always under conditions duly authorized by the constitutional framework. However, employing it to approve or repeal rules that modify the distribution of powers, especially when such rules are proper to the legislator, violates the principle of separation of powers. By delegating decision-making on fundamental matters to a citizen consultation mechanism, the sovereignty and normative function of the legislative branch are put at risk, which can be understood as an unconstitutional transfer of powers affecting the very structure of the State.
Likewise, the alteration of the regulatory framework for essential rights—for example, in matters concerning electoral participation, the environment, historical heritage, or health—through provisions of the Free Trade Agreement submitted to a referendum compromises the integrity of these rights and the stability of the legal system. Citizen consultation in these cases must be subject to rigorous control, since its results may impact, indirectly but effectively, the guarantee of fundamental rights enshrined in the Magna Carta.
Drafted by Magistrate Castillo Víquez; and,
WHEREAS:
This Chamber has repeatedly stated that the unconstitutionality action is a process with certain formalities, which must necessarily be fulfilled for this Court to validly rule on the merits of the matter. Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes the admissibility prerequisites for unconstitutionality actions and regulates different situations. The first paragraph requires the existence of a pending matter to be resolved, whether in judicial venue—including habeas corpus or amparo remedies—or in the administrative venue—in the procedure for exhausting this route—, in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged rule is invoked, as a reasonable means to protect the right or interest considered injured in the main matter. The second and third paragraphs regulate the direct action—the base matter is not required—, in the following cases: a) when due to the nature of the matter there is no individual and direct injury; b) it concerns the defense of diffuse interests or those that concern the community as a whole; and c) when the action is brought by the Attorney General of the Republic, the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Prosecutor General of the Republic, and the Ombudsman.
Other formalities must be fulfilled, namely, the filing brief must be authenticated and contain an explicit determination of the challenged regulations, duly grounded, with a concrete citation of the components of the block of constitutionality considered infringed (Article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction). It must also demonstrate the conditions of standing (powers and certifications), proceed with the payment of the stamp of the Costa Rica Bar Association (Article 4 of Law number 3245 of December 3, 1963), and provide a verbatim certification of the brief in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged rules was invoked in the base matter (Article 79 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction).
II.In the sub iudice, this Court observes that the plaintiff omitted to provide proof of payment of the stamp of the Costa Rica Bar Association for the sum of 275 colones, corresponding to the authentication of the initial brief. Although this omission can be corrected by means of a preventive order from the Presidency of this Chamber (Article 80 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction), in this case it shall not be ordered, for procedural economy, given the impropriety of the action, as indicated below.
This unconstitutionality action is similar to the one filed by the same plaintiff within case file no. 24-034004-0007-CO, which was rejected outright by judgment no. 2025-001925, based on the following order of considerations:
“(…) III.- Regarding the plaintiff’s lack of standing. Having analyzed the filing brief for this process, it is determined that the plaintiff clearly justifies on two grounds what he believes grants him direct standing to bring this process. According to the plaintiff’s argument, “in this matter we find ourselves in the first case of direct action, as there is no individual and direct injury in the traditional terms” and; “in the second case of direct action, the defense of diffuse interests.” To justify the first case, the petitioner states that the unconstitutionality action filed is directed against a series of governmental rules and acts that approved the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) through a referendum, a process that, in his opinion, exceeded constitutional limits and threatens the legal and democratic framework of the country. He states that “the questioned acts do not affect a specific person individually and directly but have a general impact on the legal system and the constitutional rights of the citizenry as a whole.
It is a matter involving collective interests or those concerning the community as a whole, as well as the proper functioning of the democratic and constitutional system.” However, when justifying the admissibility of the subjective acts he challenges, he acknowledges, in general terms, that these may have concrete effects on some persons, that is, conceding the possibility of having a base matter, contradicting his basis for admissibility. This was literally stated by the plaintiff: “The basis for the admissibility of this Unconstitutionality Action lies in the nature of the challenged proceedings as public subjective acts. These acts, by having concrete or specific effects, directly influence the creation, modification, or suppression of legal situations that affect both particular individuals and a specific number of persons. Although these acts do not fall within general and abstract legal rules, their individual and normative character makes them individual rules whose conformity with the Constitution is of vital importance.” On the other hand, the plaintiff did not ground how it is that each subjective act or decree he challenges here is not capable of producing an individual and direct injury, such that it lacks the possibility of having a base matter, but rather, as was demonstrated, he does so in a general way, without this Court being required to perform such an exercise with respect to each object of challenge.
Likewise, the plaintiff links this argument again with the invocation of the existence of diffuse interests, by stating the following: “Therefore, in the present case, due to the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct injury; it concerns the defense of diffuse interests that concern the community as a whole. A set of acts is being challenged that affect the constitutional order and the community in its entirety, more than a particular individual.” Again, his argumentation is not only generic in relation to the object of challenge for the purposes of supporting standing, but also, this Court, in judgment no. 2024-28792, of 9:20 a.m. on October 2, 2024, rejected outright another action by this plaintiff against the same object of challenge, indicating that this is not a case of diffuse interests in the terms stated. In this regard, the following was indicated:
“II.- THE NECESSARY GROUNDING OF THE BRIEF FORMULATING THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ACTION. The Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in its Article 3, provides that 'The Political Constitution shall be deemed infringed when this results from the confrontation of the text of the challenged rule or act, its effects, or its interpretation or application by public authorities, with constitutional rules and principles.' Now, for this Court to deem the infraction established and to declare the unconstitutionality of the challenged rule or act, with the consequent annulment and expulsion from the legal system, anyone bringing an unconstitutionality action has the burden of demonstrating how that provision infringes the Law of the Constitution and, moreover, must indicate why the claim should be upheld. This is called by this Chamber the burden of argumentation, that is, that 'a rule that is facially (sic) contrary to the Constitution shifts the burden of argumentation to those who maintain that in reality there is no conflict between that rule and the Political Constitution; the opposite occurs if action is taken against a rule that upon first examination does not appear contrary to the Constitution, in which case it is the plaintiff who must advance arguments convincing of unconstitutionality' (see judgment no. 0184-95 of 4:30 p.m. on January 10, 1995). In a later judgment, this Chamber stated, regarding the lack of exposition of unconstitutionality arguments in matters of unconstitutionality actions, the following:
“The unconstitutionality action is filed with the argument that the challenged Executive Decree is harmful, injures and infringes the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the right to health, and the international commitments signed with the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the opportunity given to the plaintiffs, what the Attorney General's Office indicates is confirmed, that there is no concrete analysis of the provisions of the challenged Executive Decree that are considered unconstitutional, but the same is limited to establishing discrepancies in a generic and abstract manner against the entirety of the Regulation, even more so against all activity carried out by Sugar Mills and Haciendas, as they maintain that they cause drawbacks in the quality of life and health of the surrounding inhabitants, without specifying what constitutionality arguments must be taken into account against each of the provisions or group of rules of the challenged Regulation. […] The first paragraph of Article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes the obligation to authenticate the briefs for filing unconstitutionality actions, since it is deemed necessary that there be arguments put forth by a legal professional, which this Court does not rule out corresponds to a serious study of the technical and scientific substance of a specific matter, given the diversity and universality of the rules of the legal system.
Unlike guarantee processes, that is, habeas corpus and amparo remedies, which any interested party may directly file before the constitutional jurisdiction in defense of their fundamental rights, generally against acts or omissions that harm their particular sphere (although not always, as in environmental cases), in processes for the defense of the Political Constitution (such as the unconstitutionality action), the legislator entrusted the authenticating attorney with a task whose requirement is even greater, if you will, more elaborate and exhaustive, which must be reflected in the filing brief by reason of their professional function, to demonstrate to the Court the injury to the constitutional rule by a rule of lower rank, undermining the principle of constitutional supremacy contained in Article 10 of the Political Constitution. Precisely the material and formal drafting of the Law, as well as of the other secondary provisions, entails a process that is extremely costly for the State, in which organized civil society has participated in many ways, for or against, and whose formation, approval, and promulgation procedures must not be analyzed lightly.
In this sense, this Chamber must recognize that there is limited space for this Court to remedy the manifest absences of the legal professionals who authenticate briefs in this constitutional jurisdiction, without exposing the impartiality and analysis owed to each of the unconstitutionality actions.” (judgment no. 2012-05285 of 3:03 p.m. on April 25, 2012).
The cited Article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction requires, in this sense, that the brief filing the action set forth “its grounds clearly and precisely.” In judgment no. 2013-016944 of 2:30 p.m. on December 18, 2013, this Chamber made express reference to the requirement for proper grounding of the filing brief—as an essential admissibility requirement for the action, pursuant to the provisions of the mentioned article—in the following terms:
“II.- INADMISSIBILITY DUE TO LACK OF GROUNDS. In accordance with Article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in the brief filing the unconstitutionality action, the grounds must be set forth clearly and precisely, with a concrete citation of the rules or principles considered infringed. This requirement does not translate into a mere formality, but into an essential admissibility requirement, since by virtue of the pro sententia principle—developed on other occasions by this Chamber—according to which admissibility requirements must be interpreted in a sense favorable to the action, furthermore, Constitutional Law is of preferential public order and to guarantee its supremacy and validity there is a public interest by virtue of which obstacles to the admission and resolution on the merits of an action must be interpreted and applied restrictively. Thus, all procedural rules must be interpreted and applied in such a way that the pronouncement of judgment is obtained; the foregoing not only facilitates the administration of justice but also avoids imposing obstacles to not achieving it (see in the same sense, judgments numbers 93-5175, 3041-97, 01-06, 2874-06, 1622-08, and 2887-08).
Consequently, the lack of grounds for the action prevents the pronouncement of a duly reasoned and congruent judgment with what was sought. Likewise, it is improper for this Chamber to rule on the merits of rules challenged in an action when the plaintiff does not ground the reasons for the challenge, as this would imply engaging in abstract constitutional control as an academic exercise, which is not compatible with the purpose of a process of this nature.” Finally, in vote No. 2020-000319 of 12:15 p.m. on January 8, 2020, this Court reiterated that:
“(…) given the legal formalism established for constitutional control processes, the argumentative burden in the processing of an unconstitutionality action falls on the plaintiff, who must explain, unequivocally, the existing contradiction between an infra-constitutional norm and the block of constitutionality, as well as the standing that assists them”.
In the sub judice case, the plaintiff alleges an infraction of Article 105 of the Political Constitution, in relation to the process of discussion and approval of the Dominican Republic - Central America - United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA), for having been submitted to a referendum. He affirms that such an international agreement includes matters that could not be submitted to a referendum, pursuant to what is established in the third paragraph of that constitutional rule. Regarding the issue of standing, he expressly invokes the protection of diffuse interests, as he argues—principally—the protection of the “right of the people to legislate by referendum,” the “legislative authority of the people,” or “legislative sovereignty,” in defense of the entire national community. Action is brought, consequently, in alleged defense of the authority to legislate in accordance with or in conformity with what is established in the Political Constitution, that is, by reason of a generic interest in ensuring constitutional legality. This has not been admitted by this Chamber as a case of diffuse interest. What was established, recently, in vote no. 2023-030482 of 1:22 p.m. on November 22, 2023, in which this Chamber stated—pertinently—the following, is fully applicable:
“(...) This Chamber has been specifying in its jurisprudence the scope and content of diffuse interests and has stated, in this sense, that:
“Diffuse interests, although difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot be in our Law—as this Chamber has already stated—purely collective interests; nor so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that identified or easily identifiable specific persons, or personalized groups, appear before them, whose standing would derive, not from diffuse interests, but from corporate interests or those concerning a community as a whole. It concerns, then, individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive a benefit or a detriment, actual or potential, more or less equal for all, for which it is rightly said that these are equal interests of the groups of people who are in specific situations and, at the same time, of each one of them. That is, diffuse interests partake of a dual nature, as they are at the same time collective—for being common to a generality—and individual, for which they can be claimed in such capacity.” (judgment no. 3705-93 of 3:00 p.m. on July 30, 1993) Likewise, in judgment no. 2007-02958 of 9:23 a.m. on March 2, 2007, this Court added:
“In relation to diffuse interests, which is the standing alleged by the plaintiff, this Court has said that it concerns that personal interest related to a right or legal situation of a special and particular nature, which may be shared by other persons, with all interested parties forming a specific group or category. Thus, the violation of that right may affect everyone in general and/or each one in particular, hence any member of that group may file the action to protect the right deemed injured. The interest, in these cases, is spread, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of subjects. Judgment number 03705-93, of 3:00 p.m. on July 30, 1993, illustrates what has been understood as diffuse interests; as also does judgment 360-99 of 3:51 p.m. on January 20, 1999:
"It has been stated that it is a special type of interest, whose manifestation is less concrete and individualizable than that of the collective interest just defined in the preceding whereas clause, but which cannot become so broad and generic that it is confused with the interest recognized to all members of society to ensure constitutional legality, since the latter—as has been repeatedly stated—is excluded from the current constitutional review system. It is, then, an interest distributed in each one of the administered, mediate if you will, and diluted, but no less verifiable for that, for the defense, in this Chamber, of certain constitutional rights of singular relevance for the adequate and harmonious development of society. It is the special characteristics of these rights by themselves, and not the particular situation before them of the subjects who may hold them, that are the key to the distinction and determination of the presence of the so-called diffuse interests, as has been stated in different resolutions such as 03705-93 of three o’clock in the afternoon on July 30th for the right to the environment, number 05753-93 of two forty-five in the afternoon on November 9th of that same year for the defense of historical heritage, and number 00980-91 of one thirty in the afternoon on May 24th, nineteen ninety-one for electoral matters." In this sense, although that interest cannot be so broad and generic that it is confused with the right to ensure constitutional legality (which would imply the tacit establishment of a popular action not contemplated by the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction), neither can it be so concrete that it permits individual claim, since in such a case, standing would derive from the latter.
Examples of such interests are the right to a healthy and harmonious environment, the defense of historical heritage, electoral matters, the defense of the right to health, and the oversight of public funds. This enumeration does not go beyond a simple description proper to its obligation—as a jurisdictional body—to limit itself to hearing the cases submitted to it, without it being possible in any way to come to understand that only those rights that the Chamber has expressly recognized as diffuse interests can be considered as such. The foregoing would imply an undesirable turn in the scope of the Rule of Law, and its correlative "State of rights," which—as in the case of the Costa Rican model—starts from the premise that what must be express are the limits to freedoms, since these underlie the human condition itself and therefore do not require official recognition." In the specific case, the plaintiffs allege that this action is formulated to "safeguard the independence of the Legislative Branch from the Executive and prevent functions proper to the Legislative Assembly according to the Political Constitution from being usurped via executive decree" and that "the petitioners constitute a plurality of subjects who share the same goals among themselves, given that we defend coinciding interests such as the independence of the Legislative Assembly and the exclusivity of the exercise of legislative authority in the hands of the parliamentary body...", which makes it possible to verify that, at heart, it is sought to bring action in protection of a presumed generic interest in ensuring constitutional legality.
Therefore, what was stated in the partially transcribed precedents must be reiterated, in the sense that a diffuse interest “cannot be so broad and generic that it is confused with the right to ensure constitutional legality” (see Judgment No. 2007-02958, cited above; as well as vote no. 2020-020839 of 9:20 a.m. on October 28, 2000).
Indeed, to admit the plaintiffs’ possibility of bringing an unconstitutionality action under the conditions they intend would imply—ultimately—recognizing the existence of a popular action, which, as the Constitutional Chamber has indicated in its reiterated jurisprudence (see Judgment No. 2016-000787 of 9:05 a.m. on January 20, 2016), does not conform to the framework of procedural powers that this Constitutional Court has to that effect, in its functions as the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution.” Considerations fully applicable to the case under study.
It must be reiterated that admitting the present action, in the terms in which it has been filed, would imply recognizing the existence of a popular action (acción popular), which is impermissible in our constitutional justice system…” Note that the petitioner again attempts to justify his standing also on the existence of diffuse interests (intereses difusos), in safeguarding the power of the people to legislate, by stating the following: “…Therefore, the power to legislate is a diffuse interest, since it affects the community of citizens as a whole and not particular individuals. Although the people and citizens share similarities, such as both being sources of sovereign power in a democracy, it is essential to understand their differences for the analysis presented in this action… Protecting this power as a diffuse interest ensures that legislative decisions are made inclusively and equitably, respecting the principles of social justice and democracy established in the Political Constitution of Costa Rica…
As a diffuse interest, the citizen's legislative power is manifested in the collective influence they have over decisions and policies that affect society in general. Each citizen, by exercising their right and fulfilling their duty to participate in legislation through suffrage (sufragio), contributes to shaping the legal and regulatory framework that governs community life. This collective participation in the creation of laws and policies is crucial to ensure they reflect the values, needs, and aspirations of society as a whole.” Thus, and as this Court does not consider that it should vary the expressed criterion, it is appropriate to reiterate it and reject the standing invoked by the petitioner in that sense.
Consequently, in the terms presented, the action is inadmissible, due to the lack of direct standing invoked by the petitioner, and therefore its summary dismissal (rechazo de plano) is appropriate.
IV.DIFFERING REASONS OF MAGISTRATE CRUZ CASTRO.- I agree with the majority vote that deemed the summary dismissal of this action appropriate; however, I consider that the dismissal is proper not because of a lack of standing regarding the claim of diffuse interests, but because of the lack of substantiation of the action. An issue of such significance as a free trade agreement of such magnitude and with such broad scope is clearly a matter where the defense of diffuse interests can be claimed. That said, the dismissal is proper because the motives or reasons for which said norm is deemed to infringe upon duly identified and individualized components of the Law of the Constitution (Derecho de la Constitución) are not sufficiently developed (see judgment No. 2022-5564, supra referenced, as well as votes No. 2022-027273 of 9:45 a.m. on November 16, 2022, and No. 2022-028630 of 9:29 a.m. on November 30, 2022). Furthermore, I consider it necessary to highlight that in the vote that resolved the consultation on constitutionality regarding the FTA in question here, I dissented (salvar el voto), considering that such an international instrument was, in certain aspects, contrary to our Law of the Constitution.
We separate ourselves from the majority criterion of this Court and dissent in this matter, as we consider that the decision to summarily dismiss this action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) is premature. It is unquestionable that the action of unconstitutionality is a process, "established with the purpose of guaranteeing the supremacy of the Political Constitution against norms or other provisions of a general nature and for that same reason a set of formalities must be fulfilled, so that the Chamber can validly hear the merits of the challenge" as stated in the extensive jurisprudence (jurisprudencia) of this Chamber. However, it is precisely the law itself that orders the treatment to be given to the different formalities and their eventual non-compliance, as extracted from the text of Article 80 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional) which states: "Article 80.- If the formalities referred to in the two previous articles are not fulfilled, the President of the Chamber shall indicate by resolution (resolución) which requirements have been omitted and shall order compliance with them within three days (…)" In this matter, among other requirements, adequate and sufficient substantiation is lacking, as required by Article 78 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction, therefore the prescribed warning (prevención) to the petitioner to remedy the detected omission is unquestionably applicable.
Likewise, it is not at all superfluous to state that –in our opinion– the interpretation of Articles 78 and 79 as well as that of Article 80 of the Law governing this jurisdiction must be broad for the benefit of those who come before this Chamber, so that access to constitutional justice is not unnecessarily limited. (…)”
Now, in the case under study, the petitioner once again comes before this Constitutional Chamber in order to challenge the following provisions:
“a) Executive Decree No. 33717-MP (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 33717-MP), of April 17, 2007, which proposed the call for a referendum to approve or disapprove the “Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement” (legislative file No. 16.047), published in Supplement No. 2 to La Gaceta; b) the agreement of the Plenary of the Legislative Assembly in ordinary session No. 183 of April 23, 2007, which approved said call; c) the agreement No. 6323-06-07 of the Directorate of the Legislative Assembly communicating that approval; d) official letter DPAL-684-2007, of April 25, 2007, by which the President of the Legislative Assembly notified the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones); e) the agreement of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in ordinary session No. 39-2007, which instructed the preparation of the call decree; f) official letter TSE-1987-2007, of May 3, 2007, from the Secretary of the TSE to the President of the Legislative Assembly; g) Decree No. 13-2007 (Decreto No. 13-2007), of July 12, 2007, by which the TSE officially communicated the call for a referendum; h) the referendum held on October 7, 2007; i) TSE resolution No. 2944-E-2007, of October 22, 2007; and j) Law No. 8622 (Ley No. 8622), of November 21, 2007, on the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States of America” (page 1 of the initial brief).
In summary, the petitioner claims that the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States of America includes provisions on tariffs (tax matters), subsidies (budgetary matters), regulation of financial services (credit and monetary matters), the opening of the insurance monopoly (pension and social security matters), and public procurement rules (administrative acts); which are expressly prohibited to the referendum by the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Political Constitution. For this reason, they seek a declaration from this Court of the unconstitutionality of the administrative acts (actos administrativos) that led to the call for and approval of the referendum, as well as the unconstitutionality of the free trade agreement in question.
To substantiate their standing, the petitioner again argues around the non-existence of an individual and direct harm, as well as the alleged presence of a diffuse interest, specifically, the right to suffrage. In the petitioner's words:
“The basis for the admissibility of this Action of Unconstitutionality lies in the nature of the challenged actions, understood as subjective public acts which, in this case, led to the call for and approval of a referendum in contravention of the provisions of Article 105 of the Constitution.
Those acts, by generating direct and specific effects on the creation, modification, or suppression of legal situations, harmed a diffuse interest: a legal asset shared by the entire community which, however, finds its concretization in the individual exercise of suffrage through the referendum. Although such actions are not integrated within the scope of general and abstract legal norms, their individual and normative character demands that their conformity with the constitutional text be subjected to a rigorous assessment” (page 4 of the initial brief).
“Therefore, this action of unconstitutionality is admissible, as it satisfies the requirements of subsections a), b), and e) of Article 73 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction. It challenges both a law and also administrative acts of public authorities that, through their action, contravene constitutional norms and principles and produce concrete and specific effects. These acts, whose validity is subject to the rule of the Constitution, are fully subject to review before the Constitutional Jurisdiction” (page 13 of the initial brief).
“This action of unconstitutionality is based on the defense of a diffuse interest of the community —standing recognized by our law—, given that the referendum, as a form of direct democracy, incorporates in its essence the fundamental right to suffrage. The citizen vote is not an accessory element, but the very core of this institution” (page 14 of the initial brief).
“Likewise, the Chamber has recognized that electoral matters often constitute diffuse interests, whose affectation transcends the individual sphere and compromises a shared public good. Hence, any impairment to the referendum harms a collective interest and empowers any citizen, pursuant to Article 75 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction and the doctrine of diffuse standing (See SC 2008-1001), to promote this action of unconstitutionality” (page 15 of the initial brief).
“So, first, in this matter we find ourselves in the first scenario of direct action, as there is no individual and direct harm in traditional terms. The filed action of unconstitutionality is directed against a series of norms and governmental acts that led to the approval by referendum of the Free Trade Agreement between Central America, the Dominican Republic, and the United States (CAFTA-DR). The challenge is based on the violation of constitutional provisions relating to suffrage, specifically Article 105 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica. It is argued that the approval process of CAFTA-DR by referendum exceeded constitutional limits and threatens the legal and democratic framework of the country. The challenged acts do not generate individualized harm but directly affect the normative fabric and the constitutional rights of the entire political community. These are provisions that transcend the personal sphere and harm collective legal assets —the constitutional order itself, the separation of powers, and democratic guarantees—, whose protection demands a reinforced defense mechanism.
The action of unconstitutionality, pursuant to Articles 73 and 75 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction, is conceived precisely to attack those “diffuse harms” when a norm or an administrative act compromises interests belonging to the community as a whole. Requiring the plaintiff to prove a particularized grievance for each challenged decree or provision would be equivalent to subjecting the citizen to a formalism that would frustrate the very purpose of constitutional protection, as it would imply disregarding that certain assets, by their nature, are not divided into individual damages. Therefore, active standing is not exhausted by demonstrating a personal harm but extends to anyone claiming the defense of suprapersonal assets. Requiring a “base matter” for each object of challenge, or questioning the breadth of the diffuse interest, would mean distorting the concept of the action of unconstitutionality and emptying its function of guaranteeing the supremacy of the Constitution of its content.
And why is this so? Because through the questioned norms and acts, the citizenry was called to a referendum to decide on a Free Trade Agreement that, both as a whole and in each of its chapters, includes matters that, according to the provisions of Article 105, are expressly excluded from being the object of a referendum. That is, the referred agreement includes issues of a budgetary, tax, fiscal, monetary, credit, pension, security nature, as well as the approval of loans and the conclusion of contracts or acts of an administrative nature. By including these matters, which must be regulated through the procedures proper to the legal system and not by direct decisions such as the referendum, the constitutional mandate is violated, altering the balance of competences and the separation of functions among the branches of State power. Such an improper call therefore represents a regression in respect for the established legal and democratic structure, by transferring to the referendum mechanism decisions that, due to their special significance and nature, are intended to be the object of deliberation and approval through the corresponding parliamentary and administrative processes.” (page 33 of the initial brief).
Despite his allegations, once again, in the process at hand, the petitioner did not substantiate how each subjective act or decree challenged here is not capable of producing an individual and direct harm, such that it lacks the possibility of having a base matter (asunto base); instead, he challenges them in a general manner, without it being incumbent upon this Court to carry out such an exercise regarding each object of challenge.
Furthermore, although the petitioner indicates which provisions of the challenged free trade agreement he considers unconstitutional, for including matters excluded from the referendum pursuant to the third paragraph of Article 105 of the Constitution, and makes a broad argumentative effort in that sense (page 71 et seq. of the initial brief), the truth is that he fails to prove his direct standing to challenge such norms. The petitioner relies on the alleged existence of a diffuse interest in suffrage -via referendum-. Indeed, this Chamber has previously considered that in electoral matters there exists an interest that can be classified as diffuse (for example, vote No. 980-91 of 1:30 p.m. on May 24, 1991, vote No. 7384-97 of 3:51 p.m. on November 4, 1997, and vote No. 2008-001001 of 2:54 p.m. on January 23, 2008, among others); however, it is clear that the norms of the international agreement he challenges do not constitute electoral matters nor do they concern the regulation of the free exercise of suffrage, but rather a series of provisions of the free trade agreement.
Hence, despite the petitioner's insistence, he fails to demonstrate the concurrence of a diffuse interest in this case, and it is therefore concluded that he lacks standing to file this direct action and, not having a pending matter to be resolved before any administrative authority or jurisdiction (jurisdicción) to serve as a basis, it is appropriate to summarily dismiss this action.
Based on the foregoing, in the criterion of this Chamber, the petitioner lacks standing to file this action.
I separate myself from the majority criterion of this Court and dissent in this matter, because I consider the summary dismissal of the sub lite case premature. Certainly, the action of unconstitutionality is a process "established with the purpose of guaranteeing the supremacy of the Political Constitution against norms or other provisions of a general nature and for that same reason a set of formalities must be fulfilled, so that the Chamber can validly hear the merits of the challenge" as has been repeatedly stated in the extensive jurisprudence of this Chamber. However, precisely, the very law governing this jurisdiction establishes the treatment to be given to the different formalities and their eventual non-compliance. In this sense, Article 80 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction expressly stipulates:
“Article 80.- If the formalities referred to in the two previous articles are not fulfilled, the President of the Chamber shall indicate by resolution which requirements have been omitted and shall order compliance with them within three days (…)” In the sub examine case, among other requirements, precisely the absence of an adequate and sufficient substantiation is noted, as required by Article 78 eiusdem, therefore the warning to the petitioner aimed at remedying the detected omission is inexorable. In addition, I emphasize that, based on the pro homine principle, the literal wording of articles 78, 79, and 80 of the cited law makes a hermeneutics of such nature plausible for the benefit of those who come before this Chamber, so that access to constitutional justice is not unnecessarily limited.
The parties are warned that if any document on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies has been provided, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Regulation on the Electronic File before the Judicial Branch" (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court (Corte Plena) in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin (Boletín Judicial) number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch (Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial), in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
This action is summarily dismissed. Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and orders the warning of Article 80 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction to be made.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
*MSRUDZGWJ9E61*
Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas cincuenta y cinco minutos del veinticinco de junio de dos mil veinticinco .
Acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por Nombre01, mayor de edad, casado, portador de la cédula de identidad n.° CED01, asesor en gestoría aduanera y logística portuaria y vecino de la ciudad de Limón, contra a) el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 33717-MP, de 17 de abril de 2007, que propuso la convocatoria a referéndum para aprobar o improbar el “Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana, Centroamérica-Estados Unidos” (expediente legislativo No. 16.047), publicado en el Alcance No. 2 a La Gaceta; b) el acuerdo del Plenario de la Asamblea Legislativa en sesión ordinaria No. 183 del 23 de abril de 2007, que aprobó dicha convocatoria; c) el acuerdo No. 6323-06-07 del Directorio de la Asamblea Legislativa comunicando esa aprobación; d) el oficio DPAL-684-2007, de 25 de abril de 2007, mediante el cual el Presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa notificó al Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones; e) el acuerdo del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones en sesión ordinaria No. 39-2007, que instruyó preparar el decreto de convocatoria; f) el oficio TSE-1987-2007, de 3 de mayo de 2007, del Secretario del TSE al Presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa; g) el Decreto No. 13-2007, de 12 de julio de 2007, por el cual el TSE comunicó oficialmente la convocatoria a referéndum; h) el referéndum celebrado el 7 de octubre de 2007; i) la resolución TSE No. 2944-E-2007, de 22 de octubre de 2007; y j) la Ley No. 8622, de 21 de noviembre de 2007, sobre el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos de América.
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
Esta Sala ha señalado, de forma reiterada, que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que necesariamente deben cumplirse para que este Tribunal pueda pronunciarse válidamente sobre el fondo del asunto. En el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se establecen los presupuestos de admisibilidad para las acciones de inconstitucionalidad y se regulan situaciones distintas. En el párrafo primero se exige la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, sea en sede judicial –incluyendo los recursos de hábeas corpus o de amparo- o en la administrativa –en el procedimiento de agotamiento de esta vía-, en el que se invoque la inconstitucionalidad de la norma cuestionada, como medio razonable de amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado en el asunto principal. En los párrafos segundo y tercero se regula la acción directa –no se requiere del asunto base-, en los siguientes supuestos: a) cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista lesión individual y directa; b) se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto; y c) cuando la acción sea promovida por el procurador General de la República, el contralor General de la República, el fiscal General de la República y el defensor de los Habitantes.
Existen otras formalidades que deben ser cumplidas, a saber, el escrito de interposición debe estar autenticado y contener una determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de los componentes del bloque de constitucionalidad que se consideren infringidos (artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Debe, además, acreditarse las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), procederse al pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica (artículo 4 de la Ley número 3245 del 3 de diciembre de 1963) y aportarse certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas en el asunto base (artículo 79 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
II.En el sub iudice, observa este Tribunal que el accionante omitió aportar el comprobante de pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica por la suma de 275 colones, correspondiente a la autenticación del escrito inicial. Si bien esta omisión puede ser subsanada mediante prevención de la Presidencia de esta Sala (artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), en este caso no será prevenido, por economía procesal, dada la improcedencia de la acción, según se indica a continuación.
Esta acción de inconstitucionalidad es similar a la interpuesta por el mismo accionante dentro del expediente n.° 24-034004-0007-CO, la cual fue rechazada de plano por sentencia n.° 2025-001925, con base en el siguiente orden de consideraciones:
“(…) III.- Sobre la falta de legitimación del accionante. Una vez analizado el escrito de interposición de este proceso, se determina que, claramente el accionante justifica en dos motivos lo que estima le concede la legitimación directa para acudir a interponer este proceso. Según aduce el accionante “en este asunto nos encontramos en el primer supuesto de acción directa, al no existir una lesión individual y directa en los términos tradicionales” y; “en el segundo supuesto de acción directa, la defensa de intereses difusos”. Para justificar el primer supuesto, refiere el gestionante que la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta está dirigida contra una serie de normas y actos gubernamentales que aprobaron el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos (CAFTA-RD) mediante referéndum, un proceso que, en su criterio, excedió los límites constitucionales y amenaza el marco legal y democrático del país.
Refiere que “los actos cuestionados no afectan de manera individual y directa a una persona específica, sino que tienen un impacto general sobre el ordenamiento jurídico y los derechos constitucionales de la ciudadanía en su conjunto. Se trata de un asunto que involucra intereses colectivos o que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto, así como al correcto funcionamiento del sistema democrático y constitucional”. Sin embargo, al justificar la admisibilidad de los actos subjetivos que impugna, reconoce, en forma general, que estos pueden tener efectos concretos en algunas personas, es decir, concediendo la posibilidad de contar con un asunto base, contradiciendo su fundamento de admisibilidad. Esto indicó literalmente el accionante: “La base para la admisibilidad de esta Acción de Inconstitucionalidad radica en la naturaleza de las actuaciones impugnadas como actos subjetivos públicos. Estos actos, al tener efectos concretos o específicos, inciden directamente en la creación, modificación o supresión de situaciones jurídicas que afectan tanto a individuos particulares como a un número específico de personas.
Aunque estos actos no se enmarquen en normas jurídicas generales y abstractas, su carácter individual y normativo los convierte en normas individuales cuya conformidad con la Constitución es de vital importancia”. De otro lado, el accionante no fundamentó cómo es que cada acto subjetivo o decreto que aquí impugna, no es objeto de producir una lesión individual y directa, de modo que carezca de la posibilidad de contar con un asunto base, sino que, tal y como se demostró, lo hace de forma general, sin que corresponda a este Tribunal realizar tal ejercicio respecto de cada objeto de impugnación. Asimismo, el accionante engarza este argumento nuevamente con la invocatoria de la existencia de intereses difusos, al señalar lo siguiente: “Por lo tanto, en el presente caso, debido a la naturaleza del asunto, no existe una lesión individual y directa, se trata de la defensa de intereses difusos que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto.
Se está impugnando un conjunto de actos que afectan al orden constitucional y a la colectividad en su totalidad, más que a un individuo en particular”. Nuevamente, su argumentación no solo es genérica en relación con el objeto de impugnación a los efectos de sustentar la legtimación, sino que, además, este Tribunal, en sentencia nro. 2024-28792, de las 9:20 horas del 2 de octubre de 2024, le rechazó de plano a este accionante otra acción contra el mismo objeto de impugnación, indicándole que no se está frente a intereses difusos en los términos planteados. Al respecto se le indicó lo siguiente:
“II.- DE LA NECESARIA FUNDAMENTACIÓN DEL ESCRITO EN EL QUE SE FORMULE LA ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD. La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 3, dispone que “Se tendrá por infringida la Constitución Política cuando ello resulte de la confrontación del texto de la norma o acto cuestionado, de sus efectos, o de su interpretación o aplicación por las autoridades públicas, con las normas y principios constitucionales”. Ahora bien, para que este Tribunal tenga por configurada la infracción y pueda declarar la inconstitucionalidad de la norma o acto impugnado, con la consecuente anulación y expulsión del ordenamiento jurídico, quien promueva una acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene la carga de demostrar cómo esa disposición infringe el Derecho de la Constitución y, además, debe indicar por qué debe estimarse la demanda. Esto es denominado por esta Sala como la carga de la argumentación, es decir, que “una norma que facialmente (sic) sea contraria a la Constitución, vuelca la carga de la argumentación a quienes sostengan que en realidad no hay conflicto entre esa norma y la Constitución Política; lo contrario sucede si se acciona contra una norma que en primer examen no parece contraria a la Constitución, en cuya hipótesis es el accionante el que debe avanzar con los argumentos que convenzan acerca de la inconstitucionalidad” (véase la sentencia nro. 0184-95 de las 16:30 horas del 10 de enero de 1995). En una sentencia posterior, esta Sala expuso, en cuanto a la falta de exposición de los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad en materia de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, lo siguiente:
“La acción de inconstitucionalidad se interpone con el argumento de que el Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado es nocivo, lesiona e infringe los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, el derecho a la salud y a los compromisos internacionales suscritos con el Protocolo de Kyoto. Pese a la oportunidad otorgada a los accionantes, se confirma lo que indica la Procuraduría General de la República, de que no existe un análisis concreto de las disposiciones del Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado que se consideran inconstitucionales, sino que el mismo se limita a establecer discrepancias de forma genérica y en abstracto contra la totalidad del Reglamento, más aún contra toda actividad que desempeñan los ingenios Azucareros y Haciendas, pues sostienen que causan inconvenientes en la calidad de vida y en la salud de los habitantes circunvecinos, sin concretar qué argumentos de constitucionalidad se deben tomar en cuenta en contra de cada una de las disposiciones o grupos del normas del Reglamento impugnado. […] El párrafo primero del artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece la obligación de autenticar los escritos de interposición de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, toda vez que se estima necesario que existan argumentos esgrimidos por un profesional en Derecho, que no descarta este Tribunal responda a un serio estudio del fondo técnico y científico de una determinada materia, dada la diversidad y universalidad de las normas del ordenamiento jurídico.
A diferencia de los procesos de garantías, es decir, los recursos de hábeas corpus y de amparo, que los puede interponer directamente cualquier interesado ante la jurisdicción constitucional en defensa de sus derechos fundamentales, generalmente contra actos u omisiones que le lesionan en su esfera particular (aunque no siempre como en los casos ambientales), en los procesos de defensa de la Constitución Política (como la acción de inconstitucionalidad), el legislador confió al abogado autenticante una labor cuya exigencia es aún mayor, si se quiere más elaborada y exhaustiva que debe plasmar en el libelo de interposición en razón de su oficio profesional, para demostrar al Tribunal la lesión a la norma constitucional por parte de una norma de menor rango, socavando el principio de supremacía constitucional contenida en el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política. Precisamente la elaboración material y formal de la Ley, así como de las demás disposiciones secundarias, suponen un proceso sumamente costoso para el Estado, en la que de muchas maneras para su elaboración ha participado la sociedad civil organizada a favor o en contra, y cuyos procedimientos de formación, aprobación y promulgación no debe analizarse a la ligera.
En este sentido, debe reconocer esta Sala que existe un reducido espacio para este Tribunal para socorrer las ausencias manifiestas de los profesionales en derecho que autentican los escritos en esta jurisdicción constitucional, sin exponer la imparcialidad y análisis que se debe a cada una de las acciones de inconstitucionalidad.” (sentencia nro. 2012-05285 de 15:03 horas de 25 de abril de 2012).
El citado artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige, en tal sentido, que en el escrito en que se interponga la acción se expongan “sus fundamentos en forma clara y precisa”. En sentencia nro. 2013-016944 de las 14:30 horas del 18 de diciembre de 2013, esta Sala hizo expresa referencia a la exigencia de debida fundamentación del escrito de interposición –como requisito esencial de admisibilidad de la acción, a tenor de lo dispuesto el mencionado ordinal- en los siguientes términos:
“II.- INADMISIBILIDAD POR FALTA DE FUNDAMENTACIÓN. De conformidad con el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el escrito en que se interponga la acción de inconstitucionalidad, se deberán exponer los fundamentos en forma clara y precisa, con cita concreta de las normas o principios que se consideren infringidos. Dicho requisito no se traduce en una mera formalidad, sino en un requisito esencial de admisibilidad, pues en virtud del principio pro sentencia –desarrollado en otras ocasiones por esta Sala- según el cual, los requisitos de admisibilidad deben interpretarse en sentido favorable a la acción, además, el Derecho Constitucional es de orden público preferente y en garantía de su supremacía y vigencia hay un interés público en virtud del cual los obstáculos para la admisión y resolución de fondo de una acción, deben interpretarse y aplicarse restrictivamente. Así las cosas, todas las normas procesales deben ser interpretadas y aplicadas de manera tal que se obtenga el dictado de la sentencia, lo anterior, no solo facilita la administración de la justicia, sino que además, evita que se impongan obstáculos para no alcanzarla (ver en igual sentido, las sentencias números 93-5175, 3041-97, 01-06, 2874-06, 1622-08 y 2887-08).
En consecuencia, la falta de fundamentación de la acción, impide el dictado de una sentencia debidamente motivada y congruente con lo pretendido. Asimismo, resulta improcedente que esta Sala se pronuncie por el fondo de normas cuestionadas en una acción, cuando el que acciona no fundamenta las razones por las cuales impugna, toda vez, que ello implicaría efectuar un control constitucional en abstracto a manera de ejercicio académico, lo que no es compatible con la finalidad de un proceso de esta naturaleza.” Finalmente, en el voto No. 2020-000319 de las 12:15 horas del 8 de enero de 2020, este Tribunal reiteró que:
“(…) dado el formalismo dispuesto legalmente para los procesos de control de constitucionalidad. la carga argumentativa en el trámite de una acción de inconstitucionalidad recae en el accionante, quien debe explicar, sin ambages, la contradicción existente entre una normativa infraconstitucional y el bloque de constitucionalidad, así como la legitimación que le asiste”.
En el sub judice, el accionante alega una infracción al artículo 105 de la Constitución Política, en relación con el proceso de discusión y aprobación del Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana - Centroamérica - Estados Unidos (TLC), por haber sido sometido a referéndum. Afirma que tal convenio internacional incluye materias que no podían ser sometidas a referéndum, conforme a lo dispuesto en el párrafo tercero de tal norma constitucional. En cuanto al tema de la legitimación, invoca expresamente la protección intereses difusos, pues aduce -principalmente- la protección del “derecho del pueblo a legislar mediante referéndum”, de la “potestad legislativa del pueblo” o “la soberanía legislativa”, en defensa de toda la comunidad nacional. Se acciona, en consecuencia, en presunta defensa de la potestad de legislar en concordancia o de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Constitución Política, sea, en razón de un interés genérico en velar por la legalidad constitucional. Lo que no ha sido admitido por esta Sala como un supuesto de interés difuso. Resulta de plena aplicación lo dispuesto, recientemente, en el voto nro. 2023-030482 de las 13:22 horas del 22 de noviembre de 2023, en que esta Sala señaló -en lo conducente- lo siguiente:
“(...) Esta Sala ha venido precisando en su jurisprudencia el alcance y contenido de los intereses difusos y ha señalado, en tal sentido, que:
“Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra Ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala- los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificadas o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos o que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata, entonces, de intereses individuales, pero, a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un beneficio o un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos de personas que se encuentran en determinadas situaciones y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas. Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter.” (sentencia nro. 3705-93 de las 15 hrs. del 30 de julio de 1993) Asimismo, en sentencia nro. 2007-02958 de las 9:23 hrs. del 02 de marzo de 2007, este Tribunal agregó:
“En relación con los intereses difusos, que es la legitimación aducida por el accionante, este Tribunal ha dicho se que se trata de aquel interés personal relacionado con un derecho o situación jurídica de naturaleza especial y particular, que puede ser compartido por otras personas, formando todos los interesados un grupo o categoría determinada. Así, la vulneración de ese derecho puede afectar a todos en general y/o a cada uno en particular, de ahí que cualquier miembro de esa agrupación puede interponer la acción para proteger el derecho que se estima lesionado. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. La sentencia número 03705-93, de las 15:00 horas del 30 de julio de 1993, ilustra lo que se ha entendido como intereses difusos; así como también la sentencia 360-99 de las 15:51 horas del 20 de enero de 1999:
"Se ha señalado que se trata un tipo especial de interés, cuya manifestación es menos concreta e individualizable que la del colectivo recién definido en el considerando anterior, pero que no puede llegar a ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el reconocido a todos los miembros de la sociedad de velar por la legalidad constitucional, ya que éste último -como se ha dicho reiteradamente- está excluido del actual sistema de revisión constitucional. Se trata pues de un interés distribuido en cada uno de los administrados, mediato si se quiere, y diluido, pero no por ello menos constatable, para la defensa, en esta Sala, de ciertos derechos constitucionales de una singular relevancia para el adecuado y armónico desarrollo de la sociedad. Son las especiales características de éstos derechos por sí mismas y no la particular situación frente a ellos de los sujetos que puedan ostentarlos, la clave para la distinción y determinación de la presencia de los llamados intereses difusos tal y como se manifestado en distintas resoluciones como la 03705-93 de las quince horas del treinta de julio para el derecho al ambiente, la número 05753-93 de las catorce horas cuarenta y cinco del nueve de noviembre de ese mismo año para la defensa del patrimonio histórico y la número 00980-91 de las trece y treinta del veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno para la materia electoral." En este sentido, si bien ese interés no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de éste.
Ejemplos de tales intereses son el derecho a un ambiente sano y armonioso, la defensa del patrimonio histórico, la materia electoral, la defensa del derecho a la salud y la fiscalización de los fondos públicos. Esta enunciación no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación -como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales. Lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que -como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.” En la especie, los accionantes alegan que esta acción se formula para "tutelar la independencia del Poder Legislativo respecto del Ejecutivo y evitar que se usurpen vía decreto ejecutivo funciones propias de la Asamblea Legislativa según la Constitución Política" y que "los recurrentes constituimos una pluralidad de sujetos que compartimos los mismos fines entre sí, dado que defendemos intereses coincidentes como es la independencia de la Asamblea Legislativa y la exclusividad del ejercicio de la potestad legislativa en manos del órgano parlamentario...", lo que permite verificar que, en el fondo, se pretende accionar en resguardo de un presunto interés genérico en velar por la legalidad constitucional.
Por lo que debe reiterarse lo señalado en los precedentes parcialmente transcritos, en el sentido que el interés difuso “no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional” (ver sentencia No. 2007-02958, supra citada; así como el voto nro. 2020-020839 de las 9:20 horas del 28 de octubre de 2000).
En efecto, de admitirse la posibilidad de los accionantes de plantear una acción de inconstitucionalidad en las condiciones pretendidas por estos, supondría –en definitiva- reconocer la existencia de una acción popular, la cual, como lo ha indicado la Sala Constitucional en su reiterada jurisprudencia (ver sentencia No. 2016-000787 de las 9:05 hrs. del 20 de enero de 2016), no se adecua al marco de las competencias procesales que al efecto tiene este Tribunal Constitucional, en sus funciones de intérprete último y guardián de la Constitución.” Consideraciones plenamente aplicables al caso en estudio. Debe reiterarse que admitir la presente acción, en los términos en que ha sido planteada, supondría reconocer la existencia de una acción popular, lo que resulta improcedente en nuestro sistema de justicia constitucional…” Adviértase que el accionante nuevamente intenta justificar su legitimación también en la existencia de intereses difusos, en resguardo de la potestad del pueblo a legislar, al señalar lo siguiente: “…Por ello, la potestad de legislar es un interés difuso, ya que afecta a la colectividad de ciudadanos en su conjunto y no a individuos particulares.
Si bien el pueblo y los ciudadanos comparten similitudes, como ser ambas fuentes de poder soberano en una democracia, es fundamental entender sus diferencias para el análisis que se presenta en esta acción… La protección de esta potestad como un interés difuso asegura que las decisiones legislativas se tomen de manera inclusiva y equitativa, respetando los principios de justicia social y democracia establecidos en la Constitución Política de Costa Rica… Como interés difuso, la potestad legislativa del ciudadano se manifiesta en la influencia colectiva que tiene sobre las decisiones y políticas que afectan a la sociedad en general. Cada ciudadano, al ejercer su derecho y cumplir con su deber de participar en la legislación mediante el sufragio, contribuye a la conformación del marco legal y normativo que rige la vida comunitaria. Esta participación colectiva en la creación de leyes y políticas es crucial para asegurar que reflejen los valores, necesidades y aspiraciones de la sociedad en su conjunto.”. Así las cosas, y al no considerar este Tribunal que deba variar el criterio vertido, lo procedente es reiterar el mismo y rechazar la legitimación invocada por el accionante en ese sentido.
Por consiguiente, en los términos planteados la acción resulta inadmisible, ante la falta de legitimación directa invocada por la parte accionante, por lo que procede su rechazo de plano.
IV.RAZONES DIFERENTES DEL MAGISTRADO CRUZ CASTRO.- Coincido con el voto de mayoría que estimó el rechazo de plano de esta acción, sin embargo, considero que el rechazo procede, no por la falta de legitimación en cuanto al alegato de intereses difusos, sino por la falta de fundamentación de la acción. Un tema de tanta trascendencia como lo ha sido un tratado de libre comercio de tal magnitud y con grandes alcances, claramente es una cuestión donde se puede alegar la defensa de intereses difusos. Ahora bien, el rechazo procede entonces porque no se desarrolla de forma suficiente los motivos o razones por las cuales se estima que tal norma infringe componentes del Derecho de la Constitución debidamente identificados e individualizados (véase la sentencia nro. 2022-5564, supra referida, así como los votos nro. 2022-027273 de las 9:45 horas del 16 de noviembre de 2022 y nro. 2022-028630 de las 9:29 horas del 30 de noviembre de 2022). Por lo demás, considerado necesario resaltar que en el voto que resolvió la consulta de constitucionalidad sobre el TLC aquí en cuestión, procedí a salvar el voto, considerando que tal instrumento internacional resultaba en ciertos aspectos, contrario a nuestro Derecho de la Constitución.
Nos separamos del criterio de la mayoría de este Tribunal y salvamos el voto en este asunto, por considerar que la decisión de rechazar de plano esta acción de inconstitucionalidad es prematura. Es incuestionable que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso, “instaurado con el propósito de garantizar la supremacía de la Constitución Política frente a normas u otras disposiciones de carácter general y que por esa misma razón deben cumplirse un conjunto de formalidades, a efecto de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación” como se ha señalado en la amplia jurisprudencia de esta Sala. Sin embargo, es precisamente la propia ley la que ordena el tratamiento que debe darse a las distintas formalidades y a su eventual incumplimiento, como se extrae del texto del artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional que señala: “Artículo 80.- Si no se llenaren las formalidades a que se refieren los dos artículos anteriores, el Presidente de la Sala señalará por resolución, cuáles son los requisitos omitidos y ordenará cumplirlos dentro de tercero día (…)” En este asunto, entre otros requisitos, se echa de menos una fundamentación adecuada y suficiente tal y como lo exige el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, por lo que resulta de incuestionable aplicación la prevención al accionante para que remedie la omisión detectada.
De igual forma, no sobra en absoluto dejar sentado que –en nuestro criterio– tanto la interpretación de los artículos 78 y 79 como la del propio 80 de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción, debe ser amplia en beneficio de quienes acuden a esta Sala, de modo que el acceso a la justicia constitucional no resulte innecesariamente limitado. (…)”
Ahora bien, en el caso bajo estudio, nuevamente, el accionante acude ante esta Sala Constitucional a fin de impugnar las siguientes disposiciones:
“a) el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 33717-MP, de 17 de abril de 2007, que propuso la convocatoria a referéndum para aprobar o improbar el “Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana, Centroamérica-Estados Unidos” (expediente legislativo No. 16.047), publicado en el Alcance No. 2 a La Gaceta; b) el acuerdo del Plenario de la Asamblea Legislativa en sesión ordinaria No. 183 del 23 de abril de 2007, que aprobó dicha convocatoria; c) el acuerdo No. 6323-06-07 del Directorio de la Asamblea Legislativa comunicando esa aprobación; d) el oficio DPAL-684-2007, de 25 de abril de 2007, mediante el cual el Presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa notificó al Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones; e) el acuerdo del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones en sesión ordinaria No. 39- 2007, que instruyó preparar el decreto de convocatoria; f) el oficio TSE-1987-2007, de 3 de mayo de 2007, del Secretario del TSE al Presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa; g) el Decreto No. 13-2007, de 12 de julio de 2007, por el cual el TSE comunicó oficialmente la convocatoria a referéndum; h) el referéndum celebrado el 7 de octubre de 2007; i) la resolución TSE No. 2944-E-2007, de 22 de octubre de 2007; y i) la Ley No. 8622, de 21 de noviembre de 2007, sobre el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos de América” (página 1 del escrito inicial).
En síntesis, el accionante reclama que el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos de América incluye disposiciones sobre aranceles (materia tributaria), subsidios (materia presupuestaria), regulación de servicios financieros (materia crediticia y monetaria), apertura del monopolio de seguros (materia de pensiones y seguridad social) y reglas de contratación pública (actos administrativos); las cuales están expresamente vedadas al referéndum por el párrafo tercero del artículo 105 de la Constitución Política. Por ese motivo, pretende que este Tribunal declare la inconstitucionalidad de los actos administrativos que dieron lugar a la convocatoria y aprobación del referéndum, así como la inconstitucionalidad del tratado de libre comercio en cuestión.
A efectos de fundamentar su legitimación, el accionante nuevamente argumenta alrededor de la inexistencia de una lesión individual y directa, así como la supuesta presencia de un interés difuso, en concreto, el derecho al sufragio. En palabras del accionante:
“La base para la admisibilidad de esta Acción de Inconstitucionalidad radica en la naturaleza de las actuaciones impugnadas, entendidas como actos subjetivos públicos que, en el presente caso, dieron lugar a la convocatoria y a la aprobación de un referendo en contravención de lo dispuesto en el artículo 105 constitucional.
Esos actos, al generar efectos directos y específicos en la creación, modificación o supresión de situaciones jurídicas, lesionaron un interés difuso: un bien jurídico compartido por toda la colectividad que, sin embargo, encuentra su concreción en el ejercicio individual del sufragio mediante el referéndum. Aunque dichas actuaciones no se integren en el ámbito de normas jurídicas generales y abstractas, su carácter individual y normativo exige que su conformidad con el texto constitucional sea sometida a una valoración rigurosa” (página 4 del escrito inicial).
“Por tanto, la presente acción de inconstitucionalidad es admisible, pues satisface los requisitos de los incisos a), b) y e) del artículo 73 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Se impugna tanto una ley como también actos administrativos de autoridades públicas que, mediante su actuación, contravienen normas y principios constitucionales y producen efectos concretos y específicos. Estos actos, cuya validez está supeditada al imperio de la Constitución, son plenamente susceptibles de control ante la Jurisdicción Constitucional” (página 13 del escrito inicial).
“La presente acción de inconstitucionalidad se funda en la defensa de un interés difuso de la colectividad —legitimación reconocida por nuestra ley—, dado que el referéndum, como forma de democracia directa, incorpora en su esencia el derecho fundamental al sufragio. El voto ciudadano no es un elemento accesorio, sino el núcleo mismo de este instituto” (página 14 del escrito inicial).
“Asimismo, la Sala ha reconocido que los asuntos de naturaleza electoral suelen constituir intereses difusos, cuya afectación trasciende el ámbito individual y compromete un bien público compartido. De ahí que cualquier menoscabo al referéndum lesione un interés colectivo y habilite a cualquier ciudadano, conforme al artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y la doctrina de legitimación difusa (Véase SC 2008-1001), para promover esta acción de inconstitucionalidad” (página 15 del escrito inicial).
“Así que, primeramente, en el presente asunto nos encontramos en el primer supuesto de acción directa, al no existir una lesión individual y directa en los términos tradicionales. La acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta está dirigida contra una serie de normas y actos gubernamentales que llevaron a la aprobación mediante referéndum del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Centroamérica, República Dominicana y los Estados Unidos (CAFTA-RD). La impugnación se fundamenta en la violación de disposiciones constitucionales relativas al sufragio, específicamente el artículo 105 de la Constitución Política de Costa Rica. Se argumenta que el proceso de aprobación del CAFTA-RD mediante referéndum excedió los límites constitucionales y amenaza el marco legal y democrático del país. Los actos impugnados no generan un perjuicio individualizado, sino que inciden directamente en el entramado normativo y en los derechos constitucionales de toda la comunidad política.
Se trata de disposiciones que trascienden la esfera personal y lesionan bienes jurídicos colectivos —el propio ordenamiento constitucional, la separación de poderes y las garantías democráticas—, cuya protección exige un mecanismo de defensa reforzada. La acción de inconstitucionalidad, conforme a los artículos 73 y 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, está concebida precisamente para atacar esas “lesiones difusas” cuando una norma o un acto administrativo compromete intereses que pertenecen a la colectividad en conjunto. Exigir al actor la prueba de un agravio particularizado ante cada decreto o disposición impugnada equivaldría a someter al ciudadano a un formalismo que frustraría el propósito mismo de la tutela constitucional, pues implicaría desconocer que ciertos bienes, por su naturaleza, no se parten en daños individuales. Por ello, la legitimación activa no se agota en la demostración de un perjuicio personal, sino que se extiende a quien reclama la defensa de bienes suprapersonales.
Requerir un “asunto de base” para cada objeto de impugnación, o cuestionar la amplitud del interés difuso, significaría desvirtuar la figura de la acción de inconstitucionalidad y vaciar de contenido su función de garantizar la supremacía de la Constitución. ¿Y esto, por qué? Porque a través de las normas y actos cuestionados se ha convocado a la ciudadanía a un referéndum para decidir sobre un Tratado de Libre Comercio que, tanto en su conjunto como en cada uno de sus capítulos, comprende materias que, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el artículo 105, están expresamente excluidas de ser objeto de referéndum. Es decir, el referido tratado incluye cuestiones de índole presupuestaria, tributaria, fiscal, monetaria, crediticia, de pensiones, de seguridad, así como la aprobación de empréstitos y la celebración de contratos o actos de naturaleza administrativa. Al incluir estas materias, que deben ser reguladas mediante los procedimientos propios del ordenamiento jurídico y no por decisiones directas como lo es el referéndum, se vulnera el mandato constitucional, alterando el equilibrio de competencias y la separación de funciones entre los poderes del Estado.
Tal inadecuada convocatoria supone, por tanto, un retroceso en el respeto a la estructura legal y democrática establecida, al trasladar al mecanismo del referéndum decisiones que, por su especial trascendencia y naturaleza, están destinadas a ser objeto de deliberación y aprobación a través de los procesos parlamentarios y administrativos correspondientes”. (página 33 del escrito inicial).
Pese a sus alegaciones, nuevamente, en el proceso que nos ocupa, el accionante no fundamentó cómo es que cada acto subjetivo o decreto que aquí impugna, no es objeto de producir una lesión individual y directa, de modo que carezca de la posibilidad de contar con un asunto base, sino que, los impugna de manera general, sin que corresponda a este Tribunal realizar tal ejercicio respecto de cada objeto de impugnación.
De otra parte, si bien el accionante indica qué disposiciones del tratado de libre comercio impugnado considera inconstitucionales, por incluir materias excluidas del referéndum conforme al artículo 105, párrafo tercero, constitucional, y realiza un amplio esfuerzo argumentativo en ese sentido (páginas 71 y siguientes del escrito inicial), lo cierto es que no logra acreditar su legitimación directa para impugnar tales normas. La parte actora se sustenta en la supuesta existencia de un interés difuso al sufragio -vía referéndum-. Efectivamente, esta Sala ha considerado con anterioridad que en materia electoral existe un interés que puede calificarse de difuso (por ejemplo, voto n.° 980-91 de las 13:30 horas del 24 de mayo de 1991 , voto n.° 7384-97 de las 15:51 horas del 4 de noviembre de 1997 y voto n.° 2008-001001 de las 14:54 horas del 23 de enero de 2008, entre otros); no obstante, es claro que las normas del acuerdo internacional que impugna no constituyen materia electoral ni se trata de la regulación del libre ejercicio del sufragio, sino una serie de disposiciones del tratado de libre comercio.
De ahí que, pese a la insistencia del accionante, este no logra demostrar la concurrente de un interés difuso en este caso, por lo que se concluye que no está legitimado para plantear esta acción directa y, al no tener un asunto pendiente de resolver ante autoridad administrativa o jurisdicción alguna que le sirva base, procede rechazar de plano esta acción.
A partir de lo anterior, en criterio de esta Sala, el accionante carece de legitimación para interponer esta acción.
Me separo del criterio de la mayoría de este Tribunal y salvo el voto en este asunto, porque considero prematuro el rechazo de plano del sub lite. Ciertamente, la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso “instaurado con el propósito de garantizar la supremacía de la Constitución Política frente a normas u otras disposiciones de carácter general y que por esa misma razón deben cumplirse un conjunto de formalidades, a efecto de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación” como de manera reiterada se ha señalado en amplia jurisprudencia de esta Sala. Sin embargo, precisamente, la propia ley que rige esta jurisdicción establece el tratamiento que debe darse a las distintas formalidades y su eventual incumplimiento. En tal sentido, de forma expresa estatuye el numeral 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional:
“Artículo 80.- Si no se llenaren las formalidades a que se refieren los dos artículos anteriores, el Presidente de la Sala señalará por resolución, cuáles son los requisitos omitidos y ordenará cumplirlos dentro de tercero día (…)” En el sub examine, entre otros requisitos, justamente se echa de menos una fundamentación adecuada y suficiente, tal como exige el ordinal 78 eiusdem, por lo que resulta inexorable la prevención al accionante con miras a que remedie la omisión detectada. En adición, subrayo que, con base en el principio pro homine, la literalidad de los cánones 78, 79 y 80 de la ley de cita vuelve plausible una hermenéutica de tal índole en beneficio de quienes acuden a esta Sala, de modo que el acceso a la justicia constitucional no resulte limitado de modo innecesario.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se rechaza de plano esta acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y ordena hacer la prevención del artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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