← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 18787-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 20/06/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered the Ministry of Public Education to correct Miramar High School’s physical-sanitary deficiencies and build the infrastructure needed to serve its students adequately within one year.La Sala ordenó al MEP corregir en un año las deficiencias físico-sanitarias del Liceo de Miramar y construir la infraestructura necesaria para atender adecuadamente a su población estudiantil.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber granted an amparo filed on behalf of two students at Miramar High School, one of whom has a cognitive disability, because of the school’s serious and long-standing infrastructure and physical-sanitary deficiencies. Enrollment exceeded the school’s capacity by more than 40%, forcing it to improvise classrooms and educational-support spaces. Deficiencies also persisted in the gymnasium, restrooms, drinking fountains, electrical and gas systems, accessibility features, lighting, perimeter fencing, and sanitary operating permit. The Chamber connected the right to education with the rights to health and a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, holding that the Ministry of Public Education had neglected its duty to provide and manage appropriate facilities. It ordered the authorities to correct the physical-sanitary deficiencies and build the infrastructure required by the protected student population within one year. The State was also ordered to pay costs and compensation for damages, to be assessed during enforcement proceedings before the administrative-law jurisdiction.La Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar el amparo interpuesto en favor de dos estudiantes del Liceo de Miramar, una de ellas con discapacidad cognitiva, debido a las graves y prolongadas deficiencias de infraestructura y condiciones físico-sanitarias del centro educativo. La capacidad del colegio era insuficiente para una matrícula que la superaba en más de un 40 %, lo que obligaba a improvisar aulas y espacios de apoyo educativo. También persistían incumplimientos relativos al gimnasio, servicios sanitarios, bebederos, instalaciones eléctricas y de gas, accesibilidad, iluminación, cerramiento perimetral y permiso sanitario de funcionamiento. La Sala vinculó el derecho a la educación con los derechos a la salud y a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, y determinó que el Ministerio de Educación Pública había desatendido su obligación de gestionar instalaciones apropiadas. Ordenó corregir las deficiencias físico-sanitarias y construir la infraestructura necesaria dentro de un año, además de condenar al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Regarding the school’s facilities, it was established that, despite repeated requests by the administration and Administrative Board of Miramar High School, as well as the Puntarenas Regional Education Directorate, for intervention in the school facilities and construction of the infrastructure required to adequately serve the enrolled student population, the challenged physical-sanitary problems remain inadequately addressed. The improvement plans prepared by the administration have not been fully implemented. As may be inferred from Technical Report MS-DRRSPC-DARSMO-IT-00099-2025 of June 5, 2025, not only is there insufficient infrastructure, but appropriate conditions for serving the current student population—which exceeds the High School’s capacity by slightly more than 40%—are also lacking. Classrooms have had to be improvised, and the facilities fail to meet suitable spatial and architectural conditions concerning the number and functionality of restrooms, sinks, and drinking fountains, as well as signage, emergency bells in restrooms, lighting, unobstructed access to the library, and architectural barriers. Moreover, there are no current certificates for the electrical and LP gas systems. The school also lacks an operating permit, and the perimeter fence is in very poor condition. As for the gymnasium, the sanitary orders issued to the respondent ministry remain unfulfilled. Furthermore, although the status of the property on which Miramar High School is located had not been regularized when this amparo was filed—because the cadastral plan had not been prepared and all requirements needed to process possessory title proceedings for the property had not been met—the respondent ministry has not ensured compliance with the requirements for registering and transferring the property. In sum, the Ministry of Education’s Directorate of Educational Infrastructure and Equipment has neglected its obligation to manage and provide the school with appropriate facilities. The amparo must therefore be granted, with the consequences stated in the operative part of this decision.En lo que concierne a las instalaciones del centro educativo, se verificó que, pese a las reiteradas solicitudes que han formulado la Dirección y la Junta Administrativa del Liceo de Miramar, así como la Dirección Regional de Educación de Puntarenas, a efectos de que se realizara una intervención de las instalaciones de ese centro educativo y se construya la infraestructura que se requiere para atender adecuadamente a la población estudiantil matriculada, los problemas físico- sanitarios reprochados continúan sin atenderse apropiadamente, pues los planes de mejora que ha formulado la administración a esos efectos no se han cumplido completamente, pues, según se colige del informe técnico MS-DRRSPC-DARSMO-IT-00099-2025 de 5 junio de 2025, no solo existe la infraestructura, sino las condiciones apropiadas para atender a la población educativa actual -que sobrepasa en poco más de 40 % la capacidad locativa del Liceo-, puesto que, no solo se han tenido que improvisar aulas para atender a los educandos, sino que las instalaciones no satisfacen condiciones espaciales arquitectónicas idóneas, tales como cantidad y funcionabilidad de servicios sanitarios, lavamanos y bebederos, así como señalización, timbres de emergencia en los servicios sanitarios, luminarias, accesos libres en el caso de la biblioteca y barreras arquitectónicas. Además, se carece de certificados vigentes en lo que respecta a las instalaciones eléctricas y de gas lp. Tampoco se cuenta con permiso de funcionamiento y la malla perimetral se encuentra en muy mal estado. En lo que concierne al gimnasio, continúan sin cumplirse las órdenes sanitarias giradas al ministerio recurrido. De otra parte, si bien es cierto al momento en el que se incoó este amparo continuaba sin regularizarse la situación del inmueble en el que se ubica el Liceo de Miramar, puesto que continuaba sin elaborarse el plano catastrado y sin cumplirse todos los requisitos que se requieren tramitar la información posesoria del fundo en cuestión, el ministerio recurrido no ha velado por que se cumplan los requisitos que se requieren para la inscripción registral y traspaso del fundo. En suma, la Dirección de Infraestructura y Equipamiento Educativo del Ministerio de Educación, ha desatendido su obligación de gestionar y dotar al centro educativo de instalaciones apropiadas, por lo que corresponde estimar el amparo, con las consecuencias señaladas en la parte dispositiva de esta resolución.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La calidad ambiental es un parámetro fundamental de la calidad de vida; al igual que la salud, alimentación, trabajo, vivienda, educación, entre otros."
"Environmental quality is a fundamental measure of quality of life, just like health, food, work, housing, education, and other matters."
Considerando III
"La calidad ambiental es un parámetro fundamental de la calidad de vida; al igual que la salud, alimentación, trabajo, vivienda, educación, entre otros."
Considerando III
"Por lo tanto, lo menos que puede hacer el Estado es que al brindar la prestación de este servicio público no lesione otros derechos fundamentales, como sería el derecho a la salud y a un ambiente sano, tanto de los estudiantes como del personal docente y administrativo de la institución educativa."
"Therefore, the least the State must do when providing this public service is to avoid infringing other fundamental rights, such as the rights to health and a healthy environment of students and the school’s teaching and administrative staff."
Considerando III
"Por lo tanto, lo menos que puede hacer el Estado es que al brindar la prestación de este servicio público no lesione otros derechos fundamentales, como sería el derecho a la salud y a un ambiente sano, tanto de los estudiantes como del personal docente y administrativo de la institución educativa."
Considerando III
"Se declara con lugar el recurso."
"The amparo is granted."
Por tanto
"Se declara con lugar el recurso."
Por tanto
"Se ordena a José Leonardo Sánchez Hernández y a Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, en su condición de ministro de Educación Pública y de directora de Infraestructura Educativa del Ministerio de Educación Pública, respectivamente, o a quienes ejerzan esos cargos, que dispongan y coordinen lo necesario a efecto que, en el plazo de UN AÑO, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se corrijan las deficiencias físico- sanitarias existentes en el Liceo de Miramar y, se contemple y construya la infraestructura física necesaria para facilitar la preparación académica necesaria de la población estudiantil amparada."
"José Leonardo Sánchez Hernández and Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, in their respective capacities as Minister of Public Education and Director of Educational Infrastructure of the Ministry of Public Education, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered to arrange and coordinate all necessary measures so that, within ONE YEAR from notice of this judgment, the physical-sanitary deficiencies at Miramar High School are corrected and the physical infrastructure needed to facilitate the protected student population’s academic education is planned and built."
Por tanto
"Se ordena a José Leonardo Sánchez Hernández y a Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, en su condición de ministro de Educación Pública y de directora de Infraestructura Educativa del Ministerio de Educación Pública, respectivamente, o a quienes ejerzan esos cargos, que dispongan y coordinen lo necesario a efecto que, en el plazo de UN AÑO, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se corrijan las deficiencias físico- sanitarias existentes en el Liceo de Miramar y, se contemple y construya la infraestructura física necesaria para facilitar la preparación académica necesaria de la población estudiantil amparada."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine twenty a.m. on veinte de junio de dos mil veinticinco.
Amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) filed by Nombre03, identity card CED01, on behalf of Nombre05 , against the MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA.
RESULTS:
8283—for the construction of Plan Nacional workshops and classrooms for students with curricular accommodations, as well as stating that it had not been possible to expend the funds because they lacked approval from the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment to initiate the procedures. As with the other official letters, no response was received. This account demonstrates the needs of Liceo de Miramar; nevertheless, they continue to be disregarded. Upon approval of the corrective action plan, compliance with the following is requested within the period indicated above: immediately address the electrical system; have an electrical system that complies with the country’s current regulations, as required by the Health Governing Area; obtain electrical certification from an engineer; repair the steel components damaged by corrosion, subject to approval; prevent rainwater from entering the bleachers; and repair and eliminate the leaks flowing through the restrooms and changing rooms.
A visit to Liceo de Miramar is coordinated by email between the Ministry of Health and the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment. By official letter MSDRSP-DARSMO-PSF-0148-2023, the Ministry of Health grants a provisional sanitary operating permit on 29 de agosto de 2023 for 7 months and therefore requests that it be renewed on 29 de marzo de 2024; it is signed by the director of the Área Rectora de Salud de Montes de Oro. By a note to the President of the Republic dated 20 de septiembre de 2023, the Administrative Board, the principal of Liceo de Miramar, and a group of representatives from the canton of Montes de Oro requested his support in complying with the provisions of the sanitary orders issued by the Ministry of Health, as well as in regularizing the land parcels, since they are not registered in the name of the Ministry of Public Education, which prevents resources from being obtained from the Municipalidad de Montes de Oro or other entities to remedy the deficiencies identified in the sanitary orders issued.
The foregoing formed part of the attempts to expedite the procedures and finalize the details of the transfer of the land parcels; moreover, only the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment is responsible for initiating the procedures, because the department’s official surveying expert must conduct the inspection, which has not taken place. When a date had been scheduled for this professional to visit the site, it was canceled at the last minute; consequently, the procedures have not even been able to begin, and the visit was never rescheduled. They fully agree to carry out the transfers of the land parcels once those steps have been completed, so that the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment and other entities may invest in infrastructure. On 16 de octubre de 2023, an email was sent to architect Melisa Barrantes Vega of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment requesting that the procedures be initiated to register the land parcels on which the gymnasium, administrative offices, classroom buildings, cafeteria, and green areas are located, because those parcels are not registered in the name of MEP and their regularization is of vital importance.
Likewise, on 8 de noviembre de 2023, the requested documentation was submitted. She was informed that, using the survey plan, a group interested in the matter had previously submitted a request to the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment, and that a report on the property’s current status had been prepared for its review; accordingly, the report was attached and a response regarding the appropriate action was requested. Nevertheless, as on other occasions, administrative silence on the part of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment prevailed. By official letter DRMP-SC04 LM 310-2023 dated 23 de noviembre de 2023, the corrective action plan was forwarded to the Regulatory Unit of the Área Rectora de Salud de Montes de Oro. By official letter DREP-CS-04 LM-315-2023 dated 12 de diciembre de 2023, the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment was informed of the actions taken; however, no written report has been received.
On several occasions, personnel from the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment visited the gymnasium and the building; however, no report was produced regarding the actions to be taken concerning the infrastructure and the transfer of the land parcels into MEP’s name. This once again demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the agreements reached, the discussions held, and the actions to be ordered regarding infrastructure, which falls within its authority. Once again, they remain silent, and the institution continues waiting without obtaining the desired results from the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment for the benefit of the educational community. This official letter is consistent with the matters stated on 16 de octubre de 2023. On 22 de enero de 2024, Yesenia Villalobos Calderón of the Health Regulatory Unit of the Área Rectora de Salud de Montes de Oro sent an email to the Physical Education teacher indicating that both documents in the submitted plan lacked signatures.
This once again demonstrates that they are pursuing the corresponding actions to finalize the details requested by the Ministry of Health regarding infrastructure. On 16 de febrero de 2024, an email was sent to the Ministerial Office referring to official letter LM 043-2023, which describes the precarious conditions under which Liceo de Miramar operates. That same day, the Ministerial Office forwarded the email to the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment. The foregoing demonstrates her interest, as administrator of the educational institution, in following up on the actions pursued for 10 years. Despite the foregoing, the problems remain unresolved, once again demonstrating what appears to be the ineffectiveness of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment. On 18 marzo de 2024, the action plan concerning sanitary order number 0038 was sent to the Área Rectora de Salud de Montes de Oro.
This once again evidences the Administration’s actions regarding infrastructure and the measures to be taken on health matters, as well as its timely compliance with the sanitary orders. On 23 de febrero de 2024, the Programming and Monitoring Department of the Infrastructure Directorate requested the FI form in PDF format, the cadastral survey plan for the land associated with the requested infrastructure, a literal certification of the property from the National Registry, certification of the Board’s legal representation clearly indicating the expected expiration date, and certification of funds issued by the accountant. According to the information provided, because a previous project exists, there is an active matter assigned to the Construction Development Department, regarding which engineer Percy Wallace states that compliance with the sanitary order is being prioritized. As for the project relating to Ley 8283, that project is assigned to engineer Percy Wallace of the Construction Development Department of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment.
The F1 form had already been completed on other occasions; nevertheless, it was completed again in good faith to fulfill the request and avoid hindering any administrative procedure. This is consistent with my interest, as principal, in efficiently and effectively carrying out any request concerning this matter and in not being negligent, as some might suggest, thereby demonstrating that I am not responsible for the bureaucracy and negligence that appear to lie with the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment. On 19 de marzo de 2024, by official letter DREP S04 LM 020-2024, the action plan was sent to the Área Rectora de Salud de Montes de Oro, even though responsibility for preparing it lies with the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment. As of 19 de marzo de 2025, that office had still not issued a decision regarding the plan, despite the numerous emails sent and meetings held.
The shortage of workshops, deterioration of the perimeter fencing, and electrical problems are matters outside her responsibility. On 3 de mayo de 2024, a meeting was held with engineer Percy Wallace of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment; Yesenia Castro Herrera and Donald Brenes Ramírez of the Sports Committee; and Brenda Aymerich Pérez and Yanella Fallas, both from the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment, concerning matters related to the sanitary orders and transfers of the land parcels. It was agreed that engineer Pérez Wallace would prepare a remedial plan concerning the sanitary order with the Ministry of Health; coordinate a site visit with surveyor Carlos Cerdas regarding the transfers of the land parcels; and address the pending Ley 8283 projects previously handled by architect Sergio Sandi, so as to reassign or consolidate all the projects with the sanitary orders.
On 17 de mayo de 2024, engineer Percy Wallace of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment sent the plan for addressing sanitary order ARSMO- S00114-2023 to Nombre04 of the Ministry of Health, who states that it was forwarded to his supervisors and other officials of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment. There is clear neglect of the institution’s needs, since to date they continue waiting for the agreed actions to be carried out. By official letter DREP SC04 LM 093-2023 dated 27 de mayo de 2024, a document was sent to engineer Percy Wallace of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment revisiting the agreements concerning the remedial plan and the meeting held on 2 de mayo. He was also informed of a serious electrical problem at the institution and advised that temporary work had been performed. Assistance was requested so that this issue would be addressed in the construction and preparation of the building plans agreed upon at the meeting.
On 31 de mayo de 2024, engineer Percy Wallace of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment clarified that, because a professional needed to be retained to address the sanitary order concerning the gymnasium and the additional work proposed with architect Sergio Sandi, a single outside professional would be retained to cover both projects. The principal of Liceo de Miramar informed him that those procedures had already been initiated with Nombre02 based on a proposal made by an organized group from the canton and the Board concerning the transfer of the land parcels. Nevertheless, based on the discussion held through TEAMS, it is clear that the rules established by the office will be followed; however, no indication has been given as to whether the Board or the administration must submit any documents. It is the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment that is preventing effective and timely follow-up to address the problems raised.
The educational institution continues waiting for instructions on how to proceed, initially with the transfers of the land parcels, so that their legal status may be regularized and DIEE may consequently invest in infrastructure. All the foregoing amounts to inaction, lack of interest, and unwillingness on the part of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment to provide the relevant information. As principal, she has done what was necessary and acted in a timely and proper manner. On 21 de junio de 2024, engineer Percy Wallace and José Antonio Villalobos of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment appeared at Liceo de Miramar to inquire about the process for transferring the land parcels of Liceo de Miramar. This occurred despite the fact that it had been reported that the visit had not taken place, thus demonstrating the significant lack of coordination among DIEE officials.
Therefore, in the official’s presence, an email was sent to Brenda Aimerich Pérez of the Directorate of Infrastructure and Equipment, who had also attended the May meeting, to inform her of what had occurred; as on other occasions, nothing happened, and silence continues to prevail.
It continues to await action by the Infrastructure and Equipment Directorate within the scope of its responsibilities to address the reported physical and sanitary problems. Finally, the latest communication from the Infrastructure and Equipment Directorate, dated June 28, 2024, indicates that the surveyor’s visit to conduct the survey of the properties for the purpose of their transfer to the Ministerio de Educación Pública has been suspended; thus, as of today, we have been informed who will conduct the visit, and this is the current status of the procedure undertaken by the Directorate and the Junta Administrativa, both of the Liceo de Miramar, in response to all requests and needs concerning the building. The decision to undertake work on the facilities falls outside their authority.
“… The Gimnasio del Liceo de Miramar has physical and sanitary deficiencies; proceed to comply…
Submit an improvement plan that includes a schedule of activities, with start and completion dates, responsible parties, and actions to be taken, within a period not exceeding 6 months for completion of the work…
Immediately repair the electrical system, particularly the system used by the areas located behind the bleachers…
Have an electrical system that complies with the country’s current regulations and submit to this Área Rectora de Salud an electrical certification issued by an engineer…
Restrict use of the last three rows along the bleachers, adding one more row in the final section, and maintain this restriction until the structural repairs have been completed…
Replace the wooden elements damaged by moisture, use, and/or termites…
Repair the steel elements damaged by corrosion…
Prevent rainwater from entering the bleachers…
Repair and eliminate the leaks running through the restrooms and changing rooms…
Maintain the order and cleanliness of all Gimnasio facilities at all times, including the restrooms, changing rooms, corridors, and surrounding areas…
Remove solid waste from the areas surrounding the gymnasium and dispose of it in a sanitary manner…
Bring the classroom located beneath the bleachers into compliance with the minimum required conditions of comfort and safety for both teachers and students…”.
That sanitary order has been complied with since 4 de julio de 2023. Likewise, on 29 de agosto de 2023, Sanitary Orders No. ARS-MO-OS-00112-2023 (to the director regional de Educación de Puntarenas), No. ARS-MO-OS-00113-2023 (to the then minister of Educación), N°ARS-MO-OS-00114-2023 (to the director of the Liceo de Miramar), and N°ARS-MO-OS-00115-2023 (to the president of the Junta de Educación) were issued. All were served on 08 de setiembre de 2023 and provided a compliance period of 7 calendar months, which expired on 29 de marzo de 2024. The following was ordered:
“… In consideration of the Corrective Action Plan submitted in response to Sanitary Order N°ARS-MO-OS-00038-2022, the corrective action plan is hereby approved with the dates indicated, and compliance within the period specified above is required…
Immediately repair the electrical system, particularly the system used by the areas located behind the bleachers…
Have an electrical system that complies with the country’s current regulations and submit to this Área Rectora de Salud an electrical certification issued by a CAPDEE engineer…
Restrict use of the last three rows along the bleachers, adding one more row in the final section, and maintain this restriction until the structural repairs have been completed…
Repair the steel elements damaged by corrosion, subject to approval and subsequent inspection by this Ministerio de Salud…
Prevent rainwater from entering the bleachers, subject to approval and subsequent inspection by this Ministerio de Salud…
Repair and eliminate the leaks running through the restrooms and changing rooms, subject to approval and subsequent inspection by this Ministerio de Salud…”.
Technical Inspection Report (Informe Técnico de Inspección) No. MS-DRRSPC-DARSMO-IT-00080-2025 of 19 de mayo de 2025, signed by the Equipo de Regulación de la Salud, recorded the following:
“… CONCLUSION.
Sanitary Order N° ARS-MO-OS-0038-2022 has been complied with through the submission of the requested improvement plan.
Regarding the improvement plan requested in Sanitary Order ARS-MO-OS-0038-2022, of the 10 items to be remedied, 4 have been fulfilled, 5 have been partially fulfilled, and one remains Unfulfilled, which resulted in Sanitary Order ARS-MO-OS-00114-2023.
Regarding Sanitary Order N°ARS-MO-OS-000114-2023 [sic], of the 5 requested items, one has been fulfilled, 3 have been partially fulfilled, and one remains unfulfilled; accordingly, the order remains unfulfilled…
There is no evidence of compliance with the remedial plan submitted by the MEP, and the established deadlines for implementing Stages 1 and 2 have already expired.
The compliance period for Order ARS-MO-OS-00114-2023, on which the Sanitary Operating Permit (Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento) was conditioned, expired on 29 de marzo del 2024, as did the provisional permit granted to the Centro Educativo; therefore, it currently lacks the corresponding permit, and the order remains unfulfilled…”.
Justice Hess Herrera writes the opinion; and,
CONSIDERING:
The petitioner (recurrente) states that his two daughters are regular students at Liceo de Miramar and that, for years, this educational institution has lacked appropriate physical and sanitary conditions, since there is not only a shortage of classrooms and workshops, which forces the minor students to attend classes in makeshift shelters, under trees, in corridors, and in hallways, but also outstanding sanitary orders (órdenes sanitarias) that have not been complied with. As a result, his daughters must attend Physical Education classes in an unsafe location that lacks the minimum conditions necessary for operation, given that the perimeter fences are in very poor condition and the security measures necessary to guarantee the children’s safety and protect institutional property are not in place. In view of all the foregoing, they consider the asserted fundamental rights to have been violated.
The following facts relevant to the adjudication of this amparo proceeding (amparo) are deemed proven:
It is evident that Liceo de Miramar has 3 laboratories, duly equipped with computers and furniture; however, two of them have damaged air-conditioning systems. It is evident that Liceo de Miramar has a suitable library for students. It is evident that Liceo de Miramar provides accessibility, in compliance with Ley 7600, to most corridors, classrooms, laboratories, the library, administrative offices, the gymnasium, and restrooms, but fails to comply with requirements concerning signage, emergency call buttons in the restrooms, unobstructed access to the library, and the change in floor level at the end of Pavilion 3. It is evident that Liceo de Miramar keeps its surroundings free of overgrowth and sources of contamination, with only one accumulation of organic waste found near the Plan Nacional Pavilion. It is evident that Liceo de Miramar has waste bins in all its corridors. It is evident that several drinking fountains do not properly discharge their domestic wastewater (aguas ordinarias) into a system approved by the Ministry of Health.
It was verified that the electrical wiring in the classrooms and pavilions is enclosed in conduit. Missing or damaged light fixtures were observed in some corridors. The administrative offices appear overcrowded and lack a dedicated records-storage area. Conditions in the gymnasium remain noncompliant with the sanitary orders (ordenamientos sanitarios) issued by this Ministry of Health (sic) …” (available in the Event History of the Electronic Case File (Historial de Acontecimientos del Expediente Electrónico)).
In judgment No. 2023006254, issued at 9:15 a.m. on 17 de marzo de 2023, this Court addressed the matter under discussion, holding, insofar as relevant:
“… The right to health recognized in Articles 21 of the Political Constitution, 1 and 11 of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and 10 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Rights is closely linked to the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment, enshrined in Article 50 of the Constitution. Environmental quality is a fundamental parameter of quality of life, as are health, food, work, housing, and education, among others. Consequently, the State has an obligation to ensure adequate protection of the environment, for which purpose it must take the necessary measures so that the environment remains free from pollution and so that alterations caused by both human beings and nature, in the immediate or distant surroundings, do not constitute harm to the environment or to the health of the people living there.
This right is especially recognized when it is associated with other fundamental rights, such as the right to education. The latter constitutes a fundamental right, embodied in the public service provided by the State through the country’s various educational institutions. Therefore, the very least the State must do when providing this public service is refrain from violating other fundamental rights, such as the right to health and to a healthy environment, of both students and the teaching and administrative staff of the educational institution …” (see, to this effect, among others, judgments No. 2007-017719, issued at 3:50 p.m. on 5 de diciembre de 2007; No. 2012-014633, issued at 9:05 a.m. on 19 de octubre del 2012; and No. 2018-003873, issued at 9:30 a.m. on 9 de marzo de 2018).
It was established that the protected minors are regular eighth- and tenth-year students at Liceo de Miramar. It was also verified that this educational institution is located on properties of the Partido de Puntarenas identified as No. 46283, which is registered in the name of Junta Administrativa del Liceo Montes de Oro, and PRN01, which is unregistered land with an area of 9179,29 m2. With regard to the educational institution’s facilities, it was verified that, despite the repeated requests made by Dirección and Junta Administrativa del Liceo de Miramar, as well as Dirección Regional de Educación de Puntarenas, for the facilities of that educational institution to be renovated and the infrastructure required to adequately serve the enrolled student population to be built, the criticized physical and sanitary problems have still not been properly addressed. The improvement plans prepared by the administration for those purposes have not been fully implemented because, as may be inferred from technical report MS-DRRSPC-DARSMO-IT-00099-2025 of 5 junio de 2025, not only is the infrastructure lacking, but so too are the appropriate conditions for serving the current student population—which exceeds the Liceo’s capacity by slightly more than 40 %—given that classrooms have had to be improvised to accommodate the students and the facilities fail to meet suitable architectural and spatial standards, including the number and functionality of restrooms, sinks, and drinking fountains, as well as signage, emergency call bells in the restrooms, lighting fixtures, unobstructed access to the library, and the removal of architectural barriers.
Furthermore, there are no current certificates for the electrical and LP gas installations. Nor is there an operating permit, and the perimeter fence is in very poor condition. As regards the gymnasium, the sanitary orders issued to the respondent ministry remain unfulfilled.
Moreover, although it is true that, when this amparo action (recurso de amparo) was filed, the status of the property on which Liceo de Miramar is located had still not been regularized, since the cadastral plan (plano catastrado) had not yet been prepared and not all requirements for processing the possessory information proceeding (información posesoria) for the property in question had been satisfied, the respondent ministry has not ensured compliance with the requirements for registry enrollment and conveyance of the property.
In sum, Dirección de Infraestructura y Equipamiento Educativo del Ministerio de Educación has failed to fulfill its obligation to arrange for and provide the educational institution with appropriate facilities. The amparo action must therefore be granted, with the consequences set forth in the operative portion of this decision.
As a matter of principle, I consider that cases concerning action or inaction by the Public Administration in the repair, construction, alteration, or demolition of any infrastructure project must be dismissed because such an omission raises a matter of legality that must be heard by the ordinary courts, before which the interested person may challenge the matter more fully. However, when such administrative conduct, whether by omission or otherwise, results in a violation of other fundamental rights protected by this constitutional jurisdiction, or affects groups considered vulnerable, I do address the merits because such circumstances constitute an exception to my position on this subject, as occurs in this case, in which the petitioner alleges that the protected parties are regular students at Liceo de Miramar and that, for years, that educational institution has lacked appropriate physical and sanitary conditions.
The parties are hereby advised that, if they submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced through new technologies, these must be collected from the Court within a maximum period of 30 business days from service of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not collected within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by Corte Plena at session number 27-11 of 22 de agosto de 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of 26 de enero de2012, as well as the resolution approved by Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial at session number 43-12 held on 3 de mayo de 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
The action is granted. José Leonardo Sánchez Hernández and Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, in their respective capacities as ministro de Educación Pública and directora de Infraestructura Educativa del Ministerio de Educación Pública, or whoever may hold those offices, are ordered to arrange and coordinate whatever is necessary so that, within ONE YEAR from service of this judgment, the existing physical and sanitary deficiencies at Liceo de Miramar are corrected and the physical infrastructure necessary to facilitate the proper academic preparation of the protected student population is planned and built. The respondents are advised that, pursuant to Article 71 of Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, anyone who receives an order issued in an amparo action that they are required to comply with or enforce, and who fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be punished by imprisonment for three months to two years or by a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State is ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the judgment before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción de lo contencioso administrativo). Justice Salazar Alvarado files a note. Let notice be served.
Fernando Castillo V.
Chief Justice Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección01).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veinte de junio de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo promovido por Nombre03, cédula de identidad CED01, a favor de Nombre05 , contra el MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA.
RESULTANDO:
“… El Gimnasio del Liceo de Miramar, tiene deficiencias físico-sanitarias, proceder a cumplir…
Presentar un plan de mejoras, en donde se incluya un cronograma de actividades, con fechas de inicio y finalización, responsables y acciones a realizar, en un plazo que no sobrepase los 6 meses para el cumplimiento de los trabajos…
Intervenir de forma inmediata el sistema eléctrico, principalmente el que utilizan las áreas ubicadas en la parte de atrás de la gradería…
Contar con un sistema eléctrico que cumpla con la normativa vigente del país, presentando a esta Área Rectora de Salud, una certificación eléctrica por parte de un ingeniero…
Restringir el uso de las últimas tres filas a lo largo de la gradería y en el último sector se agregue una fila más, mantenimiento esta restricción hasta tanto no se realicen las reparaciones a la estructura…
Sustituir los elementos de madera que presentan daños por humidad, uso y / o comején…
Reparar los elementos de acero que presentan daños por corrosión…
Eliminar el ingreso de agua pluvial a las graderías…
Reparar y eliminar las filtraciones que escurren por los servicios sanitarios y vestidores…
Mantener en todo momento, el orden y aseso de todas las instalaciones del Gimnasio, incluyendo los servicios sanitarios, vestidores, pasillos y alrededores…
Eliminar residuos sólidos de los alrededores del gimnasio y disponerlos de manera sanitaria…
Acondicionar el aula que se ubica debajo de la gradería, reuniendo con las condiciones mínimas requeridas de confort y seguridad, tanto para los docentes, como para los estudiantes…”.
Dicha orden sanitaria, se encuentra cumplida desde el 4 de julio de 2023. Asimismo, se emitió el 29 de agosto de 2023, las órdenes Sanitarias No. ARS-MO-OS-00112-2023 (al director regional de Educación de Puntarenas), No. ARS-MO-OS-00113-2023 (a la entonces ministra de Educación), N°ARS-MO-OS-00114-2023 (a la directora del Liceo de Miramar) y N°ARS-MO-OS-00115-2023 (a la presidenta de la Junta de Educación), todas notificadas el día 08 de setiembre de 2023 y con plazo de cumplimiento de 7 meses calendario, el cual venció el 29 de marzo de 2024, se ordenó:
“… En atención al Plan de Acciones Correctivas en respuesta al ordenamiento sanitario N°ARS-MO-OS-00038-2022, se procede a aprobar con las fechas indicadas el plan de acciones correctivas, y se solicita proceder a cumplir en el plazo arriba indicado…
Intervenir de forma inmediata el sistema eléctrico, principalmente el que utilizan las áreas ubicadas en la parte de atrás de la gradería…
Contar con un sistema eléctrico que cumpla con la normativa vigente del país, presentando a esta Área Rectora de Salud, una certificación eléctrica por parte de un ingeniero CAPDEE…
Restringir el uso de las últimas tres filas a lo largo de la gradería y en el último sector se agregue una fila más, mantenimiento esta restricción hasta tanto no se realicen las reparaciones a la estructura…
Reparar los elementos de acero que presentan daños por corrosión, bajo aprobación e inspección posterior de este Ministerio de Salud…
Eliminar el ingreso de agua pluvial a las graderías, bajo aprobación e inspección posterior de este Ministerio de Salud…
Reparar y eliminar las filtraciones que escurren por los servicios sanitarios y vestidores, bajo aprobación e inspección posterior de este Ministerio de Salud…”.
Mediante el Informe Técnico de Inspección No. MS-DRRSPC-DARSMO-IT-00080-2025 de 19 de mayo de 2025, suscrito por el Equipo de Regulación de la Salud, se consignó:
“… CONCLUSIÓN.
La orden sanitaria N° ARS-MO-OS-0038-2022 se encuentra cumplida al presentarse el plan de mejoras que se solicitada.
Con respecto al Plan de mejora solicitado en el ordenamiento sanitario ARS-MO-OS-0038-2022, de los 10 puntos a solventar, 4 están cumplidos, 5 están en estado parcialmente cumplidos y uno Sin Cumplir, de lo cual derivó el ordenamiento sanitario ARS-MO-OS-00114-2023.
Con respecto al ordenamiento sanitario N°ARS-MO-OS-000114-2023 [sic], de los 5 puntos solicitados, se encuentran cumplidos un punto, 3 están parcialmente cumplidos y uno sin cumplir, por lo que el mismo se encuentra en condición incumplida…
No se evidencia cumplimiento del plan remedial presentado por el MEP, de lo cual ya vencieron los plazos establecidos para la ejecución de las Etapas 1 y 2.
El plazo de cumplimiento del ordenamiento ARS-MO-OS-00114-2023 el cual condicionaba el Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento venció el 29 de marzo del 2024, al igual que el permiso provisional otorgado al Centro Educativo, por lo que, de momento, el mismo se encuentra sin el permiso respectivo y el ordenamiento incumplido…”.
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
El recurrente acota que sus dos hijas son estudiantes regulares del Liceo de Miramar y que ese centro educativo, desde hace años carece de condiciones físico- sanitarias apropiadas, pues, no solo existe un faltante de aulas y talleres, que obliga a los menores educandos a recibir clases en ranchos, bajo los árboles, en corredores y en pasillos, sino que existen ordenes sanitarias que no se han atendido, lo que implica que sus hijas tengan que recibir lecciones de Educación Física en un lugar inseguro y sin las condiciones mínimas para funcionar, dado que las cercas perimetrales se encuentran en muy mal estado y no se cuenta con la seguridad necesaria para garantizar la integridad de los menores y la protección de los bienes institucionales. Por todo lo expuesto, estiman vulnerados los derechos fundamentales reclamados.
De relevancia para la decisión del presente amparo se tienen por demostrados los siguientes:
Este Tribunal en la sentencia No. 2023006254 de las 9:15 horas de 17 de marzo de 2023, se refirió al tema en discusión, estimando en lo que interesa:
“… El derecho a la salud reconocido en los artículos 21 de la Constitución Política, 1 y 11 de la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre, 4 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos y 10 del Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en Materia de Derechos, se encuentra íntimamente ligado al derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano y equilibrado, consagrado en el artículo 50 constitucional. La calidad ambiental es un parámetro fundamental de la calidad de vida; al igual que la salud, alimentación, trabajo, vivienda, educación, entre otros. En consecuencia, el Estado tiene la obligación de procurar una protección adecuada al ambiente, para lo cual debe tomar las medidas necesarias a fin de que el medio esté libre de contaminación, y que las alteraciones producidas tanto por el hombre como por la naturaleza, en el entorno próximo o lejano, no constituyan una lesión al ambiente ni a la salud de las personas que en él habitan.
Se reconoce especialmente este derecho cuando está asociado a otros derechos fundamentales, como lo sería el derecho a la educación. Este último se configura como un derecho fundamental, el cual se traduce en el servicio público que brinda el Estado en los distintos centros educativos del país. Por lo tanto, lo menos que puede hacer el Estado es que al brindar la prestación de este servicio público no lesione otros derechos fundamentales, como sería el derecho a la salud y a un ambiente sano, tanto de los estudiantes como del personal docente y administrativo de la institución educativa …” (véanse en este sentido, entre otras, sentencias No. 2007-017719 de las 15:50 horas de 5 de diciembre de 2007, No. 2012-014633 de las 9:05 horas de 19 de octubre del 2012, No. 2018-003873 de las 09:30 horas de 9 de marzo de 2018).
Se acreditó que las personas menores de edad amparadas son estudiantes regulares de octavo y décimo año cursa del Liceo de Miramar. Además, se corroboró que ese centro educativo se ubica en las fincas del Partido de Puntarenas No. 46283, que está inscrita a nombre de la Junta Administrativa del Liceo Montes de Oro y PRN01, que es terreno sin inscribir con un área de 9179,29 m2. En lo que concierne a las instalaciones del centro educativo, se verificó que, pese a las reiteradas solicitudes que han formulado la Dirección y la Junta Administrativa del Liceo de Miramar, así como la Dirección Regional de Educación de Puntarenas, a efectos de que se realizara una intervención de las instalaciones de ese centro educativo y se construya la infraestructura que se requiere para atender adecuadamente a la población estudiantil matriculada, los problemas físico- sanitarios reprochados continúan sin atenderse apropiadamente, pues los planes de mejora que ha formulado la administración a esos efectos no se han cumplido completamente, pues, según se colige del informe técnico MS-DRRSPC-DARSMO-IT-00099-2025 de 5 junio de 2025, no solo existe la infraestructura, sino las condiciones apropiadas para atender a la población educativa actual -que sobrepasa en poco más de 40 % la capacidad locativa del Liceo-, puesto que, no solo se han tenido que improvisar aulas para atender a los educandos, sino que las instalaciones no satisfacen condiciones espaciales arquitectónicas idóneas, tales como cantidad y funcionabilidad de servicios sanitarios, lavamanos y bebederos, así como señalización, timbres de emergencia en los servicios sanitarios, luminarias, accesos libres en el caso de la biblioteca y barreras arquitectónicas.
Además, se carece de certificados vigentes en lo que respecta a las instalaciones eléctricas y de gas lp. Tampoco se cuenta con permiso de funcionamiento y la malla perimetral se encuentra en muy mal estado. En lo que concierne al gimnasio, continúan sin cumplirse las órdenes sanitarias giradas al ministerio recurrido.
De otra parte, si bien es cierto al momento en el que se incoó este amparo continuaba sin regularizarse la situación del inmueble en el que se ubica el Liceo de Miramar, puesto que continuaba sin elaborarse el plano catastrado y sin cumplirse todos los requisitos que se requieren tramitar la información posesoria del fundo en cuestión, el ministerio recurrido no ha velado por que se cumplan los requisitos que se requieren para la inscripción registral y traspaso del fundo.
En suma, la Dirección de Infraestructura y Equipamiento Educativo del Ministerio de Educación, ha desatendido su obligación de gestionar y dotar al centro educativo de instalaciones apropiadas, por lo que corresponde estimar el amparo, con las consecuencias señaladas en la parte dispositiva de esta resolución.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la actividad o inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa (omisiva o no) se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que la parte recurrente alega que las amparadas son estudiantes regulares del Liceo de Miramar y que ese centro educativo, desde hace años carece de condiciones físico- sanitarias apropiadas.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión número 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero de2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión número 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a José Leonardo Sánchez Hernández y a Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, en su condición de ministro de Educación Pública y de directora de Infraestructura Educativa del Ministerio de Educación Pública, respectivamente, o a quienes ejerzan esos cargos, que dispongan y coordinen lo necesario a efecto que, en el plazo de UN AÑO, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se corrijan las deficiencias físico- sanitarias existentes en el Liceo de Miramar y, se contemple y construya la infraestructura física necesaria para facilitar la preparación académica necesaria de la población estudiantil amparada. Se advierte a los recurridos que de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.