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Res. 22483-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 07/08/2024
OutcomeResultado
Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, and 135(c) of Law 9986 are declared unconstitutional as applied to ICE, and Article 135(c) is annulled. The challenge to Article 134(d) is denied. The previously repealed articles of Law 8660 are reinstated with an adjustment to the suppletory reference in Article 20.Se declaran inconstitucionales los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70 y 135(c) de la Ley 9986 en su aplicación al ICE, y se anula el artículo 135(c). Se rechaza la impugnación del artículo 134(d). Se restablecen los artículos derogados de la Ley 8660 con ajuste en la supletoriedad del artículo 20.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviews a challenge against several articles of the General Public Procurement Law (Law 9986) filed by the ICE Engineers Union. The plaintiffs allege that the new law, by repealing the special procurement regime established in Law 8660 (Strengthening and Modernization of Public Telecommunications Entities), violates Article 7 of the Constitution by conflicting with commitments undertaken by Costa Rica in the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, Central America, and the Dominican Republic. The FTA, approved by referendum, required the country to strengthen and modernize ICE so it could compete on equal footing in the telecommunications market. The Chamber, by majority, partially upholds the action: it declares Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, and 135(c) unconstitutional as applied to ICE, holding that eliminating the special procurement regime breaches the FTA obligations and the higher rank of international treaties. Article 135(c) is annulled as unconstitutional. The ruling reinstates the repealed articles of Law 8660, except for Article 20 regarding suppletory application, which is now understood to refer to the new procurement law. The challenge to Article 134(d) is rejected. Justice Rueda Leal dissents, considering the action inadmissible due to lack of standing.La Sala Constitucional analiza una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra varios artículos de la Ley General de Contratación Pública (Ley 9986) interpuesta por el Sindicato de Ingenieros del ICE. Los accionantes alegan que la nueva ley, al derogar el régimen especial de contratación administrativa establecido en la Ley 8660 (Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones), viola el artículo 7 constitucional por oponerse a los compromisos adquiridos por Costa Rica en el Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) con Estados Unidos, Centroamérica y República Dominicana. El TLC, aprobado por referéndum, obligaba al país a fortalecer y modernizar al ICE para que pudiera competir en igualdad de condiciones en el mercado de telecomunicaciones. La Sala, por mayoría, acoge parcialmente la acción: declara inconstitucionales los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70 y 135 inciso c) en cuanto se aplican al ICE, por considerar que la eliminación del régimen especial de contratación contraviene las obligaciones del TLC y la jerarquía superior de los tratados internacionales. También se anula el inciso c) del artículo 135 por inconstitucional. La sentencia restablece la vigencia de los artículos derogados de la Ley 8660, excepto el artículo 20 en lo que respecta a la supletoriedad, que se entiende referida a la nueva ley de contratación pública. Se rechaza la impugnación del artículo 134 inciso d). El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto por considerar inadmisible la acción por falta de legitimación.
Key excerptExtracto clave
By majority, the action is partially upheld, and consequently Article 135(c) of Law 9986 of May 27, 2021, General Public Procurement Law, is annulled as unconstitutional. Regarding Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, and 70 of the same law, they are declared unconstitutional insofar as they apply to the Costa Rican Electricity Institute. The challenge to Article 134(d) of Law 9986 is denied. Justice Rueda Leal dissents and would dismiss the action as inadmissible due to procedural standing reasons. This ruling has declaratory and retroactive effects to the effective date of the annulled provision, without prejudice to bona fide acquired rights. Pursuant to Article 91, paragraph 2, of the Law governing this Jurisdiction, the effects of this declaration are tailored so that Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, repealed by Article 135(c) of Law 9986, regain full force. Regarding Article 20, the suppletory application shall be understood to refer to the General Public Procurement Law.Por mayoría se declara parcialmente con lugar la acción y, en consecuencia, se anula por inconstitucional el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública. Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Sobre el artículo 134 inciso d) de la Ley 9986 se declara sin lugar la acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y declara sin lugar la acción por considerarla inadmisible debido a razones procesales de legitimación. Esta sentencia tiene efectos declarativos y retroactivos a la fecha de vigencia de la disposición anulada, sin perjuicio de derechos adquiridos de buena fe. Conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 91 párrafo 2 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción, se dimensionan los efectos de esta declaratoria de forma que recobran su vigencia los artículos 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley 8660, Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, de 8 de agosto de 2008, derogados por el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986. Respecto del artículo 20 la supletoriedad debe entenderse referida a la Ley General de Contratación Pública.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Por mayoría se declara parcialmente con lugar la acción y, en consecuencia, se anula por inconstitucional el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública."
"By majority, the action is partially upheld, and consequently Article 135(c) of Law 9986 of May 27, 2021, General Public Procurement Law, is annulled as unconstitutional."
Por tanto
"Por mayoría se declara parcialmente con lugar la acción y, en consecuencia, se anula por inconstitucional el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública."
Por tanto
"Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad."
"Regarding Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, and 70 of the same law, they are declared unconstitutional insofar as they apply to the Costa Rican Electricity Institute."
Por tanto
"Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad."
Por tanto
"La legitimación del accionante proviene del párrafo 2º del artículo 75, por cuanto acude en defensa de intereses difusos."
"The plaintiff's standing derives from paragraph 2 of Article 75, insofar as he appears in defense of diffuse interests."
Resolución de curso
"La legitimación del accionante proviene del párrafo 2º del artículo 75, por cuanto acude en defensa de intereses difusos."
Resolución de curso
"Se dimensionan los efectos de esta declaratoria de forma que recobran su vigencia los artículos 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley 8660... Respecto del artículo 20 la supletoriedad debe entenderse referida a la Ley General de Contratación Pública."
"The effects of this declaration are tailored so that Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law 8660 regain full force... Regarding Article 20, the suppletory application shall be understood to refer to the General Public Procurement Law."
Por tanto
"Se dimensionan los efectos de esta declaratoria de forma que recobran su vigencia los artículos 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley 8660... Respecto del artículo 20 la supletoriedad debe entenderse referida a la Ley General de Contratación Pública."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: August 7, 2024, at 12:00 p.m.
Case File: 23-007251-0007-CO Type of Matter: Unconstitutionality action Constitutional Control: Upholding judgment Judgment with Dissenting Vote Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Judgments from the same case file Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Strategic Topics: Political Constitution Type of Content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL Topic: CONTRACTS OR BIDDING PROCEDURES Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
CONTRACTS OR BIDDING PROCEDURES. APPLICATION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTING LAW AT ICE Case File: 23-007251-0007-CO Judgment: 022483-24 of August 7, 2024 Type of Matter: Unconstitutionality action Challenged Provision: Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d) and 135 subsection c) of Law No. 9986, General Law of Administrative Contracting. Operative Part: By majority vote, the action is partially granted and, consequently, Article 135 subsection c) of Law 9986 of May 27, 2021, General Law of Public Procurement, is annulled as unconstitutional. Regarding Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, and 70 of the same law, it is declared that they are unconstitutional in their application to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Regarding Article 134 subsection d) of Law 9986, the action is dismissed. Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and dismisses the action, considering it inadmissible due to procedural reasons of standing.
This judgment has declaratory and retroactive effects to the effective date of the annulled provision, without prejudice to good-faith acquired rights. In accordance with the provisions of Article 91, paragraph 2 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction, the effects of this declaration are shaped so that Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, repealed by Article 135 subsection c) of Law 9986, regain their validity. Regarding Article 20, its supplementary nature shall be understood as referring to the General Law of Public Procurement. Summarize this pronouncement in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and publish it in its entirety in the Judicial Bulletin. Notify the Executive President of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and the President of the Legislative Assembly. Notify the Procuraduría General de la República and the parties.
CO12/24 ... See more Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 6. LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION ANNOTATED WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 075- Pending prior judicial or administrative matter Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 75 OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION. DIFFUSE INTERESTS. “…In this regard, the plaintiff mentions that ICE belongs to the State, so every citizen or organized group has an interest in it remaining strengthened and providing its services efficiently and effectively. It supports its standing on the existence of diffuse interests, in relation to the interest ‘that ICE, as a national public company, remains strengthened with the purpose of carrying out the aims for which it was created, as noted earlier, and not be potentially threatened by laws that imply a weakening.’ Based on the foregoing, the Presidency of the Chamber, in the resolution on the course of this action at 10:28 a.m. on July 13, 2023, ordered that the plaintiff's standing derives from paragraph 2 of Article 75, as he is acting in defense of diffuse interests. This consideration is shared by the majority of this Tribunal and, therefore, it is resolved that this process is admissible regarding the plaintiff's standing…” CO01/25 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 6. LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION ANNOTATED WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 073- Admissibility of the unconstitutionality action Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 73 OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION. INDIRECT CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL. “… in the specific chapter on the unconstitutionality action, said law enables the possibility of exercising a kind of indirect constitutionality control, that is, a control over the conformity of legal or sub-legal provisions with respect to the international treaties and conventions referred to in Article 7 of the Constitution when there is an evident and manifest contradiction between the international convention and the domestic norm, in such a way that the defect of unconstitutionality arises from comparing the regulated matter -which in both cases is the same- and that there exists an unbridgeable contradiction…” CO01/25 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 1. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 007- International treaties and conventions Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 7 OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION. “…the figure of indirect unconstitutionality is verified, that is, the violation by a law of the content of an international treaty and, therefore, of numeral 7 of the Constitution, insofar as the content of the latter is clear and precise and the former contradicts it in an evident and manifest manner, as happens in the sub judice instance…” CO01/25 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 6. LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION ANNOTATED WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 083- Joinders Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 83 OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION. “…according to ordinal 83 eiusdem, it is only appropriate to analyze novel arguments that justify the appropriateness of the action or expand the grounds for unconstitutionality, but not those that challenge other articles…” CO01/25 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Dissenting vote Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL Topic: CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
Res. 2024022483 Dissenting vote of Magistrate Rueda Leal. As I have stated in other cases, I believe that a quality of the diffuse interest consists precisely in that its effect is general—that is, it impacts an entire population or broad sectors of it—within a context where the injured parties do not need to know each other (they could even lack any legal nexus or relationship among them), but the presence of the same situation of harm or danger to a constitutional right is required, which, equally and without any need for individualization, encompasses and agglomerates an entire society in the abstract. Its defense aims to satisfy a need of society as such; therefore, it transcends that of an individual human being or a collectively considered one. In Judgment No. 2019-17397 of 12:54 p.m. on September 11, 2019, this Tribunal reiterated the following: “(…) Secondly, the possibility of acting in defense of 'diffuse interests' is foreseen; this concept, whose content has been gradually outlined by the Chamber, could be summarized in the terms used in Judgment No. 3750-93 of this court, at three o'clock on July 30, nineteen ninety-three: '…
Diffuse interests, though difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot be in our law—as this Chamber has already said—merely collective interests; nor so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that against them, specific identified or easily identifiable persons, or personalized groups, result, whose standing would derive not from diffuse interests, but from corporate ones that concern a community as a whole. It is a matter, then, of individual interests, but, at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive a harm, actual or potential, more or less equal for all, for which it is rightly said that they are equal interests of the groups found in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them. That is, diffuse interests partake of a double nature, since they are simultaneously collective—for being common to a generality—and individual, for which they can be claimed as such.' In summary, diffuse interests are those whose ownership belongs to groups of people not formally organized, but united based on a specific social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a particular personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a certain product, etc. The interest, in these cases, is faded, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of subjects.
In these cases, of course, the challenge that a member of one of these sectors could make under the protection of paragraph 2 of Article 75, must necessarily refer to provisions that affect them as such. This Chamber has enumerated various rights that it has qualified as 'diffuse,' such as the environment, cultural heritage, the defense of the country's territorial integrity, and the sound management of public spending, among others. In this regard, two clarifications must be made: on the one hand, the referred rights transcend the sphere traditionally recognized for diffuse interests, since they refer in principle to aspects that affect the national community and not particular groups thereof; environmental damage does not only affect the residents of a region or the consumers of a product, but rather harms or puts at serious risk the natural patrimony of the entire country and even of Humanity; in the same way, the defense of the sound management made of the public funds authorized in the National Budget is an interest of all inhabitants of Costa Rica, not just of any group of them.
On the other hand, the enumeration made by the Constitutional Chamber is nothing more than a simple description inherent to its obligation –as a jurisdictional body– to limit itself to hearing the cases submitted to it, without it being possible to understand, in any way, that only those rights that the Chamber has expressly recognized as such can be considered diffuse rights; the foregoing would imply an undesirable overturning in the scope of the Rule of Law, and of its correlative 'State of rights,' which –as in the case of the Costa Rican model– starts from the premise that what must be express are the limits to liberties, since these underlie the human condition itself and therefore do not require official recognition. Finally, when paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction speaks of interests 'that concern the community as a whole,' it refers to the legal rights explained in the preceding lines, that is, those whose ownership rests with the very holders of sovereignty, with each of the inhabitants of the Republic.
It is not, therefore, a matter of any person being able to appeal to the Constitutional Chamber in protection of any interests (popular action), but rather that every individual can act in defense of those rights that affect the entire national community, without it being valid in this field to attempt any exhaustive enumeration” (see Judgment No. 2007-01145).” Consistent with what has been stated and sustained by this Tribunal in its jurisprudence, it is then a matter of individual interests, but, at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive a harm, actual or potential, more or less equal for all, for which it is rightly said that they are equal interests of the groups found in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them. It is for this reason, precisely, that, starting from Judgment No. 2021-2185 of 12:51 p.m. on February 3, 2021, I consider, unlike the Majority of this Tribunal, that some of these interests can be embodied in a specific, concrete case, without thereby losing their status as a diffuse interest, as occurs with environmental protection, whose impact affects one person and everyone in general; and such an effect can be individualized in a particular situation, such as, for example, the construction of a factory in a specific neighboring sector, without the respective environmental studies, whose negative effects impact the planet's ozone layer.
Undoubtedly, the outcome of a claim or process that a neighbor might bring against that factory will not only affect their own interests but also those of the rest of the community. Therefore, it constitutes a diffuse interest; and yet, it is also the object of a particular individualized situation. Now, this does not mean, in any way, that in every situation invoked one can allege the existence of a diffuse interest, even if it may be the object of a particular situation. Let us remember that for an interest to be considered 'diffuse,' it must not only affect a community but also fade, spread throughout that community. If it does not produce such an effect, it cannot be considered a diffuse interest. Precisely, in this specific case, I do not observe the presence of a diffuse interest, since the challenged regulation does not translate into a socially diffused effect, but rather a specific one.
In this case, the mere question relating to the competitiveness and efficiency of a public company operating under a competitive regime does not entail per se an injury to interests diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive a harm, actual or potential, more or less equal for all, such that it is not a matter of equal interests of the groups found in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them. Based on the foregoing, it is clear that such aspects cannot be considered diffuse interests, which implies that the plaintiff (Sindicato de Ingenieros del ICE) lacks standing to file this action. In addition, even though it is a union that brings this constitutionality control process, the challenged provisions do not affect the obligations, powers, or faculties of the organization's members, so I also do not observe that the action is brought in defense of collective interests.
Precisely, in Judgment No. 2010014785 of 2:48 p.m. on September 1, 2010, the Chamber ruled: “III.- On the standing of the Union to act in defense of collective interests. In relation to the standing of unions to act in defense of the interests of their members, the Chamber has indicated that they may do so provided that the eventual declaration of unconstitutionality of the challenged provisions affects the obligations, powers, or faculties of the members of that community (see judgment number 02765-98 at 10:51 a.m. on April 24, 1998). In a recent judgment of this Tribunal, number 3688-97 at three o'clock on July first, nineteen ninety-seven, it was textually stated: '...for the collective interest to confer standing upon the party filing the unconstitutionality action, it is not only required that it be alleged by an organization representing the interests of a determinable group of people, but there must also exist at least the possibility that the eventual declaration of unconstitutionality favorably modifies the obligations, powers, or faculties of the members of that community.
That is, to prove standing by collective interest, besides the existence of a common nucleus of interests among the members of the organization, it is required that the declaration of unconstitutionality of the challenged provisions has a relationship—of incidence or effect—with the situation of the community. Hence, it is essential for the party basing its standing on the existence of a collective interest to provide an explanation of the relationship that the claim of unconstitutionality has with the specific situation of the community, specifically with its object and patrimony...' Consequently, I dissent and dismiss the action, considering it inadmissible due to procedural reasons of standing. CO01/25 ... See more Res. No. 2024-022483 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at twelve o'clock noon on August seven, two thousand twenty-four.
Unconstitutionality action processed in case file No. 23-007251-0007-CO filed by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], in his capacity as president of the Sindicato de Ingenieros del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), seeking to have Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d) and 135 subsection c) of Law No. 9986, named 'Ley General de Contratación Pública', declared unconstitutional.
Resultando:
With respect to this legislative obligation as part of the country's commitments for the entry into force of the FTA, the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República), in Legal Opinion OJ-O11-2008 of February 15, 2008, stated: “… In the case of the opening of telecommunications, the Treaty establishes general obligations aimed at liberalizing the telecommunications market in Central America. But, in the case of Costa Rica, its commitments are contained in Annex 13 to Chapter 13. In this Annex, it is noted that, according to article IV of Annex 13 to Chapter 13, Costa Rica must issue a new regulatory framework for telecommunications services by January 1, 2006. Just as it should have approved a new Law for the Strengthening of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Ley para el Fortalecimiento del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad) by December 31, 2004, a date that is explained because the Treaty was to enter into force on January 1, 2005...\" (The underlining is not from the original).
As the Attorney General's Office concludes, this Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of ICE is a requirement for its full effectiveness and operationalization, as stated in the same legal opinion: “… The opening of telecommunications is derived from the Treaty. However, the general and common provisions of the Treaty are excepted for Costa Rica. The obligation not to apply this Chapter 13, in its entirety and from the entry into force of the Treaty, is excepted in Annex 13 to Chapter 13, point IV, which clearly establishes the obligation of the Costa Rican State to issue a new regulatory framework for telecommunications services, guaranteeing the participation of telecommunications service providers in said market. The conventional norm even establishes the principles that must govern this regulatory framework. Additionally, section III.2 provides the corresponding timetable for the opening process.
It cannot be ignored that that (sic), in the case of telecommunications, the full compliance with this obligation demands the approval of a Law… …. For the opening of telecommunications under the terms agreed by Costa Rica to materialize, the country must issue a law that meets the requirements demanded by the reservation of law to which reference has been made and also respects the commitments undertaken by the country in the Treaty. The Attorney General's Office does not intend to be exhaustive in the analysis of the Treaty's norms and the State's obligations, but simply to point out that the effectiveness of the Treaty in certain matters is (sic) conditioned on the issuance of a law by the Legislative Assembly. \"That is, that said effectiveness is indeed conditioned by the issuance of the laws in question.\" (the underlining is not from the original). Historical Social Context of the FTA in Costa Rica As is known to all Costa Ricans, the Free Trade Agreement between Central America — the Dominican Republic and the United States, has been one of the trade agreements that has generated the most social protest, analysis, and debate in our country, precisely because the people did not want to see public services, provided by the State, threatened by the FTA, nor privatized, perhaps at a higher cost for their future provision and a potential loss of jobs.
Part of this was what demonstrated that one of the main pillars of the controversy generated by said trade agreement was the opening of the Telecommunications Sector (ICE) and Insurance (INS), which had been under a State monopoly for many years, since their creation. Precisely, one of the great ideological discussions generated at the national level was whether the FTA would imply the privatization of emblematic Institutions for Costa Rica, such as ICE or INS, hence the commitments undertaken by the State of Costa Rica to protect said institutions were born, with the enactment and expedited approval of special laws, which would allow an adequate opening in those markets and provide the involved Institutions the ability to compete on equal terms with telecommunications operators, insurers, and others, within the framework of the implemented FTA; these regulatory conditions for the FTA to occur were always core and fundamental aspects of said treaty, a situation that today cannot be changed by the approval and operative entry into force of Law 9986.
The fact cannot be ignored that said Treaty would set the country to compete in several sectors with companies from the world's largest global economy, such as the United States, so the implementation of different laws that would allow the country to "level" the competitiveness framework was always part of the very spirit of the trade treaty, therefore today it cannot, through another Law, come to diminish what was regulated in the Treaty's negotiation framework for competing companies; as occurs with norm 9886, in the case of ICE. With this background, facing an open market for telecommunications, a special Law was created in Costa Rica for ICE and its companies (as well as the Telecommunications Sector), to address the norm and the commitment of effectiveness for public institutions that would enter into competition, it always being a commercial, opportunity, and legal aspect, widely discussed and agreed upon for the approval of the Treaty, considering that a fundamental part of said new regulation should cover ICE, and that this (sic) Institute would have a norm and regulation to face the entry into operation of the Treaty, with a law, with a special section on Administrative Procurement (Contratación Administrativa), different from that of the rest of the Public Sector of the Costa Rican State, since the administrative procurement procedures and established deadlines within the State's general procurement framework would make it impossible for ICE and its companies to compete on equal terms with foreign or national companies that would market telecommunications services and that would come to the country as a result of the opening approved in the trade treaty for that strategic business sector.
With the fulfillment of the spirit and requirements of the additional laws to strengthen the sectors that would enter into competition, starting from the FTA, being State Institutions; Law 8660, "Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector" (Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones), was born as a fundamental part of the spirit of the trade treaty and of the commitments undertaken by the State of Costa Rica for the entry into force and effectiveness of the FTA; and an important and necessary separate part is the special administrative procurement framework established in Law 8660 for ICE and its companies; (sic) without which, a high risk of setback in regulation is framed for ICE in this matter; as well as a strong and direct violation of the efficiency, efficacy, and competitiveness in the Institution's administrative procurement for the acquisition of its goods and services to attend to its strategy, programs, operational plans, goals, and therefore the National Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo), of which it is a part; given that Law 8660 was an essential and fundamental part to fulfill the commitment of the Free Trade Agreement; left unfulfilled with the new General Public Procurement Law (Ley General de Contratación Pública).
As is known and can be verified, with the final deadlines that an administrative procurement procedure delays, both in ICE and in a state entity; it is not out of place to mention that the general norm is tedious, due to the quantity of procedures, cumbersome, and slow in the execution of said public procurement procedures, established and regulated in the general normative that governs the entire Public Sector of Costa Rica; and while it is true that said normative was recently modified through the General Public Procurement Law, it is not visualized, with the procurement experience that ICE has, as being sufficiently efficient in deadlines and processes to allow a State Institution that is in competition to compete on equal terms with private companies. Furthermore, stripping ICE of the procurement instrument that the FTA provided for it, which was its own normative framework for administrative procurement, is, as has been indicated, an attack against an essential part of Law 8660, and the efficacy and efficiency of the Institution; and even more seriously, against the commitments undertaken by the State of Costa Rica in the FTA, as will be developed extensively below.
Compliance with the State's Commitments for the Full Effectiveness of the Treaty with the enactment of Law 8660 "Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Telecommunications Companies" (Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Empresas de Telecomunicaciones). With the purpose of complying with the Development and Implementation Agenda, as well as the State's political and legislative commitments that would give full effectiveness to the will of the Costa Rican people with the approval and ratification of the FTA; Bill No. 16.397 was drafted, which proposed to provide ICE and its companies with a special administrative procurement regime precisely to allow the Institution to compete and have a more agile mechanism for the acquisition of goods and services. This bill stated: “… Finally, based on an acknowledgment of the work carried out by ICE and its companies in the field of telecommunications, the Government of the Republic considers it an unavoidable commitment to endow said entity with the necessary legal and operational mechanisms so that, without changing its public nature, it can act on equal terms with the private operators participating in the market.
To this end, this bill proposes to develop a complementary normative framework to Law No. 449, Law of creation of ICE (Ley N.º 449, Ley de creación del ICE), which allows: - Strengthening the capacities of ICE and its companies to provide and market electricity and telecommunications products and services, within and outside the national territory. - Providing ICE and its companies with the legislation that allows them to adapt to the change in electricity and telecommunications…”. This Bill was submitted to a Constitutional consultation, in which that honorable Chamber, in vote number 11210, of July 16, 2008, indicated: “… From the analysis of the consulted bill, the clear intention of the legislator to provide the Costa Rican Electricity Institute with the necessary conditions for greater administrative, financial, and technological efficiency and efficacy is deduced. The foregoing, of course, within the framework of a process of opening the telecommunications market -already defined by the people with the approval of the referendum on the FTA U.S., Central America and the Dominican Republic (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007) (Ley referendaria No. 8622 de 21 de noviembre de 2007)- that seeks to strengthen public operators in the face of their eventual competition.
Indeed, from the considerations of the bill's reviewers, the following is inferred: \" (...) In the bill in question, a special administrative procurement regime for the acquisition of goods and services of ICE is proposed. Regarding this topic, the bill under study enunciates among its objectives that of providing ICE with an agile, efficient, and effective administrative procurement as part of the efforts to strengthen and modernize said entity: as well as establishing a normative body adapted to its particularities. Both the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) and the Office of the Comptroller General have pointed out the possibility that special regimes exist as long as the nature and particularities of the public activity in question so require and as long as the scenarios contemplated in the generic normative are not applicable. As is intended in this opinion, said regime must then regulate the particular conditions of the administrative procurement of ICE and its companies, and unavoidably consider the constitutional postulates enshrined in articles 182 and 184.
In this matter, the legislator is entrusted with the task of clearly indicating which must be the specific rules and parameters that justify a regulation separated from the general normative framework, developing its content in the law and incorporating the constitutional principles that attend to the State's administrative procurement activity, as is proposed in the present text. Within the framework of said objectives, it was highlighted that one of the main inconveniences that, historically, the Costa Rican Electricity Institute and its companies have had in matters of administrative procurement is that the economic limits for determining the applicable procurement procedures do not necessarily adjust to their requirements. By virtue of the foregoing, it is inferred that the intention of the legislator in the consulted normative is to adjust the economic limits of administrative procurement to the reality and dimensions of ICE.
The analysis opinion stated the following: “(...) In the same line of thought, currently ICE and its companies use the procedures of public bidding (licitación pública), abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada), and direct procurement (contratación directa) according to the economic limits established by Article 27 of the Law of Administrative Procurement and its reforms. Said methodology is not inconvenient by itself, however, since the reference budget applicable to ICE represents a little more than 10% of the Institution's budget, it became necessary to establish a methodology that allows adjusting the economic limits (sic) of procurement to the reality and dimensions of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute and its companies, without losing sight that the competent body to set said limits is the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. (...)\" (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
The consulted text does not intend, then, to disregard the administrative procurement procedures, but rather to establish amounts more in accordance with the budgetary particularities of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, which is legitimate in light of Constitutional Law... \" (the underlining is not from the original). Therefore, in accordance with the legislator's will and once the Constitutional analysis was overcome, Law 8660 was enacted, which indicates among its objectives the following: “… a) Strengthen, modernize, and provide the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), its companies, and its attached bodies with the legislation that allows them to adapt to all changes in the legal regime for the generation and provision of electricity services, as well as telecommunications, infocommunications, information products and services, and other convergent services. e) Make more flexible and expand the public procurement mechanisms and procedures that ICE and its companies have. f) Guarantee and reaffirm the administrative and financial autonomy of ICE and its companies ...” For said compliance, Article 20 establishes a special administrative procurement regime, which allows greater agility and efficiency in the acquisition of goods and services in accordance with what was established in the FTA; a situation that can be corroborated in the years that the special regime has been operative in the Institution (ICE), which has enabled competitiveness, the capacity to respond to attend services, resources, and others of the telecommunications system, given the opportunity that having a special regime for the acquisition of goods and services to meet its goals and obligations presents it.
“… CHAPTER IV SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROCUREMENT REGIME ARTICLE 20.- Procurement Regulation The acquisition of goods and services carried out by ICE shall be subject to the special provisions contained in this Law and in its Regulations (Reglamento). The Law of Administrative Procurement, No. 7494, of May 1, 1996 (Ley de Contratación Administrativa, N. 0 7494, de 1 0 de mayo de 1996), its reforms, and its Regulations shall apply supplementarily. The acquisition of goods and services carried out by ICE's companies constituted as a corporation (sociedad anónima) shall be excluded from the Law of Administrative Procurement …” This special regulation allowed the acquisition of goods and services of ICE and its companies to be carried out in a more agile, efficient manner and with greater administrative autonomy, necessary elements to respond adequately in a competitive market. Unconstitutionality of Article 1, 2, and 135 subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law: Article 1 of the General Public Procurement Law states: “…
ARTICLE 1- Scope of application This law is applicable to all contractual activity that totally or partially uses public funds ...” Higher hierarchy of international Treaties and Conventions. According to Article 7 of our Constitution, public treaties, international conventions, and concordats, duly approved by the Legislative Assembly, shall have from their enactment or from the day they designate, authority superior to the laws. In the specific case, it is clear that the FTA, approved by popular will and ratified by the Legislative Assembly, has a rank superior to laws and is only below the Political Constitution. On this point, the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, in the same Legal Opinion OJ-O11-2008 of February 15, 2008, with respect to internal laws regarding what is provided in an international treaty, has stated: “… In the case of Costa Rica, constitutional jurisprudence has already indicated that international treaties, from their approval and ratification, produce effects within the country, unless their execution requires the approval of subsequent implementation measures: “In accordance with the doctrine derived from Article 7 of our Constitution, international Treaties or Conventions, as a normative source of our legal system, occupy a preponderant position over common law.
This implies that, before the norm of a treaty or convention, - a denomination that for the purposes of international law is equivalent - the internal norm of legal rank yields, which is precisely the legal problem that concerns us. Indeed, international norms do not arise from the legislative power inherent to the congresses or parliaments of each country, in which popularly elected representatives (we speak of representative democracies) participate as active subjects in the law formation process, especially in the initiative stage of the bill in question, with the subsequent intervention of the executive as an oversight element. The opposite occurs in international law, a field in which the executive, in its exclusive and autonomous function of conducting the State's international relations, defines the content of the negotiations and thereby binds or obligates the other internal organs.
Here, the legislature does not play a preponderant role in the content of the negotiations, but rather acts as a subsequent endorsing body approving or rejecting the instrument, but not modifying it. Now, once signed by the executive (President and Minister of Foreign Affairs), approved by the Legislative Assembly, and ratified by the Executive, the treaty, in this case, the Convention, is incorporated into the internal legal regime of our country, prevailing over any other common norm that opposes it, unless, by the own content of its clauses, its execution has been conditioned to its perfection through minor agreements or protocols as the Constitution designates them. \"(Vote No. 0503-96 of 10:21 hrs of January 26, 1996). The approved and ratified international convention is incorporated into the national legal order with authority superior to the law, which must be adapted to what is provided in the treaty as a superior norm.
The discrepancy between the legal norm and the treaty incorporated into the legal order is resolved by applying the hermeneutical criteria for solving normative antinomies, and may, however, involve a problem of constitutionality to the extent that what is established in Article 7 of the Political Constitution is violated. …” As has been observed in this Action, the challenged articles ignore the special administrative procurement regime of ICE in a competitive market, a regime that, as explained, was part of the content of the FTA, contained in its Development Agenda, Implementation Agenda, and the State and legislative commitments to give effectiveness and course to the Free Trade Agreement, clearly opposing its purpose, including ICE's administrative procurement procedure within a general State Public Procurement framework, in total contradiction with what was enacted by the legislator to provide ICE and its companies with an agile, efficient legislative framework adapted to their specific budgetary needs; given that with the entry into force of the FTA, it had to prepare for competition in the telecommunications sector.
The bill, File Number 21,546 that supported the General Public Procurement Law is absolutely clear that one of its objectives was precisely to eliminate every special administrative procurement regime: “… An all-encompassing scope of application … In relation to the application of the currently valid Law of Administrative Procurement, a phenomenon has been occurring by virtue of which Administrations, quite frequently, attempt to take advantage of any modification at the legal level of their competencies to seek to separate their procurement scheme from said law. Such is the case of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, the Costa Rican Railways Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles), the National Insurance Institute (Instituto Nacional de Seguros), the Public Services Company of Heredia (Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia), the Administrative Board for Electrical Services of Cartago (Junta Administrativa Servicios Eléctricos de Cartago), Radiográfica Costarricense S.A., the National Radio and Television System (Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión), or Correos de Costa Rica.
The foregoing has generated the existence of different laws with particular regulations that, far from allowing a simple mechanism for public procurement, create a difficult-to-understand, tangled panorama and furthermore compromise legal certainty. Even though it is recognized that within the current Law of Administrative Procurement there are topics that are susceptible to improvement, and it is in light of this that this initiative is presented, the truth is that in practice, that atomization that the field of public procurement has faced in relation to the proliferation of special regulation instruments for certain Administrations has not been effective. On the contrary, by virtue of the coexistence of different procurement regimes, currently the contracting Administration, the legal operator, and the general citizenry are subjected to a dense regulatory spiderweb, which fosters legal uncertainty and complicates the comprehensive mastery of the legal system in this matter.
It is for this reason that the present bill aims for a single scope of application, which presents the use of public funds as the objective criterion. Thus, the norm postulates that the scope of application is for the entire Administration, such that it intends to apply to the procurement of all organs or entities, whether public or private, provided they use public funds (objective element). In light of the above, it is understood as an all-encompassing scope of application. Consequently, as mentioned, the regulation of subjects that are \"governed by principles\" or that have special normative for the acquisition of goods, works, and services is eliminated. This regulation by principles is not clearly defined or delimited, and in practice, it has been identified that different regulations exist... \" (the underlining is not from the original). This legislative objective equates ICE with other companies, Ministries, and institutions of the State, without analyzing or evaluating the very origin of this special normative for administrative procurement.
In the case of ICE, this emerged as a legislative, State commitment for the effectiveness of the FTA, to endow the public companies entering into competition with legal instruments, with the rank of law, to attend the telecommunications sector with more operational, financial, and administrative efficiency; therefore, it is contrary to the right of the Constitution for a subsequent law to ignore the implementation legislation of an International Treaty or Convention, and mandatorily establish the use of a general legislative framework, opposing it. Since it not only repeals the special administrative procurement regime that applies to ICE, to be more efficacious and efficient in its administration to face competition, but also, with this, harms and endangers the very existence of ICE and its companies, including it in a general procurement regime that does not contemplate its particular administrative, budgetary, and competitive needs; a grave omission for the Institution, because it pigeonholes it again in a regime of a State where not all its institutions, be they Ministries, decentralized ones, and other public entities, but that do not compete for their services and income in the national market with other operators, as is the case with ICE as an autonomous Institution (sic), in its telecommunications sector.
And, with a deeper analysis, equally in competition in the electricity sector, to date. In the same manner, Article 2 of the General Public Procurement Law states: “… ARTICLE 2- Exclusions from the application of the law The following activities are excluded from the scope of this law: a) The ordinary activity of the Administration. b) Public employment relations. c) Public loans (empréstitos públicos). The procurement procedures derived from them shall be governed by this law, unless the law approving the loan provides for another procurement regime. d) Procurement carried out outside the country for the construction, installation, or provision of offices and for the procurement of goods, works, and services, which must be used and consumed entirely abroad. e) Agreements concluded with other States or subjects of public international law of a humanitarian nature, which are governed by public international law. f) Collaboration agreements between public law entities, understood as those agreements carried out within the scope of legal competence of each subject, where there is parity between the obligations of the parties and a common goal is sought, without any payment. g) Procurement carried out by the National Emergency Commission (Comisión Nacional de Emergencias), by virtue of the extraordinary activity defined in Article 4 of Law 8488, National Law on Emergencies and Risk Prevention (Ley 8488, Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo), of November 22, 2005.
The remaining procurement shall be governed by the provisions of this law. h) The acquisition of fuel…” As a consequence of the above, this challenged article also proves contrary to what is instituted in Article 7 of the Political Constitution, disregarding the legal superiority of a public international treaty, as the FTA is within the matters excluded from the application of this law. Article 135 subsection c) of the challenged Law materializes what is indicated in the preceding points and repeals, precisely, the articles of Law 8660 that establish the special administrative procurement regime of ICE and its companies: ARTICLE 135- Repeals The provisions indicated are repealed: c) Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, are repealed …” Opposition of Law 9986 "General Public Procurement Law to the Free Trade Agreement Dominican Republic - Central America - United States (FTA).
As indicated in the previous section, this law repeals the special administrative procurement regime, which was necessary to comply with the very spirit of the FTA, and the actions that were carried out by the previous Legislators (sic) to comply with the precepts of the cited Addenda (sic) and be able to carry out an opening in the telecommunications market in a gradual manner, strengthening ICE and its companies through a more agile, efficient administrative procurement with greater administrative autonomy; elements that are lost in the current norm, with the current legislators ignoring the premises for the creation of that special regime to acquire goods and services for the telecommunications system and business in charge of ICE, as the state company, opposing the obligations established in the Free Trade Agreement.
Below, it is demonstrated how Law 9986 represents a step backwards in this matter, creating an unconstitutionality in the actions of the legislators when approving that norm, dismantling the ICE’s regulatory framework for having that administrative and financial agility and efficiency for the telecommunications sector; replacing it with simplism, long timelines for administrative contracting (contratación administrativa) procedures, including adding more steps to the procurement process once again; thereby losing the administrative autonomy that ICE and its companies require to provide a service within a competitive framework, derogating the legal framework that the TLC preempted, a modern and strengthened legal framework for entering into competition in a Telecommunications Sector that is so changeable due to the nature of its service technology: Content of the TLC. Chapter 9 Annex 13: Preamble The Government of the Republic of Costa Rica: recognizing the unique nature of Costa Rican social policy regarding telecommunications and reaffirming its decision to ensure that the opening process in its telecommunications services sector is based on its Constitución Política; emphasizing that said opening process will benefit the user and will be founded on the principles of gradualness, selectivity, and regulation, and in strict conformity with the social objectives of universality and solidarity in the provision of telecommunications services: and recognizing its commitment to strengthen and modernize the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) as a participant in a competitive telecommunications market and ensuring that the use of its infrastructure will be compensated and furthermore, to develop a regulatory entity to oversee market development; assumes through this Anexo the following specific commitments regarding telecommunications services.
II. Modernization of ICE Costa Rica will enact a new legal framework to strengthen ICE, through its appropriate modernization, no later than December 31, 2004…” It is undoubtedly clear that by the mere act of derogating this special regime for administrative contracting at ICE, the Ley General de Contratación Pública opposes not only the legislative obligations of the Costa Rican State but also the purpose of these obligations, which seek the adequate implementation of the TLC by strengthening and modernizing ICE and its companies. Without prejudice to the foregoing, examples are noted of how this general law establishes shackles, limiting the actions of ICE and its companies; which clearly oppose the objective of the TLC: Thresholds and timeframes: As indicated in this Acción and in the draft for the enactment of Law 8660 and the constitutionality consultation, one of the most relevant problems present at ICE was precisely the thresholds that did not consider its specific needs and did not adjust to its budgetary reality.
Law 8860 established: “ARTICLE 22.- Ordinary tender procedures ICE shall use the ordinary procedures of public bidding (licitación pública) and abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada), in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; likewise, it may apply the special direct contracting (contratación directa) regime. In the Reglamento of this Law, special rules may be established regarding the structure and requirements of the cited ordinary tender procedures, as long as the constitutional principles of administrative contracting are respected. ICE, considered individually, shall use the public bidding procedure for contracting when the amount is equal to or greater than the sum derived from multiplying the entity’s budget for the acquisition of non-personal goods and services by the factor resulting from dividing the amount indicated for public bidding in subsection a) of article 27 of the general administrative contracting law, by the applicable reference budget for ICE, considered individually, set forth in the same numeral.
If the application of this paragraph results in lower limits than those established in article 27 of Law No. 7494, Contratación administrativa, those indicated in said Law shall be used. The abbreviated bidding procedure shall be applied for contracts whose amount falls between the amount for direct contracting indicated in subsection a) of article 27 of Law No. 7494, Contratación administrativa, and the amount for public bidding resulting from the application of the formula expressed in the preceding paragraph. The reference budget is that which must be applied to ICE, considered individually, in accordance with article 27 of Law No. 7494, Contratación administrativa, with its current adjustments…”.
With the application of the previous article, for the year 2022, the contracting thresholds were as follows. II. —Contracting limits applicable to ICE and JASEC.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTING LIMITS YEAR 2022 Calculation according to article 22 of Law No. 8660
| Institutions | Public Bidding | Abbreviated Bidding | Direct Contracting | Reference stratum1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equal to or more than | Less than | Equal or more than | Less than | ||
| Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) | 6 041 595 408,00 | 6 041 595 408,00 | 101 100 000,00 | 101 100 000,00 | A |
| Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago (JASEC) | 697 414 414,00 | 697 414 414,00 | 28 260 000, 00 | 28 260 000,00 | C |
1Determined according to the average budgeted amount, in millions of colones for the 2020-2022 period, for the acquisition of non-personal goods and services indicated as a reference in point X of this resolution. Source: R-DC-00020-2022. CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Despacho Contralor General. San José at nine o’clock on February sixteenth, two thousand twenty-two.
For its part, the Ley General de Contratación Pública establishes: “ARTICLE 36- Thresholds for determining the contracting procedure. The contracting procedure shall be determined according to the following thresholds: i) Contracting carried out by national non-financial public companies, municipal non-financial public companies, banking public financial institutions, and non-banking public financial institutions, listed in the Clasificador Institucional del Sector Público issued by the Ministerio de Hacienda, shall use the major bidding (licitación mayor) procedure for the contracting of goods and services whose estimate exceeds two hundred eighty-five million eight hundred sixty-eight thousand seven hundred fifty-two colones (¢ 285 868 752), minor bidding (licitación menor) for the contracting of goods and services whose estimate is equal to or less than two hundred eighty-five million eight hundred sixty-eight thousand seven hundred fifty-two colones (¢ 285 868 752) but exceeds seventy-one million four hundred sixty-seven thousand one hundred eighty-eight colones (CRC 71 467 188), and reduced bidding (licitación reducida) in those cases whose estimate is equal to or less than seventy-one million four hundred sixty-seven thousand one hundred eighty-eight colones ( 71 467 188)…”.
With the recent update carried out by the Contraloría General de la República, the amounts in force for the year 2023 are:
Thresholds year 2023 (amounts in colones)
| Regime | Type of Contracting | Major Bidding | Minor Bidding | Reduced Bidding | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equal to or more than | Less than | Equal or more than | Less than | ||
| Ordinary | Goods and Services | 264.519.083 | 264.519.083 | 66.129.771 | 66.129.771 |
| Works | 712.166.540 | 712.166.540 | 178.041.690 | 178.041.690 | |
| Differentiated | Goods and Services | 317.422.900 | 317.422.900 | 79.355.725 | 79.355.725 |
| Works | 1.139.466.819 | 1.139.466.819 | 284.866.705 | 284.866.705 |
Source: R-DC-00132-2022. CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Despacho Contralor General. San José at thirteen hours and forty-three minutes on December twelfth, two thousand twenty-two.
With the special regime of Law 8660, ICE was required to use the most rigorous bidding procedure in stages and timeframes (public bidding) for acquisitions of goods and services estimated at sums equal to or exceeding CRC 6,041,595,408.00, an amount that precisely considers the budgetary conditions applicable to the Institution. In contrast, by derogating this special regime, ICE is forced to use the most rigorous procedure in timeframes and stages (major bidding) for acquisitions estimated at a sum equal to or exceeding CRC 317,422,900.00. The foregoing is completely disproportionate and burdensome for the Institution, because it makes administrative and financial management more sluggish, with the effect of lengthening the timeframe for the acquisition of goods and services, and it distorts the agility required to adequately respond to the competitive market in which it finds itself, to manage its telecommunications and electricity businesses.
Similarly, with its special regime, ICE had to use abbreviated bidding (a shorter and more agile ordinary procedure than public bidding) for acquisitions between CRC 101,100,000.00 and CRC 6,041,595,408.00, whereas, with the current threshold, it must use minor bidding for acquisitions between CRC 79,355,725.00 and CRC 317,422,900.00, again potentially affecting the results of the Institution’s Supply Chain and weakening it before the competition. To demonstrate the foregoing, a comparative table of timeframes from the publication of the bidding terms (pliego de condiciones) to its eventual final award (adjudicación en firme) is attached, according to the types of ordinary procedures of Law 9986 and Law 8660:
| Ley General Contratación Pública | Major Bidding* Minimum timeframe | Minor Bidding *Maximum | Reduced Bidding *Maximum timeframe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Receipt of bids | 15 | 15 | 5 |
| Award | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| Objection remedy (recurso de objeción) | 24 | 8 | 5 |
| Revocation/Appeal remedy (recurso de revocatoria/apelación) | 62 | 28 | 12 |
| Total | 131 | 81 | 32 |
| Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización | Public Bidding *Minimum Timeframe | Abbreviated Bidding *Maximum timeframe | Direct Contracting scarce amount *Maximum timeframe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Receipt of bids | 10 | 20 | 5 |
| Award | 20 | 40 | 10 |
| Objection remedy | 12 | 15 | 0 |
| Revocation/Appeal remedy | 45 | 27 | 0 |
| Total | 87 | 102 | 15 |
Source: Own elaboration SIICE- March-2023. *The timeframe for remedies includes the timeframe for filing, admissibility, resolution, and finality of the administrative act.
As can be seen, for example, what was previously acquired using Law 8660 through a Direct Contracting of Scarce Amount procedure took only 15 days from its publication until its final award, while for that same amount, the ICE Administration, applying Law 9986, will take from 32 working days in the range up to CRC 79,355,725.00 and 81 working days in the range from CRC 79,355,725.00 to CRC 101,100,000.00, considering the processing of the objection and revocation remedy. This timeframe may even be extended due to extensions in the period for awarding or a potential re-awarding where a second round of remedies must occur; a situation that will make the administrative contracting process long and cumbersome for ICE, in a framework where competing Operators can acquire using the private company method, placing the state Institution at a clear disadvantage. In the case of minor bidding, for the abbreviated bidding threshold range, it presents a decrease in time (range of CRC 101,100,000.00 to CRC 317,422,900.00); however, for higher amounts, major bidding must be used, extending times by 29 working days, with the possibility of being extended due to extensions in the period for awarding or a potential re-awarding where a second round of remedies must occur.
Added to the foregoing, the differentiated regime of the Ley General de Contratación Pública attempts to provide equal conditions to ICE compared to companies such as CNP, RECOPE, Banco de Costa Rica, INS, among others, when its procurement budget is much higher, which contradicts the purpose of Law 8660, as indicated previously, of providing thresholds in accordance with the budgetary reality of the Institution. To demonstrate the foregoing, according to information published in SICOP, based on the 2023 Annual Procurement Plan of each of the mentioned entities, which shows that ICE’s reality is very different from the companies that fall into that category:
| Institution | Estimated budget in colones |
|---|---|
| ICE | 147 189 177 163,83 |
| INS | 54 035 081 067,81 |
| CPN | 61 663 059,40 |
| RECOPE | 15 493 823 808,00 |
| Banco de Costa Rica | 18 680 634 070,36 |
Source: Own elaboration with Annual Procurement Plans- SICOP Recourse regime: Article 26 of Law 8660 regarding the recourse regime established: “… ARTICLE 26.- Remedies The objection remedy against the bidding terms of a public or abbreviated bidding shall be filed within the first quarter of the period for submitting bids before the Contraloría General de la República, in cases of public bidding, and, in other cases, before the contracting administration. This remedy must be resolved within the ten working days following its filing. Once the indicated period has elapsed, the remedy shall be deemed accepted. In the case of ICE, an appeal remedy shall only be applicable in the case of public bidding. In other cases, a revocation remedy shall be applied. … No revocation remedy shall proceed against direct contracts of scarce amount…” The foregoing allowed the ICE Administration, in strengthening its administrative and financial autonomy and procedural flexibility, to handle remedies for acquisitions between CRC 101,100,000.00 and CRC 6,041,595,408.00.
The Ley General de Contratación Pública states: "ARTICLE 95- Objection remedy Filing of the objection remedy and competent body to hear it: Any potential offeror or any legally constituted organization to safeguard the interests of the community where the contract is to be executed or upon which it has effects may object to the bidding terms. a) In the case of major bidding, the Contraloría General de la República has jurisdiction to hear the remedy, which must be filed in the unified digital system within a period of eight working days following the publication of the bidding terms. ARTICLE 97- Appeal remedy Processing of the appeal remedy The appeal remedy shall proceed against the award act, or the act declaring a major bidding deserted or unsuccessful. Within the eight working days following the notification of the final act, anyone who has participated in the competitive procedure may file an appeal remedy in the unified digital system.
The Contraloría General de la República shall process the remedy according to the following stages:…” That is, the Ley General de Contratación Pública establishes the jurisdiction of the Contraloría General de la República to hear objection and appeal remedies in major bidding procedures, which, as indicated, is currently defined for the differentiated regime for acquisitions equal to or greater than CRC 317,422,900.00. The foregoing weakens the administrative, financial, and procedural autonomy of ICE (objective of the TLC and Law 8660), since now it is the Contraloría General de la República that resolves the remedies that the Institute previously resolved on its own, by amount, with the previous thresholds up to CRC 6,041,595,408.00. This also affects the efficiency of the Administrative Contracting procedures for ICE, because the Contralor Body must handle all the remedies of the Public Administration derived from Major Bidding procedures, which, as stated, do not consider the type, nature, and budget of the Institutions (beyond what is established by the differentiated regime from the ordinary one, which places ICE companies on an equal footing with companies like the Consejo Nacional de la Producción, INCOFER, RECOPE, INS, CONAPE, to cite some examples; leaving a company like ICE at a clear disadvantage, which has been amply explained, must meet the demands of telecommunications services, within a strong competitive framework, as is known to date in the national market.
Elimination of the special "Direct Contracting of Scarce Amount" regime The Ley General de Contratación Pública establishes reduced bidding, minor bidding, and major bidding as ordinary procedures, and likewise eliminates direct contracting of scarce amount from the exceptions. Law 8660 established: “… ARTICLE 22.- Ordinary tender procedures ICE shall use the ordinary procedures of public bidding and abbreviated bidding, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; likewise, it may apply the special direct contracting regime. In the Reglamento of this Law, special rules may be established regarding the structure and requirements of the cited ordinary tender procedures, as long as the constitutional principles of administrative contracting are respected…” By virtue of the foregoing, ICE could process procedures whose estimate was below CRC 100,100,000.00 through direct contracting of scarce amount, an expeditious procedure, administratively and financially agile, regulated and enshrined in regulations; which had the reduction of procedures in the "clean sense" of not having objection or revocation remedies against the final award act, managing to acquire goods and services within a period of 15 days from the publication of the tender.
Eliminating these recourse phases precisely had the objective of streamlining the acquisition of lower-value goods and services for the Institution and responding quickly to market demands. With the elimination of this type of procedure, these acquisitions must be processed under the reduced bidding procedure (up to CRC 79,355,725.00), which imposes the right of participants to object to the bidding terms and revoke the final act, with the tender potentially being re-awarded. Procedural stages, for a lower amount, from ICE’s budgetary exercise, which, far from simplifying, lengthen the timeframes of the tender stage and the execution of a contract, affecting the availability of the goods and services required by an efficient and effective supply chain for a state telecommunications company, which competes with private operators under unequal conditions.
To demonstrate the negative impact on the agility of the Institute’s acquisitions, certified information from RACSA as coordinator of the Sistema Integrado de Compras Públicas (SICOP) is attached, which shows that in the year 2022, ICE published 919 Direct Contracting of Scarce Amount procedures; acquisitions that under Law 9986 would take at least twice as long to become final. A time variable that will inevitably be reflected in the services, new telecommunications businesses provided by ICE, and therefore in its income.
Unilateral modification of contract: Article 178 of the Reglamento to Law 8660 established the power for ICE to modify its contracts in execution, for the purpose of acquiring the same goods or even those of a similar nature for up to 100% of the awarded amount. Article 101 of the Ley General de Contratación Pública establishes that this power is limited to a maximum of 20% and exceptionally, up to 50%, with the Administration needing to promote a new tender if a larger quantity is required. The foregoing also diminishes the agility in acquisitions achieved with the implementation of Law 8660 and its regulations as part of the TLC implementation.
Special procedure for companies in competition: The Ley General de Contratación Pública establishes a special procedure for companies in competition, in which ICE is identified, with the purpose of establishing a less rigorous method than the ordinary procedures, when the contract’s object is to acquire goods, works, and services intended to generate, install, and operate networks, provide, acquire, and commercialize telecommunications and infocommunications products and services, as well as other information and convergent products and services. However, this procedure, although more flexible than the ordinary regime, is not more agile or convenient than the special regime established in Law 8660, because it limits its use solely to this type of goods and services; furthermore, it establishes a series of requirements for its use, therefore it does not represent any guarantee of administrative and financial flexibility and agility, in accordance with the legislation issued for that purpose, such as Law 8660, which was a commitment and provision for the state company to be able to enter into competition under the TLC.
“… ARTICLE 168 Reglamento to Law 9986: For the application of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall be understood: a) Great complexity or specialized nature: those objects that, based on their particular characteristics and their infrequent demand, give them an exceptional character from a technical point of view. Great complexity or specialized nature must be accredited by means of a reasoned administrative act issued by the competent technical unit. b) Limited number of suppliers: that acquisition where the market does not offer a number greater than five potential offerors capable of providing the required object, which must be accredited in the unified digital system by the competent technical unit. c) Economy and efficiency: when, in accordance with the principle of value for money, the economic advantages are reliably accredited and it is demonstrated that the proposed goals will be achieved with the least use of resources…”.
Administrative and financial autonomy Within the legislative process of the draft law for Law 8660, the Special Commission of the file, through the affirmative majority opinion, in section 3.3.4. Non-application of laws (folio 5234 of file 16.397), stated: “In order to strengthen autonomy and allow them to fulfill their special purposes, the application to ICE and its companies of certain legal provisions is exempted, which have posed a serious obstacle to that imperative of fulfilling their historic mission in the current era. The deputies who affirmatively determined the project consider that for ICE and its companies to continue being a driver and source of national progress and, in that way, continue installing infrastructure that allows the country a successful strategy to attract foreign direct investment, by having optimal, timely, quality, and low-cost services, the initiative being reported on determines the non-application to ICE and its companies of the following laws: B) Ley de Administración Financiera de la república y de Presupuestos Públicos No. 8131 of September 18, 2001, and its amendments, except articles 57 and 94…” Thus, Law 8660 states in its article 17: “…
Non-application of current laws b) Law No. 8131, Administración financiera de la República y presupuestos públicos, of September 18, 2001, and its amendments, except articles 57 and 94…” Contrary to what was assessed and approved by the legislators as an optimal way to liberate ICE and its companies from legislative shackles, the Ley General de Contratación Pública in its articles 133, 134 subsections j) and k) reinstalls the duty to apply Law 8131, Ley de la Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos derived from Public Contracting to ICE and its companies, again limiting the administrative and financial autonomy that is necessary for the achievement of its objectives and an adequate implementation of the TLC.
In addition to the foregoing, it is worth mentioning that the arguments of unconstitutionality indicated were timely warned within the legislative process of Law 9986 through official letter GG-1015-2020 of July 9, 2020 (folios 5784 to 5798 of the file of law 9986) and DJR-141-2021 of March 23, 2021 (folios 7677 to 7693 of the file of law 9986) issued by the company Radiográfica Costarricense (RACSA S.A.) and official letters 256-115-2020 of July 21, 2020 (folios 5812 to 5836 of the file of law 9986) and 256-41-2021 of April 5, 2021 (folios 7695 to 7720 of the file of law 9986) issued by ICE as part of the institutional consultation promoted by the Asamblea Legislativa on draft law 21.546. However, these were not submitted for constitutional consultation before this honorable Sala. Other articles challenged as unconstitutional: Based on the same arguments, the following articles of the Ley General de Contratación Pública that regulate the administrative contracting of ICE and its companies are challenged:
| Article 68 | Special procedure for INS, ICE and its companies in competition, JASEC and ESPH |
|---|---|
| Article 69 | Open contracting of services for institutions and companies in competition |
| Article 70 | Contracting of technology for institutions and companies in competition |
| Article 134 subsection d) | Reforms article 11 of Law 8660, Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones |
(…)”. It formulates the following petition: “Therefore, pursuant to article 73 subsection d) and 75 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional and article 7 of the Constitución Política, the following is requested: • This Acción de Inconstitucionalidad be admitted. • The unconstitutionality regarding ICE and its companies of articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d) and 135 subsection c) of the Ley General de Contratación Pública be declared, for being contrary to article 7 of the Constitución Política”.
The second (Implementation Agenda) was defined as an internal process that the country had to carry out to fulfill the commitments assumed in that instrument. That process entailed developing actions in both the legislative and institutional fields. In the legislative field, it was established that a bill had to be drafted for the modernization and strengthening of the public entities of the telecommunications sector to provide their services and operations upon entering an open competition market. The approval of the FTA was preceded by intense internal debate, analysis, and social protest, as the citizenry did not want to see public services that, until then, were provided by the State, threatened. Given that the Treaty would place the country in competition in several sectors with companies from the world's largest economy, the implementation of various laws allowing Costa Rica to level the competitiveness framework was always part of the very spirit of the trade treaty.
Hence, it cannot be permitted that today, through another law, what was regulated within the negotiation framework is diminished, as occurs with Law No. 9986. Law 8660, "Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector," was born as a fundamental part of the spirit of the trade treaty and the commitments assumed by Costa Rica upon the entry into force and effectiveness of the FTA, with the aim of strengthening the sectors that would enter into competition as of the FTA. The purpose of the law was to provide ICE and its companies with a special administrative procurement regime that would allow the institution to compete and have a more agile mechanism for the acquisition of goods and services. Thus, Article 20 of that law incorporates a special administrative procurement regime, which allows greater agility and efficiency in the acquisition of goods and services.
In this vein, Articles 1, 2, and 135, subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law ignore the special administrative procurement regime of ICE, in a competitive market. On the other hand, Law No. 9986, General Administrative Procurement Law, repeals the former special administrative procurement regime, which is necessary to comply with the spirit of the FTA. This law represents a setback in this matter, causing an unconstitutionality in the legislators' actions, as it eliminates ICE's regulatory framework that allows it to have agility, administrative and financial efficiency for the telecommunications sector, and creates a process that delays and hinders administrative procurement. Additionally, they allege that the new law eliminates the special regime of "Low-Value Direct Procurement (Contratación Directa de Escasa Cuantía)," which means that such acquisitions must now be processed under the reduced bidding procedure, which imposes the right of participants to object to the bidding terms and revoke the final act, allowing the tender to be re-awarded.
Article 178 of the Regulation to Law No. 8660 established the power for ICE to modify its execution contracts, for the purpose of acquiring the same goods and services or even those of a similar nature up to 100% of the awarded amount. Article 101 of the General Public Procurement Law establishes that this power is limited to a maximum of 20% and, exceptionally, up to 50%, with the Administration being required, should it need a greater quantity, to promote a new tender. The General Public Procurement Law establishes a special procedure for companies in competition, in which ICE is identified, with the purpose of establishing a less rigorous manner than ordinary procedures, when the contract's object is to acquire goods, works, and services destined to generate, install, and operate networks, provide, acquire, and commercialize telecommunications and infocommunications products and services, as well as other information products and services and others in convergence.
However, this procedure, although more flexible than the ordinary regime, is not more agile or convenient than the special regime established in Law 8660, as it limits its use solely to this type of goods and services; furthermore, it establishes a series of requirements for its utilization, and therefore does not represent any guarantee of administrative and financial flexibility and agility, in accordance with the legislation issued to that effect, such as Law 8660, which was a commitment and provision for the state enterprise to be able to enter into competition with the FTA. Regarding administrative and financial autonomy, contrary to what was assessed and approved by the legislators as an optimal way to free ICE and its companies from legislative ties, the General Public Procurement Law in Articles 133, 134 subsections j) and k) reinstates the duty to apply Law 8131 (Law of the Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets) derived from Public Procurement to ICE and its companies, thereby limiting administrative and financial autonomy, which is necessary for achieving the objectives and an adequate implementation of the FTA.
For reasons similar to those set forth, Articles 68, 69, 70, and 134 subsection d) of the General Public Procurement Law, which regulate the administrative procurement of ICE and its companies, are challenged. This action is admitted as it meets the requirements referred to in the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law in its Articles 73 to 79. The plaintiff's standing comes from Article 75, paragraph 2, insofar as they appear in defense of diffuse interests. Let a notice about the filing of the action be published three consecutive times in the Judicial Bulletin. Legal effects of the filing of the action: The publication provided for in numeral 81 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law has the purpose of informing the courts and the bodies that exhaust the administrative channel that the unconstitutionality claim has been filed, so that in the processes or procedures in which the application of the law, decree, provision, agreement, or resolution is discussed, no final resolution is issued while the Chamber has not made a ruling on the case.
Several rules are drawn from this legal precept. The first, and perhaps the most important, is that the filing of an unconstitutionality action does not suspend the general effectiveness and applicability of the norms. The second is that only the application acts of the challenged norms are suspended by judicial authorities in the processes brought before them, or by administrative authorities, in the procedures aimed at exhausting the administrative channel, but not their general validity and application. The third is that – in principle – in cases of direct action (as occurs in the present action), the suspensive effect of the filing does not operate (see Ruling No. 537-91 of the Constitutional Court). Within fifteen days following the first publication of the cited notice, those who appear as parties in pending matters as of the filing date of this action, in which the application of what is challenged is discussed, or those with a legitimate interest, may appear in order to contribute regarding its admissibility or inadmissibility, or to expand, where appropriate, the grounds of unconstitutionality in relation to the matter that interests them.
It is further made known that, in accordance with Articles 81 and 82 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law and as the Chamber has repeatedly resolved (Resolutions 0536-91, 0537-91, 0554-91, and 0881-91), this publication does not suspend the validity of the norm in general, but solely its application in the cases and conditions indicated. The response to the hearing conferred in this resolution must be submitted only once, using only one of the following means: physical documentation presented directly at the Secretariat of the Chamber; the fax system; electronic documentation through the ONLINE MANAGEMENT System; or, to the email address [email protected], which is an exclusive email dedicated to the receipt of reports. In any of the cases, the response and other documents must expressly indicate the case file number to which they are directed. The response submitted by electronic means must record the signature of the responsible person signing it, either by digitizing the physical document containing their signature, or by means of a digital signature, according to the provisions established in the Law on Certificates, Digital Signatures and Electronic Documents, No. 8454, for the purpose of accrediting the authenticity of the filing. It is warned that electronically generated or digitized documents submitted through the Online Management System or to the indicated email address must not exceed 3 Megabytes. Notify."
In accordance with the placement of International Treaties on the scale of hierarchy of norms, Article 73 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law provided: Article 73. An action of unconstitutionality shall be admissible: (…) d) When any law or general provision infringes Article 7, first paragraph, of the Constitution, by opposing a public treaty or international convention. (…)” The solid constitutional protection that Costa Rica gives to International Treaties is evident, as well as the scope of such protection for both legislators and legal practitioners, since the obligation to comply with what has been agreed and also to apply it in good faith prevails without any condition. In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber, in resolution 13316-2020, indicated the following: “(…) There is no doubt that, in the Costa Rican legal system, the derived Constituent, and consequently the jurisprudence of the Chamber, have clearly established that there is a preponderant treatment for International Treaties and Conventions, signed and ratified by our country.
Thus, Judgment No. 1994-00588 of 6:00 p.m. on January 26, 1994, established that: ‘In accordance with Article 7 of our Constitution, international treaties or Conventions, as a normative source of our legal system, occupy a preponderant position over ordinary law. This implies that, before the norm of a treaty or convention —a denomination which for purposes of international law is equivalent— the internal norm of legal rank yields.’ Precisely, in another judgment of this Chamber, the importance of the hierarchical placement of treaties in the legal system is clear, as is the effect desired by the Constituent (whether original or derived), upon reforming the strictly conservative system in force until 1968, and which subsequently, through a constitutional reform of that year, modified this rule established in Article 7 of the Political Constitution (Law No. 4123 of May 31, 1968). Judgment No. 2016-6728 of 9:05 a.m. on May 18, 2016, of this Chamber, established that: “A.- The influence of International law on National law.
The manner in which International law shapes the national legal system was decided by the constituent when establishing the normative hierarchy of International law norms. Although there may be different solutions to the way public international law relates to the national legal system, it reveals a great deal the way in which it is incorporated, and even more so the place that the original as well as the derived constituent places it in the normative hierarchy of the legal order, with the intention of assigning it a certain legal potency and resistance, emphasis added in some cases, for the coexistence of International law with the national norm, which would be: supralegal where the legal operator faces a norm with cascading force and potency that displaces the inferior norm; or of equal rank, where the judicial authority interprets international legislation with a force and potency equivalent to that of laws, operating the criteria of validity in time and space, and which, to avoid generating unnecessary conflicts between norms, must interpret International law with customary International law.
In these cases, it discards the national norm or interprets it in accordance with the international obligation, except in those jurisdictions where the legislator attributes its preeminent task of expressly rendering it without effect, under risk of violating the international order. In our case, of monist origin, International law is incorporated once the legislative procedures for the issuance of a law that receives it are fulfilled, with legislative approval, followed by sanction and publication, and finally the exchange of diplomatic notes or the deposit of instruments for the perfection of the international obligation —act of ratification—. The way in which national law is impacted will logically depend on the nature of the commitments or international obligations agreed between States or legal persons with capacity to act at the international level’ (the highlighting is from the original).
In the same judgment, in the context of that reform of Article 7 of the Political Constitution, citing the legislator who commented on the relationship between International and National Law, the Chamber indicated that: ‘In this article, the conservative criterion of the majority of the constituents of 1949 was enshrined, who felt a profound hostility towards any form of rapprochement with Central American countries. Within that nationalist zeal, they went too far by stating in the first paragraph that anyone who concluded “pacts, treaties or conventions that oppose the sovereignty and independence of the Republic” would be considered a traitor to the Homeland. Every treaty, pact or convention constitutes a limitation on the sovereignty or independence of any country. […] If superior authority is not given to treaties and concordats over ordinary law, we will have the constant presence of conflicts, of legal antinomies called norms that clash, norms that provide something to the contrary, and that would constantly oblige us to resort to unconstitutionality or the inapplicability of one of these norms before our courts.
This would undermine the Central American common market, and would place us in a bad predicament.’ The background of the reform gives us a reading of how our country changed its legal and political stance, adopted the best legal technique to integrate public International law into the national legal system, overcoming that isolationist distrust associated with Central American integrationist movements, and moved in the direction of a reform to constitutional Article 7, establishing a principle of supremacy of public International law, as recognized in the current numeral 7, so that international treaties have, by decision of the derived constituent itself, authority superior to laws, including those known by the terminology used by our constituent as Protocols…’. In accordance with Article 7 of the Political Constitution, the Treaties and Conventions that our country has negotiated, approved, and ratified constitute international obligations with potency and resistance, which, being in force, must be observed and complied with by the legislator, at the time of discussing and approving ordinary legislation.
In this vein, they are negotiations carried out by the Executive Branch at the international level, in an exclusive and autonomous function of conducting the State’s international relations, because they require legislative approval. Once the instruments of ratification have been given and deposited, compliance with the Treaties or Conventions rests on the fundamental pillar of pacta sunt servanda, which is the obligation to comply with what has been agreed, as well as to apply it in good faith, which is what ultimately maintains the coherence of the entire system of public International law. To that extent, it also implies for the State that it cannot act contrary to the international obligations agreed in the treaties or conventions, and this of course includes approving legislation that may conflict with those obligations.” (The highlighting is not from the original) That is, the Legislative Assembly in an ordinary law-making process is barred from legislating against a public treaty or international convention.
III. REGARDING THE PROMULGATION OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW, No. 9986, AGAINST THE PROVISIONS OF THE CAFTA-DR AND LAW 8660, AS A CONDITION OF EFFECTIVENESS AGREED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF COSTA RICA FOR THAT TREATY. Understanding the existence and legal nature of the CAFTA-DR, as well as the origins and justification of the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, No. 8660, as one of the requirements that enabled the effectiveness of said Treaty, it is indisputable that the Legislative Assembly, upon promulgating the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, disregarded the protection of Public International Law and with it the unbreakable constitutional mandate, which as developed by the Constitutional Chamber in the aforementioned resolution, includes that the country cannot “act contrary to the international obligations agreed in the treaties or conventions, and this of course includes approving legislation that may conflict with those obligations.” The Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, No. 8660, based on the particularities of the competitive telecommunications market enabled by the CAFTA-DR, provided ICE with a normative framework in administrative procurement that responded to principles of reasonableness, efficiency, responsibility, and accountability (control), since the country was not unaware that the ultimate objective was to allow ICE to participate in a competitive market on equal terms with private operators, to guarantee that the country’s inhabitants enjoy high-quality and timely telecommunications services, and to ensure the adequate use of public resources.
That normative framework in administrative procurement was deployed in compliance with the principles of the subject matter and, in turn, in compliance with the applicable constitutional guarantees, in an effort to ensure that ICE had the necessary tools to achieve adequate management and control of its supply chain, which ultimately translates into competitive and timely customer service in a competitive market. Whereas the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, which was presented as an initiative that apparently organized administrative procurement based on the unifying principle of use of public funds, contrary to the provisions of the CAFTA-DR and its implementation agenda, suppressed that special administrative procurement regime contained in Law No. 8660, arbitrarily disregarding the particularities of the market, the budgetary dimensions, and the line of business in which ICE participates, discarding it due to the overwhelmingly negative effect caused in its supply chain, depriving it of the possibility of appearing in a market as a competitive operator, condemning ICE to not meeting the demands of the market and what that implies compared to private companies.
In a competitive market such as the telecommunications market, agile management of processes associated with internal provisioning or for the end customer or user of services is decisive in the business. For a better understanding, the opening of the telecommunications market created a dynamic and competitive market in which delays in investments, network deployment, and timely attention to services provided undoubtedly lead to customer loss, immediate damage to the operator’s reputation against its competitors, brand value, and of course market share, which is a long-term and impossible-to-recover effect, with its consequent financial impact. IV. REGARDING THE CONFLICTS OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW, No. 9986 Below, the detail of the conflicts of unconstitutionality present in the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, is set forth to the Constitutional Chamber as guarantor of the Political Constitution and the international law in force in the country, by mandate of the Constitution. a. Article 1 provides as its scope of application, the following: “This law shall apply to all contractual activity that uses totally or partially public funds.
(…)” Completely disregarding the special regulation of ICE in open competition. b. Article 2, which regulates the exclusions from the application of the Law, does not contemplate the procurements carried out by ICE in compliance with the provisions of Law 8660. c. Article 68 established a special procedure for INS, ICE and its companies in competition, JASEC, ESPH, which is distant from the agile schemes of Law No. 8660 and in no way equates the situation of public entities in competition with private companies, placing ICE at a real disadvantage with direct effects on market share and consequently, on the financial sustainability of the business. d. Article 69 established what was called open procurement of services for institutions and companies in competition, but it does not even come close to solving the serious problem faced. e. Article 70 established technology procurement for institutions and companies in competition. f. Article 133 established additions to the Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets Law, No. 8131. g. Article 134 subsections d, j, and k, which modified the Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets Law, No. 8131. h. Article 135 subsection c) provided the derogations, stating: “The provisions indicated are derogated: (…) c) Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 of Law 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, are derogated.
(…)” V. COADJUVANCY Additionally, to the conflicts of unconstitutionality that the plaintiff developed and that ICE shares, in response to the requirement stated at the beginning of this brief in which it was requested that the institution be considered as COADYUVANT in this action of unconstitutionality, below, based on Article 83 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, the grounds for unconstitutionality are expanded, supported by the following: A) Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 133, 134, subsection d), j), and k), and 135, subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, are unconstitutional due to an open violation of Article 33 of the Political Constitution. The Constitutional Chamber, in reiterated jurisprudence, has clarified that not in all cases should equal treatment be received regardless of possible legally relevant differentiating elements. One of these was in Voto 11957-2021, where the Constitutional Chamber stated the following: “(…) This Chamber recalls that the content of the principle of equality established in Article 33 of the Political Constitution means that it is prohibited to make differences between two or more persons who are in the same legal situation or identical conditions, without being able to claim equal treatment when the conditions or circumstances are unequal, agreeing, in principle, to equal treatment for equal situations and making possible different treatment for different situations and personal categories.
It has also been indicated that the requirement of equality does not delegitimize differentiated treatment, but to determine if a distinction is really justified, one must analyze whether the reason that produces it is reasonable, that is, whether, considering the particular circumstances of the case, a different treatment is justified (see in this regard judgment No. 5061-94 of 5:34 p.m. on September 6, 1994). Hence, not in all cases should equal treatment be given regardless of the possible legally relevant differentiating elements that may exist (…).” (The highlighting is not from the original) Moreover, in resolution 03288-2021, it stated: “(…) Provision established in Article 33 of our Political Constitution and which implies giving a treatment among equals and a differentiated one among unequals. The Chamber has been consistent in stating that it is summarized as the right to be treated equally to others in each and every one of the legal relationships that are constituted.
Likewise, it has been defined that equality is, at the same time, a constitutional obligation that consists of treating in the same way those who are in equal factual conditions, thereby becoming a limit on the performance of public power. However, it has also been established that the principle of equality does not have an absolute character, as it does not properly grant a right to be equated to any individual regardless of circumstances, but rather, to demand that the law not make differences between two or more persons who are in the same legal situation or identical conditions. In that sense, equal treatment cannot be claimed when the conditions or circumstances are unequal (…) In accordance with these considerations, for the constitutional jurisdiction to determine whether or not there has been a violation of the right to equality, a comparison parameter must be established to elucidate whether or not discriminatory treatment has existed (see Judgment No. 2010-1025).
(…)” VCG04/2021 The General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, disregarded the technical, legal, and financial differences that exist within the Public Administration, transforming a supposed motion for order into arbitrary treatment and, in turn, clearly discriminatory to the detriment of the telecommunications services provided by ICE. The legislator gave equal treatment to entities with different competencies and conditions of participation in the country’s development. The challenged articles reflect that the legislator applied the same treatment to anyone who contracts with public funds, without assessing the situation that an entity in competition may face, violating the premises of the Free Trade Agreement indicated above. It suffices to analyze the motivations to identify that all the recipients of the norm being formed were accused of trying to deviate from the Administrative Procurement Law and that an environment of legal uncertainty had been promoted.
Nothing more wrong conceptually than to determine that a company like ICE, which operates in a very particular line of business according to which it competes in an open market for services and income, should subject its sourcing processes to the same rules as a ministry, municipality, or other State institutions, which, in addition to operating in completely different areas of public service, were not subject to the country commitments assumed with the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR), as ICE was. Equating solely by the factor “use of public funds” violates the principle of equality by not considering the legally relevant differentiating elements present in the administrative procurement executed by ICE. In this section, it is pertinent to highlight that the provisions contained in Articles 133, 134 subsections d, j, and k of the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, are adjustments to the Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets Law, No. 8131, from which ICE was expressly exempted from application through the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, No. 8660, which, as indicated, is the legislative reform promulgated in response to the guarantee declared by the Costa Rican State so that ICE can face competition with a higher degree of equality of conditions in the context of the CAFTA-DR.
The same action of stripping away the legislative spirit that promoted the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, No. 8660, as a requirement for the effectiveness of the CAFTA-DR, and not recognizing legally relevant differentiating elements, was materialized in Article 135 subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986, which derogated the administrative procurement framework that was authorized by the Legislative Assembly for ICE, in accordance with law and in compliance with the guiding principles on the subject (articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law No. 8660). The differentiating elements of the administrative procurement framework given to ICE were the subject of analysis by the Constitutional Chamber when it addressed the optional legislative consultation of constitutionality on the bill for the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, No. 16.397 (expediente 08-007913-0007-CO, resolution 2008-011210).
Its correspondence with the Political Constitution was indicated in the following terms: “XVIII.- REGARDING THE AMOUNT ESTABLISHED TO USE THE PUBLIC BIDDING PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCUREMENT. The consulting legislators consider that the amounts to opt for a public bid established in the third paragraph of Article 19, that is, Article 22 of the final text, are extremely high and disproportionate. They assert that the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad would be using the public bid only when the procurement amount exceeds 2,500,000,000.00, which they consider totally irrational. They reproach that this undermines the oversight powers of the Contraloría General de la República. Likewise, they consider it unconstitutional for contravening the public bidding procedure established in constitutional Article 182, since practically no bidding process of ICE would be processed through that means.
(…) Article 182 of the Political Constitution recognizes that contracts for the execution of public works, as well as purchases made by autonomous institutions, shall be carried out through the public bidding procedure, in accordance with the law regarding the respective amount. In accordance with the foregoing, it shall be the legislator’s responsibility to define, in each case, the administrative procurement procedures, even providing special systems and differentiated amounts, in relation to the characteristics of the activity and the institution in question, the amount being, precisely, the discriminating parameter in the design of various types of administrative procurement procedures. This Constitutional Tribunal so held in judgment No. 2007-001557 of 3:36 p.m. on February 7, 2007, in which the following was indicated: ‘(...) However, for the Chamber, this line of reasoning contradicts constitutional Article 182, which, as has been said, serves as the basis for developing the principles of the administrative procurement system, since said provision welcomes public bidding as the normal means of procurement “in accordance with the law regarding the respective amount,” with which the Constituent opts for the amount as the discriminating parameter in the design of various types of administrative procurement processes that, depending on the amount, may have diverse regulations, but always respecting in their essence the right of the Constitution.
Thus, with the exception of the amount, our constitutional text does not expressly recognize any other parameter for the application of an attenuation of the constitutional principles relating to administrative procurement. (...)’ From the analysis of the consulted bill, the clear intention of the legislator to provide the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad with the necessary conditions for greater administrative, financial, and technological efficiency and effectiveness is deduced. The foregoing, of course, within the framework of a telecommunications market opening process already defined by the people with the approval of the referendum on the FTA U.S., Central America, and the Dominican Republic (Referendary Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007) – which seeks to strengthen public operators against their eventual competition. Indeed, from the considerations of those issuing opinions on the bill, the following is gathered: ‘(...) In the bill under discussion, a special administrative procurement regime is proposed for the acquisition of goods and services by ICE.
Regarding this topic, the bill under study states among its objectives to provide ICE with agile, efficient, and effective administrative procurement as part of the efforts to strengthen and modernize said entity, as well as to establish a regulatory body adapted to its particularities. Both the Constitutional Chamber and the Contraloría General have indicated the possibility of special regimes existing as long as the nature and particularities of the public activity in question so require and as long as the assumptions contemplated in the generic regulations are not applicable. As intended in this opinion, said regime must therefore regulate the particular conditions of the administrative procurement of ICE and its companies, and unavoidably consider the constitutional postulates enshrined in Articles 182 and 184. In this matter, the legislator is tasked with clearly indicating which are the specific rules and parameters that justify a regulation apart from the general normative framework, developing its content in the law and incorporating the constitutional principles that address the administrative procurement activity of the State, as proposed in the present text.
(...)’ Within the framework of said objectives, it was highlighted that one of the main drawbacks that the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its companies have historically had in administrative procurement matters is that the economic limits for determining the applicable procurement procedures do not necessarily adjust to their requirements. By virtue of the foregoing, it is gathered that the intention of the legislator in the consulted regulation is to adjust the economic limits of administrative procurement to the reality and dimensions of ICE. The following was stated in the analysis opinion: ‘(...) In the same vein, ICE and its companies currently use the procedures of public bid, abbreviated bid, and direct procurement according to the economic limits established by Article 27 of the Administrative Procurement Law and its reforms. Said methodology is not inconvenient in itself; however, since the applicable reference budget for ICE represents just over 10% of the Institution’s budget, it became necessary to establish a methodology that allows adjusting the economic limits of procurement to the reality and dimensions of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its companies, without losing sight of the fact that the competent body to set said limits is the Contraloría General de la República.’ (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
The consulted text does not intend, then, to disregard the administrative procurement procedures, but rather to establish amounts more in line with the budgetary particularities of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, which is legitimate in light of the Law of the Constitution. The purpose is to establish a differentiated mechanism in public bidding and abbreviated bidding, precisely due to the nature of ICE and the dynamism requirements imposed by market opening and the provision of services in competition. (…) It must be taken into consideration that the consulted bill establishes a singular and specific procurement regime; it is not a reform to the Administrative Procurement Law, since the purpose is to allow ICE to compete in an open telecommunications market in accordance with the popular mandate expressed in the referendum that approved the FTA U.S., Central America, and the Dominican Republic (Referendary Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007).
(…) Thus, this Tribunal does not observe that the proposed formula is unconstitutional for violating the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, since the legislator’s intention is to adapt the parameters of administrative procurement to the budgetary particularities of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. (…)” B) On the other hand, a ground for unconstitutionality is added for articles 128, 129, 130, 131, and 132 for an open violation of Article 188 of the Political Constitution. Constitutional Article 188 establishes the following: “The autonomous institutions of the State enjoy administrative independence and are subject to the law in matters of governance. Their directors are responsible for their management.” The provisions of the General Public Procurement Law, No. 9986 (articles 128, 129, 130, 131, 132) that established ICE’s subjection, as an autonomous institution, to the conditions set by the Public Procurement Authority and the Public Procurement Directorate for acting in public procurement matters (procurement plan; standardization of goods; consolidated purchases; accreditation of procurement units; personnel training; formulas for maintaining the financial equilibrium of contracts; goods catalog; price bank; supplier registry; performance indicators, among others) empty the administrative autonomy established by constitutional mandate for autonomous institutions of their content.
That is, far from a rectorship or public policy governance (goals or ends), they are orders specific to the administrative operations of ICE, specifically to its internal sourcing management or for the end customer or user of the services it provides, where, as indicated, timely arrival (“time to market”) is decisive in the business.
In that regard, they directly clash with Article 188 of the Political Constitution, because they do not regulate or guide action in a particular direction, but rather compel the autonomous entity to act or prevent it from acting. The Constitutional Chamber has addressed, in abundant jurisprudence, the administrative independence of autonomous institutions. For example, in resolution 330994 it stated the following: "(...) III.- The administrative autonomy of the decentralized institutions created under Title XIV of the Constitution is a guarantee against actions by the Central Executive Branch, but not against the law in matters of Government. Before the amendment to Article 188 of the Constitution, it was not possible to subject autonomous institutions to the general policy of the State regarding matters placed under their competence, because the Constitution established: 'Article 188: The autonomous institutions of the State enjoy independence in matters of government and administration, and their directors are responsible for their management.' After the amendment introduced by Law #4123 of May 30, 1968, the text is as follows: 'Article 188: The autonomous institutions of the State enjoy administrative independence and are subject to the law in matters of government.
Their directors are responsible for their management.' This means that autonomous institutions do not enjoy a guarantee of unrestricted constitutional autonomy, since the law, apart from defining their competence, may subject them to guidelines derived from development policies that said law entrusts to the Central Executive Branch, provided, of course, that this does not invade the sphere of administrative autonomy itself, nor the competence of the Assembly itself or of other constitutional bodies such as the General Comptrollership of the Republic. It should be noted that the antecedents and effects of the amendment itself, by reserving to those entities the matter of their own administration, excluded from their management the power of government which implies: a) the setting of purposes, goals, and types of means to achieve them; b) the issuance of autonomous regulations for service or activity, in accordance with provisions normally called general policy provisions.
In this way, the amendment made it constitutionally possible to subject autonomous entities in general to national planning criteria and, in particular, to subject them to general directives issued by the Central Executive Branch or by bodies of the Central Administration (called upon to complement or oversee that general policy). As part of those policy bodies, the Budgetary Authority was established, for the purpose of formulating and executing general directives on matters of salaries, among others, emanating from the Executive Branch or bodies of the central administration. IV.- When the law transferred administration functions from the central Executive to the jurisdiction of autonomous institutions, it reserved for them: A) the initiative for their management; that is, the central Executive cannot directly order them to act. A directive could regulate that if the entity acts, it does so in a particular direction, but not compel the entity to do so or prevent it from acting.
This constitutional norm expressly states that: "Article 185.- The National Treasury is the center of operations for all national revenue offices; this body is the only one with legal authority to pay on behalf of the State and to receive amounts that, as revenue or for any other reason, must enter the national coffers." The practical effects of this constitutional provision are developed by the Law of Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets, a normative body that stands as a special regulatory framework for public revenues and expenditures. In this sense, in applying Article 185 of the Constitution, Article 66 of the law refers to and explains which revenues are those that the National Treasury must receive, thus clarifying what is meant by single treasury account and thereby configuring the aforementioned principle of the single treasury account of the State. This Article 66 of the Law of Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets clearly states that: "ARTICLE 66.- Single treasury account All revenues received by the Government, understood as the bodies and entities included in subparagraphs a) and b) of Article 1 of this Law, whatever the source, shall form part of a single fund under the charge of the National Treasury.
To administer them, it may arrange the opening of one or several accounts in colones or in another currency. Resources collected by virtue of special laws that determine their destination shall be deposited in accounts opened by the National Treasury in the Central Bank of Costa Rica. These resources shall finance, totally or partially, according to the respective law, the expenditure budget of the entity responsible for executing the expenditure. The National Treasury shall transfer the resources to the bodies and entities, in accordance with their financial needs as established in the annual budget programming." Thus, the constitutional provision that the National Treasury is the entity that receives revenue income is clarified and complemented by Article 66 of the cited law, by explicitly stating that the revenues that said instance –the National Treasury– must receive and that make up "a single fund under the charge of the Treasury," are those revenues received by the government as such, that is, the Executive Branch and its dependencies –central administration, as defined in subparagraph a) of Article 1 of the same law–, the Legislative and Judicial Branches and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, their dependencies and auxiliary bodies –subparagraph b) of Article 1 of the cited law.
That is to say, it refers only to revenues pertaining to what is considered the Central Administration, and not to the decentralized administration, from which it is understood with absolute clarity that revenues destined for decentralized institutions, such as autonomous institutions, although they are equally public funds, do not enter through the single account or single treasury account of the State. This has been recognized by the jurisprudence of this Chamber repeatedly. In judgment number 2018-15357 –which in turn partially cites judgments 2011-15760 and 2017-10865– the Chamber stated: "II.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. Previously, this Chamber heard an unconstitutionality action against Articles 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Law of Tax on Motels and Similar Places, Law No. 9326 of October 19, 2015, and, by judgment 2017-010865 of 9:20 a.m. on July 12, 2017, ordered the following: "III.- On the merits.
In order to resolve the points discussed in the action, we proceed to analyze each of them as they are alleged. A.- The principle of the Single Treasury Account of the State.- The Chamber, in its jurisprudence, has clearly interpreted and applied the constitutional principle of the Single Treasury Account of the State differently than the plaintiff does. In that sense, when the 1949 Constituent Assembly established administrative decentralization in the Political Constitution, it also adopted constitutional measures to establish controls, oversight, and approval of their budgets. Thus, it has been understood: 'Principle of the Single Treasury Account of the State. Based on the principle of the single treasury account (the accounting expression of the principle of non-affectation of resources), which arises from Article 185 of the Political Constitution, such resources must be included in the ordinary budget of the Republic.
The constitutional principle of the Single Treasury Account determines that all income of the central State, as well as its cash outflows, must be channeled through a specialized office of the Ministry of Finance, the National Treasury, so that for the public finance control authorities, especially the General Comptrollership of the Republic, oversight of the proper use of public funds is more effective.' Judgment 15760-11 In this jurisprudential citation, we see how the meaning of the Single Treasury Account of the State is interpreted, as a constitutional-level institute intended for the control of revenues received and expenditures (spending) of the State. Thus, it channels funds through the National Treasury under the oversight of the General Comptrollership of the Republic. In this judgment, the State refers to the larger public entity, with its own legal personality and patrimony. However, in another sphere outside the State, there is administrative decentralization clearly structured from the 1949 Political Constitution, which authorizes the legislator to create autonomous institutions (minor entities of the State) to fulfill specific public objectives and purposes.
It should be noted that when the Constituent Assembly provided for this administrative decentralization, it also established a control and supervision mechanism in subparagraph 2) of Article 184 of the Political Constitution. Thus, the General Comptrollership of the Republic was endowed with the powers and attributions to examine, approve, and reject the budgets of the Municipalities and autonomous institutions, and to oversee their execution and liquidation. The claimed unconstitutionality must be dismissed on this point, since if the Constituent Assembly recognized a series of administrative attributions and prerogatives for autonomous institutions to fulfill specific public purposes, it also included the supervision of the public funds they administer by the General Comptrollership of the Republic (as a constitutional-level body for supervising those resources)." –emphasis added– In this sense, it is clearly established that the so-called single treasury account of the State applies precisely to the bodies and entities that make up the Central Administration, as well as the other Branches of the Republic, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, and their dependencies, with decentralized entities, autonomous institutions, and municipalities being excluded from said 'single treasury account,' regarding which the General Comptrollership of the Republic always maintains the duty of approval, oversight, and verification of budget execution.
VI.- On the legal nature of the Joint Institute for Social Aid.- In accordance with what was stated in the previous whereas clause, autonomous institutions are outside the scope of coverage of the so-called principle of the single treasury account of the State, precisely because they have their own legal personality and capacity, which are necessary for fulfilling their purposes. Autonomous institutions find constitutional substrate in Article 188 of the Political Constitution, a norm that recognizes their 'administrative independence' and being 'subject to the law in matters of government.' On the other hand, while there are some institutions whose creation is contemplated in the constitutional text itself –such as the Costa Rican Social Security Fund– subparagraph 3 of Article 189 of the Political Constitution recognizes that there may be other autonomous institutions 'that the Legislative Assembly may create by a vote of no less than two-thirds of its total membership.' It is based on this constitutional permission that the Legislative Assembly adopted Law number 4760, called the Law for the Creation of the Joint Institute for Social Aid, which was approved by a qualified majority, that is, by the vote required in the aforementioned subparagraph 3) of Article 189 of the Political Constitution.
Article 1 of this law 4760 states the creation of the Joint Institute for Social Aid as an institution with its own legal personality, governed by this law and its regulations. Furthermore, in developing this legal norm, Article 1 of the Organic Regulation of the Joint Institute for Social Aid explicitly states that this institution is 'governed by public law, with its own legal personality and patrimony, and with administrative autonomy.' In this sense, it must be clearly understood that the Joint Institute for Social Aid is an autonomous institution, which enjoys the constitutional protection recognized in Title XIV of the Political Constitution, and that, as such, is outside the scope of action of the referred principle of the single treasury account of the State, since precisely for that purpose it has its own legal personality, its own patrimony, and administrative autonomy." The General Law of Public Procurement, No. 9986 established an "ordering" based on the public nature of the addressees, in clear violation of the constitutional mandate that did distinguish, within the public sphere, the creation of autonomous institutions and with it the indisputable administrative independence in their management. By virtue of the foregoing regarding the action of unconstitutionality filed against the General Law of Public Procurement, No. 9986:
This means that the international norm is not directly applicable, but rather, to be applied, requires the enactment of a law at the domestic level. (…) The opening of telecommunications derives from the Treaty. However, the general and common provisions of the Treaty are excepted for Costa Rica. The obligation not to apply this Chapter 13 in its entirety from the entry into force of the Treaty is excepted in Annex 13 to chapter 13, point IV, which clearly establishes the obligation of the Costa Rican State to issue a new regulatory framework for telecommunications services, guaranteeing the participation of telecommunications service providers in said market. The conventional norm even establishes the principles that must govern this regulatory framework. Additionally, section III.2 provides the corresponding schedule for the opening process. It cannot be overlooked that in the case of telecommunications, the full compliance with this obligation demands the approval of a Law.
As is known, the Political Constitution establishes in its article 121, subsection 14, the public domain nature of the electromagnetic spectrum and subjects its use and exploitation to a special legal regime. The constitutional guarantee of the spectrum means it cannot be freely used and exploited by private parties or by the Administration. On the contrary, a concession is required. Said concession may be granted by the Legislative Assembly or, failing that, by the Administration in accordance with a framework law regulating such concessions. The principle of legal reserve governs in this matter, ensuring that it is the Legislative Assembly—through the direct granting of concessions or through a law allowing the Executive Branch to act—that determines the terms, conditions, specifications, procedures, deadlines, and methods to be observed for granting concessions for the use and exploitation of the public domain property, as well as the powers the granting Administration shall enjoy, among which the power of oversight and sanctioning authority, the rights of service users, and the regime of tariffs and fees to be paid to the State for the use of the public domain and, where appropriate, for the control exercised over it are fundamental (constant jurisprudence of the Procuraduría General based on opinions C-031-1990 of February 5, 1990, and C-145-1991 of September 9, 1991).
For the opening of telecommunications under the terms agreed upon by Costa Rica to materialize, the country must issue a law that meets the requirements demanded by the legal reserve mentioned above and also respects the commitments undertaken by the country in the Treaty.” (emphasis supplied) (Legal Opinion N° OJ-011-2008 of February 15, 2008) Based on the foregoing, we deem the claim made in the action before us to be admissible, as it rests on the superior hierarchy held by the terms of the Treaty (constitutional article 7), in the face of provisions of an ordinary law (in this case, the repeal of the ICE's special procurement regime by the LGCP), which, it is alleged, implies the infraction and disregard of the commitments agreed upon by Costa Rica in the Treaty, in this case the CAFTA-DR. Under this reasoning, the action is admissible insofar as what is sought is that the scope and implications of the challenged legal provisions be analyzed against the superior norms of the CAFTA-DR regarding the opening of telecommunications, taking into account the specific commitments for Costa Rica due to its previous special telecommunications monopoly regime, as well as the nature of the ICE and the public purposes it fulfills.
It can be considered that this case presents special nuances, as it involves an action concerning not only the confrontational or comparative exercise directly with the text of the Treaty, but also the nature and scope of the commitments made regarding the enactment of internal legal norms that must fully comply with the terms of that international agreement.
It is of interest to make a small digression in the sense that this type of international instrument belongs to a field that can involve technical complexity in the different subjects they address, and which usually require high specialization in international law and other areas to achieve their proper interpretation and execution. Even, under certain assumptions, their interpretation is left in the hands of international bodies. However, we consider it important to distinguish between the interpretation of its scope for the full and correct material execution by the different parties (application, entry into force, disapplication, execution procedures and acts, derived practices, obligations, benefits, cooperation, dispute resolution) and another distinct matter is interpreting whether its eventual violation has occurred due to some type of internal regulation of a State party. In the first case, there are competent and specialized bodies, both in international law and in the different subjects that may be addressed by the treaty or convention, which can play an important role in determining the correct interpretation of its scope (e.g., the subject of international trade).
But interpreting to determine—as in this case—whether an ordinary law opposes the terms of the Treaty is a different matter, because that exercise belongs to the field of constitutionality control of laws (via article 7), which constitutes an exclusive and concentrated competence of this Constitutional Chamber. In this latter case, it is not properly about interpreting the best or most appropriate technical or legal interpretation or execution of the convention, but rather what the scope and consequences of a law are, vis-à-vis the international norm. While this interpretation pertaining to sources entails addressing the scope of the convention or treaty, this is done exclusively from a viewpoint of normative hierarchy, determining the scope of the law vis-à-vis the order of prevalence provided for in article 7 of the Fundamental Charter. For the foregoing reason, we consider the action admissible through this channel, and it corresponds to this Constitutional Chamber, in an exclusive and excluding manner, to interpret the eventual violation of the Treaty's terms by virtue of the ordinary law being questioned.
Having seen the terms of the action filed, the first thing to elucidate, in our view, are the scopes of the CAFTA-DR regarding the procurement regime granted to the ICE. To that extent, the base factor that seems determinant is the origin and motive that gave rise to the negotiations carried out within the framework of the CAFTA-DR that led to the opening of the telecommunications market. The foregoing entails a marked difference from the case of other countries that took part in signing that international instrument, because the commercial negotiations conducted with the CAFTA-DR implied free-market conditions in the marketing and provision of telecommunications services, a situation that required the approval of specific provisions for the case of Costa Rica, since at that time our country was still (sic) providing said services under a state monopoly regime headed by the ICE, a condition under which private, national, or foreign operators could not compete.
That was the reason for including special provisions (such as annex 13 of chapter 13), which were indispensable to ensure that market opening pursued by the CAFTA-DR. However, considering the profound institutional change this implied for Costa Rica, it warranted the negotiation, acceptance, and formalization of special provisions regarding the Costa Rican market, specifically concerning the institution that until then was the sole service provider in Costa Rica. As was public and notorious, the negotiation was always transparent in the sense that the intended purpose was not privatization but the progressive and regulated opening of the market, under the understanding that, alongside the establishment of a free competition regime, the strengthening and modernization of the state provision of services would be guaranteed, which would remain in the hands of the national entity that would continue participating in such market.
The preceding frame of reference is important to keep in mind because that is what explains the terms in which the negotiation and the specific regulatory provisions for Costa Rica's case in this matter were framed. Ergo, it is no coincidence that a special annex (exclusive to Costa Rica) was even dedicated to ensuring the manner in which the market would be opened and the position in which the state institution would compete in said market. This is no small matter, given that in a discussion like the one before us, the will expressed in the Treaty is decisive for guiding the analysis and the conclusion to be reached, following a method of interpretation adhering to logic and, above all, to the spirit and will of the signatories of the international pact in question. Likewise, the terms of the affirmative report that were enshrined in legislative decree N° 8622 must be kept in mind when interpreting the meaning of any Treaty norm, because an analysis regarding the application and scope of any of its norms must not and cannot stray from that framework nor contradict, disregard, or distort the will that inspired and guided (sic) the ratification of that international instrument.
It should be remembered that said report contains explanations precisely about what was agreed upon and how it must be applied, hence, in our view, no interpretation made of the scope of this convention can ignore or stray from such explanations, which are consubstantial with that supranational rank regulation.
Under that understanding, it is indispensable then to refer to the content of the CAFTA-DR, specifically to annex 13 contained in chapter 13, when—as related in the action—it expressly established that the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica, recognizing the unique nature of Costa Rican social policy regarding telecommunications and reaffirming its decision to ensure that the opening process in its telecommunications services sector is based on its Political Constitution; emphasizing that said opening process will benefit the user and will be founded on the principles of gradualism, selectivity, and regulation, and in strict conformity with the social objectives of universality and solidarity in the provision of telecommunications services, and recognizing its commitment to strengthen and modernize the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) as a participant in a competitive telecommunications market, assumes through this Annex the following specific commitments regarding telecommunications services: 11.
Modernization of the ICE Costa Rica shall enact a new legal framework to strengthen the ICE, through its appropriate modernization, no later than December 31, 2004..." Under that understanding, the legislative decree approving the CAFTA-DR, in its section 9, referring to telecommunications, stated that said Treaty would not leave the ICE at a disadvantage compared to private competitors. Annex 13 of the CAFTA-DR includes for Costa Rica the obligation to enact a legal framework to strengthen the ICE, which was established in the best interest of the ICE and Costa Ricans, given the undeniable need for a modernization law to be enacted as soon as possible, so that the institution can adequately prepare to face competition and have the necessary instruments to act with the agility needed to provide the best quality service. From the foregoing, it is concluded that the negotiation and provisions of the CAFTA-DR included preparing the ICE for the change that was coming with the market opening, guaranteeing it would not be disadvantaged compared to the private operators it would face, providing it with the necessary instruments to act with sufficient and necessary agility when facing competition.
In our view, this is the framework under which the regulatory change imposed by Law N° 9986 must then be analyzed. Indeed, the question that must be answered is whether that legal amendment came to contradict, disregard, weaken, distort, or render inoperative those expressly agreed commitments, because if so, we would indeed be facing an unconstitutionality of the norm, for infraction of the terms of the CAFTA-DR in this matter.
Within the framework of the commitments expressly agreed upon in the CAFTA-DR, which obligated the Costa Rican State to follow the Development Agenda and the Implementation Agenda as fundamental and indispensable actions to bring that international treaty into force, Law N° 8860 was enacted. Said law, in direct and specific compliance with the terms of the Treaty, established a special administrative procurement framework for the ICE. We are undoubtedly before a more flexible model, with a looseness befitting an entity that must be in a position to operate in an agile and efficient manner in its process of procuring goods and services. This, as the only alternative to have sufficient conditions allowing it to face the challenges of a fierce market. Let us remember that when a commercial service provider lags behind in that competition, sooner or later it is destined to be eliminated from that market.
In this matter, the technological changes advancing at dizzying speed, as well as modern marketing and customer acquisition tactics, mean that a competitor suffering a lag, however small it may seem, runs the risk of losing its sense of opportunity in its participation, which in turn can cause the loss of clientele and ultimately its inevitable displacement by other, more agile service providers. Under that perspective, it is congruent to think that the special procurement regime of Law 8660 responded to those CAFTA-DR commitments for the participation of the sole state enterprise in that market.
Now, it is also clear that Law 8660 holds the hierarchical rank of any other Law of the Republic. To that extent, it is subject to the sovereign powers of the legislator derived from the Constitution itself (first subsection of article 121), so it certainly could not be understood that this law holds a sort of permanent immutability against the ordinary legislator. Ergo, it is possible that some type of reform or adjustment could eventually occur if necessary with the passage of time. Thus, we deem that the crux of the matter lies in determining whether the complete repeal—not a simple partial reform—of the entire special regime that had been granted to the ICE as an inseparable tool of the CAFTA-DR constituted an exercise of that sovereign legislative power that could ultimately prove unconstitutional, to the extent that it exceeded the margins of a reasonable reform and consequently overflowed the CAFTA-DR framework and ended up disregarding its substantive commitments.
This being the case, the next step in the reasoning is limited to determining the effect and scope of the reforms introduced in Law 9986. Let us remember that by virtue of its article 135, subsection c), articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, were repealed. Now, as we said, it is clear that the special regime of Law 8860 derived from the CAFTA-DR. But note that we are not facing a modification of said regime, but its total and absolute suppression. Therefore, it can be considered that the framework and commitment derived from the CAFTA-DR were indeed breached with that total repeal of a special regulation designed and approved to fulfill the purposes, principles, and spirit of the Treaty's negotiations, concerning the provision of effective and real tools for competitiveness, modernization, and agility for the ICE's performance in the free market.
The next step in this analysis would be to elucidate whether that total repeal produced by Law 9986 was accompanied by the introduction of new rules that would supplant, with some other model, the special regime that the CAFTA-DR foresaw for the case of the ICE. A model that satisfactorily respected the spirit of the commitments enshrined in the Treaty. However, as explained in the action, from the legislative discussions—and from the text of this LGCP itself—it is clear that it was a standardizing and all-encompassing law for the entire public sector. To that extent, a special tool for the ICE was not safeguarded, contemplated, considered, or guaranteed. On the contrary, it was expressly stated that they wanted to end its special regime (as was done with all other institutions) in order to include it in the general canons applied to other entities. Of course, given this scenario, it could be argued that the CAFTA-DR did not concretely guarantee a special administrative procurement regime.
That is in principle true. But it cannot be ignored that this Treaty did leave agreed upon and guaranteed the commitment to issue an internal law that would provide the necessary tools for the ICE's participation in the new market under conditions of adequate competitiveness and agility compared to other operators, a commitment honored with the enactment of Law 8660. Ergo, stepping back toward an administrative procurement regime that hinders, weakens, and diminishes that competitiveness in the market does indeed generate a breach of this international commitment.
A second aspect that could be argued is that the new LGCP contains a section of special regulations for companies in competition, within which the ICE is included. However, this has several aspects suggesting that this is also insufficient to deem the CAFTA-DR commitments satisfied. The foregoing, because that special section of rules is equally generally applicable to various public enterprises, which do not share the same characteristics and conditions as the ICE, both in the scope and coverage of its services, and in the amount of the global budget available to them for acquiring goods and services. Likewise, said special regime does not cover all administrative procurement processes that these types of public enterprises may carry out; rather, it is subject to a series of assumptions and requirements that imply restrictions, which therefore continues to cause a sensitive difference from the tools provided by Law 8660.
Now, the argument that the repeal of the special regime of Law 8660 to subject it to the general regime of the LGCP violates the scopes of the CAFTA-DR by decreasing its market competitiveness rate must necessarily be accompanied by tangible and concrete references proving such effect, as otherwise it would remain a line of argument lacking sufficient technical and legal support within the framework of the unconstitutionality action before us. Against the foregoing, it is observed that the filed action provides a series of parameters and concrete, detailed examples about aspects of agility and efficiency—and therefore of competitiveness—in the administrative procurement rules that are negatively affected and sensitively diminished by subjecting the ICE to the general rules of the new LGCP. Thus, it details aspects such as the abrupt and significant drop in the threshold set for being subject to the most burdensome bidding procedure (which goes from 6,000 million to 317 million under the new law).
The same occurs with the threshold established for applying the abbreviated tender, since from the previous regime which implied an upper limit exceeding 101 million colones, under the new regime it drops to 79 million colones. Likewise, in the case of direct procurement, the type of purchases (by amounts) that can be made via this path drops significantly as well. Added to the above is the issue of deadlines and remedies, since the new rules of the LGCP, in light of the explanations developed in the action, entail following more protracted and cumbersome processes, which reduces the ICE's competitiveness against its private rivals, who now surpass it in flexibility and agility to make the necessary procurements for their timely action in the free market.
Another aspect presented as an impact on its competitiveness range concerns the appeal regime to which the ICE was subjected under this new legislation, since, due to the sharp drop in the thresholds established for such purposes, many more procurements became subject to an appeal regime that implies greater delay for the award acts to become firm. Furthermore, a good part of this appeal regime passes into the hands of the Contraloría General de la República, thereby stripping the ICE of the powers it had been exercising since the market opening to address appeals filed against a significant percentage of decisions made in this procurement matter, a circumstance that equally reduced its promptness and opportunity for executing its decisions in this area.
Likewise, other examples were provided that technically prove a decrease in market competitiveness for the ICE, such as having taken away the tool of unilateral contract modification to increase it by up to 100% under the same process already processed. The loss of this tool, which granted a wide margin of maneuver to acquire more supplies through an expedited route by leveraging the procurement process already formalized with a supplier, eliminates competitive conditions by not being able to take advantage of the procedure already completed if more additional goods or services are needed beyond those already contracted. Thus, the obligation to initiate and substantiate a new procurement procedure in these cases becomes more cumbersome and entails delays that could prove sensitive and decisive at the time of its market participation.
It is relevant to consider that the special administrative procurement regime that Law 8660 had established in compliance with the commitments agreed upon in the CAFTA-DR, while departing from the more rigid rules applicable to other public entities, did not in any way violate constitutional principles, due to its special characteristics. Therefore, it is worth recalling what this Constitutional Chamber stated at the time when analyzing the bill that gave rise to Law 8660, in the following terms: "XVIII.- ON THE AMOUNT ESTABLISHED TO USE THE PUBLIC BIDDING PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCUREMENT. The consulting legislators consider that the amounts to opt for a public bidding established in the third paragraph of article 19, i.e., article 22 of the final text, are extremely high and disproportionate. They assert that the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad would only be using public bidding when the procurement amount exceeds 2,500,000,000.00, which they consider entirely irrational.
They reproach that this undermines the oversight powers of the Contraloría General de la República. Likewise, they consider it unconstitutional for contradicting the public bidding procedure established in constitutional article 182, since practically no ICE bidding process would be processed through that route. The consulted text states the following: 'ARTICLE 22. Ordinary bidding procedures (...) The ICE, considered individually, shall use the public bidding procedure for procurements whose amount is equal to or greater than the sum derived from multiplying the entity's budget for the acquisition of goods and non-personal services, by the factor resulting from dividing the amount indicated for public bidding in subsection a) of article 27 of the General Law of Administrative Procurement, by the reference budget applicable to the ICE, considered individually, set forth in the same numeral.
If the application of this paragraph results in limits lower than those established in article 27 of Law No. 7494, Administrative Procurement, those indicated in said Law shall be used. (...)' On this matter, firstly, it should be noted that the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in article 99, provides that optional legislative consultations on constitutionality must be formulated in a reasoned brief, expressing the questioned aspects of the bill, as well as the reasons why doubts or objections exist regarding its constitutionality. In this Tribunal's opinion, that requirement is not fully met on this specific point. Indeed, note that the consulting legislators start from a mere assumption by indicating that the established amount is very high, without providing, for that purpose, a concrete criterion for valuation or comparison, allowing this Tribunal to assess the reasonableness and proportionality of the norm.
This being so, we must refer to the assessments contained in the legislative file, specifically, in the majority affirmative report drafted within the Special Commission, to analyze the purpose of this special norm. Article 182 of the Political Constitution recognizes that contracts for executing public works, as well as purchases made by autonomous institutions, shall be carried out through the public bidding procedure, in accordance with the law regarding the corresponding amount. In accordance with the foregoing, it shall correspond to the legislator to define, in each case, the administrative procurement procedures, even providing for special systems and differentiated amounts, in relation to the characteristics of the activity and the institution involved, with the amount being precisely the discriminating parameter in the design of various types of administrative procurement procedures.
This Constitutional Tribunal so held in judgment No. 2007-001557 of 15:36 hrs. of February 7, 2007, in which the following was stated: '(...) However, for the Chamber, this line of reasoning contradicts article 182 of the Constitution, which, as has been said, serves as the basis for the development of the principles of the administrative procurement system, since in said provision, bidding is accepted as the normal means of procurement 'in accordance with the law regarding the respective amount,' whereby the Constituent opts for the amount as the discriminating parameter in the design of various types of administrative procurement processes that, according to the amount, may have different regulations, but always respecting at their core the right of the Constitution. Thus, with the exception of the amount, our constitutional text does not expressly recognize any other parameter for applying an attenuation of the constitutional principles relating to administrative procurement.
(...)' From the analysis of the consulted bill, the legislator's clear intention to provide the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad with the necessary conditions for greater administrative, financial, and technological efficiency and effectiveness can be deduced. The foregoing, of course, within the framework of a process of opening the telecommunications market—already defined by the people with the approval of the CAFTA-DR U.S., Central America and Dominican Republic referendum (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007)—which seeks to strengthen public operators against their eventual competition. Indeed, from the considerations of the rapporteur committee for the bill, the following is inferred: '(...) In the bill at hand, a special administrative procurement regime is proposed for the acquisition of goods and services by the ICE. On this topic, the bill under study states among its objectives to provide the ICE with an agile, efficient, and effective administrative procurement as part of efforts to strengthen and modernize said entity, as well as to establish a regulatory body adapted to its particularities.
Both the Constitutional Chamber and the Contraloría General have pointed out the possibility of special regimes existing, provided that the nature and particularities of the public activity in question so require and insofar as the scenarios contemplated in the generic regulation are not applicable.'" As intended in this advisory opinion, said regime must therefore regulate the particular conditions of ICE’s administrative contracting and that of its enterprises, and must inevitably consider the constitutional postulates enshrined in Articles 182 and 184. On this matter, the legislator is tasked with clearly indicating the specific rules and parameters that justify a regulation departing from the general normative framework, developing its content in the law, and incorporating the constitutional principles that govern the State’s administrative contracting activity, as proposed in this text.
(...)” Within the framework of those objectives, it was highlighted that one of the main drawbacks that the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad) and its enterprises have historically faced in administrative contracting matters is that the financial thresholds for determining the applicable contracting procedures do not necessarily adjust to their requirements. By virtue of the foregoing, it is inferred that the legislator’s intent in the consulted regulation is to adjust the financial thresholds of administrative contracting to the reality and dimensions of ICE. The analysis report stated the following: “(...) In the same vein, ICE and its enterprises currently use public bidding (licitación pública), abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada), and direct contracting (contratación directa) procedures according to the financial thresholds established in Article 27 of the Administrative Contracting Law and its amendments.
This methodology is not inconvenient in itself; however, given that the reference budget applicable to ICE represents just over 10% of the Institution’s budget, it became necessary to establish a methodology to adjust the financial thresholds of contracting to the reality and dimensions of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute and its enterprises, without losing sight of the fact that the competent body to set such thresholds is the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República). (...)” (emphasis not in original). The consulted text does not, therefore, purport to ignore administrative contracting procedures, but rather to establish amounts more in line with the budgetary particularities of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, which is legitimate in light of Constitutional Law. The purpose is to establish a differentiated mechanism in public bidding and abbreviated bidding, precisely because of the nature of ICE and the demands for dynamism imposed by market opening and the provision of services in competition.
It should be added that the original Constituent Power, in Article 182 of the Political Constitution, refers to the general concept of bidding, without qualifying it as public or otherwise; furthermore, it deconstitutionalized—assigning to the ordinary legislator—the matter of defining the amounts for the different bidding modalities—public or abbreviated—to proceed, which is therefore clearly a matter left to the freedom of legislative configuration. Therefore, in cases where the quantitative parameter or amount defined in Article 22 of the bill is not reached, while public bidding is ruled out, another form of bidding, such as abbreviated bidding—a procedure that also guarantees the correct and regular use of public funds—must be resorted to, so it should not be understood that the rule will be direct contracting. Note that Article 22, paragraph 3, prescribes, at the end, that “If the application of this paragraph results in thresholds lower than those established in Article 27 of Law No. 7494, Administrative Contracting, those indicated in said law shall be used.” It must be taken into consideration that the consulted bill establishes a singular and specific contracting regime; it is not an amendment to the Administrative Contracting Law, since the goal is to allow ICE to compete in an open telecommunications market in accordance with the popular mandate provided in the referendum that approved the CAFTA-DR (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007).
In financial terms and in accordance with the budgetary studies carried out by the legislators, the reference budget currently used by ICE for the purpose of applying the public bidding, abbreviated bidding, or direct contracting procedures established in Article 27 of the Administrative Contracting Law, and according to updates by the Comptroller General of the Republic, represents barely 10% of its procurement budget. Furthermore, the financial thresholds are represented by fixed amounts and not as percentage expressions of its budget. This implies in practice that ICE’s thresholds in real terms constitute one-tenth of the base percentage established by the controlling body. That is, the threshold expressed as a percentage of ICE’s budget is 0.06% in the case of public bidding, whereas the threshold expressed as a percentage of the base budget for all other cases is 0.6%. The formula proposes to adjust this situation so that the threshold is also 0.6%, as a parameter for opting for a public bidding procedure (see affirmative majority report at folios 5196-5308, Volume XVI).
This being the case, this Tribunal does not observe that the proposed formula is unconstitutional for violating the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, since the legislator’s intention is to adapt the parameters of administrative contracting to the specific budgetary particularities of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute.” (Judgment No. 11210-2008 of 3:00 p.m. on July 16, 2008). In light of the foregoing, we find that the constitutional conformity of the legislation the country approved to give effective, real, and satisfactory compliance to the commitments that CAFTA-DR provided for market opening in the activities where ICE participates was endorsed by that Constitutional Tribunal. This is because it is not a matter of releasing ICE from all the controls or limits governing the actions of public entities, but rather of providing it with substantial tools in the procurement of goods and services, as a sine qua non condition for its survival in the national market upon its opening to competition with private operators.
To conclude, it must be emphasized that Costa Rica’s specific commitments agreed in Annex 13 of Chapter 13 of CAFTA-DR with respect to ICE undeniably took into account—as has been seen—the unique nature of Costa Rican social policy in telecommunications. This is directly related to the principles of accessibility and universal coverage (cobertura universal) of services that inspired its creation and govern the public purposes it has been assigned as a state institution, within the social State of law governed by the supreme postulates of Article 50 of the Constitution. That particular nature, which also led to a specific annex within CAFTA-DR (Annex 13), is precisely and exactly what gave rise to the special and differentiated contracting regime embodied in Law 8660 (Articles 22-29), ordinary legislation that was enacted to give compliance and operability to the Treaty. Ergo, that regime is special, different, accentuated, and consistent with an international normative instrument agreed to by the Costa Rican State.
Therefore, the disappearance of that special legal regime brought about by Law 9986 (General Public Procurement Law, LGCP) entailed an infringement of that commitment derived from CAFTA-DR to enact a special law guaranteeing ICE’s competitiveness in the new open telecommunications market. Said infringement is not resolved by the LGCP’s regulations for enterprises under a competition regime. First, because those are still rules of a general nature for a sector (enterprises in competition), and ICE has guaranteed special conditions within that competitiveness matter, recognized in the international Treaty. And second, because the general rules of the LGCP are less favorable (for the agility of the goods and services acquisition system) than the regime provided in Law 8660, and are also subject to certain requirements and are not applicable to all scenarios, thereby weakening and impairing the flexible normative tools provided for ICE in Law 8660. 4.- Additional Observation It is worth mentioning that the action indicated that, as part of the implementation of the CAFTA-DR commitments aimed at endowing ICE with greater ease and agility for its performance in the new free market, Law 8660 took care to release it from subjection to the canons of Law 8131 (Law on Financial Administration and Public Budgets).
Thus, it is affirmed that reinstating subjection to these administration rules entails a setback in terms of agility and competitiveness, something that also undermines the commitments acquired in CAFTA-DR that were implemented by Law 8660 in the rules already referenced. However, the issue relating to the modifications of Law 8131, as recognized by the action itself, is located in subparagraphs j) and k) of Article 134 of Law 9986, as well as in Article 133 of that same Law (which is mentioned summarily in the action’s brief), but this was ultimately not included in the petition; therefore, we consider that an annulment of those rules would not be appropriate because they were not properly challenged. In any case, no detailed analysis of the content of those provisions is made either. Likewise, Article 134, subparagraph d), which is contemplated in the petition, refers to the issue of trusts (fideicomisos), an aspect that was not developed in the argumentation made by the claimant.
Indeed, said rule was simply mentioned at the end of the brief, stating that it is challenged for the same reasons set forth. However, dealing with the specific issue of the trust concept, the action should have explained to what extent this particular rule is considered to harm its competitiveness—which it did not do—; therefore, as this point remains unsubstantiated, we believe it should be dismissed for lack of supporting reasoning, given that such reasoning is a requirement demanded by the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction for this type of action. V.- ON THE PETITION CONTAINED IN THE ACTION In light of the analysis conducted, our opinion on the terms in which the petition of the action before us was formulated is as follows: • Granting the action on the merits, the declaration of unconstitutionality would have to fall upon Article 135, subparagraph c) of Law 9986. In this case, the judgment must dimension the effects of such declaration so that it is understood that Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law No. 8660 regain their validity and applicability. • Regarding Articles 68, 69, and 70 of that same Law 9986, the declaration of unconstitutionality would only apply insofar as ICE is mentioned in said rules.
That is, they would remain valid and applicable as their text reads, except for ICE. • Articles 1 and 2 of the LGCP do not merit a declaration of unconstitutionality, as it would suffice to understand that they are not applicable to ICE, by virtue of the principle that the special law prevails over the general law, even if the latter is later. This, of course, in the event the action is granted regarding Article 135, subparagraph c), which repealed ICE’s special contracting regime contained in Law 8660 (Article 20 et seq.), with the latter regaining its validity as a special law. • As for Article 134, subparagraph d), the action would have to be declared without merit, since no specific argumentative development was made to support its petition for annulment regarding this rule. VI.- CONCLUSION In accordance with the reasons set forth, it is the Attorney General’s Office’s opinion that this action is admissible.
On the merits, we consider that the total disappearance of ICE’s special administrative contracting regime by virtue of Article 135, subparagraph c) of Law 9986 (General Public Procurement Law) is unconstitutional, for violating the commitments agreed in Annex 13 of Chapter 13 of the Free Trade Agreement with the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States of America (approved by Legislative Decree No. 8622 of November 21, 2007).”
On the absence of a specific commitment to establish a special contracting regime The core argument of the plaintiffs is that the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) required an implementation agenda that would allow ICE to compete in the face of market opening, which resulted in the ICE Strengthening Law, including the issue of the special contracting regime (article 20), which in theory would give it greater agility. In this regard, it must be noted that international trade agreements do not expressly incorporate an obligation aimed at establishing a special regime for ICE or for any other public institution or state enterprise. Such is the case with the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), in which no provision is established in that sense, nor does the party cite one. The plaintiff argues that the implementation agenda was a necessary condition for the approval of the treaty.
In response to this, it is appropriate first to point out that the implementation agenda is not part of the trade agreement as such or of the obligations assumed before the other signatory parties and rather corresponds to an internal commitment, concerning national legislation. As a second aspect, a distinction must be made between the implementation agenda, which established the need to issue a modernization law, and what would be the creation of a special contracting regime. This is because, at no point does the treaty establish a duty related to the establishment of a special contracting regime in favor of ICE. In that sense, it must be noted that the regulation incorporated in the ICE Strengthening Law, and in particular the public contracting regime derived from it, corresponds to a decision of the ordinary legislator at the time, just as the LGCP was. In general terms, in trade agreements for public contracting purposes, ICE is covered in Section C, List B of all our trade instruments, with a lower threshold and with the indication that the time limits of the corresponding chapter do not apply; instead, potential bidders will be granted adequate time limits to submit bids, and ICE must grant suppliers at least 3 business days to file challenges.
Therefore, no specific commitment can be inferred from the regulation for the issuance of a special law in the text of the agreement. The special regime that was regulated in Law No. 8660 was part of an implementation law related to a trade agreement, but modifiable by means of a law, as it falls within the scope of action of the ordinary legislator. That is to say, it must be categorically stated that Law No. 8660 does not have the rank of a Treaty but rather of an ordinary law. This was confirmed by the Constitutional Chamber in Resolution No. 2008-011210 of 3:00 p.m. on July 16, 2008, when resolving the optional legislative consultation on Law No. 8660, which held: "(...) The consulted text does not intend, therefore, to disregard administrative contracting procedures, but rather to establish amounts more in line with the budgetary particularities of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, which is legitimate in light of Constitutional Law.
The purpose is to establish a differentiated mechanism in public bidding and abbreviated bidding, precisely because of the nature of ICE and the demands for dynamism imposed by market opening and the provision of services in competition. It must be added that the original Constituent, in ordinal 182 of the Political Constitution, refers to the general figure of bidding, without qualifying it as public or otherwise; moreover, it deconstitutionalized—assigning to the ordinary legislator—the matter of defining the amounts for the different bidding modalities—public or abbreviated—to proceed, which is clearly an aspect left to the freedom of legislative configuration. Therefore, in cases where the quantitative parameter or amount defined in numeral 22 of the bill is not reached, while public bidding is excluded, another form of bidding must be resorted to, such as abbreviated bidding—a procedure that also guarantees the correct and regular use of public funds—, so it should not be understood that the rule will be direct contracting (...)" (the underlining does not correspond to the original).
Thus, the Constitutional Chamber itself has expressly recognized that the definition of the contracting regime applicable to ICE falls within the discretion held by the ordinary legislator. The legislator did so through the special regime set forth in Law No. 8660 and subsequently through its repeal and inclusion of ICE within the scope of application of the LGCP. Additionally, that greater agility sought was not achieved, insofar as the execution times of ICE's contracting procedures were similar to and even longer than those of the largest institutions applying the procedures. That is to say, in approximately 10 years of implementing the special law, the fruits of efficiency, effectiveness, and economy alleged have not been reaped. Quite the contrary, while the proposed regime is a more modern instrument than the one used by ICE and its corporate group to acquire goods and services. Note that the plaintiff does not argue with data or figures to support their arguments related to efficiency.
By way of example, public banks participate in a competitive and aggressive market without considering themselves affected by adhering to public contracting procedures. Something important to keep in mind is that being in competition does not mean that contracting should not be subject to rules, which, incidentally, are not mentioned as being unreasonable in terms of time limits and procedures. 4. On special regimes at the international level In relation to international best practices on the matter, the OECD in its Recommendation of the Council on Public Procurement has determined that: “IV. RECOMMENDS that Adherents make opportunities for public procurement accessible to potential competitors regardless of their size or volume. To this end, Adherents should: i) Have reasonable and sound institutional, legal, and regulatory frameworks, as they constitute the fundamental environment for enhancing participation in business with the public sector and are the only possible starting point to guarantee sustainable and efficient public procurement systems. These elements should:
VI.PETITION In support of the considerations of fact and law formulated above, we respectfully request that the present action of unconstitutionality filed against Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134, subsection d), and 135, subsection c) of the LGCP be dismissed in its entirety."
Hence, Article 9 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación Pública) No. 9986 and the statements made in this regard by both the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría) and the Ministry of Foreign Trade (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior) during their hearings acquire special relevance. Article 9 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación Pública) No. 9986, “Section III Application of international instruments in public procurement ARTICLE 9- Rules of application At the time of the initial decision, the Administration shall verify whether or not the procurement is covered by the public procurement chapter of an international trade instrument in force in Costa Rica, for which purpose it shall consider the scope of coverage and apply, where applicable, minimum deadlines for the receipt of bids, rules regarding the contractual object, notices, and any other specific aspect of the matter.// For the effective implementation of the public procurement chapters of international trade instruments in force in Costa Rica, the Public Procurement Directorate (Dirección de Contratación Pública), in coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Trade (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior), shall include, within the unified digital system, a technological tool with the necessary parameters to facilitate the identification of procurements covered by those chapters. Furthermore, they shall coordinate training activities aimed at officials in charge of procurement procedures.”
The Act for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector included a Chapter (Capítulo) Chapter IV titled: Special Public Procurement Regime (Régimen Especial de Contratación Administrativa); these articles comprised Articles 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, and stated the following:
“ARTICLE 20.- Regulation of procurement. The acquisition of goods and services carried out by ICE shall be subject to the special provisions contained in this Act and its Regulations. The Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación Administrativa), No. 7494, of May 1, 1996, its amendments, and its Regulations shall apply supplementarily.// The acquisition of goods and services carried out by the companies of ICE constituted as a corporation (sociedad anónima) shall be excluded from the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación Administrativa).// ICE and its companies shall have a Corporate Acquisitions Board whose objective is to execute the corresponding administrative procurement procedures, including awarding and challenges. The Board shall be governed by its own autonomous regulations.// Rulings with suspensive effect issued in the administrative venue or in the Administrative-Contentious and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda) regarding administrative procurement matters shall be exceptional.
For the purpose of protecting the public interest, when the suspension of an act is requested, a bond shall be set for the applicant, without prejudice to ICE and its companies, as applicable, posting the counter-bond or guarantee set for them. Once the counter-bond or guarantee has been posted, the suspension of the act shall be lifted ex officio.// The Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República) shall exercise its powers under the modality of subsequent control.” “ARTICLE 21.- Procurement capacity. ICE shall have full capacity to enter into lawful contracts of all types, for the purpose of purchasing, selling, or leasing goods and services, constituting trusts, and, in general, any other means or object necessary for the due fulfillment of its purposes. Likewise, it may enter into loans, finance, mortgage, and grant guarantees or endorsements. ICE shall be authorized to lease its networks and other available scarce resources to third parties.
Public domain property shall not be subject to encumbrance.” “ARTICLE 22.- Ordinary competitive procedures. ICE shall use the ordinary procedures of public bidding (licitación pública) and abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada), in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; likewise, it may apply the special regime of direct procurement (contratación directa).// Special rules relating to the structure and requirements of the aforementioned ordinary competitive procedures may be established in the Regulations of this Act, provided the constitutional principles of administrative procurement are respected.// ICE, considered individually, shall use the public bidding (licitación pública) procedure for procurements whose amount is equal to or greater than the sum derived from multiplying the entity's budget for the acquisition of non-personal goods and services by the factor resulting from dividing the amount indicated for public bidding (licitación pública) in subsection a) of Article 27 of the General Public Procurement Act (Ley general de contratación administrativa) by the reference budget applicable to ICE, considered individually, as provided in the same numeral.
If the application of this paragraph results in lower limits than those established in Article 27 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494, those indicated in said Act shall be used.// The abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada) procedure shall be applied for contracts whose amount falls between the amount for direct procurement (contratación directa) indicated in subsection a) of Article 27 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494 and the amount for public bidding (licitación pública) resulting from the application of the formula expressed in the preceding paragraph.// The reference budget is that which must be applied to ICE, considered individually, in accordance with Article 27 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494, with its current adjustments.” “ARTICLE 23.- Exceptions to ordinary competitive procedures.
In addition to the exceptions to ordinary competitive procedures provided for in the general regulatory framework of administrative procurement, ICE may apply the following grounds for exclusion: a) Agreements entered into with public companies from other countries. b) The sale, in the national and international market, of advisory, consulting, training services, and any other product or service related to its competencies. c) Procurement activity which, for reasons of security, urgency, emergency, or opportunity, is necessary to guarantee the continuity of services or to introduce improvements or new technologies to its products or services. d) Contracts for selfless aid with individuals, non-governmental organizations, or private or public entities, national or foreign. e) The acquisition of goods, works, or services which, due to their great complexity or specialized nature, can only be obtained where a limited number of suppliers or contractors exist, such that for reasons of economy and efficiency, the application of ordinary procedures is not appropriate. f) In cases where the administration, having acquired technological equipment, decides to acquire more products from the same contractor, for reasons of standardization or the need to ensure their compatibility, taking into account whether the original contract adequately satisfied the needs of the awarding administration, whether the price is reasonable, and, especially, whether the existence of better alternatives on the market was ruled out. g) The engagement of trusts. // The application of the foregoing grounds shall be the exclusive responsibility of the administration, without requiring authorization from external organs or entities.
The administration must leave a record, in the file of each specific case, of the reasons supporting the application of the ground for exclusion from ordinary competitive procedures, which is subject to the optional subsequent oversight of the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República).” “ARTICLE 24.- Reverse auction (Subasta a la baja). ICE may use award by reverse auction (subasta a la baja) to acquire any type of product or service. Before using this procedure, ICE must set the terms of participation in the auction, among which at least the technical and quality parameters of the goods or services to be acquired shall be defined. The regulation of this procedure must guarantee that the principles of administrative procurement are respected and that the transparency of the negotiation is especially safeguarded.” “ARTICLE 25.- Special rules for competitive procedures.
The competitive procedure shall begin with the administrative decision to initiate it, which shall be issued by the competent official and must contain the justification for its appropriateness, the description of the object, the estimated cost of the object, the estimated duration of the procedure, as well as the sufficient human, administrative, and budgetary resources for the execution of the contract. In exceptional cases, ICE, in order to attend to a highly qualified need, may initiate, under its own responsibility, administrative procurement procedures without budgetary content; for this, it must guarantee the budgetary allocation. In the tender documents (cartel), the administration shall expressly warn that the validity of the procurement is subject to the existence of budgetary content. In procurements whose development extends beyond one budgetary period, the necessary provisions must be adopted to guarantee the payment of obligations.” “ARTICLE 26.- Remedies (Recursos).
The objection remedy (recurso de objeción) against the tender documents (cartel) of a public bidding (licitación pública) or abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada) shall be filed within the first quarter of the period for submitting bids before the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República), in the case of public bidding (licitación pública), and, in other cases, before the contracting administration. This remedy must be resolved within ten business days following its filing. Once the indicated period has elapsed, the remedy shall be deemed granted.// In the case of ICE, an appeal remedy (recurso de apelación) shall only be admissible in the case of public bidding (licitación pública). In other cases, a revocation remedy (recurso de revocatoria) shall be applied.// Every appeal remedy (recurso de apelación) must be processed by the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República), according to the rules provided for abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada) in the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494, of May 1, 1996, and its amendments.
In cases of awards composed of multiple lines, the awarded amounts of the lines being challenged shall be summed. In the case of continued contracts, the amount awarded for the initial term shall be considered, without taking into account eventual extensions. In biddings of inestimable amount, the appeal remedy before the comptroller body shall be admissible.// Without prejudice to the provisions of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494 regarding disqualification sanctions, when it is demonstrated that an appeal remedy (recurso de apelación) has been filed in bad faith, to obstruct or impede the normal course of the initiated contractual procedure, the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República), ex officio or at the request of ICE, following due process and by reasoned resolution, shall sanction the appellant with disqualification from contracting with the affected administration or company for a period of two (2) to five (5) years.
The sanction may be lifted exceptionally, for the purpose of contracting goods or services in which there is proven technological dependency or where the offeror is the sole supplier of said good or service. The sanction shall be determined based on the damage and harm caused to ICE and to the provision of the services it delivers.// When, due to the procedure, the appeal remedy (recurso de apelación) is not applicable, the revocation of the award act may be requested within five (5) business days following the date on which it was notified, before the same body that issued the act.// No revocation remedy (recurso de revocatoria) shall be admissible against direct procurements of insignificant amount.// When it is demonstrated that a revocation remedy (recurso de revocatoria) has been filed in bad faith, to obstruct or impede the normal course of the initiated contractual procedure, the contracting administration shall apply the provisions of the second paragraph of the preceding numeral.” “ARTICLE 27.- Open types.
ICE is empowered to use open types of administrative procurement that are duly incorporated into the regulations of this Act.” “ARTICLE 28.- Limits on assignment. The contractor's rights and obligations may not be assigned without the prior and express authorization of ICE, by means of a duly reasoned act. In no case shall the assignment proceed contrary to the prohibitions established in the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494. ICE may authorize the assignment provided that the conditions of the previous contract are not worsened.” “ARTICLE 29.- Approval (Refrendo). The approval (refrendo) process for ICE's public biddings must be resolved by the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República) within a period not exceeding twenty (20) business days, starting from the date on which the request was submitted to the comptroller body.// The requirements for requesting approval shall be established in the Regulations for the approval of procurement contracts (Reglamento de refrendo de las contrataciones), issued by the comptroller body, in accordance with the special provisions established for ICE in this Act.// Contracts and agreements that do not require comptroller approval shall be subject to the approval of ICE's Institutional Legal Advisory Unit (Unidad de Asesoría Jurídica Institucional); the latter shall resolve independently of the opinion of the Procurement Department (Proveeduría) and the Internal Audit Department.
The internal approval procedure shall be established by regulation.// Contract modifications made by ICE shall not be subject to approval (refrendo). Guaranteeing the legality of the aforementioned modifications shall be the exclusive responsibility of the administration, an aspect which shall be subject to the optional subsequent oversight of the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República).” As will be seen, Articles 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 were indeed repealed by Act No. 9986, the General Public Procurement Act (Ley General de Contratación Pública); however, it is not correct to state that the Special Public Procurement Regime (Régimen Especial de Contratación Administrativa) for ICE was eliminated, given that the Public Procurement Act created a Section III composed of Articles 68, 69, 70, called Services in Competition (Servicios en competencia), contained in Chapter IV Special Procedures (Procedimientos especiales), which forms part of Title II Public Procurement Procedures (Procedimientos de contratación pública).
What the legislator did was create a single regulatory body on the matter of Public Procurement, called the General Public Procurement Act (Ley General de Contratación Pública), in which it included rules for the regulation of special procedures related to Services in Competition, where ICE is expressly included.
The General Public Procurement Act, Act No. 9986, in Article 134, subsection d), amended Article 11 of Act No. 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector (Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones): “Article 134… d) Article 11 of Act No. 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, is amended. The text is as follows: Article 11- Trust Contracts. For the fulfillment of its purposes, ICE and its companies are empowered to enter into trust creation contracts of any kind, within the national territory and abroad.// Furthermore, trusts created in the country shall be supervised and regulated by the corresponding financial superintendency, while those created outside the national territory shall be subject, in this matter, to the provisions of the legislation of the country where they were created.” And in Article 135, subsection c) of Act No. 9986, Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Act No. 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, are repealed.
“ARTICLE 135- Repeals.- The following indicated provisions are repealed: “… c) Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Act No. 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, are repealed. (…). Articles 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 formed part of Chapter IV of Act No. 8660, titled: Special Public Procurement Regime (Régimen Especial de Contratación Administrativa). These articles stated the following:
“ARTICLE 20.- Regulation of procurement. The acquisition of goods and services carried out by ICE shall be subject to the special provisions contained in this Act and its Regulations. The Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación Administrativa), No. 7494, of May 1, 1996, its amendments, and its Regulations shall apply supplementarily.// The acquisition of goods and services carried out by the companies of ICE constituted as a corporation (sociedad anónima) shall be excluded from the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación Administrativa).// ICE and its companies shall have a Corporate Acquisitions Board whose objective is to execute the corresponding administrative procurement procedures, including awarding and challenges. The Board shall be governed by its own autonomous regulations.// Rulings with suspensive effect issued in the administrative venue or in the Administrative-Contentious and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda) regarding administrative procurement matters shall be exceptional.
For the purpose of protecting the public interest, when the suspension of an act is requested, a bond shall be set for the applicant, without prejudice to ICE and its companies, as applicable, posting the counter-bond or guarantee set for them. Once the counter-bond or guarantee has been posted, the suspension of the act shall be lifted ex officio.// The Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República) shall exercise its powers under the modality of subsequent control.
ARTICLE 22.- Ordinary competitive procedures. ICE shall use the ordinary procedures of public bidding (licitación pública) and abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada), in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; likewise, it may apply the special regime of direct procurement (contratación directa).// Special rules relating to the structure and requirements of the aforementioned ordinary competitive procedures may be established in the Regulations of this Act, provided the constitutional principles of administrative procurement are respected.// ICE, considered individually, shall use the public bidding (licitación pública) procedure for procurements whose amount is equal to or greater than the sum derived from multiplying the entity's budget for the acquisition of non-personal goods and services by the factor resulting from dividing the amount indicated for public bidding (licitación pública) in subsection a) of Article 27 of the General Public Procurement Act (Ley general de contratación administrativa) by the reference budget applicable to ICE, considered individually, as provided in the same numeral.
If the application of this paragraph results in lower limits than those established in Article 27 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494, those indicated in said Act shall be used.// The abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada) procedure shall be applied for contracts whose amount falls between the amount for direct procurement (contratación directa) indicated in subsection a) of Article 27 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494 and the amount for public bidding (licitación pública) resulting from the application of the formula expressed in the preceding paragraph.// The reference budget is that which must be applied to ICE, considered individually, in accordance with Article 27 of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494, with its current adjustments.
ARTICLE 23.- Exceptions to ordinary competitive procedures. In addition to the exceptions to ordinary competitive procedures provided for in the general regulatory framework of administrative procurement, ICE may apply the following grounds for exclusion: a) Agreements entered into with public companies from other countries. b) The sale, in the national and international market, of advisory, consulting, training services, and any other product or service related to its competencies. c) Procurement activity which, for reasons of security, urgency, emergency, or opportunity, is necessary to guarantee the continuity of services or to introduce improvements or new technologies to its products or services. d) Contracts for selfless aid with individuals, non-governmental organizations, or private or public entities, national or foreign. e) The acquisition of goods, works, or services which, due to their great complexity or specialized nature, can only be obtained where a limited number of suppliers or contractors exist, such that for reasons of economy and efficiency, the application of ordinary procedures is not appropriate. f) In cases where the administration, having acquired technological equipment, decides to acquire more products from the same contractor, for reasons of standardization or the need to ensure their compatibility, taking into account whether the original contract adequately satisfied the needs of the awarding administration, whether the price is reasonable, and, especially, whether the existence of better alternatives on the market was ruled out. g) The engagement of trusts. // The application of the foregoing grounds shall be the exclusive responsibility of the administration, without requiring authorization from external organs or entities.
The administration must leave a record, in the file of each specific case, of the reasons supporting the application of the ground for exclusion from ordinary competitive procedures, which is subject to the optional subsequent oversight of the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República).
ARTICLE 24.- Reverse auction (Subasta a la baja). ICE may use award by reverse auction (subasta a la baja) to acquire any type of product or service. Before using this procedure, ICE must set the terms of participation in the auction, among which at least the technical and quality parameters of the goods or services to be acquired shall be defined. The regulation of this procedure must guarantee that the principles of administrative procurement are respected and that the transparency of the negotiation is especially safeguarded.
ARTICLE 25.- Special rules for competitive procedures. The competitive procedure shall begin with the administrative decision to initiate it, which shall be issued by the competent official and must contain the justification for its appropriateness, the description of the object, the estimated cost of the object, the estimated duration of the procedure, as well as the sufficient human, administrative, and budgetary resources for the execution of the contract. In exceptional cases, ICE, in order to attend to a highly qualified need, may initiate, under its own responsibility, administrative procurement procedures without budgetary content; for this, it must guarantee the budgetary allocation. In the tender documents (cartel), the administration shall expressly warn that the validity of the procurement is subject to the existence of budgetary content. In procurements whose development extends beyond one budgetary period, the necessary provisions must be adopted to guarantee the payment of obligations.
ARTICLE 26.- Remedies (Recursos). The objection remedy against the tender documents (cartel) of a public bidding (licitación pública) or abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada) shall be filed within the first quarter of the period for submitting bids before the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República), in the case of public bidding (licitación pública), and, in other cases, before the contracting administration. This remedy must be resolved within ten business days following its filing. Once the indicated period has elapsed, the remedy shall be deemed granted.// In the case of ICE, an appeal remedy (recurso de apelación) shall only be admissible in the case of public bidding (licitación pública). In other cases, a revocation remedy (recurso de revocatoria) shall be applied.// Every appeal remedy must be processed by the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República), according to the rules provided for abbreviated bidding (licitación abreviada) in the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494, of May 1, 1996, and its amendments.
In cases of awards composed of multiple lines, the awarded amounts of the lines being challenged shall be summed. In the case of continued contracts, the amount awarded for the initial term shall be considered, without taking into account eventual extensions. In biddings of inestimable amount, the appeal remedy before the comptroller body shall be admissible.// Without prejudice to the provisions of the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494 regarding disqualification sanctions, when it is demonstrated that an appeal remedy has been filed in bad faith, to obstruct or impede the normal course of the initiated contractual procedure, the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República), ex officio or at the request of ICE, following due process and by reasoned resolution, shall sanction the appellant with disqualification from contracting with the affected administration or company for a period of two (2) to five (5) years.
The sanction may be lifted exceptionally, for the purpose of contracting goods or services in which there is proven technological dependency or where the offeror is the sole supplier of said good or service. The sanction shall be determined based on the damage and harm caused to ICE and to the provision of the services it delivers.// When, due to the procedure, the appeal remedy is not applicable, the revocation of the award act may be requested within five (5) business days following the date on which it was notified, before the same body that issued the act.// No revocation remedy shall be admissible against direct procurements of insignificant amount.// When it is demonstrated that a revocation remedy has been filed in bad faith, to obstruct or impede the normal course of the initiated contractual procedure, the contracting administration shall apply the provisions of the second paragraph of the preceding numeral.
ARTICLE 27.- Open types. ICE is empowered to use open types of administrative procurement that are duly incorporated into the regulations of this Act.
ARTICLE 28.- Limits on assignment. The contractor's rights and obligations may not be assigned without the prior and express authorization of ICE, by means of a duly reasoned act. In no case shall the assignment proceed contrary to the prohibitions established in the Public Procurement Act (Ley de Contratación administrativa) No. 7494. ICE may authorize the assignment provided that the conditions of the previous contract are not worsened.
ARTICLE 29.- Approval (Refrendo). The approval (refrendo) process for ICE's public biddings must be resolved by the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República) within a period not exceeding twenty (20) business days, starting from the date on which the request was submitted to the comptroller body.// The requirements for requesting approval shall be established in the Regulations for the approval of procurement contracts, issued by the comptroller body, in accordance with the special provisions established for ICE in this Act.// Contracts and agreements that do not require comptroller approval shall be subject to the approval of ICE's Institutional Legal Advisory Unit (Unidad de Asesoría Jurídica Institucional); the latter shall resolve independently of the opinion of the Procurement Department and the Internal Audit Department. The internal approval procedure shall be established by regulation.// Contract modifications made by ICE shall not be subject to approval (refrendo).
Guaranteeing the legality of the aforementioned modifications shall be the exclusive responsibility of the administration, an aspect which shall be subject to the optional subsequent oversight of the Comptroller General’s Office (Contraloría General de la República).” It shall be the sole responsibility of the administration to guarantee the legality of the cited modifications, an aspect that will be subject to the optional subsequent oversight of the General Comptroller of the Republic." It should be noted that, additionally, subsection d) of Article 135 of Law 9986 repeals Articles 14, 61 subsection h), 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104 of Law 8131, Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets, of September 18, 2001. Regarding the figure of the trust (fideicomiso), although it eliminates Article 14 of Law 8131, on Financial Administration of the Republic and Public Budgets, the Public Procurement Law creates Chapter VI, Articles 79 to 82, which regulates the Public Trust Contract (Contrato de fideicomiso público).
As already indicated, Article 21 on Capacity to Contract (Capacidad de contratación) was maintained in Law 8660. This allows ICE to maintain a broad margin to carry out all procurement modalities. ARTICLE 21.- Capacity to Contract. ICE shall have full capacity to enter into all types of lawful contracts, for the purpose of buying, selling, or leasing goods and services, constituting trusts (fideicomisos), and, in general, any other means or object that is necessary for the due fulfillment of its purposes. Likewise, they may enter into loans, finance, mortgage, and grant guarantees or endorsements. ICE shall be authorized to lease to third parties its networks and other available scarce resources. Public domain assets shall not be subject to lien." In relation to Articles 68, 69, and 70 of Law 9986, these articles are part of Section III, denominated Services in Competition (Servicios en competencia) of Chapter IV Special Procedures (Procedimientos especiales), contained in Title II Public Procurement Procedures (Procedimientos de contratación pública).
"ARTICLE 68- Special procedure for INS, ICE and their companies in competition, JASEC and ESPH. The National Insurance Institute (Instituto Nacional de Seguros, INS) and its joint-stock companies in competition and the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE) and its companies in competition, the Administrative Board of the Electrical Service of Cartago (Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago, JASEC), and the Public Services Company of Heredia (Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia, ESPH) may use the special procedure regulated in this article, regardless of the procurement amount, for the following: a) The Costa Rican Electricity Institute and its companies in competition, as well as the Administrative Board of the Electrical Service of Cartago and the Public Services Company of Heredia, may only use this special procedure to acquire goods, works, and services destined to generate, install, and operate networks, provide, acquire, and commercialize telecommunications and infocommunications products and services, as well as other information products and services and others in convergence, when the goods, works, and services, due to their great complexity or their specialized nature, can only be obtained when there is a limited number of suppliers or contractors, or for duly accredited reasons of economy and efficiency for the due attention of the public interest and the application of ordinary procedures is not adequate. b) In the case of INS and its joint-stock companies in competition, when contracting insurance intermediation services and auxiliary services provided for in Article 18 of Law 8653, Regulatory Law of the Insurance Market (Ley Reguladora del Mercado de Seguros), of July 22, 2008.// The special procedure must have the following: i) Initial decision adopted in accordance with Article 37 of this law and provision of budgetary resources to cover the expenditure, in accordance with this law.
Likewise, it must be accredited that the suitable human, technical, and financial resources necessary to verify the fulfillment of the procurement are available. ii) Tender specifications (pliego de condiciones) and invitation through the unified digital system to a minimum of five suitable bidders to participate. In the event that the minimum number of suitable bidders is not reached, all suppliers appearing in the unified digital system shall be invited. iii) The period for receiving offers shall be between five and fifteen business days depending on the complexity of the object, counted from the day following the communication of the invitation to participate up to and including the day of the opening of offers. iv) In this procedure, the rules for correcting defects in the offer, the validity period of the offer, the possibility of price improvement, the obligation of the awarded bidder to provide a performance guarantee (garantía de cumplimiento), and the duty to state the grounds for the final act shall apply, in accordance with the regulations for the minor bidding process (licitación menor). v) The possibility of challenging the tender specifications, with the promoting Administration itself being competent to hear the objection appeal, in accordance with the rules of the minor bidding process. vi) The possibility of challenging the final act of the procedure, with the promoting Administration being competent to hear it, through the appeal for revocation (recurso de revocatoria) in accordance with the provisions of Article 99 of this law. vii) The obligation to re-award or declare the tender void or unsuccessful upon the annulment of the final act of the procedure derived from an appeal for revocation, within a maximum period of ten business days from the communication of the annulment resolution.// In this special procedure, there shall be the possibility of using the prequalification modality, by stages, or tender with financing, applying the provisions of this law.
ARTICLE 69- Open contracting of services for institutions and companies in competition. Institutions and companies in competition may contract services openly with individuals or legal entities that meet the requirements previously established by the Administration, when this is more convenient for the public interest, due to the particularities of the contractual object, and when the payment of the commission is previously assessed by the contracting Administration.// To apply this procedure, the general requirements to be met must be established, which shall be available in the unified digital system. Those who meet the requirements may provide the services in question, and the parameters to be defined by regulation must be respected. ARTICLE 70- Contracting of technology for institutions and companies in competition. Institutions and companies in competition may use the special procedure regulated in Article 68 of this law when contracting the acquisition, maintenance, and updating or leasing of technological equipment for information technology, hardware and software, and computer system developments." In a hearing granted by the Special Ruling Commission to Mrs.
Marta Acosta Zúñiga, General Comptroller of the Republic, on File 21.546, General Public Procurement Law, she made the following presentation. " ... the result of a great effort, months of work on your part, on the part of your advisors, officials from the Ministry of Finance and various public institutions, and also officials from the Comptroller's Office. All have contributed their knowledge in an exercise that I consider admirable, of consensus and communication to achieve a refined version of the bill, in terms of quality, effectiveness, and clarity. (...) New special procurement procedures were incorporated to address the requirements of public entities in competition, highlighting a model for the insurance and telecommunications sectors, which maintains and improves the conditions for the purchasing of those entities, which was discussed and adjusted when necessary with data provided by the institutions themselves.
This, being clear that proposals seeking to include adjustments that did not conform to good practices in procurement management were not accepted. It was possible to include improvements that enhance the fulfillment of the entities' competencies, without affecting them. To this end, information was shared that provided the basis for decision-making and, as long as it was not distorted, the regulation of the bill was maintained. In other cases, important improvements were included for the benefit of the bill itself. Likewise, observations were addressed regarding processes of great relevance for the country, such as currency purchases, electoral procurements, the service scheme for the Development Banking System (Sistema de Banca para el Desarrollo), and especially for the provisioning of medications for the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). All of this, as I have indicated, considering the inputs from the highest-level officials of each of the entities involved, respecting a fundamental pillar of this bill, which is effective competition.
Procedures were always promoted in these cases that allow for the existence of tenders, maintaining agility and timeliness; for extreme cases, the urgency procedure was reviewed so that it can help in real unforeseeable situations, with the requirement of making the results of the purchases transparent when these procedures are used…." Special commission charged with analyzing, studying, proposing, and ruling on File 21,546, General Public Procurement Law. File No. 21,546 Record of Extraordinary Session No. 11; Friday, June 19, 2020. Regarding the main argument developed by the claimant, the issue of international trade agreements and the existence of an assumed commitment to grant a special regime to ICE, in relation to the discussion of this topic during the bill's process, ICE raised the issue in the Special Commission, as part of the hearing granted to it, as can be seen in the Record of Session No. 6 of Monday, November 11, 2019, where a hearing was granted to Mrs.
Irene Cañas Díaz, Executive President of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, and Mr. Andrés Domian Astorga. For their part, officials from the Ministry of Foreign Trade (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, COMEX) also participated in a hearing before the Commission that studied (sic) the bill, and expressly and precisely Minister Dyalá Jiménez confirmed that there is no commitment in the trade agreements to grant ICE a special regulation. The agreements do establish application exceptions, for example, regarding deadlines, which are not applicable to ICE. The Special Commission charged with analyzing, studying, proposing, and ruling on File 21.546 "General Public Procurement Law", also granted a hearing to Mrs. Dyalá Jiménez Figueres, Minister of Foreign Trade, and Mrs. Victoria Hernández Mora, Minister of Economy, Industry, and Commerce. Their participation can be seen in the Commission record, of Session No. 5 of Monday, October 28, 2019.
Mrs. Dyalá Jiménez Figueres, Minister of Foreign Trade, made the following statement: "The first thing we indicated in our criterion is the relationship between this matter and the trade instruments that Costa Rica has signed. We are observers of the WTO Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement. This means that our obligations in this matter are found rather in the different trade agreements and not in that plurilateral agreement, as we are only observers."(…) "We just want to indicate that, in general, this law is consistent with the trade agreements we have signed and that concern us, including the one with Korea which will enter into force shortly and the one with the United Kingdom which will replace the Agreement with the European Union." Likewise, in the unanimous affirmative ruling of June 26, 2020, on File No. 21.546 "General Public Procurement Law", issued by the Special Commission 21.563 charged with analyzing, studying, proposing, and ruling on File No. 21.546 "General Public Procurement Law", the following was indicated: "(…) SPECIAL REGULATIONS FOR STRATEGIC ISSUES: The bill contemplates particular regulations for some institutions whose dynamics recommend differentiated rules, either because they are located in strategic sectors, because they are the only entity that purchases a certain good, or because the public procurement is framed within a broader project pursuing a specific purpose.
Thus, Article 68 of the bill establishes a special procedure for the acquisition of telecommunications and insurance goods, works, and services in competition. This regulatory authorization is circumscribed, in the case of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), to the acquisition of goods or services that, due to their great complexity or specialization, can only be obtained from a limited number of suppliers. In the case of the National Insurance Institute (INS), the special procedure applies only when contracting the acquisition, maintenance, and updating or leasing of technological equipment, hardware and software, computer system developments, the contracting of insurance intermediation services, and the auxiliary services provided for in Article 18 of Law No. 8653, Regulatory Law of the Insurance Market. It must be borne in mind that today both ICE and INS maintain a special administrative procurement regime, an aspect that the bill seeks to eradicate so that the entire state apparatus purchases under a single legislation, thereby achieving a more uniform, more agile, and more efficient system.
It is based on this that it was considered convenient that, for certain specific objects, both institutions have a procedure that, being regulated in the same legal body - and therefore the remaining provisions of the law are applicable to it - is a mechanism that, with shorter deadlines, but observing in all cases the tender process, allows them to meet the response times required by such administrations that are under a competition regime." There are also several interventions by deputies upon the approval of File No. 21.546, General Public Procurement Law, in the Second Debate. In the Record of the Ordinary Plenary Session, No. 6 of Tuesday, May 18, 2021. (see folios 8248, 8247, 8246, 8239, and 8231). Below, some excerpts are transcribed regarding the relevant assessments and interpretations that the deputies give concerning the Public Procurement Law and ICE. Deputy Ana Lucia Delgado: (…) Therefore, it is necessary to move forward with a bill that places all institutions that use public funds partially or totally for their provisioning under a single efficient public procurement regime, without this meaning a straitjacket for those institutions that significantly require greater efficiencies because they are even competing in markets.
(…) On the other hand, we need public procurement procedures that are less cumbersome, more expeditious, and effective. To this end, it is proposed to adopt shorter procedures in time and a more optimal appeals regime, so that matters can be resolved in less time. And the possibility of resorting to a committee of experts is also incorporated to generate dispute resolutions during the contract execution phases, guaranteeing speed in the processes. (…) On another note, I want to take this opportunity to make clear the legislator's spirit on two key issues; the first relates to strategic alliances. Strategic alliances are mechanisms that allow the union of efforts and resources for the achievement of a specific purpose, with similar benefits for those involved in the business. It is a modality that fosters competitive advantages, drives comparative advantages, and maximizes human capital, as well as technological, financial, logistical, and other resources for the satisfaction, in this case, of the best public interest.
In this bill, strategic alliances are regulated as an exception to the established procedures, but only those strategic alliances authorized by law are excepted, in order to achieve competitive advantages, all in accordance with the business line of each party and what is regulated in this regard in the law that authorizes them. This means that institutions such as Incofer, ICE, Sinart, Correos de Costa Rica, may continue to resort to said figure authorized in their constitutive laws or special laws: Law 7001, 8660, 8653, 7761. It has never been the intention of this bill or its proposing deputies to limit said mechanism that allows such institutions a better development of their related activities. Therefore, nothing prevents them from continuing to observe and comply with the provisions on strategic alliances, as regulated by the law that authorizes them, so it must be clear that this bill is not repealing any rule that enables their development.
(…) " Deputy José María Villalta Flórez-Estrada: (…) Also, the creation of special procedures applicable to institutions such as INS, ICE, their companies that are within a competition framework is regulated. A single procurement system is created, exceptions and ordinary procedures are reduced, regulations on different contracting modalities are also included, such as public works, trusts (fideicomisos), leases, purchase of real estate, as well as the donation of movable and immovable property between Public Administration institutions, with the aim of generalizing in the country the use of Sicop, the Electronic Procurement System. Every institution in this country that contracts with public funds must use the Centralized Electronic Procurement System, digitize its administrative procurement procedures. It is no longer justified for any public institution to be excluded from this procurement system, where transparency, publicity, and the best use of resources prevail.
This law also seeks to simplify administrative procurement procedures. And I want to be emphatic on this: any interpretation of this law that leads to more cumbersome deadlines than those that currently exist, to more cumbersome procedures or formalities, more bureaucratic ones, is a mistaken interpretation because the spirit of this law is to simplify, streamline, and make transparent administrative procurement procedures. (…) The issue of the regulation of public companies that are currently within the competition framework also generated discussion, generated controversy; for example, in the case of ICE. The bill modifies or repeals some articles of Law 8660. In the legislative discussion, we fought so that some articles would not be repealed, such as Article 21, which empowers, gives broad powers to ICE and its companies within the context of competition in which they find themselves.
This was objected to by an institution like ICE, which argues that within the framework of trade liberalization and the commitments acquired in the Free Trade Agreement, this institution could not be limited in the possibility of having a special procurement regime to be able to participate effectively in the competition, a claim we fully share. After long discussions in the commission, a consensus and conviction were reached —and this law must be interpreted this way— that this law does not seek to take away from ICE or any institution in competition the special procedures or mechanisms they have. In the case of ICE, what is sought is to bring those mechanisms, which are in Law 8660, into this law, but to maintain that spirit of exceptions, for example, in Article 68. That is, to maintain the exceptions of a special administrative procurement regime that allows ICE and its companies in competition to maintain and be able to participate and be competitive, to be able to stay in that competition, preventing abuses of those exceptions, but not closing them.
And this is how this regulation must be interpreted. For example, Article 68, which establishes a special procedure for companies in competition, must be understood that the legislator's spirit is to provide the institutions foreseen with the agility and flexibility in procurement matters, as they have today in Law 8660, as their competitors have in the private sphere, to acquire goods, works, and services destined to generate, install, and operate networks, provide, acquire, commercialize telecommunications and infocommunications products and services, as well as other information products and services and others in convergence. It is of vital importance to take into account the reference to convergence, because given the constant research, innovation, and technological development, new services, new products, or new processes are created. Today, for example, we talk about smart or digital cities, and the Internet of Things, to the extent that the provision of services increasingly requires the convergence of different sectors, products, or other services, with a wide use of information, communication, telecommunications technologies, and the electrical sector.
Convergence allows interconnectivity from urban transportation to medical devices, through electrical and power systems, applications responsible for environmental control, water supply, electricity, energy management, and even intelligent transportation systems that assist the driver, in addition to applications in security, agriculture, industry, and education, which would improve the quality of life and the efficiency in the provision of these services. Therefore, it is clear that for the entire telecommunications sector, these exceptions also apply when ICE or its companies develop projects or services in convergence. I also subscribe to the conforming interpretation made by Deputy Delgado Orozco, in the sense that this law does not seek to limit the capacity of ICE or other public companies in competition to enter into strategic alliances within the framework of their legislation, their constitutive law.
That could not be the spirit of this bill. Also, in Article 68, it is important to highlight that what is done there is to summarize in that article the exceptions that ICE currently has for contracting. It is said that these exceptions occur when the goods or services, due to their great complexity or their specialized nature, can only be obtained when there is a limited number of suppliers, or as a second exception that combines several of those that currently exist, for duly accredited reasons of economy and efficiency for the due attention of the public interest. That 'or' should not be understood as an 'and'. We had a long discussion about this. They are two distinct exceptions and must be interpreted correctly as such, because both exceptions can occur within the framework of the activity of public companies in competition, for example, for duly accredited reasons of economy and efficiency when these institutions must make a procurement quickly, without excluding other exceptions that are also foreseen, for example, for computer systems, for the entire infocommunications and information technology part.
Deputy Carolina Delgado (…) Something very important and that also attests to that genuine desire to add among the colleagues was that it had an approved consensus motion that allowed resolving the last concerns related, of course, to the Costa Rican Institute of Energy regarding strategic alliances and other elements. (…) Deputy Pablo Heriberto Abarca Mora: (…) There will be a single procurement procedure and that, obviously, recognizes particularities, those particularities that are not only also built on discussions of other bills, within frameworks of free trade agreements, which are also in particular conditions, that the law recognizes, but that also seeks to simplify and seeks to adhere them to the principles of transparency and reasonableness. No deputy who is in this process, and I am sure we will vote unanimously, is thinking that this will make the procurement process longer; on the contrary, we are supporting this initiative so that it is interpreted in the future as a total and rapid simplification of the procedure and that it also does not imply the existence of loopholes to circumvent the general law.
(…) Deputy Luis Ramón Carranza Cascante: (…) I would indeed be happy to see ICE building, because we went from one extreme to the other, from a State that built everything to leaving everything in the hands of private enterprise, as if they were all saints, and we all know that is not the case. (…) Deputy Welmer Ramos González: So, I am not buying that story about public versus private. If the State has capacities, it must use them. And I will say it here with all the words: if ICE had had the trust (fideicomiso) to build public educational infrastructure, it would have already done so, and it would have done it on time, and it would have done it with quality. But here, for purely ideological reasons, there it is. The money has already been spent, rather what there are are debts, etcetera, etcetera, and it has not been finished. (…) And there we have a very serious problem with trusts (fideicomisos) that supposedly were in the best hands and that some years ago they told us that was going well because it was private enterprise and they were trusts, etcetera, and today we realize what that has come to.
(…) President: Forty-eight deputies, start voting from this moment. End voting. With forty-eight votes in favor, zero against. Approved." CONCLUSIONS. The arguments of the claimants that Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of Law 9986, the General Public Procurement Law, violate Article 7, first paragraph, of the Political Constitution are rejected. In the first place because, rather, as provided in Section III Application of international instruments in public procurement (article 9), of the Public Procurement Law, Law 9986, the Costa Rican State confirms the commitment to faithfully comply with the obligations and rights established in the international standards that Costa Rica has formally incorporated into our domestic law. The cited norm expressly specifies that the effective implementation of the public procurement chapters of the international trade instruments in force in Costa Rica must be complied with.
In the second place, because it is not correct to point out that the Special Administrative Procurement Regime for ICE was eliminated. While it is true that the Public Procurement Law 9986 repealed the articles related to the special procurement regime of Law 8660, Strengthening of ICE (Ley de Fortalecimiento del ICE), at the same time this Public Procurement Law incorporated, with the character of a special norm, a special Procurement Regime for Services in Competition. By creating a Section III consisting of Articles 68, 69, 70, denominated Services in Competition (Servicios en competencia), contained in Chapter IV Special Procedures, which is part of Title II Public Procurement Procedures. In the third place, Article 21 relating to the Capacity to Contract of ICE, of Law 8660, Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector, remains in force: "ARTICLE 21.- Capacity to Contract.
ICE shall have full capacity to enter into all types of lawful contracts, for the purpose of buying, selling, or leasing goods and services, constituting trusts (fideicomisos), and, in general, any other means or object that is necessary for the due fulfillment of its purposes. Likewise, they may enter into loans, finance, mortgage, and grant guarantees or endorsements.// ICE shall be authorized to lease to third parties its networks and other available scarce resources. Public domain assets shall not be subject to lien." In the fourth place, throughout the discussion of the bill, as demonstrated in the documents cited below and contained in the legislative file of Law 9986, the legislators had information from authorities of institutions, such as the General Comptroller of the Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Trade, which confirmed that the bill respects the international commitments assumed by Costa Rica through treaties and/or international agreements formally incorporated into our domestic law.
In the fifth place, it is clearly evident from the legislative records that the legislator's intention is to provide institutions that are in a regime of open competition, such as ICE, with the necessary agility and flexibility in procurement matters. III.- PETITION In accordance with the report rendered, it is requested that the unconstitutionality action be rejected".
This alteration of the quality of life of a society, such as that caused by the repeal of the articles of the Special Law of Administrative Contracting applied to the ICE, must be compensated not only (sic) with the invocation of Articles 7 and 50 of our Political Constitution, but also by applying the principle of compensation and restoration, that the one who causes harm pays, contained in the rules on liability in civil legislation, since for the duty to compensate to arise, what matters is that harm has been caused, and in this case the Public Procurement Law is causing it to the people, who have no reason to endure it durably. We likewise invoke our legitimate interest as Costa Ricans to ensure the due fulfillment of the principles, rules, and provisions contained in the Political Constitution, as well as the defense of the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector established to provide equality of competition to the ICE.
FACTS FIRST: as established by the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States, a Special Administrative Contracting Regime for the ICE was to be implemented, which was regulated under Law 8660 of August 8, 2008. SECOND: in accordance with the foregoing, the approval of Articles 1, 2, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of Law 9986, the Public Procurement Law, which repealed Articles 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector, leaves the ICE at a competitive disadvantage against its competitors by forcing it to carry out longer processes to acquire goods and services, causing serious harm not only to the Institution but to the Costa Rican people, as this could generate more spending and therefore a potential increase in generation costs that would be passed on to users.
THIRD: the repeal of said articles contravenes what is indicated in Article 7 of our Political Constitution, which gives a higher rank to this type of Treaty over ordinary laws; therefore, a subsequent law cannot come and repeal a mandate granted by the People, by popular will and ratified by the Legislative Assembly. GROUNDS FOR THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY INVOKED From a legal standpoint, the entry into force of the Public Procurement Law, which repeals the articles of the Special Law of Administrative Contracting, violates what is indicated in the Free Trade Agreement, violating the choice made by the people freely and voluntarily, with which they wanted to safeguard one of their most appreciated Institutions, such as the ICE, in the face of the commercial change that was approaching. In this context, and adhering to what is stated in Article 7 of the Political Constitution: Article 7.—Public treaties, international agreements, and concordats, duly approved by the Legislative Assembly, shall have, from their promulgation or from the day they designate, authority superior to the laws.
Public treaties and international agreements referring to the territorial integrity or political organization of the country shall require the approval of the Legislative Assembly, by a vote of no less than three-quarters of its total members, and that of two-thirds of the members of a Constituent Assembly, convened for that purpose. (As amended by the sole article of Law No. 4123 of May 31, 1968). The Legislative Assembly trampled the constitutional mandate emanating from the people through the Free Trade Agreement by enacting and approving the Public Procurement Law, which does not contemplate the special needs that the ICE requires to maintain its competitiveness and prevents it from generating income in a more agile and effective manner, causing it serious harm and attacking the people in the same way. International treaties acquire a legal superiority over the country's ordinary laws, and since this special law arises from a superior action, an ordinary law cannot subsequently come to repeal the articles as the Public Procurement Law intends to do.
There are opinions from the Attorney General's Office of the Republic on the precedence of treaties over laws, such as Opinion C-210-99, which indicates: "Among the sources of the legal order, international treaties occupy a predominant position. As provided in Article 7 of the Political Constitution, treaties duly approved by the Legislative Assembly have, as a general rule, authority superior to laws. This implies that the legislator, in the exercise of his legislative power, must respect that international legal framework that has been integrated into the order. But it is not only (sic) a matter of hierarchy in the domestic order. International treaties are one of the main sources of International Law, according to Article 38 of the International Court of Justice. It is a privileged instrument for States to agree upon and recognize rules on coexistence within the International Community and on the limitation of their sovereign powers.
Indeed, through treaties, it is possible for States to establish norms they consider appropriate and that allow them, at the same time, to specify the content of their rights and obligations. Therefore, it is the most suitable mechanism to create a process of economic or customs integration ('the core module of integration are treaties', Constitutional Chamber, Resolution No. 4638-96 of 9:03 hrs. on September 6, 1996), as well as to establish a community order, that is, a 'supranational' one, like the one the Central American countries have aspired to establish. The recognition of the hierarchy of treaties with respect to ordinary laws determines that these instruments are granted the status of a parameter of constitutionality for laws and lower-ranking norms. The treaty, as an agreement of wills entered into between subjects of International Law and governed by International Law, is intended to produce legal effects (E.
VARGAS CARREÑO: Introducción al Derecho Internacional, San José, Editorial Juricentro, 1979, volume 1, p. 87). A primary effect is its direct applicability and, therefore, the possibility of prevailing directly over the law and secondary norms. As the Chamber has stated: '... treaties grant rights and impose obligations on the contracting parties, which become a rule of obligatory conduct between them and which, in addition, must be fulfilled in good faith (Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties...).' Resolution No. 123-93 of 14:40 hrs. on January 12, 1993.)" Faced with this panorama, it is vitally important that democracy prevails over the desires of a few to try to destroy an Institution that helps the Costa Rican people by providing essential services at a cost accessible to the entire population. As the unconstitutionality action rightly points out, the application of the Public Procurement Law brings no benefit whatsoever, but rather a setback for the ICE and directly affects its productivity and thus the Costa Rican people.
Similarly, what has been done by the Legislative Assembly translates into a breach of the Social Rule of Law, whose highest-ranking foundation is found in our Political Constitution, by having approved those articles that run counter to what the people indicated through the FTA. (…) PETITION Based on the foregoing, this request is made to the Constitutional Chamber to: 1. Admit the present joinder to the unconstitutionality action in question and incorporate the arguments invoked herein. 2. Declare the unconstitutionality, with respect to the ICE and its companies, of Articles 1, 2, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law, for being contrary to Article 7 of the Constitution."
Drafted by Magistrate Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
The unconstitutionality action has specific formalities, which must be satisfied for the Chamber to validly hear a challenge on its merits through this procedural avenue.
Precisely, Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law regulates standing to file unconstitutionality actions and provides for different scenarios. First, it requires a prior pending matter to be resolved, whether in judicial or administrative proceedings (in the procedure to exhaust it), in which the unconstitutionality has been invoked as a reasonable means to protect the right or interest considered injured. The second and third paragraphs of that rule contemplate scenarios where, exceptionally, the prior matter is not required, such as the non-existence of an individual and direct injury due to the nature of the matter, the defense of diffuse or collective interests, or when the action is filed directly by the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Attorney General of the Republic, the Prosecutor General of the Republic, or the Ombudsperson.
In this regard, the plaintiff mentions that the ICE belongs to the State, so every citizen or organized group has an interest in it remaining strengthened and providing its services efficiently and effectively. It bases standing on the existence of diffuse interests, in relation to the interest "that the ICE, as a national public company, remains strengthened for the purpose of carrying out the aims for which it was created, as noted above, and not being potentially threatened (sic) through laws that imply a weakening." Based on the foregoing, the Presidency of the Chamber, in the resolution processing this action at 10:28 hours on July 13, 2023, ruled that the plaintiff's standing comes from the 2nd paragraph of Article 75, since it acts in defense of diffuse interests. That consideration is shared by the majority of this Tribunal, and, therefore, it is ruled that this proceeding is admissible regarding the plaintiff's standing.
REGARDING THE CHALLENGED CONDUCT AND THE PARAMETER OF CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL. Among the procedural prerequisites that this Chamber must assess during the admissibility phase of an unconstitutionality action is the challenged object. This refers both to the challenged conduct and to the control parameter.
In the sub lite, the plaintiff expressly alleges the action "is based on Article 73 subsection d) of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law and Article 7 of our Magna Carta, given that the challenged articles oppose the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), Dominican Republic – Central America – United States, signed and ratified by our country...". Therefore, it must be pointed out that this Tribunal, unanimously —though with a partially different composition than the current one— had previously held that it is not appropriate to conduct a constitutionality review using a free trade agreement or a bilateral investment treaty as a parameter. Specifically:
"VIII.- Regarding the third allegation: Violation of the Free Trade Agreement. DRAFTED BY MAGISTRATE JINESTA LOBO. WITH RESPECT TO THE ALLEGED INFRACTIONS OF THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The core point to be elucidated on this matter is whether the referenced Free Trade Agreement forms part of the constitutionality parameter against which this Tribunal must contrast the validity of a norm or act subject to Public Law that is challenged as unconstitutional. That instrument is what is called a regional trade or investment agreement, which, per se, is subject to the dynamic changes of the market, the economy, and free trade, such that it could even be renegotiated and modified. Certainly, in the Costa Rican case, in light of Article 7 of the Political Constitution, the referenced regional trade agreement assumed the legal form of a 'Treaty,' so it clearly has an infra-constitutional but supra-legal rank.
In principle, the treaties or international agreements that form part of the constitutionality parameter are those inherent to Public International Law regarding human rights, as can be deduced from the terms and doctrine underlying Articles 48 of the Political Constitution, and 38, paragraph 2, and 74 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law. Even such instruments of Public International Law on human rights may eventually have a constitutional or supra-constitutional rank, for example, when they offer individuals a higher level of protection than constitutional precepts (doctrine of the primacy of the most favorable clause or the in dubio pro homine or pro libertate principles). Under that understanding, it is considered that this Constitutional Tribunal lacks competence to determine whether a legal norm violates or does not violate a regional trade agreement that assumed the legal form of a treaty.
All aspects relating to whether a given law infringes or does not infringe a regional trade agreement with a supra-legal but infra-constitutional rank must be heard and resolved by the ordinary judge and not by constitutional judges. Obviously, this Tribunal does have competence to examine the constitutionality of the referenced regional trade agreements, as it has exercised in the past" (Judgment No. 2017-002791, reiterated —among others— in Judgment No. 2020-007684).
However, this Constitutional Chamber considers that it does have competence to hear actions against legal or infra-legal norms in which a violation of a free trade agreement is alleged, under the following considerations.
First, Article 7, first paragraph, of the Political Constitution makes no distinction regarding the subject matter of the treaty, when it provides:
Article 7.—Public treaties, international agreements, and concordats, duly approved by the Legislative Assembly, shall have, from their promulgation or from the day they designate, authority superior to the laws.
For its part, Article 1 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law establishes:
Article 1. The purpose of this law is to regulate the constitutional jurisdiction, the objective of which is to guarantee the supremacy of constitutional norms and principles and of International or Community Law in force in the Republic, their uniform interpretation and application, as well as the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution or in international human rights instruments in force in Costa Rica.
While Article 2, subsection b), of the Law governing this jurisdiction states the following:
Article 2. The constitutional jurisdiction is specifically responsible for:
(…)
And, in consonance with the foregoing, in the specific chapter on the unconstitutionality action, said law enables the possibility of exercising a sort of indirect constitutionality review, that is, a review of the conformity of legal or infra-legal norms with respect to the international treaties and agreements referred to in Article 7 of the Constitution when there is an evident and manifest contradiction between the international agreement and the domestic regulations, such that the vice of unconstitutionality arises from confronting the regulated matter —which is the same in both cases— and the existence of an insurmountable contradiction. Specifically, it establishes:
Article 73. The unconstitutionality action shall be admissible:
(...)
Thus, the Chamber is called upon to hear the present action, using the cited Free Trade Agreement as a parameter, because —as already indicated— the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, in its Articles 2 subsection b) and 73 subsection d), expressly grants it the competence to control the conformity of legal norms or general provisions with respect to the treaties and international agreements mentioned in Article 7 of the Constitution, and between the international and domestic regulations, as observed, there is an insurmountable contradiction, such that the latter opposes the former.
Now, certainly, the Chamber is not called upon to calibrate aspects related to the application and interpretation of an FTA, much less minor or technical contradictions, which are to be resolved through the dispute resolution mechanisms of the treaty itself. What it is competent to do, as in this case, is to judge whether the challenged legal norms oppose such an international treaty when it involves an evident and manifest contradiction.
Ergo, this proceeding is also admissible regarding its object.
Article 83 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law establishes that within 15 days following the first publication of the edict contemplated in the second paragraph of numeral 81, the parties appearing in the matters pending as of the date of filing the action, or those with a legitimate interest, may appear in order to coadyuvate in the allegations that might justify its admissibility or inadmissibility, or to expand the grounds for unconstitutionality in relation to the matter that interests them.
In this regard, the Presidency of the Chamber, through a resolution at 14:03 hours on August 21, 2023, admitted Ermen Prado Arroyo, president of Asdeice, as an active coadjuvant, since he appeared on August 9, 2023; that is, within the period referred to ut supra (the first publication in the Judicial Bulletin took place on July 18, 2023).
Furthermore, on August 7, 2023, the judicial representatives of the ICE not only responded to the hearing granted in the resolution processing the action but also filed a joinder. Consequently, as the latter was filed within the period established for such purposes in the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, the ICE is considered an active coadjuvant.
Now, both joinders, based on the existence of a diffuse interest in the matter in question, must be limited to the numerals challenged in the brief filing the action, since their nature is accessory with respect to the unconstitutionality sought by the plaintiff. Ergo, in accordance with Article 83 eiusdem, it is only appropriate to analyze novel arguments that justify the admissibility of the action or expand the grounds for unconstitutionality, but not those that challenge other articles. As this Tribunal has already resolved on other occasions, the coadjuvant —as an accessory procedural intervention— may "expand the grounds for unconstitutionality but not challenge other norms" (vote No. 2017002791), nor "modify the object of the action" (vote No. 2022002238).
Therefore, the petition of the ICE, in its capacity as a coadjuvant, to add or expand the present action with respect to Articles 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, and 134 subsections j) and k) of the General Public Procurement Law, must be rejected, as such numerals were not formally challenged by the plaintiff.
The plaintiff files an unconstitutionality action against Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of Law No. 9986, called the "General Public Procurement Law," considering them contrary to the first paragraph of Article 7 of the Political Constitution and subsection d) of numeral 73 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law. It indicates that the challenged numerals violate the "Free Trade Agreement Dominican Republic - Central America - United States (FTA)." It asserts that Legislative File No. 21,546, which supported the General Public Procurement Law, shows that one of its objectives was to eliminate all special administrative contracting regimes. It mentions that the challenged numerals equate the ICE with other State companies without analyzing or evaluating the origin of the special administrative contracting regime it held. It affirms that the existence of the ICE and its companies is endangered by subjecting it to a general contracting regime that does not contemplate its particular administrative, budgetary, and competitive needs in the telecommunications sector, which is so changeable due to technologies.
It states that the special regime implemented with the FTA sought a more agile, efficient administrative contracting process with greater administrative autonomy; however, the current law disregards such precepts and is unconstitutional by representing a setback. It adds that the ICE and its companies lose agility, efficiency, and administrative autonomy by being subjected to lengthy contracting procedures and more steps in the procurement process. It formulates the following petition: "Therefore, pursuant to Article 73 subsection d) and 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law and Article 7 of the Political Constitution, the following is requested: • That this Unconstitutionality Action be admitted. • That the unconstitutionality regarding the ICE and its companies of Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law be declared, for being contrary to Article 7 of the Political Constitution." The ICE, in its capacity as an active coadjuvant, expands the grounds for unconstitutionality with respect to Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law. It indicates that they violate numeral 33 of the Political Constitution and the principle of equality.
Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d), and 135 subsection c) of the General Public Procurement Law provide:
"ARTICLE 1- Scope of Application This law applies to all contractual activity that uses, totally or partially, public funds.
The contractual activity of private subjects when they administer or hold custody of public funds or when they are recipients of gratuitous patrimonial benefits or without any consideration whatsoever coming from components of the Public Treasury, in accordance with Article 5 of Law No. 7428, Organic Law of the Comptroller General of the Republic of November 4, 1994, must apply this law only when the contracting exceeds 50% of the lower limit of the threshold set for the minor tender of the ordinary regime. In cases where private subjects do not apply this law, they must respect the regime of prohibitions, the constitutional and legal principles of public procurement, and the provisions of Article 128, subsection d) of this law.
This law shall not be applicable to non-state public entities whose financing comes more than fifty percent (50%) from their own resources, contributions, or contributions from their members, and public companies whose share capital belongs, in its majority, to private individuals and not to the public sector.
When the term 'Administration' or 'contracting entity' is used in this law, it shall be understood to correspond to the subjects that carry out public procurement activity under the protection of this law.
ARTICLE 2- Exclusions from the Application of the Law The following activities are excluded from the scope of this law:
The procurement procedures derived from them shall be governed by this law, unless the law approving the loan provides for a different procurement regime.
The remaining procurements shall be governed by the provisions of this law.
ARTICLE 68- Special procedure for INS, ICE and their companies in competition, JASEC and ESPH. The Instituto Nacional de Seguros (INS) and its corporations in competition and the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) and its companies in competition, the Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago and the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia may use the special procedure regulated in this article, regardless of the amount of the procurement, for the following:
The special procedure must include the following:
In this special procedure, there shall be the possibility of using the prequalification, staged, or financed tender modality, applying the provisions established in this law.
ARTICLE 69- Open contracting of services for institutions and companies in competition Institutions and companies in competition may contract services openly with natural or legal persons who meet the requirements previously established by the Administration, when this is more convenient for the public interest, due to the particularities presented by the contractual object and when the payment of the commission is previously set by the contracting Administration.
To apply this procedure, the general requirements to be met must be established, which will be available in the unified digital system. Those who meet the requirements may provide the services in question, respecting the parameters to be defined by regulation.
ARTICLE 70- Technology procurement for institutions and companies in competition Institutions and companies in competition may use the special procedure regulated in Article 68 of this law when contracting the acquisition, maintenance, and updating or leasing of technological equipment for information technology, hardware and software, and computer system developments.
ARTICLE 134- Amendments The regulatory provisions indicated below are amended:
(…)
Article 11- Trust agreements (contratos de fideicomiso) For the fulfillment of its purposes, ICE and its companies are empowered to enter into trust creation agreements of any kind, within the national territory and abroad.
In addition, trusts created in the country shall be supervised and regulated by the corresponding financial superintendency, while those created outside the national territory shall be subject, in this matter, to the provisions of the legislation of the country where they were created.
ARTICLE 135- Repeals The indicated provisions are repealed:
(...)
The plaintiff files an action of unconstitutionality against Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d) and 135 subsection c) of Law No. 9986 called “Ley General de Contratación Pública”, deeming them contrary to the first paragraph of Article 7 of the Political Constitution. It indicates that the “Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana - Centroamérica - Estados Unidos (TLC)” established for Costa Rica the obligation to carry out an internal process to comply with the commitments undertaken, among them, the issuance of a “Law for the modernization and strengthening of public entities in the telecommunications sector.” It states that, by reason of the foregoing, Law No. 8660 was issued, called “Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones”, which contemplated a special administrative procurement regime for ICE and its companies; however, this was subsequently repealed by the Ley General de Contratación Pública.
It asserts that the questioned articles oppose the TLC, so the action is based on subsection d) of Article 73 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction and Article 7 of the Magna Carta. It mentions that in said treaty, the government's commitment to strengthen and modernize ICE was recognized, for which the establishment of modern legislation was agreed upon for the purposes of opening the market for private networks, internet services, and cellular services to competition. It argues that section “8.10 Telecommunications” states: “It was agreed that Costa Rica will pass a law to modernize and strengthen ICE, and will have in effect modern legislation to regulate the sector, including the establishment of a regulatory authority.” It maintains that Annex 13 of the TLC includes Costa Rica's obligation to enact a legal framework to strengthen ICE, so that it can face competition and have the necessary instruments to provide a quality service with agility.
It argues that what was regulated within the framework of the treaty negotiation cannot be diminished by a subsequent law. It mentions that the law approved on the occasion of the TLC was a commercial aspect, both in terms of opportunity and legality, widely discussed and agreed upon, without which ICE and its companies are exposed to a high risk of regulatory setback and a violation of efficiency, efficacy, and competitiveness in administrative procurement. It indicates that the Ley General de Contratación Pública is not efficient in terms of deadlines and processes for a State institution that is in competition with private companies. It points out that stripping ICE of the procurement instrument provided for by the TLC attacks an essential part of Law No. 8660 and the commitments acquired by the State for its full effectiveness. It adds that the Chamber, in vote No. 11210 of July 16, 2008, stated: “…
From the analysis of the legislative bill consulted, the clear intention of the legislator to provide the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad with the necessary conditions for greater administrative, financial, and technological efficiency and efficacy is deduced. The foregoing, of course, within the framework of a process of opening the telecommunications market - already defined by the people with the approval of the referendum on the TLC U.S., Central America and Dominican Republic (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007) - which seeks to strengthen public operators in the face of their eventual competition. Indeed, from the considerations of those reporting on the bill, the following is inferred: \" (...) In the bill in question, a special administrative procurement regime is proposed for the acquisition of goods and services by ICE. Regarding this issue, the bill under study states among its objectives that of providing ICE with agile, efficient, and effective administrative procurement as part of the efforts to strengthen and modernize said entity: as well as establishing a regulatory body adapted to its particularities.
Both the Constitutional Chamber and the Contraloría General have indicated the possibility that special regimes may exist as long as the nature and particularities of the public activity in question so require and insofar as the assumptions contemplated in the generic regulations are not applicable to it. As intended in that report, said regime must then regulate the particular conditions of the administrative procurement of ICE and its companies, and inevitably consider the constitutional postulates enshrined in Articles 182 and 184. In this matter, the legislator is entrusted with the task of clearly indicating what the specific rules and parameters are that justify a regulation separate from the general regulatory framework, developing its content in the law and incorporating the constitutional principles that govern the State's administrative procurement activity, as proposed in this text.
Within the framework of these objectives, it was highlighted that one of the main inconveniences that, historically, the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its companies have had in matters of administrative procurement is that the economic thresholds for determining the applicable procurement procedures do not necessarily adjust to their requirements. By virtue of the foregoing, it is inferred that the intention of the legislator in the consulted regulations is to adjust the economic thresholds of administrative procurement to the reality and dimensions of ICE. In the analysis report, the following was indicated: “(...) In the same line of thought, currently ICE and its companies use the procedures of public tender (licitación pública), abbreviated tender (licitación abreviada), and direct contracting according to the economic thresholds established in Article 27 of the Ley de Contratación Administrativa and its amendments.
This methodology is not in itself inconvenient, however, since the applicable reference budget for ICE represents just over 10% of the Institution's budget, it became necessary to establish a methodology that allows adjusting the economic thresholds of procurement to the reality and dimensions of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its companies, without thereby losing sight that the competent body to set said thresholds is the Contraloría General de la República. (...)\" (the highlighting is not from the original). The consulted text does not intend, then, to ignore administrative procurement procedures, but rather to establish amounts more in line with the budgetary particularities of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, which is legitimate in light of Constitutional Law... \" (the underlining is not from the original)”. It argues that, once the constitutionality analysis was overcome, Law No. 8660 was enacted, which contemplates among its objectives: “… a) Strengthen, modernize, and provide the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), its companies, and its attached bodies with the legislation that allows it to adapt to all changes in the legal regime for the generation and provision of electricity services, as well as telecommunications, infocommunications, information products and services, and other convergent services. e) Make more flexible and broaden the public procurement mechanisms and procedures that ICE and its companies have. f) Guarantee and reaffirm the administrative and financial autonomy of ICE and its companies ...”.
It states that the special regime established in that law allowed greater agility and efficiency in the acquisition of goods and services in accordance with what was established in the TLC. It alleges the unconstitutionality of Articles 1, 2, and 135 subsection c) of the Ley General de Contratación Pública. It notes that, according to Article 7 of the Magna Carta, public treaties and international conventions ratified by the Legislative Assembly have authority superior to laws. It maintains that the TLC approved by popular will is only below the Political Constitution. It states that the challenged articles ignore the special administrative procurement regime of ICE, which was part of the content of the TLC. It asserts that legislative file No. 21.546 that supported the Ley General de Contratación Pública shows that one of its objectives was to eliminate all special administrative procurement regimes.
It argues that such regulatory body equates ICE with other State companies without analyzing or assessing the origin of the special administrative procurement regime it held. It deems it contrary to Constitutional Law for a subsequent norm to ignore implementation legislation of an international treaty and establish the obligation to use a general framework that opposes the special regime that is more effective and efficient for facing competition. It affirms that the existence of ICE and its companies is endangered by subjecting it to a general procurement regime that does not contemplate its particular administrative, budgetary, and competitive needs in the telecommunications sector, which is so changeable due to technologies. It states that the special regime implemented with the TLC sought more agile, efficient administrative procurement with greater administrative autonomy; however, the current law disregards such precepts and is unconstitutional as it represents a setback.
It adds that ICE and its companies lose administrative autonomy by being subjected to long procurement procedures and more steps in the acquisition process. It argues that Chapter 9, Annex 13 of the TLC contemplates: “II. Modernization of ICE Costa Rica will enact a new legal framework to strengthen ICE, through its appropriate modernization, no later than December 31, 2004…”. It explains that, with the repeal of the special regime, ICE is forced to use a more rigorous procedure in terms of deadlines and stages in cases of major tenders (licitación mayor), which is disproportionate and burdensome, because it makes administrative and financial management more sluggish; furthermore, the agility required to respond to the competitive market for the purposes of attending to its telecommunications and electricity businesses is distorted. It adds that, with the special regime, ICE had both broader thresholds and shorter deadlines.
It states that ICE could also hear appeals in certain cases; however, the Ley General de Contratación Pública granted this competence to the Contraloría General de la República, which weakens ICE's administrative, financial, and procedural autonomy. It adds that the foregoing also affects the effectiveness of administrative procurement procedures for ICE, since the controlling body must hear appeals in procedures that do not consider the type, nature, and budget of the institutions (beyond establishing a differentiated regime for companies). It questions that the Ley General de Contratación Pública eliminated the exception of low-value direct contracting (an agile and expeditious procedure without appeals that had a 15-day period) and imposes the reduced tender (licitación reducida) which establishes the right of objection to the tender documents and revocation of the final act. It points out that the regulation of Law No. 8660 allowed establishing ICE's power to modify its contracts in execution to acquire the same or similar goods for up to 100% of the awarded amount; however, Article 101 of the Ley General de Contratación Pública limits this possibility and establishes its exceptionality.
It states that the Ley General de Contratación Pública, in its Articles 133 and 134 (subsections j and k), reinstates the duty to apply Law No. 8131 called “Ley de la Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos”, which limits the administrative and financial autonomy that is necessary for achieving its objectives and an adequate implementation of the TLC. It asserts that for the same arguments it challenges Articles 68, 69, 70, and 134 subsection d of the Ley General de Contratación Pública. It formulates the following petition: “Therefore, in accordance with Article 73 subsection d) and 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction and Article 7 of the Political Constitution, the following is requested: • That this Action of Unconstitutionality be admitted. • That the unconstitutionality regarding ICE and its companies of Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 subsection d) and 135 subsection c) of the Ley General de Contratación Pública be declared, for being contrary to Article 7 of the Political Constitution”.
OF ARTICLES 1, 2, 68, 69, 70 AND 135 SUBSECTION C) OF THE LEY GENERAL DE CONTRATACIÓN PÚBLICA, LAW 9986. In the opinion of the majority of this Court, it is appropriate to declare the action of unconstitutionality with merit, with respect to Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, and 135 subsection c) of the Ley General de Contratación Pública, Law No. 9986, inasmuch as the special administrative procurement regime previously provided for the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) and its companies in Law No. 8660, of Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, is totally and absolutely suppressed, since this entails opposing the content of the Tratado de Libre Comercio with the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States of America (hereinafter, TLC), approved by Legislative Decree No. 8622 of November 21, 2007.
In the case at hand, the figure of indirect unconstitutionality is verified, that is, the violation of a law to the content of an international treaty and, therefore, of Article 7 of the Constitution, insofar as the content of the latter is clear and precise and the former contradicts it in an evident and manifest manner, as occurs in the case under judgment. The foregoing, based on the following considerations.
As already noted, the plaintiff alleges that the cited Articles 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, and 135 subsection c) of the Ley General de Contratación Pública (LGCP) are unconstitutional, insofar as they oppose the TLC, by repealing the special administrative procurement regime established for ICE and its companies, provided for in the aforementioned Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones. It is alleged that, as a core and fundamental part of the content of the mentioned international treaty, Costa Rica undertook the commitment to approve a law for the modernization and strengthening of public entities in the telecommunications sector, so that it could be incorporated and adequately participate in an open competitive market. Precisely, in accordance with the spirit of the trade treaty and in compliance with the commitments acquired by Costa Rica, the mentioned Law No. 8660 was approved, as a legal framework that would allow ICE to compete on equal terms with private telecommunications operators.
As a core aspect of Law No. 8660, a special administrative procurement regime was included that precisely allowed the institution and its companies to compete, by having a more agile and efficient mechanism for the acquisition of goods and services. Therefore, the plaintiff argues that stripping ICE of its own regulatory framework for administrative procurement – as is done with the challenged regulations – as well as subjecting it to the general administrative procurement regime, whose procedures and deadlines are not sufficiently agile, efficient, and adequate, prevents effective competition in the market on equal terms with private companies, in clear infringement of the commitments acquired by Costa Rica in the TLC. Finally, the plaintiff indicates that the action is based on Article 73 subsection d) of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in relation to Article 7 of the Political Constitution, given that the questioned norms clearly oppose the content and purpose of the TLC, signed and ratified by our country.
It is insisted that the challenged articles repeal the special administrative procurement regime previously enacted by the legislator to provide ICE and its companies with an agile, efficient legislative framework suited to their specific needs, in order to participate in a competitive market in the telecommunications sector, in accordance with the content of the TLC and the commitments assumed by the Costa Rican State.
In which case, the assessments and reproaches formulated by the plaintiff are not only fully supported by ICE itself (at the time of answering the hearing granted to it), but also by the Procuraduría General de la República in its report. The latter sets out several aspects that are of interest to highlight for the proper resolution of this action:
(i) That, certainly, an ordinary law that opposes the postulates of an international treaty or convention would be infringing Article 7 of the Fundamental Charter, given the hierarchical order of sources that this constitutional norm clearly establishes. This is of interest, in the specific case, insofar as the infringement committed by the Ley General de Contratación Pública (insofar as it provides for the repeal of ICE's special procurement regime) against the postulates of the TLC and the specific commitments agreed upon by Costa Rica in that international instrument, regarding the conditions of competitiveness guaranteed to ICE following the opening of the telecommunications market, is denounced.
(ii) That, effectively, the negotiations carried out within the framework of the TLC, which finally led to the opening of the market for the commercialization and provision of telecommunications services in Costa Rica, imposed the approval of specific provisions for the Costa Rican case, since, at that time, our country still provided said services under a state monopoly regime headed by ICE. This implied negotiation, acceptance, and formalization of special provisions (such as Annex 13 of Chapter 13) regarding the Costa Rican market, which were essential to ensure that market opening pursued by the TLC. Likewise, the purpose pursued in the negotiation was not the privatization of ICE, but the progressive and regulated opening of the market, under the understanding that, alongside the establishment of a free competition regime, the strengthening and modernization of the state provision of services would be guaranteed, which would remain in the hands of the national entity that would be participating in that market.
This explains why a special annex (and exclusive to Costa Rica) was dedicated to ensuring the manner in which the market would be opened and the position in which the state institution would be competing in said market. This shows the will of the signatory parties to such an international pact. In particular, the cited Annex 13 of Chapter 13 establishes that: “Costa Rica will enact a new legal framework to strengthen ICE, through its appropriate modernization”. To this must be added the affirmative opinion corresponding to the legislative decree that approved the TLC (Legislative Decree No. 8622), since this recorded the will that inspired the ratification of that international instrument, as it also states that said treaty “would not leave ICE in a situation of disadvantage compared to private competitors. Annex 13 of the TLC includes for Costa Rica the obligation to enact a legal framework to strengthen ICE, which was established in the best interest of ICE and Costa Ricans, given that the need for a modernization law to be enacted as soon as possible is undeniable, so that the institution can adequately prepare to face competition and have the necessary instruments to act with the necessary agility to provide the best quality service.” From which it is concluded that the negotiation and provisions of the TLC included preparing ICE for the change that was coming with the opening of the market, guaranteeing that it would not be left at a disadvantage compared to the private operators it would face, providing it with the necessary instruments to act with sufficient and necessary agility when facing competition.
(iii) That, within the framework of the commitments expressly agreed upon in the TLC, which obliged the Costa Rican State to follow the Development Agenda and the Implementation Agenda as fundamental and indispensable actions to bring that international treaty into force, Law No. 8660 was enacted. Said law, “in direct and specific compliance with the terms of the Treaty, established a special administrative procurement framework for ICE.” This represented a more flexible model, with an ease typical of an entity that had to be in a position to operate in an agile and efficient manner in its process of provisioning goods and services. This, “as the only alternative to have sufficient conditions to allow it to face the challenges of a fierce market. Let us remember that when a commercial service provider falls behind in that competition, sooner or later it will be destined to be eliminated from that market.
In this matter, technological changes that advance at a vertiginous speed, as well as modern marketing tactics and customer acquisition, cause that competitor who suffers a lag, however small it may seem, to run the risk of losing the sense of timeliness in its participation, which in turn can cause the loss of clientele and ultimately its inevitable displacement in favor of other, more agile service providers. From this perspective, it is congruent to think that the special procurement regime of Law 8660 responded to those commitments of the TLC for the participation of the sole state company in that market.” (iv) That, the foregoing does not imply ignoring that Law No.
8660 holds the same hierarchical rank as any other Law of the Republic and, to that extent, is subject to the sovereign powers of the legislator derived from the Constitution itself (first paragraph of Article 121), so it cannot be understood that this law possesses a kind of permanent immutability vis-à-vis the ordinary legislator. Ergo, it is possible that some type of reform or adjustment could eventually occur if it became necessary with the passage of time; however, the “crux of the matter lies in determining whether the complete repeal—not a simple partial reform—of the entire special regime that had been granted to ICE as an inseparable tool of the FTA constituted an exercise of that sovereign legislative power that could ultimately be unconstitutional, insofar as it exceeded the margins of a reasonable reform and consequently overflowed the framework of the FTA and ended up disavowing its substantive commitments.” (v) That, in this case, Law No. 9986, in its Article 135 paragraph c), expressly repealed Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law No. 8660, meaning we are not facing a modification of the special procurement regime established in compliance with the FTA, but rather “its total and absolute suppression.” Therefore, “it may be considered that the framework and commitment derived from the FTA were indeed breached by that total repeal of a special regulation that was designed and approved to fulfill the purposes, principles, and spirit of the Treaty negotiations, aimed at providing ICE with effective and real tools for competitiveness, modernization, and agility for its performance in the free market,” inasmuch as such total repeal was not “accompanied by the introduction of new rules that would replace, with some other model, the special regime that the FTA envisioned for the case of ICE.
A model that would satisfactorily respect the spirit of the commitments embodied in the Treaty” and, on the contrary, from the “legislative discussions—and from the very text of this LGCP—it is clear that it was a standardizing and all-encompassing law for the entire public sector. To that extent, a special tool for ICE was not safeguarded, contemplated, considered, or guaranteed. On the contrary, it was expressly stated that the intention was to end its special regime (as was done with all other institutions) in order to include it within the general canons that apply to other entities.” (vi) That, it could be argued that the FTA did not concretely guarantee a special administrative procurement regime, which in principle is true, but “it cannot be ignored that this Treaty did leave agreed upon and guaranteed the commitment to enact a domestic law that would provide the necessary tools for ICE’s participation in the new market under conditions of adequate competitiveness and agility vis-à-vis other operators, a commitment that was honored with the enactment of Law 8660.
Ergo, taking a step back toward an administrative procurement regime that hinders, weakens, and diminishes that market competitiveness does generate a breach of this international commitment.” (vii) That, a second aspect that could be argued is that the new LGCP contains a section of special regulations for companies in competition, within which ICE is included; however, this has several facets that lead one to suppose that this is also insufficient to consider the FTA’s commitments satisfied, because: a) that special section of rules is still of general application to various public companies, which do not share the same characteristics and conditions as ICE, both in the scope and coverage of their services and in the amount of the total budget available to them for making purchases of goods and services; and b) said special regime does not cover all administrative procurement processes that these types of public companies may carry out, but is instead subject to a series of assumptions and requirements that imply restrictions, which then continues to cause a noticeable difference from the tools provided by Law 8660.
(viii) That, in the instant case, the petitioners provide a series of parameters and concrete, detailed examples regarding aspects of agility and efficiency—and therefore competitiveness—in the administrative procurement rules that are negatively affected and noticeably diminished by subjecting ICE to the general rules of the new LGCP.
(ix) That, the special administrative procurement regime that Law 8660 had established, in compliance with the commitments agreed upon in the FTA, while it distanced itself from the more rigid rules applicable to other public entities, in no way violated constitutional principles, given its special characteristics, as this Chamber recognized in advisory opinion No. 11210-2008 of 3:00 p.m. on July 16, 2008. Thus, the constitutional conformity of the regulations that the country approved to give effective, real, and satisfactory compliance with the commitments that the FTA envisioned for market opening in the activities where ICE participates was endorsed by this Chamber. This was because it was not a matter of exempting ICE from all the controls or limits that govern the actions of public entities, but rather of providing it with substantial tools regarding the procurement of goods and services, as a sine qua non condition for its survival in the national market upon its opening to competition with private operators.
(x) That, the specific commitments of Costa Rica agreed upon in Annex 13 of Chapter 13 of the FTA with respect to ICE undeniably took into account “the unique nature of Costa Rican social policy regarding telecommunications. This is directly related to the principles of universal accessibility and coverage of services that inspired its creation and govern the public purposes it has been assigned as a state institution, within the social State of Law governed by the supreme postulates of Article 50 of the Constitution.” That particular nature, which also led to a specific annex within the FTA (Annex 13), “is exactly and precisely what gave rise to the special and differentiated procurement regime that was embodied in Law 8660 (Articles 22-29), ordinary legislation that was enacted to give compliance and operability to the Treaty. Ergo, that regime is special, different, emphasized, and in accordance with a normative instrument of international character agreed upon by the Costa Rican State.” For the foregoing reasons, “the disappearance of that special legal regime brought about by Law 9986 (General Public Procurement Law) implied an infringement of that commitment derived from the FTA to enact a special law that would guarantee ICE’s competitiveness in the new open telecommunications market.” (xi) That, said “infringement is not remedied by the regulations of the LGCA for companies under a competition regime.
First, because those are still rules of a general nature for a sector (companies in competition), and ICE has special conditions guaranteed within that area of competitiveness, recognized in the international Treaty. And secondly, because the general rules of the LGCP are less favorable (for the agility of the goods and services procurement system) than the regime provided in Law 8660 and are also subject to certain requirements and are not applicable to all scenarios, thereby weakening and deteriorating the flexible normative tools envisioned for ICE in Law 8660.” For the majority of the Court, the assessments developed by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic are correct.
In the first place, it is undeniable that Annex 13 to Chapter 13 of the FTA, concerning the “Specific Commitments of Costa Rica Regarding Telecommunications Services,” establishes that:
“recognizing the unique nature of Costa Rican social policy regarding telecommunications and reaffirming its decision to ensure that the opening process in its telecommunications services sector is based on its Political Constitution; emphasizing that said opening process shall be for the benefit of the user and shall be founded on the principles of gradualism, selectivity, and regulation, and in strict conformity with the social objectives of universality and solidarity in the provision of telecommunications services; and recognizing its commitment to strengthen and modernize the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) as a participant in a competitive telecommunications market...” (emphasis not in the original) The Government of Costa Rica expressly assumes, as part of its specific commitments regarding telecommunications services, that:
“II. Modernization of ICE Costa Rica shall enact a new legal framework to strengthen ICE, through its appropriate modernization, no later than December 31, 2004.” This is fully embraced and reflected in the affirmative majority report, contained in the aforementioned Legislative Decree No. 8622, which states that:
“Regarding the FTA, it is Chapter 13 of said Treaty that contains the commitments undertaken by the United States and the rest of the Central American countries in telecommunications, with the exception of Costa Rica. In the case of our country, only the specific commitments assumed in this area, which are contained in Annex 13 of the Treaty, apply.
In relation to these specific commitments, the reactions from the groups that have referred to the issue before this Commission have been diverse, and one of the main arguments put forward by those who oppose the FTA refers to the fact that the commitments assumed by Costa Rica in telecommunications imply the privatization of ICE and, in general, the privatization of the sector. The ICE Unions and others, such as the Grupo Pensamiento Solidario, have pronounced themselves along these lines.
In this regard, after an analysis of the provisions of Annex 13 of the FTA, we have been able to conclude that no provision of the FTA, and in particular of said Annex 13, implies this commitment. In the case of Costa Rica, which is a country with a state monopoly, the commitment undertaken refers solely to opening three sectors to competition: internet, cellular, and private networks.
With the FTA, Costa Rica undertakes the commitment, not of privatization, but of opening three sectors to competition: internet, cellular, and private networks, so that, just as with the banks, the State (ICE and RACSA) and private companies can provide these services. All under the supervision of a State regulatory body, also as with the banks, which regulates, among other things, aspects such as rates and the quality of services and preserves the principles of solidarity and universality.
The FTA would not leave ICE in a disadvantaged situation vis-à-vis private competitors. Annex 13 of the FTA includes for Costa Rica the obligation to enact a legal framework to strengthen ICE. This obligation was established in the best interest of ICE and Costa Ricans, given the undeniable need for a modernization law to be enacted as soon as possible, so that the institution can adequately prepare to face competition and have the necessary instruments to act with the agility needed to provide the best quality service.
In relation to this issue, there is no doubt that the FTA will also benefit ICE in three ways: 1) ICE will no longer have the exclusive burden of financing or subsidizing any telecommunications service, as private operators must contribute to the universal service system Costa Rica decides to have, and thus this burden will be shared; 2) operators must pay ICE for any use of its network; and 3) the FTA implies modernizing ICE so that, in a competition regime, ICE strives to provide more and better services to the public.” (emphasis not in the original) This, finally, motivated the approval of the cited Law 8660. In opinion No. 2010-008672 of 9:36 a.m. on May 14, 2010, this Chamber expressly referred to the need to modify the legal regime of various public entities, including ICE, as a result of the signing of the FTA. As relevant, it was indicated:
“(...) NEW LEGAL REGIME GOVERNING SOME PUBLIC ENTITIES THAT PROVIDE INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL SERVICES. There is no doubt that some public entities, such as the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and the Instituto Nacional de Seguros, which traditionally exercised certain functions or provided public services of an economic or industrial nature through a de facto or de jure monopoly, have seen their activities and applicable legal regime substantially modified. Indeed, that modification began with the signing of the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement on August 5, 2004, and its subsequent approval through Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007. Subsequently, as part of the so-called “implementation agenda” of that multilateral trade agreement, several legislative instruments of relevance were issued for the achievement of opening sectors of activity such as telecommunications and insurance, such as the General Telecommunications Law, No. 8642 of June 30, 2008, the Insurance Market Regulatory Law, No. 8653 of July 22, 2008, and the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector, No. 8660 of August 8, 2008. It should be noted that, in that process, this Constitutional Court endorsed the constitutionality of the aforementioned Free Trade Agreement and of the three legislative instruments that formed part of the “implementation agenda,” respectively, in Opinions Nos. 9469-2007 of 10:00 a.m. on July 3, 2007, 4569-2008 of 2:30 p.m. on March 26, 2008, 10450-2008 of 9:00 a.m. on June 23, 2008, and 11210-2008 of 3:00 p.m. on July 16, 2008. As part of that new regulatory set, the Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Entities of the Telecommunications Sector introduced a series of necessary and adequate compensatory measures to prevent the opening of that sector’s market to free competition from causing serious damage or disadvantages to the public entities dedicated to that line of business, due to their public condition and nature vis-à-vis competitors that assume more flexible forms of collective organization under private law. One of the great concerns of the national community that was reflected and crystallized normatively in the aforementioned legislative instrument was to strengthen such public entities and public companies to prevent their weakening, given the historical and leading role they have played in the construction of the national State and the satisfaction of national demand. The legislator, with the endorsement of this Constitutional Court, considered that it was not opportune or convenient for the market opening to imply a weakening and even the eventual extinction of such public entities; hence, to balance their position subject to the rigid forms of public law, a series of compensations and measures were granted to them, insofar as they carry out a business, commercial, or industrial activity, which are natural and expected among subjects of private law. In conclusion, this new regulatory and jurisprudential framework determined material changes of importance in the legal regime of public entities that provide an industrial or commercial service now under a competition regime.”
As the parties indicate, this Chamber has already ruled specifically on the special administrative procurement regime applicable to ICE, by reason of the optional legislative consultation on constitutionality formulated regarding the approval of the then-bill “Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector,” which was being processed in legislative file No. 16,397. On which occasion it was resolved that:
“XVIII.- ON THE AMOUNT ESTABLISHED TO EMPLOY THE PUBLIC TENDER PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCUREMENT. The consulting legislators consider that the amounts to opt for a public tender established in the third paragraph of Article 19, that is, Article 22 of the final text, are extremely high and disproportionate. They assert that the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad would be using the public tender only when the procurement amount exceeds 2,500,000,000.00, which they consider totally irrational. They reproach that this violates the oversight powers of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. Likewise, they consider it unconstitutional for contravening the public tender procedure established in Article 182 of the Constitution, since practically no ICE tendering process would be processed through that route. The consulted text indicates the following:
“ARTICLE 22. Ordinary procurement procedures (...)
ICE, considered individually, shall use the public tender procedure for procurement whose amount is equal to or greater than the sum derived from multiplying the entity's budget for the procurement of goods and non-personal services by the factor resulting from dividing the amount indicated for the public tender in paragraph a) of Article 27 of the General Administrative Procurement Law by the reference budget applicable to ICE, considered individually, established in the same article. If the application of this paragraph results in limits lower than those established in Article 27 of Law No. 7494, Administrative Procurement, those indicated in said Law shall be used. (...)” Regarding this matter, in the first place, it should be highlighted that Article 99 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law provides that optional legislative consultations on constitutionality must be formulated in a reasoned brief, expressing the aspects of the bill questioned, as well as the reasons for which doubts or objections exist regarding its constitutionality.
In this Court’s opinion, this requirement is not fully met on this specific point. Indeed, it should be noted that the consulting legislators start from a mere assumption when indicating that the established amount is very high, without providing a criterion for concrete valuation or comparison, which would allow this Court to assess the reasonableness and proportionality of the rule. Thus, we must refer to the assessments contained in the legislative file, specifically, in the affirmative majority report prepared within the Special Commission, to analyze the purpose of this special rule. Article 182 of the Political Constitution recognizes that contracts for the execution of public works, as well as purchases made by autonomous institutions, shall be carried out through the public tender procedure, in accordance with the law regarding the corresponding amount. In accordance with the foregoing, it falls to the legislator to define, in each case, the administrative procurement procedures, even establishing special systems and differentiated amounts, in relation to the characteristics of the activity and the institution concerned, the amount being precisely the discriminating parameter in the design of various types of administrative procurement procedures. This Constitutional Court so held in judgment No. 2007-001557 of 3:36 p.m. on February 7, 2007, in which the following was indicated:
“(...) However, for the Chamber, this line of reasoning contradicts Article 182 of the Constitution, which, as stated, serves as the basis for the development of the principles of the administrative procurement system, for in said provision, the tender is accepted as the normal means of procurement ‘in accordance with the law regarding the respective amount,’ by which the Constituent Power opts for the amount as the discriminating parameter in the design of various types of administrative procurement processes that, according to the amount, may have diverse regulations, but always respecting in their essence the Constitution's right. Thus, with the exception of the amount, our constitutional text does not expressly recognize any other parameter for the application of an attenuation of the constitutional principles related to administrative procurement. (...)”
From the analysis of the consulted bill, the clear intention of the legislator to provide the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad with the necessary conditions for greater administrative, financial, and technological efficiency and effectiveness is deduced. The foregoing, of course, within the framework of a process of opening the telecommunications market—already defined by the people with the approval of the referendum on the U.S.-Central America-Dominican Republic FTA (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007)—that seeks to strengthen public operators vis-à-vis their eventual competition. Indeed, from the considerations of those issuing the report on the bill, the following is deduced: (emphasis not in the original)
“(...) In the bill under consideration, a special administrative procurement regime for the acquisition of goods and services by ICE is proposed.
Regarding this matter, the bill under study lists among its objectives providing ICE with an agile, efficient, and effective administrative procurement system as part of the efforts to strengthen and modernize said entity, as well as to establish a normative body adapted to its particularities.
Both the Constitutional Chamber and the Office of the Comptroller General have pointed out the possibility of the existence of special regimes provided that the nature and particularities of the public activity in question so require and insofar as the assumptions contemplated in the generic regulations are not applicable to it.
As intended in this report, said regime must therefore regulate the particular conditions of the administrative procurement of ICE and its companies, and inescapably consider the constitutional postulates enshrined in Articles 182 and 184.
In this matter, the legislator is tasked with clearly indicating what the specific rules and parameters are that justify a regulation separate from the general normative framework, developing its content in the law and incorporating the constitutional principles that govern the State’s administrative procurement activity, as proposed in this text. (...)” Within the framework of those objectives, it was highlighted that one of the main drawbacks that the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its companies have historically had in administrative procurement matters is that the financial limits for determining the applicable procurement procedures do not necessarily adjust to their requirements. By virtue of the foregoing, it is deduced that the legislator's intention in the consulted regulation is to adjust the financial limits of administrative procurement to the reality and dimensions of ICE. The analysis report stated the following:
“(...) In the same vein, currently ICE and its companies use the procedures of public tender, abbreviated tender, and direct procurement according to the financial limits established by Article 27 of the Administrative Procurement Law and its reforms. This methodology in itself is not inconvenient; however, given that the reference budget applicable to ICE represents just over 10% of the Institution's budget, it became necessary to establish a methodology that allows adjusting the financial limits of procurement to the reality and dimensions of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its companies, without thereby losing sight of the fact that the competent body to set said limits is the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. (...)” (highlighting not in the original).
The consulted text does not seek, then, to disregard the administrative procurement procedures, but rather to establish amounts more in accordance with the budgetary particularities of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, which is legitimate in light of Constitutional Law. The purpose is to establish a differentiated mechanism in the public tender and the abbreviated tender, precisely because of the nature of ICE and the demands for dynamism imposed by the market opening and the provision of services in competition. (emphasis not in the original) It must be added that the original Constituent Power, in Article 182 of the Political Constitution, refers to the general figure of the tender, without qualifying it as public or not; furthermore, it deconstitutionalized—assigning to the ordinary legislator—the matter of defining the amounts for the different modalities of tender—public or abbreviated—to proceed, which is clearly an aspect left to the freedom of legislative configuration.
Therefore, in cases where the quantitative parameter or amount defined in section 22 of the bill is not reached, even though the public tender is excluded, another form of tender must be resorted to, such as the abbreviated one—a procedure that also guarantees the correct and regular use of public funds—so it should not be understood that the rule will be direct procurement. Note that Article 22, paragraph 3, prescribes, at the end, that “If the application of this paragraph results in limits lower than those established in Article 27 of Law No. 7494, Administrative Procurement, those indicated in said Law shall be used.” It must be taken into consideration that the consulted bill establishes a singular and specific procurement regime; it is not a reform of the Administrative Procurement Law, because the purpose is to allow ICE to compete in an open telecommunications market in accordance with the popular mandate issued in the referendum that approved the U.S.-Central America-Dominican Republic FTA (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007).
(emphasis not in the original) In financial terms and in accordance with the budgetary studies carried out by the legislators, the reference budget that ICE currently uses to apply the procedures of public tender, abbreviated tender, or direct procurement, established in Article 27 of the Administrative Procurement Law and according to updates by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, represents barely 10% of its procurement budget. Furthermore, the financial limits are represented by fixed amounts and not in percentage expressions of its budget. This implies in practice that ICE’s limits in real terms constitute one-tenth of the base percentage established by the comptroller body. That is, the limit expressed as a percentage of ICE's budget is 0.06% in the case of the public tender, while the limit expressed as a percentage of the base budget for all other cases is 0.6%.
The formula proposes to adjust this situation, so that the limit is also 0.6%, as a parameter for opting for a public tender procedure (see affirmative majority report at folios 5196-5308, Volume XVI). Thus, this Court does not consider that the proposed formula is unconstitutional for violating the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, since the legislator's intention is to adapt the parameters of administrative procurement to the very budgetary particularities of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. (emphasis not in the original)” (advisory opinion No.
2008-011210 of the 3:00 p.m. hours of July 16, 2008) Thus, from what has been stated so far, several interesting conclusions can be drawn, namely: a) that, undoubtedly, as part of the commitments undertaken by the Costa Rican State in the FTA, the specific obligation to issue a "new legal framework to strengthen ICE, through its appropriate modernization" was included; b) it is logical and reasonable to estimate that providing ICE with an agile, efficient, and effective special administrative contracting regime, adapted to its particular needs, constitutes a fundamental and essential component of that new legal framework—in accordance with the content and spirit of the FTA; c) this Chamber already considered that, *prima facie*, it is not incompatible with Constitutional Law to provide ICE with a singular and specific contracting regime, which adjusts to its own budgetary particularities, in such a way as to allow it to "compete in an open telecommunications market in accordance with the popular mandate provided in the referendum that approved the CAFTA-DR (Referendum Law No. 8622 of November 21, 2007)"; and d) repealing or eliminating such a special administrative contracting regime, thereby substantially affecting ICE's competitiveness, ultimately means opposing the meaning or content of the treaty.
As highlighted by the Procuraduría General de la República, the plaintiff does not merely argue in the abstract about a presumed impact on ICE's competitiveness as a result of the challenged regulations, but also provides specific examples. Among other aspects, it is highlighted that ICE must now resort to more rigorous procedures in terms of deadlines and stages, which delays the acquisition of goods and services. The plaintiff provides a table demonstrating the type of contracting the institution could have used in 2022, applying the special regime provided for in Law No. 8660:
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTING LIMITS YEAR 2022 Calculation according to article 22 of Law No. 8660
| Institutions | Public Tender | Abbreviated Tender | Direct Contracting | Reference Stratum1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equal to or more than | Less than | Equal to or more than | Less than | ||
| Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) | 6 041 595 408.00 | 6 041 595 408.00 | 101 100 000.00 | 101 100 000.00 | A |
| Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago (JASEC) | 697 414 414.00 | 697 414 414.00 | 28 260 000.00 | 28 260 000.00 | C |
It also provides a table showing the procedure the institution would have to resort to in 2023, applying the challenged regulations:
Thresholds year 2023 (amounts in colones)
| Regime | Type of Contracting | Major Tender | Minor Tender | Reduced Tender | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equal to or more than | Less than | Equal to or more than | Less than | ||
| Ordinary | Goods and Services | 264,519,083 | 264,519,083 | 66,129,771 | 66,129,771 |
| Works | 712,166,540 | 712,166,540 | 178,041,690 | 178,041,690 | |
| Differentiated | Goods and Services | 317,422,900 | 317,422,900 | 79,355,725 | 79,355,725 |
| Works | 1,139,466,819 | 1,139,466,819 | 284,866,705 | 284,866,705 |
This proves that, with lower thresholds, it must now resort to more complex procedures.
Finally, the plaintiff provides a table reflecting the impact the foregoing may have in terms of timelines for resolving the different types of procedures:
General Public Procurement Law
| Major Tender* Minimum Term | Minor Tender *Maximum | Reduced Tender *Maximum Term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Receipt of bids | 15 | 15 | 5 |
| Award | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| Objection remedy | 24 | 8 | 5 |
| Revocation/Appeal remedy | 62 | 28 | 12 |
| Total | 131 | 81 | 32 |
Strengthening and Modernization Law (sic)
| Public Tender *Minimum Term | Abbreviated Tender *Maximum Term | Direct Contracting of small amount *Maximum Term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Receipt of bids | 10 | 20 | 5 |
| Award | 20 | 40 | 10 |
| Objection remedy | 12 | 15 | 0 |
| Revocation/Appeal remedy | 45 | 27 | 0 |
| Total | 87 | 102 | 15 |
The foregoing demonstrates the effect on the processing of contracting procedures for the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, since, due to lower thresholds, it must resort to more complex procedures, as well as *prima facie* longer ones.
Furthermore, although it may be argued that the challenged law provides for a section of special regulations for companies in competition, expressly including ICE, as the Procuraduría General de la República rightly points out, this "special section of rules is likewise of general application to various public enterprises, which do not share the same characteristics and conditions as ICE, both in the scope and coverage of their services, and in the amount of the overall budget they have available to make acquisitions of goods and services. Likewise, said special regime does not cover all administrative contracting processes that these types of public enterprises may carry out, but rather is subject to a series of assumptions and requirements that imply restrictions, which therefore continues to cause a significant difference from the tools provided by Law 8660." Ultimately, this Court concludes that the action under analysis must be upheld with respect to the previously indicated articles, as a general impact detrimental to ICE's competitiveness is observed, and no valid justification is seen for repealing or eliminating the special and differentiated administrative contracting regime established for that institution in Law No. 8660. This implies opposing the meaning or content of the aforementioned international treaty.
As a corollary to the foregoing, subsection c) of article 135 of Law No. 9986 of May 27, 2021, General Public Procurement Law, must be annulled, insofar as it ordered the repeal of articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law No. 8660, on the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, and, consequently, these articles regain their validity. Now, this Chamber cannot overlook that article 20 of Law No. 8660 establishes, as a general rule, that "the Administrative Contracting Law, No. 7494, of May 1, 1996, its amendments, and its Regulations shall be applied supplementarily," but the cited law has been repealed by Law No. 9986; consequently, it must now be understood that such supplementary application refers to the General Public Procurement Law and its regulations, in matters not provided for and not contrary to Law No. 8660 and its regulations.
Regarding articles 1, 2, 68, 69, and 70 of the same Law No. 9986, it is declared that they are unconstitutional as to their application to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad.
9986. Regarding subsection d) of article 134, the action must be dismissed, as, with respect to this particular challenge, there is no adequate substantiation. The filing brief does not contain precise, sufficient, and duly detailed arguments regarding the grievances and grounds of the alleged violation of Constitutional Law in what refers to such regulatory provision. On this point, one must bear in mind what this Court has resolved on various occasions, regarding the duty of substantiation incumbent upon the plaintiff. This Chamber has indicated that:
"CONCERNING THE NECESSARY SUBSTANTIATION OF THE BRIEF IN WHICH THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ACTION IS FORMULATED. As indicated, the unconstitutionality action is a process with certain formalities, which, if not met, prevent the Chamber from hearing the challenge sought. One of those requirements corresponds to the necessary substantiation of the brief in which the unconstitutionality action is formulated. The Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in its article 3, provides that 'The Political Constitution shall be deemed infringed when this results from the comparison of the text of the questioned norm or act, its effects, or its interpretation or application by public authorities, with the constitutional norms and principles.' However, in order for this Court to consider the infringement established and to declare the unconstitutionality of the challenged norm or act, with the consequent annulment and expulsion from the legal system, anyone promoting an unconstitutionality action has the burden of demonstrating how that provision infringes Constitutional Law and, in addition, must indicate why the claim should be upheld.
This is termed by this Chamber as the burden of argumentation, that is, that 'a norm that facially (sic) is contrary to the Constitution shifts the burden of argumentation to those who maintain that in reality there is no conflict between that norm and the Political Constitution; the opposite occurs if an action is brought against a norm that upon first examination does not appear contrary to the Constitution, in which case it is the plaintiff who must advance arguments that convince of the unconstitutionality' (see judgment No. 0184-95 of 4:30 p.m. hours of January 10, 1995). In a subsequent judgment, this Chamber stated, regarding the lack of presentation of arguments of unconstitutionality in matters of unconstitutionality actions, the following:
'The unconstitutionality action is filed with the argument that the challenged Executive Decree is harmful, injures, and infringes the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the right to health, and the international commitments entered into with the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the opportunity granted to the plaintiffs, what the Procuraduría General de la República indicates is confirmed, that there is no concrete analysis of the provisions of the challenged Executive Decree that are considered unconstitutional, but rather it is limited to establishing discrepancies in a generic and abstract manner against the entirety of the Regulation, moreover against all activity carried out by the Sugar Mills and Haciendas, as they maintain that they cause inconveniences in the quality of life and health of the neighboring inhabitants, without specifying which arguments of constitutionality must be taken into account against each of the provisions or groups of norms of the challenged Regulation. [...] The first paragraph of article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes the obligation to authenticate the briefs for filing unconstitutionality actions, given that it is considered necessary that there exist arguments put forward by a legal professional, which this Court does not dismiss as responding to a serious study of the technical and scientific background of a specific matter, given the diversity and universality of the norms of the legal system.
Unlike guarantee processes, that is, habeas corpus and amparo remedies, which can be directly filed by any interested party before the constitutional jurisdiction in defense of their fundamental rights, generally against acts or omissions that harm them in their private sphere (although not always, as in environmental cases), in processes for the defense of the Political Constitution (such as the unconstitutionality action), the legislator entrusted the authenticating attorney with a task whose demand is even greater, if one wishes, more elaborate and exhaustive, which must be reflected in the filing brief by reason of their professional office, to demonstrate to the Court the injury to the constitutional norm by a norm of lower rank, undermining the principle of constitutional supremacy contained in article 10 of the Political Constitution. Precisely the material and formal drafting of the Law, as well as of the other secondary provisions, entails an extremely costly process for the State, in which organized civil society has participated in many ways for or against, and whose formation, approval, and promulgation procedures must not be analyzed lightly.
In this sense, this Chamber must recognize that there is limited scope for this Court to remedy the manifest omissions of the legal professionals who authenticate the briefs in this constitutional jurisdiction, without exposing the impartiality and analysis owed to each of the unconstitutionality actions.' (judgment No. 2012-05285 of 3:03 p.m. hours of April 25, 2012)." (Vote No. 2023-031744 of 9:30 a.m. hours of December 6, 2023) Considerations applicable to the sub judice, therefore, the action regarding this point must be dismissed.
By majority vote, the action is partially upheld and, consequently, subsection c) of article 135 of Law 9986 of May 27, 2021, General Public Procurement Law, is annulled as unconstitutional. Regarding articles 1, 2, 68, 69, and 70 of the same law, it is declared that they are unconstitutional as to their application to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Regarding subsection d) of article 134 of Law 9986, the action is dismissed. Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and dismisses the action, considering it inadmissible due to procedural reasons of legal standing.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any document on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new technology-produced device, these must be removed from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not removed within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Electronic Case File Regulations before the Judiciary," approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.-
Therefore:
By majority vote, the action is partially upheld and, consequently, subsection c) of article 135 of Law 9986 of May 27, 2021, General Public Procurement Law, is annulled as unconstitutional. Regarding articles 1, 2, 68, 69, and 70 of the same law, it is declared that they are unconstitutional as to their application to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Regarding subsection d) of article 134 of Law 9986, the action is dismissed. Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and dismisses the action, considering it inadmissible due to procedural reasons of legal standing. This judgment has declaratory and retroactive effects to the effective date of the annulled provision, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. Pursuant to the provisions of article 91, paragraph 2 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction, the effects of this declaration are dimensioned so that articles 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of Law 8660, Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector, of August 8, 2008, repealed by subsection c) of article 135 of Law 9986, regain their validity.
Regarding article 20, supplementary application must be understood as referring to the General Public Procurement Law. Let this pronouncement be recorded in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and published in its entirety in the Judicial Bulletin. Notify the executive president of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and the president of the Asamblea Legislativa. Notify the Procuraduría General de la República and the parties.
Fernando Castillo V. President Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H. Alexandra Alvarado P.
Res. 2024022483 Dissenting vote of Magistrate Rueda Leal. As I have expressed in other cases, I consider that a quality of the diffuse interest consists precisely in that its affectation is general—that is, it affects an entire population or broad sectors thereof—within a context where it is not necessary for the injured subjects to know each other (they could even lack any nexus or legal relationships among themselves), but the presence of a common situation of damage or danger to a constitutional good is required, which, equally and without the need for any individualization, encompasses and brings together an entire society in the abstract. Its defense aims to satisfy a need of society as such; therefore, it transcends that of a human being considered individually or collectively. In judgment No. 2019-17397 of 12:54 p.m. hours of September 11, 2019, this Court reiterated the following:
"(...) Second, the possibility of resorting in defense of 'diffuse interests' is provided for; this concept, whose content has been gradually delineated by the Chamber, could be summarized in the terms used in this court's judgment number 3750-93, of the three p.m. hours of July thirty, nineteen ninety-three) '... Diffuse interests, although difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot be, under our law—as this Chamber has already stated—merely collective interests; nor so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that determined persons, or personalized groups, are identified or easily identifiable in relation to them, whose legitimacy would derive not from diffuse interests but from corporate interests that concern a community as a whole. It is therefore a matter of individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive actual or potential harm that is more or less the same for all, which rightly leads to the statement that it concerns equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each of them. That is, diffuse interests partake of a dual nature, as they are at once collective—for being common to a generality—and individual, for which reason they may be claimed in that capacity.'
In summary, diffuse interests are those whose ownership belongs to groups of people not formally organized, but united based on a specific social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a particular personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a certain product, etc. The interest, in these cases, is diffused, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of subjects. In these cases, of course, the challenge that a member of one of these sectors could make under paragraph 2 of article 75 must necessarily refer to provisions that affect them as such. This Chamber has enumerated various rights that it has described as 'diffuse,' such as the environment, cultural heritage, the defense of the country's territorial integrity, and the proper management of public expenditure, among others. In this regard, two precisions must be made: on the one hand, the aforementioned goods transcend the sphere traditionally recognized for diffuse interests, since they refer in principle to aspects that affect the national community and not particular groups thereof; environmental damage does not just affect the residents of a region or consumers of a product, but injures or seriously endangers the natural heritage of the entire country and even of Humanity; similarly, the defense of the proper management of public funds authorized in the Budget of the Republic is an interest of all the inhabitants of Costa Rica, not just any group of them.
On the other hand, the enumeration that the Constitutional Chamber has made is merely a simple description inherent to its obligation—as a jurisdictional body—to limit itself to hearing the cases submitted to it, without it being possible in any way to understand that only those rights that the Chamber has expressly recognized can be considered diffuse rights; the foregoing would imply an undesirable turn in the scope of the Rule of Law, and its correlative 'State of rights,' which—as in the case of the Costa Rican model—starts from the premise that what must be express are the limits on freedoms, since these underlie the very human condition and therefore do not require official recognition. Finally, when paragraph 2 of article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction speaks of interests 'that concern the community as a whole,' it refers to the legal goods explained in the preceding lines, that is, those whose ownership rests with the very holders of sovereignty, in each of the inhabitants of the Republic.
It is not, therefore, a matter of any person being able to resort to the Constitutional Chamber in protection of any interests (popular action), but rather that every individual can act in defense of those goods that affect the entire national community, without any attempt at an exhaustive enumeration being valid in this field either' (see judgment No. 2007-01145)." In accordance with what has been stated and upheld by this Court in its jurisprudence, it is therefore a matter of individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive actual or potential harm that is more or less the same for all, which rightly leads to the statement that it concerns equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each of them. It is for this reason, precisely, that, as of judgment No. 2021-2185 of 12:51 p.m. hours of February 3, 2021, I consider, unlike the Majority of this Court, that some of these interests can be embodied in a particular concrete case, without thereby losing their status as a diffuse interest, as occurs with the protection of the environment, whose impact affects a person and everyone in general; and such affectation can be individualized in a particular situation, such as, for example, the construction of a factory in a specific neighboring sector, without the respective environmental studies, whose negative effects affect the planet's ozone layer.
Undoubtedly, the result of a claim or process that a neighbor may bring against that factory will not only affect their own interests, but also the rest of the community. Therefore, it constitutes a diffuse interest; and yet, it is also the object of a particular individualized situation. Now, this does not mean, in any way, that in every invoked situation the existence of a diffuse interest can be alleged, even though it may be the object of a particular situation. We must remember that for an interest to be considered 'diffuse,' it must not only affect a community, but must also be diffused, disseminated throughout that community. If it does not produce such an effect, it cannot be considered a diffuse interest.
Precisely, in the specific case, I do not observe the presence of a diffuse interest, since the challenged regulations do not translate into a socially diffused affectation, but rather one that is determined. In this case, the mere issue relating to the competitiveness and efficiency of a public enterprise that is in a competitive regime does not per se entail an injury to interests diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, receive actual or potential harm that is more or less the same for all, so it does not concern equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each of them. From the foregoing, it is clear that such aspects cannot be considered as diffuse interests, which implies that the plaintiff (Sindicato de Ingenieros del ICE) lacks standing to file this action.
In addition, even though it is a union that brings this constitutional review process, the challenged norms do not affect the obligations, powers, or faculties of the organization's members, so I also do not observe that the action is being brought in defense of collective interests. Precisely, in judgment No. 2010014785 of 2:48 p.m. hours of September 1, 2010, the Chamber held:
"III.- On the standing of the Union to appear in defense of collective interests. In relation to the standing of unions to appear in defense of the interests of their members, the Chamber has indicated that they may do so provided that the eventual declaration of unconstitutionality of the challenged norms affects the obligations, powers, or faculties of the members of that community (see judgment number 02765-98 of 10:51 a.m. hours of April 24, 1998). In a recent judgment of this Court, number 3688-97 of three o'clock p.m. hours of July first, nineteen ninety-seven, it was literally stated:
'...for the collective interest to give standing to the party filing the unconstitutionality action, it is not only required that it be alleged by an organization that represents the interests of a determinable group of people, but there must at least be the possibility that the eventual declaration of unconstitutionality will favorably modify the obligations, powers, or faculties of the members of that community. That is, to prove standing based on a collective interest, in addition to the existence of a common core of interests among the members of the organization, it is required that the declaration of unconstitutionality of the challenged norms be related—of incidence or affectation—to the situation of the community. Hence, it is essential for the party basing its standing on the existence of a collective interest to provide an explanation of the relationship that the claim of unconstitutionality has with the community's own situation, specifically with its purpose and patrimony...' Consequently, I dissent and dismiss the action, considering it inadmissible due to procedural reasons of legal standing.
Paul Rueda L.
1 Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts south of the iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro). Reception of matters from vulnerable groups: Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Distrito Catedral, Barrio González Lahmann, calles 19 y 21, avenidas 8 y 6 Observations of SALA CONSTITUCIONAL voted with ballot Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial. Reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited. Is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-08-2026 13:25:40.
Control constitucional: Sentencia estimatoria Sentencia con Voto Salvado Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias del mismo expediente Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Constitución Política Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: CONTRATOS O LICITACIONES Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
CONTRATOS O LICITACIONES. APLICACIÓN DE LA LEY DE CONTRATACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA EN EL ICE Sentencia: 022483-24 del 07 de agosto del 2024 Tipo de asunto: Acción de inconstitucionalidad Norma impugnada: Artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley No. 9986. Ley General de Contratación Administrativa. Parte dispositiva: Por mayoría se declara parcialmente con lugar la acción y, en consecuencia, se anula por inconstitucional el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública. Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Sobre el artículo 134 inciso d) de la Ley 9986 se declara sin lugar la acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y declara sin lugar la acción por considerarla inadmisible debido a razones procesales de legitimación.
Esta sentencia tiene efectos declarativos y retroactivos a la fecha de vigencia de la disposición anulada, sin perjuicio de derechos adquiridos de buena fe. Conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 91 párrafo 2 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción, se dimensionan los efectos de esta declaratoria de forma que recobran su vigencia los artículos 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley 8660, Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, de 8 de agosto de 2008, derogados por el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986. Respecto del artículo 20 la supletoriedad debe entenderse referida a la Ley General de Contratación Pública. Reséñese este pronunciamiento en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta y publíquese íntegramente en el Boletín Judicial. Comuníquese al presidente ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y al presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa. Notifíquese a la Procuraduría General de la República y a las partes.
CO12/24 ... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 075- Asunto previo en vía judicial o administrativa pendiente de resolución Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 75 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. INTERESES DIFUSOS. “…Al respecto, la parte accionante menciona que el ICE pertenece al Estado, por lo que todo ciudadano o grupo organizado tiene interés en que permanezca fortalecido y brinde sus servicios con eficiencia y eficacia. Sustenta la legitimación en la existencia de intereses difusos, en relación con el interés “que el ICE, como empresa pública nacional, se mantenga fortalecido con el propósito de llevar a cabo los fines por los cuales fue creado, como se señaló anteriormente y no verse potencialmente amanezado (sic) mediante leyes que impliquen un debilitamiento”.
A partir de lo anterior, la Presidencia de la Sala, en la resolución de curso de esta acción de las 10:28 horas de 13 de julio de 2023, dispuso que la legitimación del accionante proviene del párrafo 2º del artículo 75, por cuanto acude en defensa de intereses difusos. Tal consideración es compartida por la mayoría de este Tribunal y, por ello, se dispone que este proceso es admisible en cuanto a la legitimación del accionante…” CO01/25 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 073- Admisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 73 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD INDIRECTO. “… en el capítulo específico sobre la acción de inconstitucionalidad, dicha ley habilita la posibilidad de ejercer una suerte de control de constitucionalidad indirecto, es decir, un control sobre la conformidad de las normas legales o infralegales respecto los tratados y convenios internacionales a que se refiere el artículo 7 constitucional cuando hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre el convenio internacional y la normativa interna, de forma tal que el vicio de inconstitucionalidad surge de confrontar la materia regulada -que ambos casos se trata de la misma- y que exista una contradicción insalvable…” CO01/25 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 007- Tratados y convenios internacionales Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 7 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA. “…se constata la figura de la inconstitucionalidad indirecta, esto es, la violación de una ley al contenido de un tratado internacional y, por ende, del numeral 7 constitucional, en tanto el contenido del segundo es claro y preciso y la primera lo contradice de manera evidente y manifiesta, tal y como ocurre en el sub judice…” CO01/25 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 083- Coadyuvancias Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 83 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCION CONSTITUCIONAL. “…de acuerdo con el ordinal 83 eiusdem, solo resulta procedente analizar los alegatos novedosos que justifiquen la procedencia de la acción o amplíen los motivos de inconstitucionalidad, más no aquellos que impugnen otros artículos…” CO01/25 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
Res. 2024022483 Voto salvado del magistrado Rueda Leal. Tal como lo he expresado en otros casos, estimo que una cualidad del interés difuso consiste precisamente, en que su afectación es general -esto es, incide en toda una población o en amplios sectores de ella- dentro de un contexto, donde no se precisa que los sujetos perjudicados se conozcan entre sí (incluso podrían carecer de nexo o relaciones jurídicas entre ellos), pero sí se requiere de la presencia de una misma situación de daño o peligro a un bien constitucional que, por igual y sin necesidad de individualización alguna, comprende y aglomera a toda una sociedad en abstracto. Su defensa tiene como finalidad satisfacer una necesidad de la sociedad como tal, por ello, es trascendente a la de un ser humano individual o colectivamente considerado. En sentencia nro. 2019-17397 de las 12:54 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, este Tribunal reiteró lo siguiente: “(…) En segundo lugar, se prevé la posibilidad de acudir en defensa de "intereses difusos"; este concepto, cuyo contenido ha ido siendo delineado paulatinamente por parte de la Sala, podría ser resumido en los términos empleados en la sentencia de este tribunal número 3750-93, de las quince horas del treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) "…
Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificados o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter". En síntesis, los intereses difusos son aquellos cuya titularidad pertenece a grupos de personas no organizadas formalmente, pero unidas a partir de una determinada necesidad social, una característica física, su origen étnico, una determinada orientación personal o ideológica, el consumo de un cierto producto, etc. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. En estos casos, claro, la impugnación que el miembro de uno de estos sectores podría efectuar amparado en el párrafo 2° del artículo 75, deberá estar referida necesariamente a disposiciones que lo afecten en cuanto tal. Esta Sala ha enumerado diversos derechos a los que les ha dado el calificativo de "difusos", tales como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y del buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
Al respecto deben ser efectuadas dos precisiones: por un lado, los referidos bienes trascienden la esfera tradicionalmente reconocida a los intereses difusos, ya que se refieren en principio a aspectos que afectan a la colectividad nacional y no a grupos particulares de ésta; un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad; del mismo modo, la defensa del buen manejo que se haga de los fondos públicos autorizados en el Presupuesto de la República es un interés de todos los habitantes de Costa Rica, no tan solo de un grupo cualquiera de ellos. Por otra parte, la enumeración que ha hecho la Sala Constitucional no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación –como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales; lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que –como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.
Finalmente, cuando el párrafo 2° del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional habla de intereses "que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto", se refiere a los bienes jurídicos explicados en las líneas anteriores, es decir, aquellos cuya titularidad reposa en los mismos detentadores de la soberanía, en cada uno de los habitantes de la República. No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional, sin que tampoco en este campo sea válido ensayar cualquier intento de enumeración taxativa” (véase la sentencia No. 2007- 01145).” En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es por ello, precisamente, que, a partir de la sentencia nro. 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas de 3 de febrero de 2021, considero, a diferencia de la Mayoría de este Tribunal, que algunos de estos intereses pueden estar plasmados en un caso particular en concreto, sin perder por ello su condición de interés difuso, tal como ocurre con la protección al ambiente, cuyo impacto afecta a una persona y a todos en general; y puede ser individualizada tal afectación en una situación en particular, como por ejemplo, la construcción de una fábrica en un sector vecino determinado, sin los estudios ambientales respectivos, cuyos efectos negativos incidan en la capa de ozono del planeta. Indudablemente el resultado de un reclamo o proceso que pueda plantear un vecino contra esa fábrica no solo incidirá en sus intereses propios, sino también en el resto de la colectividad. Por ello, constituye un interés difuso; y, sin embargo, también es objeto de una situación particular individualizada.
Ahora bien, ello no quiere decir, en modo alguno, que en toda situación invocada se pueda alegar la existencia de un interés difuso, aunque este pueda ser objeto de una situación particular. Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso. Justamente, en el caso concreto no observo la presencia de un interés difuso, ya que la normativa impugnada no se traduce en una afectación socialmente difuminada, sino que es determinada. En este caso, la mera cuestión relativa a la competitividad y eficiencia de una empresa pública que se encuentra en régimen de competencia no conlleva per se una lesión a intereses diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, de modo que no se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
A partir de lo anterior, es claro que tales aspectos no pueden ser considerados como intereses difusos, lo que implica que la parte accionante (Sindicato de Ingenieros del ICE) carece de legitimación para interponer esta acción. En adición, aun cuando es un sindicato el que plantea este proceso de control de constitucionalidad, las normas impugnadas no inciden en las obligaciones, potestades o facultades de los miembros de la organización, por lo que tampoco observo que se recurra en defensa de intereses colectivos. Justamente, en la sentencia nro. 2010014785 de las 14:48 horas del 1º de setiembre de 2010, la Sala dispuso: “III.- Sobre la legitimación del Sindicato para acudir en defensa de intereses colectivos. En relación con la legitimación de los sindicatos para acudir en defensa de los intereses de sus agremiados, la Sala ha indicado que pueden hacerlo siempre y cuando la eventual declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas, incida en las obligaciones, potestades o facultades de los miembros de esa colectividad (ver sentencia número 02765-98 de las 10:51 horas del 24 de abril de 1998).
En una sentencia reciente de este Tribunal, la número 3688-97 de las quince horas del día primero de julio de mil novecientos noventa y siete, se dijo textualmente: "...para que el interés colectivo legitime a la parte que interpone la acción de inconstitucionalidad, no solo se requiere que lo alegue una organización que representa los intereses de un grupo determinable de personas, sino que debe existir al menos la posibilidad de que la eventual declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad modifique de manera favorable, las obligaciones, potestades o facultades de los miembros de esa colectividad. Es decir, que para acreditar la legitimación por interés colectivo, además de la existencia de un núcleo común de intereses entre los integrantes de la organización, se requiere que la declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas tenga relación -de incidencia o afectación- con la situación de la colectividad.
De ahí que sea imprescindible por parte del que fundamenta su legitimación en la existencia de un interés colectivo, una explicación acerca de la relación que la pretensión de inconstitucionalidad tiene con la situación propia de la colectividad, específicamente con su objeto y patrimonio...”. En consecuencia, salvo el voto y declaro sin lugar la acción por considerarla inadmisible debido a razones procesales de legitimación. CO01/25 ... Ver más Res. Nº 2024-022483 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las doce horas del siete de agosto de dos mil veinticuatro.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita en el expediente nro. 23-007251-0007-CO planteada por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], en su condición de presidente del Sindicato de Ingenieros del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), para que se declaren inconstitucionales los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la ley nro. 9986 denominada ‘Ley General de Contratación Pública’.
Resultando:
LÍMITES DE CONTRATACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA AÑO 2022 Cálculo según artículo 22 de la Ley Nº 8660 Instituciones Licitación Pública Licitación abreviada Contratación Directa Estrato de referencia1 Igual a o más de Menos de Igual o más de Menos de Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) 6 041 595 408,00 6 041 595 408,00 101 100 000,00 101 100 000,00 A Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago (JASEC) 697 414 414,00 697 414 414,00 28 260 000, 00 28 260 000,00 C 1Determinado según el momento presupuestado promedio, en millones de colones del periodo 2020-2022, para la adquisición de bienes y servicios no personales indicado como referencia en el punto X de esta resolución. Fuente: R-DC-00020-2022. CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Despacho Contralor General. San José a las nueve horas del dieciséis de febrero del dos mil veintidós. Por su parte, la Ley General de Contratación Pública establece: “ARTÍCULO 36- Umbrales para determinar el procedimiento de contratación.
El procedimiento de contratación se determinará de acuerdo con los siguientes umbrales: i) Las contrataciones que realicen las empresas públicas no financieras nacionales, empresas públicas no financieras municipales, las instituciones públicas financieras bancarias y las instituciones públicas financieras no bancarias, enlistadas en el Clasificador Institucional del Sector Público que emite el Ministerio de Hacienda, realizarán el procedimiento de licitación mayor en las contrataciones de bienes y servicios cuya estimación sea superior a doscientos ochenta y cinco millones ochocientos sesenta y ocho mil setecientos cincuenta y dos colones (¢ 285 868 752), licitación menor en las contrataciones de bienes y servicios cuya estimación sea igual o inferior a doscientos ochenta y cinco millones ochocientos sesenta y ocho mil setecientos cincuenta y dos colones (¢ 285 868 752) pero superior a setenta y un millones cuatrocientos sesenta y siete mil ciento ochenta y ocho colones (CRC 71 467 188) y licitación reducida en aquellos casos cuya estimación sea igual o menor a setenta y un millones cuatrocientos sesenta y siete mil ciento ochenta y ocho colones ( 71 467 188)…”. Con la recién actualización realizada por la Contraloría General de la República, los montos vigentes para el año 2023 son:
Umbrales año 2023 (montos en colones) Régimen Tipo de contratación Licitación Mayor Licitación Menor Licitación reducida Igual a o más de Menos de Igual o más de Menos de Ordinario Bienes y Servicios 264.519.083 264.519.083 66.129.771 66.129.771 Obras 712.166.540 712.166.540 178.041.690 178.041.690 Diferenciado Bienes y Servicios 317.422.900 317.422.900 79.355.725 79.355.725 Obras 1.139.466.819 1.139.466.819 284.866.705 284.866.705 Fuente: R-DC-00132-2022. CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Despacho Contralor General. San José a las trece horas con cuarenta y tres minutos del doce de diciembre de dos mil veintidós Con el régimen especial de la Ley 8660, el ICE debía utilizar el procedimiento licitatorio más riguroso en etapas y plazos (licitación pública) para adquisiciones de bienes y servicios estimados en sumas iguales o superiores a CRC 6 041 595 408,00, monto que considera precisamente las condiciones presupuestarias aplicables a la Institución.
En cambio, al derogarse este régimen especial, el ICE se ve obligado a utilizar el procedimiento más riguroso en plazos y etapas (licitación mayor), para adquisiciones estimadas en una suma igual o superior a CRC 317 422 900,00. Lo anterior resulta totalmente desproporcionado y gravoso para la Institución, debido a que hace más aletargada la gestión administrativa y financiera, con la acción de alargar el plazo para la adquisición de bienes y servicios y desvirtúa la agilidad que requiere para responder adecuadamente al mercado en competencia en el cual se encuentra, para atender sus negocios de telecomunicaciones y electricidad. De igual manera, el ICE con su régimen especial debía utilizar la licitación abreviada (procedimiento ordinario más breve y ágil que la licitación pública), para adquisiciones entre CRC 101 100 000,00 y CRC 6 041 595 408,00, mientras que, con el umbral actual, debe utilizar la licitación menor para adquisiciones entre los 79 355 725,00 CRC y 317 422 900,00 CRC, nuevamente afectando, potencialmente, los resultados de la Cadena de Abastecimiento de la Institución y debilitándolo ante la competencia.
Para demostrar lo anterior, se adjunta un cuadro comparativo de plazos desde la publicación del pliego de condiciones hasta su eventual adjudicación en firme acorde con los tipos de procedimientos ordinarios de la Ley 9986 y la Ley 8660:
Ley General Contratación Pública Licitación Mayor* Plazo mínimo Licitación menor *Máximo Licitación reducida *Plazo máximo Recepción de ofertas 15 15 5 Adjudicación 30 30 10 Recurso de objeción 24 8 5 Recurso de revocatoria/apelación 62 28 12 Total 131 81 32 Ley de Fortalceimiento (sic) y Modernización Licitación Pública *Plazo Mínimo Licitación Abreviada *Plazo máximo Contratación Directa escasa cuantía *Plazo máximo Recepción de ofertas 10 20 5 Adjudicación 20 40 10 Recurso de objeción 12 15 0 Recurso de revocatoria/apelación 45 27 0 Total 87 102 15 Fuente: Elaboración propia SIICE- marzo-2023. *El plazo de los recursos incluye el plazo de interposición, admisibilidad, resolución y firmeza del acto administrativo. Como se puede apreciar, por ejemplo, lo que utilizando anteriormente, la Ley 8660 se adquiría a través de un procedimiento de Contratación Directa de escasa cuantía, tardaba únicamente 15 días desde su publicación hasta su adjudicación en firme, mientras que por ese mismo monto la Administración del ICE, en aplicación de la Ley 9986, tardará de 32 días hábiles en el rango hasta los CRC 79 355 725,00 y 81 días hábiles en el rango de CRC 79 355 725,00 a CRC 101 100 000.00 considerando el trámite del recurso de objeción y revocatoria.
Este plazo incluso puede alargarse ante prórrogas en el plazo para adjudicar o una eventual readjudicación donde se debe dar una segunda ronda recursiva; situación que hará un proceso de contratación administrativa largo y engorroso para el ICE, en un marco donde los Operadores de la competencia pueden adquirir con el método de empresa privada, en franca desventaja para la Institución estatal. En el caso de la licitación menor, para el rango del umbral de la licitación abreviada, presenta una disminución en tiempo (rango de CRC 101 100 000.00 a CRC 317 422 900,00), sin embargo, para montos superiores debe utilizarse la licitación mayor, ampliando los tiempos en 29 días hábiles, con la posibilidad que se amplíe ante prórrogas en el plazo para adjudicar o una eventual readjudicación donde se debe dar una segunda ronda recursiva. Aunado a lo anterior, con el régimen diferenciado de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, se pretende dar igualdad de condiciones al ICE en comparación a empresas como el CNP, RECOPE, Banco de Costa Rica, INS, entre otros, cuando su presupuesto en materia de adquisiciones es muy superior, con lo cual se contrapone al propósito de la Ley 8660, como se indicó anteriormente de dotar umbrales acordes con la realidad presupuestaria de la Institución.
Para demostrar lo anterior, según información publicada en SICOP, según el Plan Anual de Adquisiciones 2023, de cada una de las entidades mencionadas con lo que se evidencia que la realidad del ICE es muy distinta a las empresas que entran en esa categoría:
Institución Presupuesto estimado en colones ICE 147 189 177 163,83 INS 54 035 081 067,81 CPN 61 663 059,40 RECOPE 15 493 823 808,00 Banco de Costa Rica 18 680 634 070,36 Fuente: Elaboración propia con Planes Anuales de Adquisiciones- SICOP Régimen recursivo: El artículo 26 de la Ley 8660 en cuanto el régimen recursivo estableció: “… ARTICULO 26.- Recursos El recurso de objeción contra el cartel de una licitación pública o abreviada se interpondrá dentro del primer cuarto del plazo para presentar ofertas ante la Contraloría General de la República, en los casos de licitación pública y, en los demás casos, ante la administración contratante. Este recurso deberá resolverse dentro de los diez días hábiles siguientes a su presentación. Transcurrido el plazo señalado, se tendrá por acogido el recurso. En el caso del ICE, solo cabrá recurso de apelación cuando se trate de licitación pública. En los demás casos, se aplicará recurso de revocatoria. …
No procederá recurso de revocatoria contra las contrataciones directas de escasa cuantía…” Lo anterior permitía a la Administración del ICE, en fortalecimiento de su autonomía administrativa, financiera y flexibilidad procedimental, atender los recursos para adquisiciones entre CRC 101 100 000,00 y CRC 6 041 595 408,00. En la Ley General de Contratación Pública se señala: "ARTÍCULO 95- Recurso de objeción Interposición del recurso de objeción y órgano competente para conocerlo: Podrán objetar el pliego de condiciones de licitación todo potencial oferente o cualquier organización legalmente constituida para velar por los intereses de la comunidad donde vaya a ejecutarse la contratación o sobre la cual surta efectos. a) Tratándose de licitación mayor, la Contraloría General de la República ostenta la competencia para conocer del recurso, el cual deberá ser interpuesto en el sistema digital unificado dentro del plazo de los ocho días hábiles siguientes a la publicación del pliego de condiciones ARTÍCULO 97- Recurso de apelación Trámite del recurso de apelación El recurso de apelación procederá contra el acto de adjudicación, el que declara desierta o infructuosa una licitación mayor.
Dentro de los ocho días hábiles siguientes a la comunicación del acto final, quien haya participado en el procedimiento concursal podrá interponer en el sistema digital unificado recurso de apelación. La Contraloría General de la República tramitará el recurso según las siguientes etapas:…” Es decir, la Ley General de Contratación Pública establece la competencia de la Contraloría General de la República para atender los recursos de objeción y de apelación en procedimientos de licitación mayor, que como se indicó actualmente para el régimen diferenciado se definió para adquisiciones iguales o mayores a CRC 317 422 900,00. Lo anterior debilita la autonomía administrativa, financiera y procedimental del ICE (objetivo del TLC y la Ley 8660), ya que ahora es la Contraloría General de la República, quien resuelve los recursos que por cuantía resolvía por sí mismo el Instituto, con los umbrales anteriores hasta CRC 6 041 595 408,00.
Esto también afecta la eficiencia de los procedimientos de Contratación Administrativa para el ICE, pues el Órgano Contralor debe atender todos los recursos de la Administración Pública, derivados de procedimientos de Licitación Mayor, que como se dijo, no consideran el tipo, naturaleza y presupuesto de las Instituciones (más allá de lo que establece el régimen diferenciado del ordinario, que pone en igualdad, empresas del ICE, empresas como el Consejo Nacional de la Producción, INCOFER, RECOPE, INS, CONAPE, por citar algunos ejemplos; dejando en franca desventaja una empresa como el ICE, que ampliamente se ha explicado, debe atender las demandas de servicios de telecomunicaciones, en un marco competencial fuerte, como se conoce a la fecha en el mercado nacional. Eliminación del régimen especial de "Contratación Directa de Escasa Cuantía" La Ley General de Contratación Pública establece como procedimientos ordinarios la licitación reducida, la licitación menor y la licitación mayor, asimismo, elimina dentro de las excepciones la contratación directa de escasa cuantía.
La Ley 8660 establecía: “… ARTÍCULO 22.- Procedimientos ordinarios de concurso El ICE utilizará los procedimientos ordinarios de licitación pública y de licitación abreviada, de conformidad con las disposiciones de este capítulo; asimismo, podrá aplicar el régimen especial de contratación directa. En el Reglamento de esta Ley, podrán fijarse reglas especiales relativas a la estructura y los requisitos de los procedimientos ordinarios de concurso citados, en el tanto se respeten los principios constitucionales de la contratación administrativa…” En virtud de lo anterior, el ICE podía tramitar los procedimientos cuya estimación estuviera por debajo de los CRC 100 100 000,00 a través de una contratación directa de escasa cuantía, procedimiento expedito, ágil administrativa y financieramente, normado y reglamento; que tenía la disminución de trámites en el "sentido limpio" de no tener recursos de objeción ni revocatorita contra el acto final de adjudicación, logrando adquirir los bienes y servicios en un plazo de 15 días, a partir de la publicación del concurso.
Eliminar estas fases recursivas precisamente tenían el objetivo de agilizar la adquisición de bienes y servicios de menor cuantía de la Institución y responder rápidamente a las exigencias del mercado. Con la eliminación de este tipo de procedimiento, estas adquisiciones deben tramitarse bajo el procedimiento de licitación reducida (hasta los CRC 79 355 725,00), que impone el derecho de los participantes de objetar el cartel y revocar el acto final, pudiendo Re (sic) adjudicarse el concurso. Etapas procesales, para una menor cuantía, desde el ejercicio presupuestal del ICE, que lejos de simplificar, alargan los plazos de la etapa de concurso y concreción de un contrato, afectando la disponibilidad de los bienes y servicios que requiere una eficiente y eficaz cadena de suministros, de una empresa de telecomunicaciones estatal, que compite con operadores privados en desigualdad de condiciones.
Para la demostración del impacto negativo, en la agilidad en las adquisiciones del Instituto, se adjunta la información certificada de parte de RACSA como coordinador del Sistema Integrado de Compras Públicas (SICOP), donde se evidencia que en el año 2022 el ICE publicó 919 procedimientos de Contratación Directa de Escasa Cuantía; adquisiciones que según la Ley 9986 tardarían como mínimo el doble del tiempo para adquirir firmeza. Variable tiempo que se verá ineludiblemente reflejada en los servicios, nuevos negocios de telecomunicaciones que brinda el ICE, y por ende en sus ingresos. Modificación unilateral de contrato: En el artículo 178 del Reglamento a la Ley 8660, se establecía la potestad de que el ICE modificara sus contratos en ejecución, con el propósito de adquirir los mismos bienes o incluso de similar naturaleza hasta por el 100% del monto adjudicado. El artículo 101 de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, establece que esta potestad está limitada como máximo a un 20% y de forma excepcional, hasta un 50%, debiendo la Administración, en caso de requerir mayor cantidad, promover un nuevo concurso.
Lo anterior también viene en menoscabo de la agilidad en las adquisiciones que se logró con la implementación de la Ley 8660 y su reglamento como parte de la implementación del TLC. Procedimiento especial para empresas en competencia: La Ley General de Contratación Pública establece un procedimiento especial para empresas en competencia, en la cual se identifica al ICE, con el propósito de establecer una manera menos rigurosa que los procedimientos ordinarios, cuando el objeto del contrato sea para adquirir bienes, obras y servicios destinados a generar, instalar y operar redes, prestar, adquirir y comercializar productos y servicios de telecomunicaciones e infocomunicaciones, así como otros productos y servicios de información y otros en convergencia, sin embargo este procedimiento, aunque más flexible que el régimen ordinario, no es más ágil ni conveniente que el régimen especial establecido en la Ley 8660, pues limita su uso únicamente a este tipo de bienes y servicios; además, establece una serie de requisitos para su utilización, por lo que no representa ninguna garantía de flexibilidad y agilidad administrativa y financiera, conforme a la legislación emitida a ese efecto, como lo es la Ley 8660, que fue un compromiso y previsión para la empresa estatal poder entrar en competencia con el TLC.
“… ARTÍCULO 168 Reglamento a la Ley 9986: Para la aplicación de lo previsto en el párrafo anterior, se entenderá a) Gran complejidad o carácter especializado, aquellos objetos que, en función de sus características particulares y su demanda poco frecuente, les den un carácter excepcional desde el punto de vista técnico. La gran complejidad o carácter especializado deberá ser acreditado mediante acto administrativo motivado, emitido por la unidad técnica competente. b) Número limitado de proveedores, aquella adquisición donde el mercado no ofrezca un número mayor de cinco potenciales oferentes con capacidad de ofrecer el objeto requerido, lo cual deberá ser acreditado en el sistema digital unificado por la unidad técnica competente. c) Economía y eficiencia, cuando de acuerdo con el principio de valor por el dinero se acrediten fehacientemente las ventajas económicas y se demuestre que se van a conseguir las metas propuestas con el menor empleo de recursos…”.
Autonomía administrativa y financiera Dentro del trámite legislativo del proyecto de Ley a la 8660, la Comisión Especial del expediente, mediante el dictamen afirmativo de mayoría, en el apartado 3.3.4. Desaplicación de leyes (folio 5234 del expediente 16.397), señaló: “En aras de robustecer la autonomía y permitirles cumplir sus fines especiales, se exceptúa la aplicación al ICE y sus empresas de determinadas disposiciones legales, las cuales han significado un serio escollo a ese imperativo de cumplir su cometido histórico en la época actual. Los diputados y diputadas que determinan afirmativamente el proyecto, consideran que para que el ICE y sus empresas sigan siendo motor y fuente de progreso nacional y, de esa manera, continúen instalando infraestructura, que le permita al país una exitosa estrategia para atraer inversión extranjera directa, al contar con servicios óptimos, oportunos, de calidad y a bajo costo, la iniciativa que se dictamina determina la inaplicación al ICE y a sus empresas de las siguientes leyes: B) Ley de Administración Financiera de la república y de Presupuestos Públicos No. 8131 de 18 de setiembre de 2001 y sus reformas, excepto los artículos 57 y 94…” De esta manera, la Ley 8660 señala en su artículo 17: “…
Desaplicación de leyes vigentes b) La Ley N. 8131, Administración financiera de la República y presupuestos públicos, de 18 de setiembre de 2001. y sus reformas excepto los artículos 57 y 94…” Contrario a lo valorado y aprobado por los legisladores como una manera óptima de liberar al ICE y sus empresas de amarres legislativos, la Ley General de Contratación Pública en sus artículos 133, 134 incisos j) y k) reinstala el deber de aplicar la Ley 8131 Ley de la Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos derivado de la Contratación Pública al ICE y sus empresas, nuevamente limitando la autonomía administrativa y financiera que resulta necesaria para el logro de sus objetivos y una adecuada implementación del TLC. Aunado a lo anterior, vale mencionar que los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad señalados fueron advertidos oportunamente dentro del trámite legislativo de la Ley 9986 mediante oficio GG-1015-2020 del 9 de julio del 2020 (folios 5784 al 5798 del expediente de la ley 9986) y DJR-141-2021 del 23 de marzo de 2021 (folios 7677 al 7693 del expediente de la ley 9986) emitidos por la empresa Radiográfica Costarricense (RACSA S.A.) y oficios 256-115-2020 del día 21 de julio de 2020 (folios 5812 al 5836 del expediente de la ley 9986) y 256-41-2021 del 5 de abril de 2021 (folios 7695 al 7720 del expediente de la ley 9986) emitidos por el ICE como parte de la consulta institucional promovida por la Asamblea Legislativa del proyecto de ley 21.546, sin embargo éstos no fueron puestos en consulta constitucional ante esa honrable Sala.
Otros artículos impugnados de inconstitucionalidad: Por los mismos argumentos se impugnan los siguientes artículos de la Ley General de Contratación Pública que regulan la contratación administrativa del ICE y sus empresas:
Artículo 68 Procedimiento especial para el INS, el ICE y sus empresas en competencia, JASEC y ESPH Artículo 69 Contratación abierta de servicios para instituciones y empresas en competencia Artículo 70 Contratación de tecnología para instituciones y empresas en competencia Artículo 134 inciso d) Reforma el artículo 11 de la Ley 8660, Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones (…)”. Formula la siguiente petitoria: “Por lo anterior, conforme el artículo 73 inciso d) y 75 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional y articulo 7 de la Constitución Política se solicita lo siguiente: • Se admita la presente Acción de Inconstitucionalidad. • Se declare la inconstitucionalidad respecto al ICE y sus empresas de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, por ser contrarios al artículo 7 de la Constitución Política”.
11- En los procedimientos se ha cumplido las prescripciones de ley.
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
La acción de inconstitucionalidad reviste específicas formalidades, que deben ser satisfechas a efectos de que la Sala válidamente pueda conocer por el fondo una impugnación en tal vía procesal.
Justamente, el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional regula la legitimación para interponer acciones de inconstitucionalidad y prevé supuestos distintos. En primer término, exige un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, sea en vía judicial o administrativa (en el procedimiento para agotarla), en que se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado. En los párrafos segundo y tercero de esa norma, se contemplan supuestos, en los que de manera excepcional no se exige el asunto previo, tales como la inexistencia de una lesión individual y directa por la naturaleza del asunto, defensa de intereses difusos o colectivos, o cuando la acción es formulada directamente por el contralor general de la República, el procurador general de la República, el fiscal general de la República o el defensor de los Habitantes.
Al respecto, la parte accionante menciona que el ICE pertenece al Estado, por lo que todo ciudadano o grupo organizado tiene interés en que permanezca fortalecido y brinde sus servicios con eficiencia y eficacia. Sustenta la legitimación en la existencia de intereses difusos, en relación con el interés “que el ICE, como empresa pública nacional, se mantenga fortalecido con el propósito de llevar a cabo los fines por los cuales fue creado, como se señaló anteriormente y no verse potencialmente amanezado (sic) mediante leyes que impliquen un debilitamiento”.
A partir de lo anterior, la Presidencia de la Sala, en la resolución de curso de esta acción de las 10:28 horas de 13 de julio de 2023, dispuso que la legitimación del accionante proviene del párrafo 2º del artículo 75, por cuanto acude en defensa de intereses difusos. Tal consideración es compartida por la mayoría de este Tribunal y, por ello, se dispone que este proceso es admisible en cuanto a la legitimación del accionante.
SOBRE LA CONDUCTA IMPUGNADA Y EL PARÁMETRO DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD. Dentro de los presupuestos procesales que esta Sala debe valorar en fase de admisibilidad de una acción de inconstitucionalidad se encuentra el objeto impugnado. Lo que hace referencia tanto a la conducta impugnada, como al parámetro de control.
En el sub lite, el accionante expresamente se alega la acción “se fundamenta en el articulo 73 inciso d) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y el artículo 7 de nuestra carta Magna, en visto que los artículos impugnados se oponen al Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC), República Dominicana – Centroamérica – Estados Unidos, firmado y ratificado por nuestro país...”. Por lo que debe señalarse que este Tribunal, por unanimidad –aunque con una integración parcialmente diferente a la actual–, había sostenido que no cabe hacer control de constitucionalidad estableciendo como parámetro un tratado de libre comercio o un tratado bilateral de inversión. En concreto:
“VIII.- Sobre el tercer alegato: Violación al Tratado de Libre Comercio. REDACTA EL MAGISTRADO JINESTA LOBO. RESPECTO DE LAS PRESUNTAS INFRACCIONES AL TRATADO DE LIBRE COMERCIO REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA, CENTROAMERICA Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA. El punto medular a dilucidar sobre este particular es si el referido Tratado de Libre Comercio forma parte del parámetro de constitucionalidad con el que este Tribunal debe contrastar la validez de una norma o acto sujeto al Derecho Público que es impugnado por inconstitucional. Ese instrumento es lo que se denomina un acuerdo regional de comercio o de inversión, que, per se, está sujeto a los cambios dinámicos del mercado, la economía y libre comercio, por lo que, incluso, podría ser renegociado y modificado. Ciertamente, en el caso costarricense, a la luz del ordinal 7° de la Constitución Política, el referido acuerdo regional de comercio asumió la forma jurídica de un “Tratado”, por lo que, claramente, tiene rango infra constitucional pero supra legal.
En principio, los tratados o convenios internacionales que forman parte del parámetro de constitucionalidad son aquellos propios del Derecho Internacional Público referidos a los derechos humanos, así se desprende de los términos y doctrina que informa los artículos 48 de la Constitución Política, 38, párrafo 2°, y 74 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Incluso, tales instrumentos del Derecho Internacional Público de los derechos humanos, pueden tener, eventualmente, un rango constitucional o supra constitucional, por ejemplo, cuando le ofrecen a las personas un umbral de protección superior a los preceptos constitucionales (doctrina de la primacía de la cláusula más favorable o de los principios in dubio pro homine o pro libertate). Bajo esa inteligencia, se estima que este Tribunal Constitucional no tiene competencia para entrar a determinar si una norma legal violenta o no un acuerdo regional de comercio que asumió la forma jurídica de tratado.
Todos los extremos relativos a si una ley determinada infringe o no un acuerdo regional de comercio con rango supra legal, pero infra constitucional, le corresponde conocerlos y resolverlos al juez ordinario y no a los jueces constitucionales. Obviamente, este Tribunal sí tiene competencia para examinar la constitucionalidad de los referidos acuerdos regionales de comercio, tal y como la ha ejercido en el pasado” (sentencia nro. 2017-002791, reiterada -entre otras- en la sentencia nro. 2020-007684).
No obstante, esta Sala Constitucional estima que sí es competente de conocer de acciones contra normas legales o infralegales en las que se aduzca la violación de un tratado de libre comercio, bajo las siguientes consideraciones.
En primer lugar, el artículo 7, párrafo primero, de la Constitución Política, no hace distinción alguna respecto de la materia del tratado, al disponer:
Artículo 7º.- Los tratados públicos, los convenios internacionales y los concordatos, debidamente aprobados por la Asamblea Legislativa, tendrán desde su promulgación o desde el día que ellos designen, autoridad superior a las leyes.
Por su parte, el artículo 1 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece:
Artículo 1. La presente ley tiene como fin regular la jurisdicción constitucional, cuyo objeto es garantizar la supremacía de las normas y principios constitucionales y del Derecho Internacional o Comunitario vigente en la República, su uniforme interpretación y aplicación, así como los derechos y libertades fundamentales consagrados en la Constitución o en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos vigentes en Costa Rica.
Mientras que el artículo 2 inciso b) de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción señala lo siguiente:
Artículo 2. Le corresponde específicamente a la jurisdicción constitucional:
(…)
Y, de consuno con lo anterior, en el capítulo específico sobre la acción de inconstitucionalidad, dicha ley habilita la posibilidad de ejercer una suerte de control de constitucionalidad indirecto, es decir, un control sobre la conformidad de las normas legales o infralegales respecto los tratados y convenios internacionales a que se refiere el artículo 7 constitucional cuando hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre el convenio internacional y la normativa interna, de forma tal que el vicio de inconstitucionalidad surge de confrontar la materia regulada -que ambos casos se trata de la misma- y que exista una contradicción insalvable. En específico, se establece:
Artículo 73. Cabrá la acción de inconstitucionalidad:
(...)
Entonces, la Sala está llamada a conocer de la presente acción, utilizando como parámetro el Tratado de Libre Comercio citado, porque –según lo ya indicado– la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en sus artículos 2 inciso b) y 73 inciso d) le otorga expresamente la competencia de controlar la conformidad de las normas legales o disposiciones generales respecto a los tratados y convenios internacionales mencionados en el artículo 7 de la Constitución y entre la normativa internacional y la interna, según se aprecia, hay una contradicción insalvable, de forma tal que la segunda se opone a la primera.
Ahora bien, ciertamente la Sala no está llamada a calibrar aspectos relativos a la aplicación e interpretación de un TLC, ni muchos menos eventuales contradicciones menores o técnicas, que corresponden ser dirimidos mediante los mecanismos de resolución de controversias del propio tratado. Lo que sí le compete, como en este caso, es enjuiciar si las normas legales impugnadas se oponen a tal tratado internacional cuando se trata de una contradicción evidente y manifiesta.
Ergo, este proceso también es admisible respecto de su objeto.
El artículo 83 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece que dentro de los 15 días posteriores a la primera publicación del edicto contemplado en el párrafo segundo del numeral 81, las partes que figuren en los asuntos pendientes a la fecha de la interposición de la acción o aquellos con interés legítimo podrán apersonarse a fin de coadyuvar en las alegaciones que pudieren justificar su procedencia o improcedencia, o bien, para ampliar los motivos de inconstitucionalidad en relación con el asunto que les interesa.
Al respecto, la Presidencia de la Sala, mediante resolución de las 14:03 horas de 21 de agosto de 2023, tuvo como coadyuvante activo a Ermen Prado Arroyo, presidente de Asdeice, ya que se apersonó el 9 de agosto de 2023; es decir, dentro del plazo referido ut supra (la primera publicación en el Boletín Judicial se dio el 18 de julio de 2023).
Por otra parte, el 7 de agosto de 2023, las apoderadas judiciales del ICE, no solo contestaron la audiencia otorgada en la resolución de curso de la acción, sino que plantearon coadyuvancia. En consecuencia, como esta última fue formulada dentro del plazo establecido para tales efectos en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se tiene al ICE como coadyuvante activo.
Ahora, ambas coadyuvancias, sustentadas en la existencia de un interés difuso en el asunto de marras, se deben limitar a los numerales impugnados en el escrito de interposición de la acción, ya que su naturaleza es accesoria con respecto a la inconstitucionalidad pretendida por la parte accionante. Ergo, de acuerdo con el ordinal 83 eiusdem, solo resulta procedente analizar los alegatos novedosos que justifiquen la procedencia de la acción o amplíen los motivos de inconstitucionalidad, más no aquellos que impugnen otros artículos. Como ya ha resuelto este Tribunal, en otras ocasiones, el coadyuvante –en tanto intervención procesal accesoria– puede “ampliar los motivos de inconstitucionalidad pero no impugnar otras normas” (voto nro. 2017002791), ni “modificar el objeto de la acción” (voto nro. 2022002238).
Por lo tanto, la pretensión de ICE, en su condición de coadyuvante, en el sentido de adicionar o ampliar la presente acción, respecto de los artículos 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 y 134 incisos j) y k) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, debe rechazarse, toda vez que tales numerales no fueron formalmente impugnados por la parte accionante.
La parte accionante plantea acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley nro. 9986, denominada “Ley General de Contratación Pública”, por estimarlos contrarios al párrafo primero del artículo 7 de la Constitución Política y el inciso d) del ordinal 73 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Señala que los numerales impugnados transgreden el “Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana - Centroamérica - Estados Unidos (TLC)”. Asevera que el expediente legislativo nro. 21.546, que sustentó la Ley General de Contratación Pública, evidencia que uno de sus objetivos fue eliminar todo régimen especial de contratación administrativa. Menciona que los numerales impugnados equiparan al ICE con otras empresas del Estado sin analizar ni valorar el origen del régimen especial de contratación administrativa que ostentaba. Afirma que se pone en peligro la existencia del ICE y sus empresas al someterlo a un régimen de contratación general que no contempla sus necesidades particulares administrativas, presupuestarias y de competencia en el sector de telecomunicaciones que es tan cambiante debido a las tecnologías.
Manifiesta que el régimen especial implementado con el TLC procuró una contratación administrativa más ágil, eficiente y con mayor autonomía administrativa; empero, la ley actual desconoce tales preceptos y es inconstitucional al representar un retroceso. Añade que el ICE y sus empresas pierden agilidad, eficiencia y autonomía administrativa al estar sometidas a largos procedimientos de contratación y más pasos en el proceso de adquisiciones. Formula la siguiente petitoria: “Por lo anterior, conforme el artículo 73 inciso d) y 75 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional y articulo 7 de la Constitución Política se solicita lo siguiente: • Se admita la presente Acción de Inconstitucionalidad. • Se declare la inconstitucionalidad respecto al ICE y sus empresas de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, por ser contrarios al artículo 7 de la Constitución Política”.
El ICE, en su condición de coadyuvante activo, amplía los motivos de inconstitucionalidad con respecto a los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública. Indica que transgreden el numeral 33 de la Constitución Política y el principio de igualdad.
Los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, disponen:
“ARTÍCULO 1-Ámbito de aplicación La presente ley resulta de aplicación para toda la actividad contractual que emplee total o parcialmente fondos públicos.
La actividad contractual de los sujetos privados cuando administren o custodien fondos públicos o cuando sean receptores de beneficios patrimoniales gratuitos o sin contraprestación alguna provenientes de componentes de la Hacienda Pública, conforme al artículo 5 de la Ley N.º 7428, Ley Orgánica de la Contraloría General de la República de 4 de noviembre de 1994, deberán aplicar esta ley únicamente cuando la contratación supere el 50% del límite inferior del umbral fijado para la licitación menor del régimen ordinario. En los casos en que los sujetos privados no apliquen esta ley deberán respetar el régimen de prohibiciones, los principios constitucionales y legales de la contratación pública, y lo dispuesto en el artículo 128, inciso d) de esta ley.
A los entes públicos no estatales cuyo financiamiento provenga en más de un cincuenta por ciento (50%) de recursos propios, los aportes o las contribuciones de sus agremiados, y las empresas públicas cuyo capital social pertenezca, en su mayoría, a particulares y no al sector público, no les resultará aplicable la presente ley.
Cuando en esta ley se utilice el término "Administración" o "entidad contratante" ha de entenderse que corresponde a los sujetos que desarrollan actividad de contratación pública al amparo de la presente ley.
ARTÍCULO 2- Exclusiones de la aplicación de la ley Se excluyen del alcance de la presente ley las siguientes actividades:
Las restantes contrataciones se regirán por lo previsto en la presente ley.
ARTÍCULO 68- Procedimiento especial para el INS, el ICE y sus empresas en competencia, JASEC y ESPH. El Instituto Nacional de Seguros (INS) y sus sociedades anónimas en competencia y el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) y sus empresas en competencia, la Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago y la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia podrán utilizar el procedimiento especial regulado en este artículo, con independencia del monto de la contratación para lo siguiente:
El procedimiento especial deberá contar con lo siguiente:
En este procedimiento especial existirá la posibilidad de utilizar la modalidad de precalificación, por etapas o concurso con financiamiento, aplicando lo establecido en esta ley.
ARTÍCULO 69- Contratación abierta de servicios para instituciones y empresas en competencia Las instituciones y empresas en competencia podrán contratar servicios de manera abierta con personas físicas o jurídicas que cumplan con los requisitos previamente establecidos por la Administración, cuando ello resulte más conveniente al interés público, por las particularidades que presenta el objeto contractual y cuando el pago de la comisión se encuentre previamente tasado por la Administración contratante.
Para aplicar este procedimiento deberán establecerse los requisitos generales a cumplir, los cuales estarán disponibles en el sistema digital unificado. Aquellos que cumplan con los requisitos podrán brindar los servicios de que se trate, debiendo respetarse los parámetros que se definirán reglamentariamente.
ARTÍCULO 70- Contratación de tecnología para instituciones y empresas en competencia Las instituciones y empresas en competencia podrán utilizar el procedimiento especial regulado en el artículo 68 de la presente ley cuando contraten la adquisición, el mantenimiento y la actualización o el arrendamiento de equipos tecnológicos para la informática, hardware y software y desarrollos de sistemas informáticos.
ARTÍCULO 134- Reformas Se reforman las disposiciones normativas que se indican a continuación:
(…)
Artículo 11- Contratos de fideicomiso Para el cumplimiento de sus fines, el ICE y sus empresas están facultados para suscribir contratos de constitución de fideicomisos de cualquier índole, dentro del territorio nacional y fuera de él.
Además, los fideicomisos constituidos en el país tendrán la supervisión y regulación de la superintendencia financiera correspondiente, mientras que a los constituidos fuera del territorio nacional se les aplicarán, en esta materia, las disposiciones de la legislación del país donde fueron constituidos.
ARTÍCULO 135- Derogatorias Se derogan las disposiciones que se indican:
(...)
La parte accionante plantea acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley nro. 9986 denominada “Ley General de Contratación Pública”, por estimarlos contrarios al párrafo primero del artículo 7 de la Constitución Política. Señala que el “Tratado de Libre Comercio República Dominicana - Centroamérica - Estados Unidos (TLC)” estableció a Costa Rica la obligación de llevar a cabo un proceso interno para dar cumplimiento a los compromisos asumidos, entre ellos, la emisión de una “Ley de modernización y fortalecimiento de las entidades públicas del sector telecomunicaciones”. Refiere que, en razón de lo anterior, se emitió la Ley nro. 8660, denominada “Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones”, que contempló un régimen especial de contratación administrativa para el ICE y sus empresas; sin embargo, este fue derogado posteriormente por la Ley General de Contratación Pública.
Asevera que los artículos cuestionados se oponen al TLC, por lo que la acción se fundamenta en el inciso d) del ordinal 73 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y el numeral 7 de la Carta Magna. Menciona que en tal tratado se reconoció el compromiso del gobierno de fortalecer y modernizar al ICE, para lo cual se acordó el establecimiento de una legislación moderna a los efectos de la apertura a competencia del mercado de redes privadas, servicios de internet y servicios celulares. Arguye que el apartado “8.10 Telecomunicaciones” señala: “Se acordó que Costa Rica aprobará una ley de modernización y fortalecimiento del ICE, y tendrá en efecto una legislación moderna para regular el sector, incluyendo el establecimiento de una autoridad reguladora”. Sostiene que el anexo 13 del TLC incluye la obligación de Costa Rica de promulgar un marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE, a los efectos de que pueda enfrentar la competencia y tenga los instrumentos necesarios para brindar con agilidad un servicio de calidad.
Aduce que no se puede desmejorar mediante una ley posterior lo regulado en el marco de la negociación del tratado. Menciona que la ley aprobada con ocasión del TLC fue un aspecto comercial tanto de oportunidad como jurídico ampliamente discutido y consensuado, sin la cual se expone al ICE y sus empresas a un alto riesgo de retroceso en la regulación y a una violación a la eficiencia, eficacia y competitividad en la contratación administrativa. Indica que la Ley General de Contratación Pública no es eficiente en plazos y procesos para una institución del Estado que está en competencia con empresas privadas. Señala que despojar al ICE del instrumento de contratación previsto por el TLC atenta contra una parte esencial de la ley nro. 8660 y los compromisos adquiridos por el Estado para su eficacia plena. Añade que la Sala, en el voto nro. 11210 de 16 de julio de 2008, señaló: “… Del análisis del proyecto de ley consultado, se deduce la clara intención del legislador de dotar al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad de las condiciones necesarias para una mayor eficiencia y eficacia administrativa, financiera y tecnológica.
Lo anterior, claro está, en el marco de un proceso de apertura del mercado de telecomunicaciones -ya definido por el pueblo con la aprobación del referéndum del TLC EE.UU., Centroamérica y República Dominicana (Ley referendaria No. 8622 de 21 de noviembre de 2007)- que procura fortalecer a los operadores públicos frente a su eventual competencia. En efecto, de las consideraciones de los dictaminadores del proyecto de ley se colige lo siguiente: " (...) En el proyecto de marras, se plantea un régimen especial de contratación administrativa para la adquisición de bienes y servicios del ICE. En cuanto a este tema, el proyecto en estudio enuncia entre sus objetivos el dotar al ICE de una contratación administrativa ágil, eficiente eficaz como arte de los esfuerzos de fortalecer modernizar dicha entidad: así como de establecer un cuerpo normativo adaptado a sus particularidades. Tanto la Sala Constitucional como la Contraloría General, han señalado la posibilidad que existan regímenes especiales siempre y cuando la naturaleza y particularidades de la actividad pública de que se trate, así lo exijan y en tanto los supuestos contemplados en la normativa genérica no le resulten aplicables.
Tal como se pretende en ese dictamen, dicho régimen debe regular entonces las condiciones particulares de la contratación administrativa del ICE y sus empresas, e ineludiblemente considerar los postulados constitucionales consagrados en los artículos 182 y 184. En este tema el legislador tiene encomendada la tarea de señalar de manera clara cuáles han de ser las reglas y parámetros específicos que justifiquen una regulación apartada del marco normativo general, desarrollar su contenido en la ley e incorporar los principios constitucionales que atienden la actividad de contratación administrativa del Estado, tal como se propone en el presente texto. En el marco de dichos objetivos, se resaltó que uno de los principales inconvenientes que, históricamente, han tenido el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y sus empresas en materia de contratación administrativa, es que los límites económicos para determinar los procedimientos de contratación aplicables no necesariamente se ajustan a sus requerimientos.
En virtud de lo anterior, se colige que la intención del legislador en la normativa consultada es ajustar los límites económicos de la contratación administrativa a la realidad y las dimensiones del ICE. En el dictamen de análisis se señaló lo siguiente: “(...) En el mismo orden de ideas, actualmente el ICE y sus empresas utilizan los procedimientos de licitación pública, licitación abreviada y contratación directa según los límites económicos que establece el artículo 27 de la Ley de Contratación Administrativa y sus reformas. Dicha metodología por sí misma no es inconveniente, sin embargo, siendo que el presupuesto de referencia aplicable al ICE representa poco más del 10% del presupuesto de la Institución, se hizo necesario establecer una metodología que permita ajustar los limites (sic) económicos de la contratación a la realidad y dimensiones del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y sus empresas, sin que con ello se pierda de vista que el órgano competente para fijar dichos límites es la Contraloría General de la República.
(...)" (lo resaltado no corresponde al original). El texto consultado no pretende, entonces, desconocer los procedimientos de contratación administrativa, sino, más bien, establecer montos más acordes a las particularidades presupuestarias del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, lo que resulta legítimo a la luz del Derecho de la Constitución... " (el subrayado no es del original)”. Arguye que, una vez superado el análisis de constitucionalidad, se promulgó la ley nro. 8660, que contempla entre sus objetivos: “… a) Fortalecer, modernizar y dotar al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), a sus empresas y a sus órganos adscritos, de la legislación que le permita adaptarse a todos los cambios en el régimen legal de generación y prestación de los servicios de electricidad, así como de las telecomunicaciones, infocomunicaciones, productos y servicios de información y demás servicios en convergencia. e) Flexibilizar y ampliar los mecanismos y procedimientos de contratación pública que tienen el ICE y sus empresas. f) Garantizar y reafirmar la autonomía administrativa y financiera del ICE y sus empresas ...”.
Manifiesta que el régimen especial establecido en esa ley permitía mayor agilidad y eficiencia en la adquisición de bienes y servicios en concordancia con lo establecido en el TLC. Alega la inconstitucionalidad de los artículos 1, 2 y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública. Acota que, de acuerdo con el numeral 7 de la Carta Magna, los tratados públicos y convenios internacionales ratificados por la Asamblea Legislativa tienen autoridad superior a las leyes. Sostiene que el TLC aprobado por voluntad popular solo se encuentra por debajo de la Constitución Política. Refiere que los artículos impugnados ignoran el régimen especial de contratación administrativa del ICE, el cual fue parte del contenido del TLC. Asevera que el expediente legislativo nro. 21.546 que sustentó la Ley General de Contratación Pública evidencia que uno de sus objetivos fue eliminar todo régimen especial de contratación administrativa.
Aduce que tal cuerpo normativo equipara al ICE con otras empresas del Estado sin analizar ni valorar el origen del régimen especial de contratación administrativa que ostentaba. Estima contrario al Derecho de la Constitución que una norma posterior ignore legislación de implementación de un tratado internacional y establezca la obligación de utilizar un marco general que se opone al régimen especial que es más eficaz y eficiente para enfrentarse a la competencia. Afirma que se pone en peligro la existencia del ICE y sus empresas al someterlo a un régimen de contratación general que no contempla sus necesidades particulares administrativas, presupuestarias y de competencia en el sector de telecomunicaciones que es tan cambiante debido a las tecnologías. Manifiesta que el régimen especial implementado con el TLC procuró una contratación administrativa más ágil, eficiente y con mayor autonomía administrativa; empero, la ley actual desconoce tales preceptos y es inconstitucional al representar un retroceso.
Añade que el ICE y sus empresas pierden autonomía administrativa al estar sometidas a largos procedimientos de contratación y más pasos en el proceso de adquisiciones. Arguye que el capítulo 9 anexo 13 del TLC contempla: “II. Modernización del ICE Costa Rica promulgará un nuevo marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE, a través de su modernización apropiada, a más tardar el 31 de diciembre del 2004…”. Explica que, al derogarse el régimen especial, el ICE se ve obligado a utilizar un procedimiento más riguroso en plazos y etapas en los supuestos de licitación mayor, lo cual resulta desproporcionado y gravoso, porque hace más aletargada la gestión administrativa y financiera; además, se desvirtúa la agilidad que se requiere para responder al mercado en competencia a los efectos de atender sus negocios de telecomunicaciones y electricidad. Añade que, con el régimen especial, el ICE tenía tanto umbrales más amplios como plazos más reducidos.
Refiere que el ICE también podía atender recursos en determinados supuestos; sin embargo, la Ley General de Contratación Pública le otorgó esta competencia a la Contraloría General de la República, lo que debilita la autonomía administrativa, financiera y procedimental del ICE. Agrega que lo anterior también afecta la eficacia de los procedimientos de contratación administrativa para el ICE, ya que el órgano contralor debe atender los recursos en procedimientos que no consideran el tipo, la naturaleza y el presupuesto de las instituciones (más allá de que se establece un régimen diferenciado para las empresas). Cuestiona que la Ley General de Contratación Pública haya eliminado la excepción de contratación directa de escasa cuantía (procedimiento ágil y expedito sin recursos que tenía un plazo de 15 días) e imponga la licitación reducida que establece el derecho de objeción al cartel y la revocatoria sobre el acto final.
Señala que el reglamento de la ley nro. 8660 permitía establecer la potestad del ICE de modificar sus contratos en ejecución para adquirir los mismos bienes o similares hasta por el 100% del monto adjudicado; empero, el artículo 101 de la Ley General de Contratación Pública limita tal posibilidad y establece su excepcionalidad. Refiere que la Ley General de Contratación Pública, en sus artículos 133 y 134 (incisos j y k) reinstala el deber de aplicar la ley nro. 8131 denominada “Ley de la Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos”, lo cual limita la autonomía administrativa y financiera que resulta necesaria para el logro de sus objetivos y una adecuada implementación del TLC. Asevera que por los mismos argumentos impugna los numerales 68, 69, 70 y 134 inciso d de la Ley General de Contratación Pública. Formula la siguiente petitoria: “Por lo anterior, conforme el artículo 73 inciso d) y 75 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional y articulo 7 de la Constitución Política se solicita lo siguiente: • Se admita la presente Acción de Inconstitucionalidad. • Se declare la inconstitucionalidad respecto al ICE y sus empresas de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70, 134 inciso d) y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, por ser contrarios al artículo 7 de la Constitución Política”.
DE LOS ARTÍCULOS 1, 2, 68, 69, 70 Y 135 INCISO C) DE LA LEY GENERAL DE CONTRATACIÓN PÚBLICA, LEY 9986. A criterio de la mayoría de este Tribunal, procede declarar con lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad, respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70 y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley nro. 9986, en cuanto se suprime de forma total y absoluta el régimen especial de contratación administrativa dispuesto previamente para el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) y sus empresas en la Ley nro. 8660, de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, pues esto supone oponerse al contenido del Tratado de Libre Comercio con la República Dominicana, Centroamérica y Estados Unidos de América (en adelante, TLC), aprobado mediante decreto legislativo nro. 8622 del 21 de noviembre de 2007.
En el sub lite, se constata la figura de la inconstitucionalidad indirecta, esto es, la violación de una ley al contenido de un tratado internacional y, por ende, del numeral 7 constitucional, en tanto el contenido del segundo es claro y preciso y la primera lo contradice de manera evidente y manifiesta, tal y como ocurre en el sub judice. Lo anterior, con sustento en las siguientes consideraciones.
Como ya se apuntó, el accionante alega que los citados artículos 1, 2, 68, 69, 70 y 135 inciso c) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública (LGCP) son inconstitucionales, en cuanto se oponen al TLC, al derogar el régimen especial de contratación administrativa establecido para el ICE y sus empresas, previsto en la referida Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones. Se alega que, como parte medular y fundamental del contenido del mencionado tratado internacional, Costa Rica asumió el compromiso de aprobar una ley para la modernización y fortalecimiento de las entidades públicas del sector telecomunicaciones, de forma que pudiera incorporarse y participar adecuadamente en un mercado de competencia abierta. Justamente, de conformidad con el espíritu del tratado comercial y en cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos por Costa Rica, se aprobó la mencionada Ley nro. 8660, como marco jurídico que permitiera al ICE competir en igualdad de condiciones con operadores privados de telecomunicaciones.
Como aspecto medular de la Ley nro. 8660, se incluyó un régimen especial de contratación administrativa que precisamente le permitiera a la institución y a sus empresas competir, al tener un mecanismo más ágil y eficiente para la adquisición de bienes y servicios. Por lo que argumenta, el accionante, que despojar al ICE de su propio marco normativo de contratación administrativa –como se hace con la normativa impugnada–, así como someterlo al régimen general de contratación administrativa, cuyos procedimientos y plazos no resultan lo suficientemente ágiles, eficientes y adecuados, impide una efectiva competencia en el mercado en igualdad de condiciones con empresas privadas, en clara infracción de los compromisos adquiridos por Costa Rica en el TLC. Finalmente, el accionante señala que la acción se fundamenta en el artículo 73 inciso d) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el ordinal 7 de la Constitución Política, en vista de que las normas cuestionadas se oponen a todas luces al contenido y propósito del TLC, firmado y ratificado por nuestro país.
Se insiste que los artículos impugnados derogan el régimen especial de contratación administrativa previamente promulgado por el legislador para dotar al ICE y a sus empresas de un marco legislativo ágil, eficiente y adecuado a sus necesidades específicas, para así poder participar en un mercado en competencia en el sector de telecomunicaciones, en atención al contenido del TLC y a los compromisos asumidos por Estado costarricense.
En cuyo caso, las apreciaciones y reproches formulados por la parte accionante, no solo son plenamente respaldados por el propio ICE (al momento de contestar la audiencia que le fue otorgada), sino que por la Procuraduría General de la República en su informe. Esta última expone varios aspectos que resultan de interés destacar, para la debida resolución de esta acción:
(i) Que, ciertamente, una ley ordinaria que se oponga a los postulados de un tratado o convenio internacional estaría infringiendo el artículo 7° de la Carta Fundamental, dado el orden jerárquico de las fuentes que claramente establece esa norma constitucional. Lo que resulta de interés, en la especie, en tanto se acusa la infracción que comete la Ley General de Contratación Pública (en cuanto dispone la derogatoria del régimen especial de contratación del ICE) en contra de los postulados del TLC y de los compromisos específicos pactados por Costa Rica en tal instrumento internacional, en materia de las condiciones de competitividad garantizadas al ICE a raíz de la apertura del mercado de telecomunicaciones.
(ii) Que, efectivamente, las negociaciones efectuadas en el marco del TLC, que finalmente desembocaron en la apertura del mercado de comercialización y prestación de servicios de telecomunicaciones en Costa Rica, imponían la aprobación de específicas disposiciones para el caso costarricense, toda vez que, para ese momento, nuestro país aún prestaba dichos servicios bajo un régimen de monopolio estatal en cabeza del ICE. Lo que implicó negociación, aceptación y formalización de disposiciones especiales (como el anexo 13 del capítulo 13) respecto del mercado costarricense, que resultaban indispensables para asegurar esa apertura de mercado que el TLC perseguía. Asimismo, la finalidad perseguida en la negociación no era la privatización del ICE, sino la apertura progresiva y regulada del mercado, bajo el entendido de que, a la par de la instauración de un régimen de libre competencia, se garantizaría el fortalecimiento y la modernización de la prestación estatal de los servicios, que se conservaría en manos de la entidad nacional que quedaría participando en tal mercado.
Lo que explica que se haya dedicado un anexo especial (y exclusivo para Costa Rica) para dejar asegurada la forma en que se abriría el mercado y la posición en que quedaría compitiendo la institución estatal en dicho mercado. En este se evidencia la voluntad de las partes firmantes de tal pacto internacional. En particular, el citado anexo 13 del capítulo 13 establece que: “Costa Rica promulgará un nuevo marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE, a través de su modernización apropiada”. A lo que debe añadirse el dictamen afirmativo correspondiente al decreto legislativo que aprobó el TLC (decreto legislativo nro. 8622), pues en este quedó plasmada la voluntad que inspiró la ratificación de ese instrumento internacional, ya que en este también se consigna que dicho tratado “no dejaría al ICE en una situación de desventaja frente a los competidores privados. El Anexo 13 del TLC incluye para Costa Rica la obligación de promulgar un marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE, lo que fue establecido en el mejor interés del ICE y de los costarricenses, dado que resulta innegable la necesidad de que una ley de modernización sea promulgada lo más pronto posible, para que la institución pueda prepararse adecuadamente para enfrentar la competencia y tenga los instrumentos necesarios para actuar con la agilidad necesaria para poder dar un servicio de la mejor calidad”.
De lo que se concluye que la negociación y disposiciones del TLC incluyeron preparar al ICE para el cambio que se avecinaba con la apertura del mercado, garantizando que no quedara en desventaja frente a los operadores privados que habría de enfrentar, dotándolo de los instrumentos necesarios para actuar con la suficiente y necesaria agilidad al enfrentar la competencia.
(iii) Que, en el marco de los compromisos expresamente pactados en el TLC, que obligaron al Estado costarricense a seguir la Agenda de Desarrollo y la Agenda de Implementación como acciones fundamentales e indispensables para poner en vigor ese tratado internacional, se promulgó la Ley nro. 8660. Dicha ley, “en directo y específico cumplimiento de los términos del Tratado, instauró un marco especial de contratación administrativa para el ICE”. Lo que supuso un modelo más flexible, con una soltura propia de una entidad que debía estar en condiciones para desenvolverse de una forma ágil y eficiente en su proceso de aprovisionamiento de bienes y servicios. Esto, “como única alternativa para tener las condiciones suficientes que le permitan enfrentar los retos de un feroz mercado. Recordemos que cuando un prestador comercial de servicios queda regazado en esa competencia, tarde o temprano estará destinado a quedar eliminado de ese mercado.
En esta materia, los cambios tecnológicos que avanzan a velocidad vertiginosa, así como las tácticas modernas de mercadeo y captura de clientes, provocan que aquel competidor que sufra un rezago, por pequeño que pueda parecer, corre el riesgo de perder el sentido de oportunidad en su participación, lo que a su vez puede causar la pérdida de clientela y a la postre su inevitable desplazamiento frente a otros prestadores de servicios más ágiles. Bajo esa perspectiva, es congruente pensar que el régimen especial de contratación de la Ley 8660 respondió a esos compromisos del TLC para la participación de la única empresa estatal en ese mercado”.
(iv) Que, lo anterior no supone desconocer que la Ley nro. 8660 tiene el mismo rango jerárquico de cualquier otra Ley de la República y, en tal medida, queda sujeta a las potestades soberanas del legislador derivadas de la propia Constitución (inciso primero del artículo 121), por lo que no podría entenderse que esa ley ostenta una especie de inmutabilidad permanente frente al legislador ordinario. Ergo, es posible que se produjera eventualmente algún tipo de reforma o ajuste si ello resultara necesario con el devenir de los tiempos; sin embargo, el “quid del asunto reside en determinar si la derogación íntegra –que no una simple reforma parcial– de todo el régimen especial que se había otorgado al ICE como herramienta inseparable del TLC constituyó un ejercicio de esa potestad legislativa soberana que pueda a la postre resultar inconstitucional, en la medida en que rebasó los márgenes de una reforma razonable y consecuentemente desbordó el marco del TLC y terminó desconociendo sus compromisos sustantivos”.
(v) Que, en este caso, la Ley nro. 9986, en su artículo 135 inciso c), derogó expresamente los artículos 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley nro. 8660, por lo que no se está ante una modificación del régimen especial de contratación previsto en cumplimiento del TLC, sino ante “su supresión total y absoluta”. Entonces, “puede estimarse que el marco y el compromiso derivado del TLC sí fue quebrantado con esa total derogatoria de una normativa especial que estaba diseñada y aprobada para dar cumplimiento a los fines, principios y espíritu de las negociaciones del Tratado, en orden a la dotación de herramientas efectivas y reales de competitividad, modernización y agilidad para el desempeño del ICE en el libre mercado”, en tanto que tal derogatoria total no “estuvo acompañada de la introducción de nuevas normas que suplieran con algún otro modelo el régimen especial que el TLC previó para el caso del ICE.
Un modelo que respetara satisfactoriamente el espíritu de los compromisos plasmados en el Tratado” y, por el contrario, de las “discusiones legislativas –y del texto mismo de esta LGCP– queda claro que se trató de una ley uniformadora y omnicomprensiva para todo el sector público. En esa medida, no se resguardó, contempló, consideró ni garantizó una herramienta especial para el ICE. Al contrario, se manifestó expresamente que se quería acabar con su régimen especial (como se hizo con todas las demás instituciones) a fin de incluirlo en los cánones generales que se aplican a otras entidades”.
(vi) Que, podría argumentarse que el TLC no garantizó concretamente un régimen especial de contratación administrativa, lo que en principio resulta cierto, pero “no puede desconocerse que este Tratado sí dejó pactado y garantizado el compromiso de dictar una ley interna que proporcionara las herramientas necesarias para la participación del ICE en el nuevo mercado en condiciones de adecuada competitividad y agilidad frente a los demás operadores, compromiso que se honró con la promulgación de la Ley 8660. Ergo, el dar un paso atrás hacia un régimen de contratación administrativa que dificulta, debilita y disminuye esa competitividad en el mercado, sí genera un rompimiento de este compromiso internacional”.
(vii) Que, un segundo aspecto que podría argumentarse es que la nueva LGCP contiene un apartado de regulaciones especiales para las empresas en competencia, dentro de las cuales queda comprendido el ICE; no obstante, ello tiene varias aristas que llevan a suponer que esto tampoco es suficiente para tener por satisfechos los compromisos del TLC, por cuanto: a) ese apartado especial de normas igualmente resulta de aplicación general para diversas empresas públicas, las cuales no comparten las mismas características y condiciones del ICE, tanto en el alcance y cobertura de sus servicios, como en el monto del presupuesto global del que disponen para efectuar adquisiciones de bienes y servicios; y b) dicho régimen especial no cubre todos los procesos de contratación administrativa que puedan llevar a cabo este tipo de empresas públicas, sino que ello queda sometido a una serie de supuestos y requisitos que implican restricciones, lo cual entonces sigue provocando una diferencia sensible con las herramientas que brindaba la Ley 8660.
(viii) Que, en la especie, los accionantes aportan una serie de parámetros y de ejemplos concretos y detallados sobre aspectos de agilidad y eficiencia –y por ende de competitividad– en las reglas de contratación administrativa que resultan afectados negativamente y disminuidos en forma sensible con el sometimiento del ICE a las reglas generales de la nueva LGCP.
(ix) Que, el régimen especial de contratación administrativa que había instaurado la Ley 8660, en cumplimiento de los compromisos pactados en el TLC, si bien se distanció de las reglas más rígidas aplicables a las demás entidades públicas, no violentaba en forma alguna los principios constitucionales, en razón de sus especiales características, como así lo reconoció esta Sala, en la opinión consultiva nro. 11210-2008 de las 15:00 horas del 16 de julio de 2008. De forma tal, que la conformidad constitucional de la normativa que el país aprobó para dar efectivo, real y satisfactorio cumplimiento a los compromisos que el TLC previó para efectos de la apertura de mercado en las actividades donde participa el ICE, fue avalada por esta Sala. Ello, por cuanto, no se trataba de relevar al ICE de todos los controles o límites que rigen la actuación de los entes públicos, pero sí proporcionarle herramientas sustanciales en materia de aprovisionamiento de bienes y servicios, como condición sine qua non para su supervivencia en el mercado nacional a partir de su apertura a la competencia con operadores privados.
(x) Que, los compromisos específicos de Costa Rica pactados en Anexo 13 del Capítulo 13 del TLC con respecto al ICE innegablemente tomaron en cuenta “la naturaleza única de la política social costarricense en materia de telecomunicaciones. Ello se encuentra en relación directa con los principios de accesibilidad y cobertura universal de los servicios que inspiraron su creación y rigen los fines públicos que como institución estatal tiene asignados, dentro del Estado social de Derecho regido por los postulados supremos del artículo 50 constitucional”. Esa particular naturaleza, que llevó también a un anexo específico dentro del TLC (anexo 13), “es justa y precisamente lo que dio lugar al régimen de contratación especial y diferenciado que quedó plasmado en la Ley 8660 (artículos 22-29), legislación ordinaria que se promulgó para dar cumplimiento y operatividad al Tratado. Ergo, ese régimen es especial, diferente, acentuado y acorde a un instrumento normativo de carácter internacional pactado por el Estado costarricense.” Por lo anterior, “la desaparición de ese régimen legal especial que propició la Ley 9986 (Ley General de Contratación Pública) implicó una infracción a ese compromiso derivado del TLC de promulgar una ley especial que garantizara la competitividad del ICE en el nuevo mercado abierto de las telecomunicaciones”.
(xi) Que, dicha “infracción no queda solventada con las regulaciones de la LGCA para las empresas en régimen de competencia. Primero, porque esas siguen siendo normas con carácter de generalidad para un sector (empresas en competencia), y el ICE tiene garantizadas condiciones especiales dentro de esa materia de competitividad, reconocidas en el Tratado internacional. Y en segundo término, porque las normas generales de la LGCP son menos favorables (para la agilidad del sistema de adquisición de bienes y servicios) que el régimen previsto en la Ley 8660 y además está sujeto a ciertos requerimientos y no resulta aplicable a todos los supuestos, con lo cual debilita y desmejora las herramientas normativas flexibles previstas para el ICE en la Ley 8660”.
Para la mayoría de Tribunal, resultan acertadas las apreciaciones desarrolladas por la Procuraduría General de la República.
En primer lugar, resulta innegable que en el Anexo 13 al Capítulo 13 del TLC, atinente a los “Compromisos Específicos de Costa Rica en Materia de Servicios de Telecomunicaciones”, se establece que:
“reconociendo la naturaleza única de la política social costarricense en materia de telecomunicaciones y reafirmando su decisión de asegurar de que el proceso de apertura en su sector de servicios de telecomunicaciones se base en su Constitución Política; enfatizando que dicho proceso de apertura será en beneficio del usuario y se fundamentará en los principios de gradualidad, selectividad y regulación, y en estricta conformidad con los objetivos sociales de universalidad y solidaridad en el suministro de los servicios de telecomunicaciones; y reconociendo su compromiso de fortalecer y modernizar el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) como un participante en un mercado competitivo de telecomunicaciones...” (el destacado no corresponden al original) El Gobierno de Costa Rica expresamente asume, como parte de sus compromisos específicos en materia de servicios telecomunicaciones, que:
“II. Modernización del ICE Costa Rica promulgará un nuevo marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE, a través de su modernización apropiada, a más tardar el 31 de diciembre del 2004.” Lo que encuentra plena acogida y reflejo en el dictamen afirmativo de mayoría, contenido en el mencionado decreto legislativo nro. 8622, en que se expresa que:
“En lo que respecta al TLC, es el Capítulo 13 de dicho Tratado el que contiene los compromisos adquiridos por Estados Unidos y el resto de países centroamericanos en telecomunicaciones, con excepción de Costa Rica. En el caso de nuestro país, únicamente aplican los compromisos específicos asumidos en esta materia y que se encuentran contenidos en el Anexo 13 del Tratado.
En relación con dichos compromisos específicos, han sido diversas las reacciones de los grupos que se han referido al tema ante esta Comisión y uno de los principales argumentos que han esgrimido aquellos que se oponen al TLC de refiere al hecho que los compromisos asumidos por Costa Rica en materia de telecomunicaciones implican la privatización del ICE y, en general, la privatización del sector. En esta línea se han pronunciado los Sindicatos del ICE y otros, como el Grupo Pensamiento Solidario.
Al respecto, luego de un análisis de lo dispuesto en el Anexo 13 del TLC, hemos podido concluir que ninguna disposición del TLC, y en particular de dicho Anexo 13, implica este compromiso. En el caso de Costa Rica, que es un país que tiene monopolio estatal, el compromiso que se adquiere se refiere únicamente a la apertura a la competencia de tres sectores: Internet, celulares y redes privadas.
Con el TLC, Costa Rica adquiere el compromiso, no de privatización, sino de abrir a la competencia tres sectores: Internet, celulares y redes privadas, para que al igual que con los bancos, puedan prestar estos servicios el Estado (el ICE y RACSA) y las empresas privadas. Todo bajo la supervisión de un órgano regulador del Estado, también al igual que con los bancos, que regule, entre otros, aspectos como las tarifas y la calidad de los servicios y preserve los principios de solidaridad y universalidad.
El TLC no dejaría al ICE en una situación de desventaja frente a los competidores privados. El Anexo 13 del TLC incluye para Costa Rica la obligación de promulgar un marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE. Esta obligación fue establecida en el mejor interés del ICE y de los costarricenses, dado que resulta innegable la necesidad de que una ley de modernización sea promulgada lo más pronto posible, para que la institución pueda prepararse adecuadamente para enfrentar la competencia y tenga los instrumentos necesarios para actuar con la agilidad necesaria para poder dar un servicio de la mejor calidad.
En relación con este tema, no cabe duda que el TLC también beneficiará al ICE de tres maneras: 1) el ICE ya no tendrá la carga exclusiva de financiar o subsidiar ningún servicio de telecomunicaciones, pues los operadores privados deberán contribuir al sistema de servicio universal que Costa Rica decida tener, es así que esta carga será compartida; 2) los operadores deberán pagarle al ICE por cualquier uso de su red; y 3) el TLC implica modernizar al ICE para que, en un régimen de competencia, el ICE se esfuerce por dar más y mejores servicios al público.” (el destacado no corresponde al original) Lo que, finalmente, motivó la aprobación de la citada Ley 8660. En el voto nro. 2010-008672 de las 9:36 horas del 14 de mayo de 2010, esta Sala hizo expresó referencia a la necesidad de modificar el régimen jurídico de distintos entes públicos, incluido el ICE, como producto de la suscripción del TLC. En lo que interesa, se indicó:
“(...) NUEVO RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO QUE REGULA ALGUNOS ENTES PÚBLICOS QUE PRESTAN SERVICIOS INDUSTRIALES O COMERCIALES. No cabe la menor duda que algunos entes públicos, tales como el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y el Instituto Nacional de Seguros, que, tradicionalmente, ejercieron ciertas funciones o prestaron servicios públicos de carácter económico o industrial a través de un monopolio de hecho o de derecho, se han visto, sustancialmente, modificados en su actuación y régimen jurídico aplicable. En efecto, esa modificación arranca con la suscripción del Tratado de Libre Comercio Centroamérica-Estados Unidos-República Dominicana el 5 de agosto de 2004 y su posterior aprobación mediante la Ley Referendaria No. 8622, del 21 de noviembre del 2007. Ulteriormente, como parte de la denominada “agenda de implementación” de ese acuerdo multilateral de comercio, fueron dictados varios instrumentos legislativos de relevancia para el logro de la apertura de sectores de actividad como las telecomunicaciones y los seguros, tales como como la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, No. 8642 de 30 de junio de 2008, Ley Reguladora del Mercado de Seguros, No. 8653 de 22 de julio de 2008 y la Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, No. 8660 de 8 de agosto de 2008. Cabe apuntar que, en ese proceso, este Tribunal Constitucional avaló la constitucionalidad del referido Tratado de Libre Comercio y de los tres instrumentos legislativos que formaron parte de la “agenda de implementación”, respectivamente, en los Votos Nos. 9469-2007 de las 10 hrs. de 3 de julio de 2007, 4569-2008 de las 14:30 hrs. de 26 de marzo de 2008, 10450-2008 de las 9 hrs. de 23 de junio de 2008 y 11210-2008 de las 15 hrs. de 16 de julio de 2008. Como parte de ese nuevo conjunto normativo, la Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades del Sector Telecomunicaciones, introdujo una serie de medidas compensatorias necesarias y adecuadas para evitar que la apertura del mercado de ese sector a la libre competencia, le cause a los entes públicos dedicados a ese giro serios perjuicios o desventajas, por su condición y naturaleza pública frente a los competidores que asumen formas de organización colectiva del Derecho privado más flexibles. Una de las grandes preocupaciones de la colectividad nacional que quedó reflejada y cristalizada normativamente en el instrumento legislativo señalado, fue fortalecer a tales entes públicos y empresas públicas para evitar su debilitamiento ante el papel histórico y protagónico que han tenido en la construcción del Estado nacional y la satisfacción de la demanda nacional. El legislador, con el aval de este Tribunal Constitucional, estimó que no resultaba oportuno y conveniente que la apertura de los mercados supusiera un debilitamiento y hasta la eventual extinción de tales entes públicos, de ahí que para equilibrar su posición sometida a las rígidas formas del Derecho público se le otorgaron una serie de compensaciones y medidas, en el tanto desplieguen una actividad empresarial, mercantil o industrial, las que son naturales y esperables entre sujetos del Derecho privado. En conclusión, este nuevo entramado normativo y jurisprudencial determinó cambios materiales de importancia en el régimen jurídico de los entes públicos que prestan un servicio industrial o comercial ahora en régimen de competencia.”
Como señalan las partes, esta Sala ya se pronunció específicamente sobre el régimen especial de contratación administrativa aplicable al ICE, en razón de la consulta legislativa facultativa de constitucionalidad formulada respecto a la aprobación del entonces proyecto “Ley de fortalecimiento y modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector de Telecomunicaciones”, que se tramitaba en el expediente legislativo nro. 16.397. Ocasión en que se resolvió que:
“XVIII.- SOBRE EL MONTO ESTABLECIDO PARA EMPLEAR EL PROCEDIMIENTO DE LA LICITACIÓN PÚBLICA PARA LA CONTRATACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA. Consideran los legisladores consultantes que los montos para optar por una licitación pública establecidos en el párrafo tercero del artículo 19, sea el artículo 22 del texto final, son extremadamente altos y desproporcionados. Aseveran que el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad estaría utilizando la licitación pública, únicamente, cuando el monto de la contratación sobrepase los 2.500.000.000.00, lo cual, consideran que es totalmente irracional. Reprochan que eso atenta contra las potestades de fiscalización de la Contraloría General de la República. Asimismo, consideran que es inconstitucional por contrariar el procedimiento de licitación pública establecido en el artículo 182 constitucional, ya que, prácticamente, ningún proceso licitatorio del ICE, se tramitará por esa vía. El texto consultado indica lo siguiente:
“ARTÍCULO 22. Procedimientos ordinarios de concurso (...)
El ICE, considerado individualmente, utilizará el procedimiento de licitación pública para contrataciones, cuya cuantía sea igual o superior a la suma derivada de multiplicar el presupuesto de adquisiciones de bienes y servicios no personales de la entidad, por el factor que resulte de dividir la cuantía señalada para la licitación pública en el inciso a) del artículo 27 de la Ley general de contratación administrativa, entre el presupuesto de referencia aplicable al ICE, considerado individualmente, dispuesto en el mismo numeral. Si de la aplicación de este párrafo resultan límites inferiores a los establecidos en el artículo 27 de la Ley N.º 7494, Contratación administrativa, se utilizarán los indicados en dicha Ley. (...)” Sobre el particular, en primer término, cabe resaltar que la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional en el artículo 99 dispone que las consultas legislativas de constitucionalidad, de carácter facultativo, deberán formularse en memorial razonado, con expresión de los aspectos cuestionados del proyecto, así como de los motivos por los cuales se tuvieren dudas u objeciones sobre su constitucionalidad.
En criterio de este Tribunal, dicho requisito no se cumple a cabalidad en el extremo concreto. En efecto, nótese que los legisladores consultantes parten de una mera suposición al indicar que la cuantía establecida es muy alta, sin brindar al efecto, un criterio de valoración o comparación concreta, que le permita a este Tribunal valorar la razonabilidad y proporcionalidad de la norma. Así las cosas, nos debemos remitir a las valoraciones que constan en el expediente legislativo, específicamente, en el dictamen afirmativo de mayoría elaborado en el seno de la Comisión Especial, para analizar el propósito de esta norma especial. El artículo 182 de la Constitución Política reconoce que los contratos de ejecución de obras públicas, así como, las compras que realicen las instituciones autónomas, se realizarán mediante el procedimiento de licitación pública, de acuerdo con la ley en relación al monto correspondiente.
De conformidad con lo anterior, le corresponderá al legislador definir, en cada caso, los procedimientos de contratación administrativa, disponiendo, incluso, de sistemas especiales y cuantías diferenciadas, en relación a las características de la actividad y de la institución de la que se trate, siendo, precisamente, la cuantía, el parámetro discriminante en el diseño de diversos tipos de procedimientos de contratación administrativa. Así lo sostuvo este Tribunal Constitucional en la sentencia No. 2007-001557 de las 15:36 hrs. del 7 de febrero de 2007, en la que se indicó lo siguiente:
“(...) Sin embargo, para la Sala esta línea de razonamiento contradice el artículo 182 Constitucional, que como ha sido dicho, sirve de base para el desarrollo de los principios del sistema de contratación administrativa, pues en dicha disposición se acoge la licitación como medio normal de contratación 'de acuerdo con la ley en cuanto al monto respectivo' con lo cual el Constituyente se decanta por la cuantía como parámetro discriminante en el diseño de diversos tipos de procesos de contratación administrativa que según la cuantía podrán tener regulaciones diversas, pero siempre respetando en su esencia el derecho de la Constitución. De tal forma, con excepción de la cuantía, no reconoce de forma expresa nuestro texto constitucional ningún otro parámetro para la aplicación de una atenuación de los principios constitucionales relativos a la contratación administrativa. (...)”
Del análisis del proyecto de ley consultado, se deduce la clara intención del legislador de dotar al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad de las condiciones necesarias para una mayor eficiencia y eficacia administrativa, financiera y tecnológica. Lo anterior, claro está, en el marco de un proceso de apertura del mercado de telecomunicaciones -ya definido por el pueblo con la aprobación del referéndum del TLC EE.UU., Centroamérica y República Dominicana (Ley referendaria No. 8622 de 21 de noviembre de 2007)- que procura fortalecer a los operadores públicos frente a su eventual competencia. En efecto, de las consideraciones de los dictaminadores del proyecto de ley se colige lo siguiente: (el destacado no corresponde al original)
“(...) En el proyecto de marras, se plantea un régimen especial de contratación administrativa para la adquisición de bienes y servicios del ICE.
En cuanto a este tema, el proyecto en estudio enuncia entre sus objetivos el dotar al ICE de una contratación administrativa ágil, eficiente y eficaz como parte de los esfuerzos de fortalecer y modernizar dicha entidad, así como de establecer un cuerpo normativo adaptado a sus particularidades.
Tanto la Sala Constitucional como la Contraloría General, han señalado la posibilidad de que existan regímenes especiales siempre y cuando la naturaleza y particularidades de la actividad pública de que se trate, así lo exijan y en tanto los supuestos contemplados en la normativa genérica no le resulten aplicables.
Tal como se pretende en este dictamen, dicho régimen debe regular entonces las condiciones particulares de la contratación administrativa del ICE y sus empresas, e ineludiblemente considerar los postulados constitucionales consagrados en los artículos 182 y 184.
En este tema el legislador tiene encomendada la tarea de señalar de manera clara cuáles han de ser las reglas y parámetros específicos que justifiquen una regulación apartada del marco normativo general, desarrollar su contenido en la ley e incorporar los principios constitucionales que atienden la actividad de contratación administrativa del Estado, tal como se propone en el presente texto. (...)” En el marco de dichos objetivos, se resaltó que uno de los principales inconvenientes que, históricamente, han tenido el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y sus empresas en materia de contratación administrativa, es que los límites económicos para determinar los procedimientos de contratación aplicables no necesariamente se ajustan a sus requerimientos. En virtud de lo anterior, se colige que la intención del legislador en la normativa consultada es ajustar los límites económicos de la contratación administrativa a la realidad y las dimensiones del ICE. En el dictamen de análisis se señaló lo siguiente:
“(...) En el mismo orden de ideas, actualmente el ICE y sus empresas utilizan los procedimientos de licitación pública, licitación abreviada y contratación directa según los límites económicos que establece el artículo 27 de la Ley de Contratación Administrativa y sus reformas. Dicha metodología por sí misma no es inconveniente, sin embargo, siendo que el presupuesto de referencia aplicable al ICE representa poco más del 10% del presupuesto de la Institución, se hizo necesario establecer una metodología que permita ajustar los limites económicos de la contratación a la realidad y dimensiones del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y sus empresas, sin que con ello se pierda de vista que el órgano competente para fijar dichos límites es la Contraloría General de la República. (...)” (lo resaltado no corresponde al original).
El texto consultado no pretende, entonces, desconocer los procedimientos de contratación administrativa, sino, más bien, establecer montos más acordes a las particularidades presupuestarias del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, lo que resulta legítimo a la luz del Derecho de la Constitución. El propósito es establecer un mecanismo diferenciado en la licitación pública y en la licitación abreviada, precisamente, por la naturaleza del ICE y las exigencias de dinamismo impuestas por la apertura del mercado y la prestación de servicios en competencia. (el destacado no corresponde al original) Es preciso añadir que el Constituyente originario, en el ordinal 182 de la Constitución Política, se refiere a la figura general de la licitación, sin calificarla de pública o no, de otra parte desconstitucionalizó -asignándole al legislador ordinario- el tema de la definición de los montos para que procedan las distintas modalidades de licitación -pública o abreviada- con lo cual se trata, claramente, de un extremo librado a libertad de configuración legislativa.
Por lo anterior, en los casos en que no se alcance el parámetro cuantitativo o monto definido en el numeral 22 del proyecto, si bien resulta excluida la licitación pública deberá acudirse a otra forma de licitación como la abreviada -procedimiento que también garantiza el correcto y regular uso de los fondos públicos-, por lo que no cabe entender que la regla será la contratación directa. Nótese que el artículo 22, párrafo 3°, preceptúa, al final, que “Si de la aplicación de este párrafo resultan límites inferiores a los establecidos en el artículo 27 de la Ley No. 7494, Contratación administrativa, se utilizarán los indicados en dicha ley”. Debe tomarse en consideración que el proyecto de ley consultado establece un régimen de contratación singular y específico, no se trata de una reforma a la Ley de la Contratación Administrativa, por cuanto, el fin es permitirle al ICE competir en un mercado abierto de las telecomunicaciones conforme al mandato popular dispuesto en el referéndum que aprobó el TLC EE.UU, Centroamérica y República Dominicana (Ley referendaria No. 8622 de 21 de noviembre de 2007).
(el destacado no corresponde al original) En términos financieros y de conformidad con los estudios presupuestarios realizados por los legisladores, tenemos que el presupuesto de referencia que utiliza actualmente el ICE a efecto de aplicar los procedimientos de licitación pública, licitación abreviada o contratación directa establecido en el artículo 27 de la Ley de Contratación Administrativa y según actualizaciones de la Contraloría General de la República, representa apenas un 10% de su presupuesto de compras. Además, los límites económicos están representados por montos fijos y no en expresiones porcentuales de su presupuesto. Ello implica en la práctica que los límites del ICE en términos reales, constituyen una décima parte del porcentaje base establecido por el órgano contralor. Es decir, el límite expresado como porcentaje del presupuesto del ICE es de un 0.06% en el caso de la licitación pública, mientras que el límite expresado como porcentaje del presupuesto base para todos los demás casos es de un 0.6%.
La fórmula propone ajustar esta situación, para que el límite también sea de un 0.6%, como parámetro para optar por un procedimiento de licitación pública (ver dictamen afirmativo de mayoría a folios 5196-5308, Tomo XVI). Así las cosas, no observa este Tribunal que la fórmula propuesta sea inconstitucional por violatoria de los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, pues, la intención del legislador es adecuar los parámetros de la contratación administrativa a las propias particularidades presupuestarias del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. (el destacado no corresponde al original)” (opinión consultiva nro. 2008-011210 de las 15 horas del 16 de julio de 2008) De esta forma, de lo dicho hasta ahora, se pueden obtener varias conclusiones de interés, a saber: a) que, indudablemente, como parte de los compromisos adquiridos por el Estado costarricense en el TLC, se incluyó la obligación especifica de emitir un “nuevo marco jurídico para fortalecer al ICE, a través de su modernización apropiada”; b) resulta lógico y razonable estimar que dotar al ICE de un régimen especial de contratación administrativa ágil, eficiente y eficaz, adaptado a sus particulares necesidades, constituye un componente fundamental y esencial de ese nuevo marco jurídico -de consuno con el contenido y espíritu del TLC-; c) esta Sala ya estimó que, prima facie, no resulta incompatible con el Derecho de la Constitución dotar al ICE de un régimen de contratación singular y específico, que se ajuste a sus propias particularidades presupuestarias, de forma que se le permita “competir en un mercado abierto de las telecomunicaciones conforme al mandato popular dispuesto en el referéndum que aprobó el TLC EE.UU, Centroamérica y República Dominicana (Ley referendaria No. 8622 de 21 de noviembre de 2007)”; y c) derogar o suprimir tal régimen especial de contratación administrativa, afectando sustancialmente con esto la competitividad del ICE, supone -en definitiva- oponerse el sentido o contenido del tratado.
Como así lo resalta la Procuraduría General de la República, la parte accionante no se limita a argumentar en abstracto una presunta afectación a la competitividad del ICE, como producto de la normativa impugnada, sino que aporta ejemplos concretos. Entre otros aspectos, se destaca que ahora el ICE deberá recurrir a procedimientos más rigurosos en cuantos a plazos y etapas, lo que dilata la adquisición de bienes y servicios. El accionante aporta una tabla que demuestra el tipo de contratación a la que podría recurrir la institución, en el 2022, en aplicación del régimen especial previsto en la Ley nro. 8660:
LÍMITES DE CONTRATACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA AÑO 2022 Cálculo según artículo 22 de la Ley Nº 8660 Instituciones Licitación Pública Licitación abreviada Contratación Directa Estrato de referencia1 Igual a o más de Menos de Igual o más de Menos de Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) 6 041 595 408,00 6 041 595 408,00 101 100 000,00 101 100 000,00 A Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico de Cartago (JASEC) 697 414 414,00 697 414 414,00 28 260 000, 00 28 260 000,00 C También aporta una tabla, que muestra el procedimiento al que debería recurrir la institución en el 2023, en aplicación de la normativa cuestionada:
Umbrales año 2023 (montos en colones) Régimen Tipo de contratación Licitación Mayor Licitación Menor Licitación reducida Igual a o más de Menos de Igual o más de Menos de Ordinario Bienes y Servicios 264.519.083 264.519.083 66.129.771 66.129.771 Obras 712.166.540 712.166.540 178.041.690 178.041.690 Diferenciado Bienes y Servicios 317.422.900 317.422.900 79.355.725 79.355.725 Obras 1.139.466.819 1.139.466.819 284.866.705 284.866.705 Lo que acredita que, con umbrales menores, ahora debe recurrir a procedimientos más complejos.
Finalmente, el accionante aporta una tabla que refleja el impacto que lo anterior puede tener en términos de plazos para resolver los distintos tipos de procedimientos:
Ley General Contratación Pública Licitación Mayor* Plazo mínimo Licitación menor *Máximo Licitación reducida *Plazo máximo Recepción de ofertas 15 15 5 Adjudicación 30 30 10 Recurso de objeción 24 8 5 Recurso de revocatoria/apelación 62 28 12 Total 131 81 32 Ley de Fortalceimiento (sic) y Modernización Licitación Pública *Plazo Mínimo Licitación Abreviada *Plazo máximo Contratación Directa escasa cuantía *Plazo máximo Recepción de ofertas 10 20 5 Adjudicación 20 40 10 Recurso de objeción 12 15 0 Recurso de revocatoria/apelación 45 27 0 Total 87 102 15 Lo anterior evidencia el efecto en la tramitación de los procedimientos de contratación para el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, pues, ante umbrales menores, debe recurrir a procedimientos más complejos, así como prima facie más prolongados.
Por lo demás, aunque se argumente que la ley impugnada prevé un apartado de regulaciones especiales para las empresas en competencia, incluido expresamente el ICE, como bien hace ver la Procuraduría General de la República, este “apartado especial de normas igualmente resulta de aplicación general para diversas empresas públicas, las cuales no comparten las mismas características y condiciones del ICE, tanto en el alcance y cobertura de sus servicios, como en el monto del presupuesto global del que disponen para efectuar adquisiciones de bienes y servicios. Asimismo, dicho régimen especial no cubre todos los procesos de contratación administrativa que puedan llevar a cabo este tipo de empresas públicas, sino que ello queda sometido a una serie de supuestos y requisitos que implican restricciones, lo cual entonces sigue provocando una diferencia sensible con las herramientas que brindaba la Ley 8660”.
En definitiva, concluye este Tribunal que debe acogerse la acción en análisis respecto de los artículos previamente indicados, por cuanto, se constata una afectación general en detrimento de la competitividad del ICE y no se observa una justificación válida para derogar o suprimir el régimen especial y diferenciado de contratación administrativa dispuesto para esa institución en la Ley nro. 8660. Lo que implica oponerse el sentido o contenido del referido tratado internacional.
Como corolario de lo anterior, debe anularse el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley nro. 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública, en cuanto se dispuso la derogatoria de los 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley nro. 8660, de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, de 8 de agosto de 2008, y, en consecuencias, estos numerales recobran su vigencia. Ahora bien, no puede pasar inadvertido para esta Sala que el artículo 20 de la Ley nro. 8660, establece como -regla general- que la “Ley de Contratación Administrativa, N.° 7494, de 1° de mayo de 1996, sus reformas, y su Reglamento se aplicarán de manera supletoria”, pero la citada ley ha sido derogada por la Ley nro. 9986; en consecuencia, ahora debe entenderse que tal supletoriedad está referida a la Ley General de Contratación Pública y su reglamento, en lo no previsto y en lo que no se oponga a la Ley nro. 8660 y su reglamento.
Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley nro. 9986, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad.
9986. Respecto del artículo 134, inciso d), debe desestimarse la acción, pues, en cuanto a este reproche en particular, no existe una adecuada fundamentación. El escrito de interposición no contiene una argumentación precisa, suficiente y debidamente circunstanciada sobre los agravios y fundamentos de la alegada infracción al Derecho de la Constitución en lo que se refiera a tal disposición normativa. Sobre este punto, de tenerse presente lo que ha resuelto en este Tribunal en diversas ocasiones, sobre el deber de fundamentación que recae en la parte accionante. Esta Sala ha indicado que:
“SOBRE LA NECESARIA FUNDAMENTACIÓN DEL ESCRITO EN EL QUE SE FORMULE LA ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD. Según se indicó, la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que, si no se reúnen, imposibilitan a la Sala conocer de la impugnación que se pretende. Uno de esos requisitos corresponde a la necesaria fundamentación del escrito en el que se formule la acción de inconstitucionalidad. La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 3, dispone que “Se tendrá por infringida la Constitución Política cuando ello resulte de la confrontación del texto de la norma o acto cuestionado, de sus efectos, o de su interpretación o aplicación por las autoridades públicas, con las normas y principios constitucionales”. Ahora bien, para que este Tribunal tenga por configurada la infracción y pueda declarar la inconstitucionalidad de la norma o acto impugnado, con la consecuente anulación y expulsión del ordenamiento jurídico, quien promueva una acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene la carga de demostrar cómo esa disposición infringe el Derecho de la Constitución y, además, debe indicar por qué debe estimarse la demanda.
Esto es denominado por esta Sala como la carga de la argumentación, es decir, que “una norma que facialmente (sic) sea contraria a la Constitución, vuelca la carga de la argumentación a quienes sostengan que en realidad no hay conflicto entre esa norma y la Constitución Política; lo contrario sucede si se acciona contra una norma que en primer examen no parece contraria a la Constitución, en cuya hipótesis es el accionante el que debe avanzar con los argumentos que convenzan acerca de la inconstitucionalidad” (véase la sentencia nro. 0184-95 de las 16:30 horas del 10 de enero de 1995). En una sentencia posterior, esta Sala expuso, en cuanto a la falta de exposición de los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad en materia de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, lo siguiente:
“La acción de inconstitucionalidad se interpone con el argumento de que el Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado es nocivo, lesiona e infringe los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, el derecho a la salud y a los compromisos internacionales suscritos con el Protocolo de Kyoto. Pese a la oportunidad otorgada a los accionantes, se confirma lo que indica la Procuraduría General de la República, de que no existe un análisis concreto de las disposiciones del Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado que se consideran inconstitucionales, sino que el mismo se limita a establecer discrepancias de forma genérica y en abstracto contra la totalidad del Reglamento, más aún contra toda actividad que desempeñan los ingenios Azucareros y Haciendas, pues sostienen que causan inconvenientes en la calidad de vida y en la salud de los habitantes circunvecinos, sin concretar qué argumentos de constitucionalidad se deben tomar en cuenta en contra de cada una de las disposiciones o grupos del normas del Reglamento impugnado. […] El párrafo primero del artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece la obligación de autenticar los escritos de interposición de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, toda vez que se estima necesario que existan argumentos esgrimidos por un profesional en Derecho, que no descarta este Tribunal responda a un serio estudio del fondo técnico y científico de una determinada materia, dada la diversidad y universalidad de las normas del ordenamiento jurídico.
A diferencia de los procesos de garantías, es decir, los recursos de hábeas corpus y de amparo, que los puede interponer directamente cualquier interesado ante la jurisdicción constitucional en defensa de sus derechos fundamentales, generalmente contra actos u omisiones que le lesionan en su esfera particular (aunque no siempre como en los casos ambientales), en los procesos de defensa de la Constitución Política (como la acción de inconstitucionalidad), el legislador confió al abogado autenticante una labor cuya exigencia es aún mayor, si se quiere más elaborada y exhaustiva que debe plasmar en el libelo de interposición en razón de su oficio profesional, para demostrar al Tribunal la lesión a la norma constitucional por parte de una norma de menor rango, socavando el principio de supremacía constitucional contenida en el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política. Precisamente la elaboración material y formal de la Ley, así como de las demás disposiciones secundarias, suponen un proceso sumamente costoso para el Estado, en la que de muchas maneras para su elaboración ha participado la sociedad civil organizada a favor o en contra, y cuyos procedimientos de formación, aprobación y promulgación no debe analizarse a la ligera.
En este sentido, debe reconocer esta Sala que existe un reducido espacio para este Tribunal para socorrer las ausencias manifiestas de los profesionales en derecho que autentican los escritos en esta jurisdicción constitucional, sin exponer la imparcialidad y análisis que se debe a cada una de las acciones de inconstitucionalidad.” (sentencia nro. 2012-05285 de 15:03 horas de 25 de abril de 2012).” (voto nro. 2023-031744 de las 9:30 horas del 6 de diciembre de 2023) Consideraciones aplicables al sub judice, por lo que procede desestimar la acción en cuanto a este punto.
Por mayoría se declara parcialmente con lugar la acción y, en consecuencia, se anula por inconstitucional el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública. Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Sobre el artículo 134 inciso d) de la Ley 9986 se declara sin lugar la acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y declara sin lugar la acción por considerarla inadmisible debido a razones procesales de legitimación.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.-
Por tanto:
Por mayoría se declara parcialmente con lugar la acción y, en consecuencia, se anula por inconstitucional el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986 del 27 de mayo de 2021, Ley General de Contratación Pública. Respecto de los artículos 1, 2, 68, 69 y 70 de la misma ley, se declara que son inconstitucionales en cuanto a su aplicación al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. Sobre el artículo 134 inciso d) de la Ley 9986 se declara sin lugar la acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y declara sin lugar la acción por considerarla inadmisible debido a razones procesales de legitimación. Esta sentencia tiene efectos declarativos y retroactivos a la fecha de vigencia de la disposición anulada, sin perjuicio de derechos adquiridos de buena fe. Conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 91 párrafo 2 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción, se dimensionan los efectos de esta declaratoria de forma que recobran su vigencia los artículos 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 y 29 de la Ley 8660, Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones, de 8 de agosto de 2008, derogados por el artículo 135 inciso c) de la Ley 9986.
Respecto del artículo 20 la supletoriedad debe entenderse referida a la Ley General de Contratación Pública. Reséñese este pronunciamiento en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta y publíquese íntegramente en el Boletín Judicial. Comuníquese al presidente ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y al presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa. Notifíquese a la Procuraduría General de la República y a las partes.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H. Alexandra Alvarado P.
Res. 2024022483 Voto salvado del magistrado Rueda Leal. Tal como lo he expresado en otros casos, estimo que una cualidad del interés difuso consiste precisamente, en que su afectación es general -esto es, incide en toda una población o en amplios sectores de ella- dentro de un contexto, donde no se precisa que los sujetos perjudicados se conozcan entre sí (incluso podrían carecer de nexo o relaciones jurídicas entre ellos), pero sí se requiere de la presencia de una misma situación de daño o peligro a un bien constitucional que, por igual y sin necesidad de individualización alguna, comprende y aglomera a toda una sociedad en abstracto. Su defensa tiene como finalidad satisfacer una necesidad de la sociedad como tal, por ello, es trascendente a la de un ser humano individual o colectivamente considerado. En sentencia nro. 2019-17397 de las 12:54 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, este Tribunal reiteró lo siguiente:
“(…) En segundo lugar, se prevé la posibilidad de acudir en defensa de "intereses difusos"; este concepto, cuyo contenido ha ido siendo delineado paulatinamente por parte de la Sala, podría ser resumido en los términos empleados en la sentencia de este tribunal número 3750-93, de las quince horas del treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) "… Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificados o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter".
En síntesis, los intereses difusos son aquellos cuya titularidad pertenece a grupos de personas no organizadas formalmente, pero unidas a partir de una determinada necesidad social, una característica física, su origen étnico, una determinada orientación personal o ideológica, el consumo de un cierto producto, etc. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. En estos casos, claro, la impugnación que el miembro de uno de estos sectores podría efectuar amparado en el párrafo 2° del artículo 75, deberá estar referida necesariamente a disposiciones que lo afecten en cuanto tal. Esta Sala ha enumerado diversos derechos a los que les ha dado el calificativo de "difusos", tales como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y del buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
Al respecto deben ser efectuadas dos precisiones: por un lado, los referidos bienes trascienden la esfera tradicionalmente reconocida a los intereses difusos, ya que se refieren en principio a aspectos que afectan a la colectividad nacional y no a grupos particulares de ésta; un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad; del mismo modo, la defensa del buen manejo que se haga de los fondos públicos autorizados en el Presupuesto de la República es un interés de todos los habitantes de Costa Rica, no tan solo de un grupo cualquiera de ellos. Por otra parte, la enumeración que ha hecho la Sala Constitucional no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación –como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales; lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que –como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.
Finalmente, cuando el párrafo 2° del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional habla de intereses "que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto", se refiere a los bienes jurídicos explicados en las líneas anteriores, es decir, aquellos cuya titularidad reposa en los mismos detentadores de la soberanía, en cada uno de los habitantes de la República.
No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional, sin que tampoco en este campo sea válido ensayar cualquier intento de enumeración taxativa” (véase la sentencia No. 2007- 01145).” En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas. Es por ello, precisamente, que, a partir de la sentencia nro. 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas de 3 de febrero de 2021, considero, a diferencia de la Mayoría de este Tribunal, que algunos de estos intereses pueden estar plasmados en un caso particular en concreto, sin perder por ello su condición de interés difuso, tal como ocurre con la protección al ambiente, cuyo impacto afecta a una persona y a todos en general; y puede ser individualizada tal afectación en una situación en particular, como por ejemplo, la construcción de una fábrica en un sector vecino determinado, sin los estudios ambientales respectivos, cuyos efectos negativos incidan en la capa de ozono del planeta.
Indudablemente el resultado de un reclamo o proceso que pueda plantear un vecino contra esa fábrica no solo incidirá en sus intereses propios, sino también en el resto de la colectividad. Por ello, constituye un interés difuso; y, sin embargo, también es objeto de una situación particular individualizada. Ahora bien, ello no quiere decir, en modo alguno, que en toda situación invocada se pueda alegar la existencia de un interés difuso, aunque este pueda ser objeto de una situación particular. Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso.
Justamente, en el caso concreto no observo la presencia de un interés difuso, ya que la normativa impugnada no se traduce en una afectación socialmente difuminada, sino que es determinada. En este caso, la mera cuestión relativa a la competitividad y eficiencia de una empresa pública que se encuentra en régimen de competencia no conlleva per se una lesión a intereses diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, de modo que no se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas. A partir de lo anterior, es claro que tales aspectos no pueden ser considerados como intereses difusos, lo que implica que la parte accionante (Sindicato de Ingenieros del ICE) carece de legitimación para interponer esta acción.
En adición, aun cuando es un sindicato el que plantea este proceso de control de constitucionalidad, las normas impugnadas no inciden en las obligaciones, potestades o facultades de los miembros de la organización, por lo que tampoco observo que se recurra en defensa de intereses colectivos. Justamente, en la sentencia nro. 2010014785 de las 14:48 horas del 1º de setiembre de 2010, la Sala dispuso:
“III.- Sobre la legitimación del Sindicato para acudir en defensa de intereses colectivos. En relación con la legitimación de los sindicatos para acudir en defensa de los intereses de sus agremiados, la Sala ha indicado que pueden hacerlo siempre y cuando la eventual declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas, incida en las obligaciones, potestades o facultades de los miembros de esa colectividad (ver sentencia número 02765-98 de las 10:51 horas del 24 de abril de 1998). En una sentencia reciente de este Tribunal, la número 3688-97 de las quince horas del día primero de julio de mil novecientos noventa y siete, se dijo textualmente:
"...para que el interés colectivo legitime a la parte que interpone la acción de inconstitucionalidad, no solo se requiere que lo alegue una organización que representa los intereses de un grupo determinable de personas, sino que debe existir al menos la posibilidad de que la eventual declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad modifique de manera favorable, las obligaciones, potestades o facultades de los miembros de esa colectividad. Es decir, que para acreditar la legitimación por interés colectivo, además de la existencia de un núcleo común de intereses entre los integrantes de la organización, se requiere que la declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas tenga relación -de incidencia o afectación- con la situación de la colectividad. De ahí que sea imprescindible por parte del que fundamenta su legitimación en la existencia de un interés colectivo, una explicación acerca de la relación que la pretensión de inconstitucionalidad tiene con la situación propia de la colectividad, específicamente con su objeto y patrimonio...”.
En consecuencia, salvo el voto y declaro sin lugar la acción por considerarla inadmisible debido a razones procesales de legitimación.
Paul Rueda L.
1 Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL votado con boleta Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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