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Res. 04023-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 16/02/2024
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber granted the amparo for violation of the right of petition and access to public information, ordering the Minister of Environment and Energy to respond to the petitioner's requests within five days.La Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar el recurso de amparo por violación del derecho de petición y acceso a la información pública, ordenando al Ministro de Ambiente y Energía responder las gestiones del recurrente en un plazo de cinco días.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviews an amparo action against the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) for failing to respond to two information requests filed by a citizen on August 15 and October 20, 2023. The requests sought details on actions taken by MINAE to comply with a Sala Primera ruling that declared the hammerhead shark endangered and ordered its protection, including a ban on incidental fishing. The petitioner also asked about the application of the Wildlife Conservation Law and Biodiversity Law to protect threatened marine species. The Chamber finds that the authority did not reply within a reasonable time—three months for the first request and over a month for the second—violating the constitutional rights of petition and access to public information under Articles 27 and 30 of the Political Constitution. Although the minister confirmed the email addresses were official channels for receiving requests, he did not prove a response was given. The amparo is granted, and the minister is ordered to respond within five days.La Sala Constitucional conoce un recurso de amparo contra el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) por la falta de respuesta a dos solicitudes de información presentadas por un ciudadano. Las gestiones, fechadas el 15 de agosto y 20 de octubre de 2023, requerían detalles sobre las acciones emprendidas por el MINAE en cumplimiento de una sentencia de la Sala Primera que declaró al tiburón martillo en peligro de extinción y ordenó su protección, incluyendo la prohibición de pesca incidental. También se solicitó información sobre la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre y la Ley de Biodiversidad para proteger especies marinas amenazadas. La Sala constata que la autoridad recurrida no contestó las gestiones en un plazo razonable —tres meses para la primera y más de un mes para la segunda— configurando una violación del derecho de petición y acceso a la información pública amparados en los artículos 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política. Aunque el ministro informa que los correos electrónicos utilizados son los canales oficiales, no acredita haber respondido. La Sala declara con lugar el recurso y ordena al ministro responder en el plazo de cinco días.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Under this state of affairs, this Court determines that, since the filing of the requests in question —on August 15 and October 20, 2023— three months and more than one month have elapsed, respectively, without a response to the petitioner's requests, which in this Chamber's view constitutes an excessive period to respond to the amparo petitioner's requests, an omission that violates the right of petition and timely response, and the right of access to public information, enshrined in Articles 27 and 30 of the Political Constitution.Bajo tal estado de las cosas, este Tribunal determina que, desde la presentación de la gestiones en cuestión -el 15 de agosto y 20 de octubre de 2023- han transcurrido, respectivamente, en cuanto a la primera tres meses y de la segunda más de un mes, sin que se le haya dado respuesta a las solicitudes del recurrente, lo cual a criterio de esta Sala resulta un plazo excesivo para dar respuesta a las gestiones del amparado, omisión que violenta el derecho de petición y pronta respuesta, y el derecho de acceso a la información pública, consagrados en el artículo 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"omisión que violenta el derecho de petición y pronta respuesta, y el derecho de acceso a la información pública, consagrados en el artículo 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política."
"omission that violates the right of petition and timely response, and the right of access to public information, enshrined in Articles 27 and 30 of the Political Constitution."
Considerando IV
"omisión que violenta el derecho de petición y pronta respuesta, y el derecho de acceso a la información pública, consagrados en el artículo 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política."
Considerando IV
"no se refirió si contestó las gestiones planteadas por el petente."
"he did not state whether he answered the requests made by the petitioner."
Considerando IV
"no se refirió si contestó las gestiones planteadas por el petente."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: February 16, 2024 at 09:30 Case File: 23-031216-0007-CO Type of Matter: Writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) Ruling with protected data, in accordance with current regulations SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours thirty minutes on the sixteenth of February of two thousand twenty-four.
Writ of amparo filed by [Name 001], national identity card number [Value 001], against the MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
Background:
Based on the situations evidenced in the expert opinions (dictámenes) themselves and the testimony of witnesses, it is clear that directed and incidental fishing (pesca dirigida e incidental) has operated to the detriment of the species, with an increasingly compromising situation for its conservation recurring year after year. It must be noted that temporary fishing bans (vedas temporales) or the prohibition within the Santuario del Golfo Dulce have not been sufficient to prevent the incidental capture of this animal; even with such prohibitions, a vessel can capture live hammerhead sharks (tiburones martillo), retain them on board, and claim that they arrived dead, thereby avoiding the obligation to return them to the water. As seen in the expert opinions, this has had devastating consequences for the juvenile population of the species, undermining its repopulation. In all the expert opinions studied, scientific authorities have recommended the implementation of measures aimed at protecting the species, given the decline in the number of individuals present in Costa Rica, which have fallen victim to fishers who indiscriminately hunt neonates (neonatos) and sexually immature juveniles.
On the basis of the evidence, this Chamber is firmly convinced that the reduction in the population has brought the species to the very brink of extinction; this is established by the Red List (Lista Roja) and is adopted in the DENP 2020, which notes that the hammerhead shark Sphyrna Lewini is in such a fragile condition that it has been categorized as critically endangered (peligro crítico), just one step away from being classified as extinct. For this reason, time and again, the experts' recommendation is that international trade in the hammerhead shark be prohibited... Thus, given that CITES itself provides that Costa Rica may afford greater protection to species listed in Appendix II, pursuant to Article II paragraph 2) and Article 14 of that Convention, and furthermore that Article 75 of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre itself requires that whenever deterioration in a wildlife population is evidenced that population must be protected; this Chamber considers that this proceeding contains sufficient technical and scientific evidence confirming that the hammerhead shark is in a critical and vulnerable condition.
Not only do the DENP and the witnesses attest to this condition, but executive decree 41056-MINAE—the declaration of the Santuario del Golfo Dulce—also references and is partly motivated by the delicate situation of the Sphyrna species, to such a degree that MINAE, as the wildlife protection authority, deemed its protection necessary. In this line of reasoning, having regard to the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, and indubio pro natura, as set forth in Article 11 of the Ley de Biodiversidad and Article 3 of the Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre; and further in accordance with Articles 18 of the LCVS and 55 and 56 of the Ley de Biodiversidad, this Chamber finds it necessary and mandatory to declare the hammerhead shark—in the three species present in Costa Rica: Sphyrna Lewini, Sphyrna Mokarran, and Shyrna Zygaena—to be at risk of extinction in accordance with the technical and scientific studies cited that support this decision, and to declare them public domain pursuant to Articles 3 and 4 of the LCVS." Likewise, this Ministry and the executive chairman of the Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura (INCOPESCA) signed a Joint Action Agreement (Acuerdo de Acciones Conjuntas) with binding force, with the aim of promoting the sustainable management of ecosystem services provided by shark species, in compliance with the regulations of the various Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (Organizaciones Regionales de Ordenación Pesquera, OROPs), the Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical (CIAT), the Comisión Internacional para la Conservación del Atún Atlántico (CICAA), the Organización del Sector Pesquero y Acuícola del Istmo Centroamericano (OSPESCA), CITES, CMS, Agreements of the INCOPESCA Board of Directors, and SINAC Resolutions.
As stated in the agreement, the retention on board, transshipment, offloading, storage, sale, or offer for sale of the body, in whole or in part, of sharks is prohibited; except for specimens whose capture is for educational or research purposes. Furthermore, it is agreed to maintain the conservation and management measures agreed upon in conformity with the relevant international bodies and applicable national and international regulations for the following shark species, and, where required, to promote new conservation and management measures for various species (see list*).
(…) It is important to note that incidental catches (capturas incidentales) should be understood as those unwanted catches that occur when, in the course of a fishing operation (faena de pesca) targeting a species of commercial interest, fish or other marine species different from the target species are extracted; under this understanding, such catches cannot be avoided, and there are non-target species that will inevitably end up in fishing gear (artes de pesca). Fishing activity may be considered sustainable even when incidental catches occur, provided that the volume of non-target catches is well managed and the affected fish populations remain healthy. Even the most sustainable fishing involves some degree of unwanted catches; the key is how they are managed. Regardless of the type of fishing gear used, it is not possible to guarantee one hundred percent that the species in question will not be captured; what can be guaranteed is that, if captured alive, it will be released back into its natural habitat.
This Ministry, in an exercise of environmental awareness, months before ruling 9122023, issued Decreto Ejecutivo 43.900, which sought to protect the Shyrna species by ordering a prohibition on the capture, retention on board, offloading, storage, and commercialization of products and by-products of hammerhead sharks, while also recognizing in that same decree the regulation of incidental catches by requiring their immediate release—wherever possible unharmed—and further requiring that captains of medium- and large-scale commercial vessels record such events in the Fishing Log Books (Libros de Lance) maintained by INCOPESCA for that purpose.
In INCOPESCA's 2022 technical data sheet, information is provided on shark catches in Costa Rica recorded in the Landing Inspection Forms (Formularios de Inspección de Desembarque, FID). The technical data sheet submitted as evidence contains historical catch records from the FID for hammerhead sharks or cornudas, which represent 2% of total shark catches, as well as size and catch-area data based on fisheries biological sampling (muestreos biológicos pesqueros) recorded by the INCOPESCA Research Department. Furthermore, it is important to note that in 2016 the Fishing Operation Logs (Libros de Operación de Pesca) were introduced. The following chart contains information on shark releases in Costa Rica recorded by vessel captains in the Fishing Log Books (Libros de Registro de Lances) for the period October 2022 to November 2023. The first bar, in purple, corresponds to the total number of sharks released (539); the green bar corresponds to the total number of sharks released alive (488); and a total of 2 sharks were released dead.
In the case of the white hammerhead shark (S. zygaena), 22 individuals were released alive, while the condition of the other 2 released individuals was not specified in the log book—that is, it was not recorded whether they were released alive or dead; for this reason they were categorized as NE: Not Specified. In the case of the oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus), 2 individuals were released alive. It is important to clarify that both the grey shark (C. falciformis) and the oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus) do not belong to the group of sharks known as hammerheads.
(…) It should not go unmentioned that bill (proyecto de ley) N°23.666, "LEY PARA PROHÍBIR LA CAZA MARÍTIMA DEL TIBURÓN MARTILLO EN EL TERRITORIO NACIONAL," is currently being drafted. This honorable authority is hereby informed that the email addresses to which the petitioning party (parte recurrente) sent its request for information are those designated as the official channels for receiving user inquiries.
In accordance with the provisions set forth in this report, I respectfully request that the Justices (Magistrados) DECLARE WITHOUT MERIT the writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) with respect to the Ministry of Environment and Energy that I represent.
Opinion authored by Justice Garro Vargas; and,
Considering:
I.Subject of the appeal. The petitioner alleges that on August 15, 2023, he sent to the electronic address [email protected], with a copy to [email protected], a petition (gestión) through note No. MWI-07-2023 dated August 16, 2023, addressed to the Minister of Environment and Energy, in which he requested the following: "information on the actions that your ministry has undertaken in compliance with the judgment of the Sala Primera of the Supreme Court of Justice (Exp. 17-008322-1027-CA; Res. 000912F-S1-2023, June 21, 2023), in particular with regard to the declaration of absolute nullity of act AJDIP/290-2017 of July 13, 2017, and the application of the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre and the Ley de Biodiversidad to provide effective protection to threatened marine species declared as such by SINAC." He adds that, having received no confirmation of receipt from the respondent, on October 20, 2023, the petition was reiterated through note No. MWI-11-23 and, additionally, the following was requested: "a report on the actions taken to prevent the incidental bycatch of hammerhead sharks, in compliance with the order of the Sala I." He claims that, at the time of filing this appeal, he has received no response to his petition, and therefore considers his fundamental rights to have been violated.
II.Proven facts. Of importance for the resolution of this matter, the following facts are deemed duly established, either because they have been corroborated or because the respondent authority failed to address them as required by the initial order (auto inicial):
III.Unproven fact. The following fact of relevance to this decision is not considered established: Sole finding. That the respondent authority responded to the petitions filed by the petitioner on August 15 and October 20, 2023.
IV.On the specific case. In the case under study, after analyzing the evidentiary elements submitted and the sworn report filed by the respondent authority, with timely notice of the consequences set forth in Article 44 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, it is established that on August 15, 2023, the petitioner sent to the electronic address [email protected], with a copy to [email protected], a petition through note No. MWI-07-2023 dated August 16, 2023, addressed to the Minister of Environment and Energy, in which he requested the following: "information on the actions that your ministry has undertaken in compliance with the judgment of the Sala Primera of the Supreme Court of Justice (Exp. 17-008322-1027-CA; Res. 000912F-S1-2023, June 21, 2023), in particular with regard to the declaration of absolute nullity of act AJDIP/290-2017 of July 13, 2017, and the application of the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre and the Ley de Biodiversidad to provide effective protection to threatened marine species declared as such by SINAC."
Subsequently, that on October 20, 2023, he reiterated the petition sent on August 15, 2023, through note No. MWI-11-23 and, additionally, requested the following: "a report on the actions taken to prevent the incidental bycatch of hammerhead sharks, in compliance with the order of the Sala I." In light of the foregoing, a hearing was granted to the Minister of Environment and Energy, who, while reporting that the email addresses to which the petitioner sent the requests for information are those established as the official mechanisms for receiving petitions from users, did not address whether he had responded to the petitions filed by the petitioner.
Under these circumstances, this Court determines that, since the submission of the petitions in question—on August 15 and October 20, 2023—three months and more than one month have elapsed, respectively, as to the first and the second, without the petitioner having received any response, which this Court considers an excessive period of time to respond to the petitioner's petitions, an omission that violates the right of petition and prompt response, and the right of access to public information, enshrined in Articles 27 and 30 of the Political Constitution (Constitución Política). On the merits of the foregoing, the appeal is granted in the terms set forth in the operative section (parte dispositiva) of this judgment.
V.Documentation submitted to the case file. The parties are advised that, should any paper documents, objects, or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device have been submitted, these must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of thirty business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Plenary Court (Corte Plena) in Session No. 27-11, of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in the Boletín Judicial No. 19, of January 26, 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch in Session No. 43-12, held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is granted. Franz Tattenbach Capra, in his capacity as Minister of Environment and Energy, or whoever holds that office, is ordered to issue the appropriate instructions within the scope of his authority so that, within a period of FIVE DAYS counted from the notification of this judgment, a response is provided to the petitions filed by the petitioner on August 15 and October 20, 2023, and communicated to the means designated for that purpose. The foregoing shall be carried out while safeguarding any sensitive or confidential data, should there be any, in accordance with the Ley de Protección de la Persona frente al Tratamiento de sus Datos Personales (Ley No. 8968). The respondent party, or whoever holds that office, is hereby warned that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, imprisonment of three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days will be imposed on any person who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued within a writ of amparo, and fails to comply with it or to enforce it, provided the offense is not more severely penalized. The State is condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, which shall be assessed in enforcement of judgment (ejecución de sentencia) of the contentious-administrative proceedings. Notify.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. | Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A. | Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V. | Ingrid Hess H.
Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 m south of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Reception of matters concerning vulnerable groups: Supreme Court Building, San José, Catedral District, González Lahmann neighborhood, streets 19 and 21, avenues 8 and 6.
Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del dieciseis de febrero de dos mil veinticuatro .
Recurso de amparo promovido por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Garro Vargas; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente alega que el 15 de agosto de 2023 remitió a la dirección electrónica [email protected], con copia a [email protected], una gestión mediante nota No. MWI-07-2023 del 16 de agosto de 2023, dirigida al ministro de Ambiente y Energía, en la cual requirió lo siguiente: “información sobre las acciones que ha emprendido su cartera en cumplimiento de lo sentencia de la Sala Primera de la Corte Supremo de Justicia (Exp. 17-008322-1027-CA; Res. 000912F-S1-2023, 21 de junio 2023), en particular lo que se refiere a lo declaratoria de nulidad absoluta del acto AJDIP/290-2017 del 13 de julio del 2017, y la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre y la Ley de Biodiversidad para brindar protección efectiva a especies marinas amenazadas declaradas como tal por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC)”. Agrega que, al no tenerse confirmación de recibido por parte del recurrido, el 20 de octubre de 2023 se reiteró la gestión por medio de la nota No. MWI-11-23 y, además, se solicitó lo siguiente: “informe sobre sobre las acciones realizadas para evitar la pesca incidental de tiburón martillo, en acatamiento de la orden de la Sala I”. Acusa que, al momento de interposición de este recurso, no ha recibo respuesta a su gestión, por lo que estima lesionados derechos sus fundamentales.
II.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
III.Hecho no probado. No se estima demostrado el siguiente hecho de relevancia para esta resolución: Único. Que la autoridad recurrida haya contestado las gestiones planteadas por el recurrente el 15 de agosto y 20 de octubre de 2023.
IV.Sobre el caso concreto. En el caso bajo estudio, después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados y el informe rendido bajo juramento por la autoridad recurrida, con oportuno apercibimiento de las consecuencias previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se tiene acreditado el 15 de agosto de 2023, el recurrente remitió a la dirección electrónica [email protected], con copia a [email protected], una gestión mediante nota No. MWI-07-2023 del 16 de agosto de 2023, dirigida al ministro de Ambiente y Energía, en la cual requirió lo siguiente: “información sobre las acciones que ha emprendido su cartera en cumplimiento de lo sentencia de la Sala Primera de la Corte Supremo de Justicia (Exp. 17-008322-1027-CA; Res. 000912F-S1-2023, 21 de junio 2023), en particular lo que se refiere a lo declaratoria de nulidad absoluta del acto AJDIP/290-2017 del 13 de julio del 2017, y la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre y la Ley de Biodiversidad para brindar protección efectiva a especies marinas amenazadas declaradas como tal por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC)”.
Posteriormente, que el 20 de octubre de 2023, reiteró la gestión enviada el 15 de agosto de 2023, por medio de la nota No. MWI-11-23 y, además, solicitó lo siguiente: “informe sobre sobre las acciones realizadas para evitar la pesca incidental de tiburón martillo, en acatamiento de la orden de la Sala I”.
En vista de lo anterior, se confirió audiencia al ministro de Ambiente y Energía, quien si bien informa que los correos electrónicos a los cuales el recurrente remitió las solicitudes de información, son los previstos como mecanismos oficiales para la recepción de gestiones de los usuarios, lo cierto es que no se refirió si contestó las gestiones planteadas por el petente.
Bajo tal estado de las cosas, este Tribunal determina que, desde la presentación de la gestiones en cuestión -el 15 de agosto y 20 de octubre de 2023- han transcurrido, respectivamente, en cuanto a la primera tres meses y de la segunda más de un mes, sin que se le haya dado respuesta a las solicitudes del recurrente, lo cual a criterio de esta Sala resulta un plazo excesivo para dar respuesta a las gestiones del amparado, omisión que violenta el derecho de petición y pronta respuesta, y el derecho de acceso a la información pública, consagrados en el artículo 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política. En mérito de lo expuesto, se acoge el recurso en los términos que se establecen en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia.
V.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles, contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en Sesión No. 27-11, del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial No. 19, del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la Sesión No. 43-12, celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a Franz Tattenbach Capra, en su condición de ministro de Ambiente y Energía, o a quien ocupe ese cargo, que gire las órdenes pertinentes que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias para que, en el plazo de CINCO DÍAS contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se dé respuesta a las gestiones planteadas por el recurrente el 15 de agosto y 20 de octubre de 2023 y la comunique al medio señalado al efecto. Lo anterior, salvaguardando para tales efectos los datos sensibles o confidenciales, en caso de haberlos, de conformidad con la Ley de Protección de la Persona frente al Tratamiento de sus Datos Personales (Ley No. 8968). Se advierte a la parte recurrida, o a quien ocupe su cargo, que, de conformidad con lo establecido por el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada dentro de un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.