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Res. 20407-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 19/07/2024
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denies the appeal, holding that the denial of availability was based on technical and regulatory criteria, and that disputes over zoning and water resource distribution must be resolved through ordinary channels, not amparo.La Sala declara sin lugar el recurso al considerar que la negativa de disponibilidad se basó en criterios técnicos y normativos, y que las disputas sobre la zonificación y distribución del recurso hídrico deben ventilarse en la vía ordinaria, no en amparo.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviewed an amparo action filed by Carlos Campos Zamora against the Public Services Company of Heredia (ESPH) and the Municipality of Heredia. The plaintiff challenged ESPH board agreements that restrict the granting of water connections in the districts of Los Ángeles and Concepción in San Rafael de Heredia, claiming that the restrictions are illegal, discriminatory, and lack proper scientific support. He argued that ESPH uses hydrogeological information to concentrate development in other cantons, to the detriment of the water-producing districts. ESPH defended its decisions based on technical studies endorsed by SENARA and the need to protect water sources given water stress. The Chamber dismissed the action, holding that the denial of water availability was based on technical and regulatory grounds, and that disputes over zoning and regional water distribution exceed the summary nature of amparo, falling under ordinary administrative or jurisdiction channels.La Sala Constitucional conoció un recurso de amparo contra la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia (ESPH) y la Municipalidad de Heredia, presentado por Carlos Campos Zamora. El recurrente impugnó los acuerdos de la Junta Directiva de la ESPH que restringen el otorgamiento de pajas de agua en los distritos de Los Ángeles y Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia, argumentando que las restricciones son ilegales, discriminatorias y carecen de sustento científico adecuado. Alegó que la ESPH utiliza información hidrogeológica para concentrar el desarrollo en otros cantones, en perjuicio de los distritos productores de agua. La ESPH defendió sus decisiones con base en estudios técnicos avalados por SENARA y en la necesidad de proteger las fuentes de agua ante el estrés hídrico. La Sala declaró sin lugar el recurso, sosteniendo que la negativa de disponibilidad de agua se fundamentó en razones técnicas y normativas, y que las controversias sobre la zonificación y la distribución regional del recurso exceden la vía sumaria del amparo, correspondiendo a las vías administrativas o jurisdiccionales ordinarias.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Before resolving what in law corresponds, it is noted that in judgment No. 2020002799 of 10:05 a.m. on February 11, 2020, this Court ordered: “I.- Object of the appeal.- The appellant states that she was given a lot to build her house. (...) However, she accuses that the request was rejected with the argument that there is no drinking water distribution network in front of the property. She considers that the decision of the respondent is harmful to the right to drinking water service. II.- On the issue of providing drinking water service. This Court has indicated that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, municipalities, or associations managing aqueducts and sewers, may deny drinking water availability if there are technical or legal reasons that justify it. (...) the Chamber considers that there has not been an arbitrary denial by the accused authority to provide availability of the drinking water service to the petitioner as requested, but rather, what has happened is that there is a technical and material impossibility due to the non-existence on the site of the necessary infrastructure to access what was requested, at least at this time (...). (...) it does not correspond to this Chamber to determine whether or not the requirements for granting the water supply as the appellant intends are met, nor is it appropriate to elucidate under what terms, according to the availability of water and compliance with technical and legal conditions, the supply management that is missing could eventually be authorized, since this is a task proper to the ordinary route - administrative or jurisdictional (...). (...) the verification of compliance with legal or technical requirements to obtain the requested availability corresponds to the respective administrative or jurisdictional authorities, without this Chamber being able to venture into the matter, because these are aspects of ordinary legality outside its competence. (...) Therefore, it is not appropriate for this Court through the amparo proceeding to determine, in accordance with the infraconstitutional regulations governing the matter, the particularities of the case under study and in accordance with science and technique, the age of the water consumed from the Upper and Lower Colima aquifers distributed by the ESPH, nor to examine whether the protected and restricted areas established by that company are correct or not, as indicated, among others, in the study prepared by the consulting firm Hidrogeotecnia LTDA. (...) the foregoing because carrying out such examinations would imply carrying out extensive and complex evidentiary proceedings, a task that rather concerns the ordinary legality route and not this specialized venue. (...) With regard to the construction of the sanitary sewer system, the appellant did not demonstrate having previously filed a petition before the ESPH on that matter. Therefore: The appeal is dismissed.De previo a resolver lo que en derecho corresponde, se advierte que en la sentencia nro. 2020002799 de las 10:05 horas del 11 de febrero de 2020, este Tribunal dispuso: “I.- Objeto del recurso.- La recurrente manifiesta que le dieron un lote para construir su casa. (...) Sin embargo, acusa que la solicitud fue rechazada con el argumento de que no se cuenta con una red de distribución de agua potable frente a la propiedad. Estima que lo resuelto por la recurrida es lesivo del derecho al servicio de agua potable. II.- Sobre el tema de la dotación del servicio de agua potable. Este Tribunal ha señalado que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las municipalidades, o bien, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, pueden denegar la disponibilidad de agua potable si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifiquen. (...) la Sala considera que no se ha dado una negativa arbitraria de la autoridad accionada para brindarle disponibilidad del servicio de agua potable a la gestionante como lo solicita, sino que, lo que ha ocurrido es que existe una imposibilidad técnica y material debido a la inexistencia en el sitio de la infraestructura necesaria para acceder a lo peticionado, al menos en este momento (...). (...) no corresponde a esta Sala determinar si se cumplen o no los requisitos para otorgar el suministro de agua como la recurrente lo pretende, tampoco procede dilucidar en qué términos, según la disponibilidad de agua y el cumplimiento de condiciones técnicas y legales, podría eventualmente llegar a autorizarse la gestión de abastecimiento de agua que echa de menos, toda vez que se trata de una labor propia de la vía común - administrativa o jurisdiccional (...). (...) la verificación del cumplimiento de requisitos legales o técnicos para obtener la disponibilidad solicitada, corresponde a las autoridades administrativas o jurisdiccionales respectivas, sin que esta Sala pueda incursionar en la materia, porque se trata de aspectos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia. (...) Por ello, no procede que mediante la vía de amparo este Tribunal determine, de acuerdo con la normativa infraconstitucional que rige la materia, las particularidades del caso bajo estudio y de conformidad con la ciencia y la técnica, la edad del agua que se consume de los acuíferos Colima Superior y Colima Inferior que es distribuida por la ESPH, ni examinar si las zonas protegidas y de restricción establecidas por esa empresa son o no las correctas, según lo indicado, entre otros, en el estudio elaborado por la consultora Hidrogeotecnia LTDA. (...) lo anterior por cuanto efectuar tales exámenes implicaría diligenciar abundantes y complejas diligencias probatorias, tarea que atañe más bien a la vía de la legalidad ordinaria y no a esta sede especializada. (...) En cuanto a la construcción del alcantarillado sanitario, el recurrente no demostró haber planteado gestión previa ante la ESPH sobre ese tema. Por tanto: Se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Este Tribunal ha señalado que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las municipalidades, o bien, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, pueden denegar la disponibilidad de agua potable si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifiquen."
"This Court has indicated that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, the municipalities, or the associations managing aqueducts and sewers, may deny the availability of drinking water if there are technical or legal reasons that justify it."
Considerando IV
"Este Tribunal ha señalado que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las municipalidades, o bien, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, pueden denegar la disponibilidad de agua potable si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifiquen."
Considerando IV
"no corresponde a esta Sala determinar si se cumplen o no los requisitos para otorgar el suministro de agua como la recurrente lo pretende, tampoco procede dilucidar en qué términos, según la disponibilidad de agua y el cumplimiento de condiciones técnicas y legales, podría eventualmente llegar a autorizarse la gestión de abastecimiento de agua que echa de menos, toda vez que se trata de una labor propia de la vía común - administrativa o jurisdiccional."
"it is not for this Chamber to determine whether the requirements for granting the water supply as the appellant intends are met, nor is it appropriate to elucidate under what terms, according to the availability of water and compliance with technical and legal conditions, the supply management that is missing could eventually be authorized, since this is a task proper to ordinary channels — administrative or jurisdictional."
Considerando IV (citando sentencia 2020002799)
"no corresponde a esta Sala determinar si se cumplen o no los requisitos para otorgar el suministro de agua como la recurrente lo pretende, tampoco procede dilucidar en qué términos, según la disponibilidad de agua y el cumplimiento de condiciones técnicas y legales, podría eventualmente llegar a autorizarse la gestión de abastecimiento de agua que echa de menos, toda vez que se trata de una labor propia de la vía común - administrativa o jurisdiccional."
Considerando IV (citando sentencia 2020002799)
"no procede que mediante la vía de amparo este Tribunal determine (...) la edad del agua que se consume de los acuíferos Colima Superior y Colima Inferior (...) ni examinar si las zonas protegidas y de restricción establecidas por esa empresa son o no las correctas."
"it is not appropriate for this Court through the amparo proceeding to determine (...) the age of the water consumed from the Upper and Lower Colima aquifers (...) nor to examine whether the protected and restricted areas established by that company are correct or not."
Considerando V
"no procede que mediante la vía de amparo este Tribunal determine (...) la edad del agua que se consume de los acuíferos Colima Superior y Colima Inferior (...) ni examinar si las zonas protegidas y de restricción establecidas por esa empresa son o no las correctas."
Considerando V
Full documentDocumento completo
Case File: 24-013318-0007-CO CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on the nineteenth of July, two thousand twenty-four.
An amparo action processed in case file number 24-013318-0007-CO, filed by CARLOS ALBERTO CAMPOS ZAMORA, identity card 0401200887, against the EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA (ESPH) and the MUNICIPALIDAD DE HEREDIA.
Whereas:
It turns out that in 2013 this consulting firm developed (sic) a hydrogeological study for the ESPH through which 4 zones were identified in which different types of management exist, due basically to two main variables: - Existence of recharge zones and/or springs. - Transport of contaminants. Of these four zones identified by the consulting firm Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., each has its respective study, which includes the area map and the recommendation for that specific area, so we have that: (…) Thus we have that the Ángeles district has an area of 21.23 Km² and the Concepción district has an area of 22.67 Km² for a total combined area of 43.9 Km², representing 4,390 hectares, which means that IF all the protected areas determined by Hidrogeotecnia Ltda. were located within these two districts of San Rafael, which is not the case, but it does not matter, for the moment let us assume that the 75.8 Hctas determined to be protected areas to ensure infiltration and maintenance of the flow of the springs, that would mean that only 1.72% of the territory of Ángeles and Concepción should have restrictions and not the rest of the territory, that is, 98.27% has no reason to suffer the discriminatory measures adopted by the ESPH through its JD-240-2022 Agreement, for lacking scientific support, but rather for a simple mercantilist interest of the ESPH and its majority shareholder the Municipality of Heredia, this despite having this hydrogeological study prepared by the consulting firm Hidrogeotecnia LTDA. since 2013, and which you, Honorable Magistrates, can see in the tables and graphs we present based on the open data of the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, as it has affected the canton of San Rafael and more specifically the districts of Ángeles and Concepción.
Now, the entire canton of San Rafael has an area of 48.39 Km² and by restricting the granting of water availability in the districts of Ángeles and Concepción, which have an area of 43.9 Km², this means that development is only permitted on 9% of its territory, with which, as already indicated, it is very difficult to build public works for the entire canton with so little area where development is allowed, and for that reason the streets, sidewalks, sewerage, parks and other communal works cannot be attended to in the manner or time that the citizen needs and deserves; but there is an additional aggravation, which is that by limiting development to only 9% of the canton's territory, the landowners make a killing selling lots, houses or properties at exorbitant prices, due to the inexorable law of supply and demand, which, clearly, when there is a limited supply, prices rise unjustifiably; a situation that the residents of San Rafael must endure despite having their own land, and from which a few take advantage, such as for example the condominium mentioned supra, which they have just begun to build with millionaire prices for small dwellings; on what was practically a steep slope, and which possibly the majority of San Rafael residents, due to their socioeconomic condition, cannot acquire, but unfortunately the ESPH and the Municipality of Heredia, as majority partner of that corporation, have condemned us to that.
Fourteenth: Although it forms part of the first evidence provided, I decided to leave this part for the end, since due to its forcefulness and exactness it is the perfect closing so that the Honorable Magistrates understand, in a simple way, this whole matter of water and the restrictions imposed by the ESPH. As we already said, it is important to note that the ESPH was the sponsor of the Water Forum held at the Universidad Nacional (UNA), with the participation of the University of Arlington Texas (UTA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the ESPH and the UNA. It is worth highlighting that the UNA forms part of the Board of Directors of the ESPH, which makes decisions regarding restrictions or availability. So we have that, as has been said, all these organizations and their scientists used three methods to determine the age of the water we consume and the places where that water is recharged, namely Tritium, which is a radioactive tracer, stable isotopes and noble gases, given that Tritium decays over time, that is, age changes it, so mathematically the age of the water we consume can be determined, which determined that the water of the Barva aquifer, which is somewhat superficial, has ages ranging from 4 to 44 years, and the Upper Colima and Lower Colima aquifers, which are deeper, have ages of more than 60 to 80 years.
Then, with the noble gases that react to pressure and temperature changing their composition, they indicate to us with exactness the place where it was recharged, that is, if the temperature of the same, to cite the same example given by PhD Ricardo Sanchez (sic), yields a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius (See minute 3:10:31 of the Water Forum video), then go to the mountain range and look for that temperature of 15 degrees Celsius, and that is where that water was recharged, because those noble gases dissolved at that temperature. But that is not all, the stable isotopes and the same noble gases yield a recharge range that goes from an elevation of 1500 masl to 2700 masl (See minute 3:14:33 to 3:15 of the Water Forum video), as can be seen in the following figure: (…) Based on all the foregoing, I request: 1- As I indicated (sic) supra, I invoke the diffuse interest, being one more of the inhabitants harmed by the illegal and discriminatory agreements of the Board of Directors of the ESPH that restrict the availability of potable water in the district of Concepción.
Additionally, for purposes of standing, I request that this amparo appeal be declared well-founded, given that I was denied 6 potable water services for my property through Official Communication No. APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 of 8/5/2023, where they indicate to me that there is no water availability for the property; which is located across from a public street, and is within the urban expansion area, therefore it complies with the requirements of the MSRH, the INVU and other institutions, except for the ESPH, which does not want to provide me with potable water availability, for which reason the MSRH issued Resolution No. CAT-058.2023 of 4/12/2023; this despite it having been fully demonstrated that the property is not in an aquifer recharge zone or vulnerability zone, and that it is the same situation experienced by the vast majority of inhabitants of the districts of Ángeles and Concepción. 2- That in light of the scientific studies, expert opinions, official data from the CFIA, and the studies carried out by me, Agreement JD-240-2022 be declared unconstitutional, as well as any other that is not based on science and technique to delimit the protection areas, according to (sic) truthful information. 3- That the ESPH be ordered to adopt a new Board of Directors agreement to equitably distribute water availability, according to (sic) the districts that are producers of the precious liquid and that bear the entire burden of having their properties with restricted use, versus those that do not produce it, where the percentages of water distribution would be an inverse figure to that which prevails today due to the nefarious agreements of the Board of Directors of the ESPH.
That is, water-producing cantons should have access to 30% of availabilities, and cantons that only use and enjoy the water, percentages of around 10% of the total construction works in the province. Here it is extremely important to emphasize, and for this Constitutional Chamber to take note, that inverting the use of availabilities utilized up to today by the ESPH in no way means an increase in the extraction of the liquid, but simply "turning around" the proportion with which potable water availabilities are delivered, so that, starting from the resolution of this appeal, the same be delivered to the legitimate districts and canton where the water is "produced," and not to the canton of Heredia, which has illegitimately used and enjoyed our water for its own benefit. This equitable distribution will allow municipalities like that of San Rafael to have sound resources for the well-being of its citizens.
That is, the new matrix, starting from the favorable resolution of this appeal, should henceforth be as follows: (…) Given that the ESPH, in association with the Municipality of Heredia, during the last decade has built on average 806,268 square meters per year (Eight hundred six thousand square meters), using our water for it, for the coming years the matrix must be inverted, and they will be the ones who, during the next decade, can only build 140,895 square meters per year (One hundred forty thousand square meters). And it will correspond to the Municipality of San Rafael de Heredia, according to the hydrogeological and vulnerability maps, to see how much of those 806,268 square meters are authorized to be built, if applicable, in a way that does not affect the environment nor the aforementioned aquifer recharge zones or areas. But the important thing is that the ESPH will have to be willing to grant availability up to that quantity of square meters, in case that quantity of applications exists, dispensing with its illegal zonings of A, B or C, which do not correspond to reality, but to a whimsical criterion and to favor other cantons that take the water from San Rafael, for them to achieve their own development at our expense, which they can achieve through repumping or construction of deep wells, taking into account that the altitudinal difference between Heredia and the districts of Ángeles and Concepción is approximately 400 meters. 4- That the ESPH be ordered to fulfill the commitments acquired upon assuming the municipal aqueduct of San Rafael de Heredia since 1998 to build a sanitary sewer system, which would come to collect the black and soapy waters of the canton, and so that they do not end up in the beds of our rivers (sic), for which we invite the Honorable Magistrates of the Constitutional Chamber to see them firsthand and ascertain that the former crystalline water rivers (sic) have been transformed into open-air sewers, and the ESPH is not interested, because its commitment to build a sanitary sewer system matters little to it, and this transfer of the municipal aqueduct to the ESPH should be deemed breached and, if applicable, be returned to the MSRH or to one or several ASADAS, since within the recommendations of the consultant in 2013, the importance of the construction and operation of a sanitary sewer system is clearly indicated."
the spring protection zone (zona de protección de nacientes) is a safeguarding area for the sources captured to provide potable water service, whereas restriction zones A), B) and C) are zones considered to be under water stress due to high service demand, which, pursuant to the aqueduct study and the supply and demand report conducted by the Potable Water and Hydrant Business, makes it necessary to limit the number of services that ESPH may authorize per property. (See evidence 2- File with Agreement 10-240-2022) On the other hand, unbridled growth impacts the hydrological condition of an aqueduct; in the case of San Rafael de Heredia, the Municipality does not have a regulatory plan, a situation that affects the canton’s ability to precisely control habitable zones, zones that are aquifer recharge areas or high-vulnerability zones, as well as the spring protection zones (áreas de protección de nacientes) captured by the service operator.
It is important to note that a canton’s development without proper urban control can generate a negative impact on water resources, making it essential to prevent and/or reduce the risk of contamination, since all potentially contaminating activity must be controlled or limited within the spring protection zone (área de protección de nacientes) (…) TWELFTH: It is not true. In this regard, it is important to note that the agreement number cited by the appellant is incorrect; he mentions Agreement JD-176-2014, whereas the agreement the Board of Directors cites in guideline one of restriction zone C is JD-021-2017, and this is used as a reference point. Agreement JD-021-2017 does NOT determine the restriction zones; these zones were defined through the study of Potable Water Supply and Demand Balance in the aqueduct managed by ESPH, so it is false that this represents legal uncertainty. (…) THIRTEENTH: It is not true.
The study mentioned by the appellant was conducted by the consulting firm HIDROGEOTECNIA Ltda. in 2013. Its main objective was to define and delimit the protection zones for the springs (nacientes) known as La Hoja (Chorreras), Iris Hernández, and Mata de Plátano. These springs are potable water sources used by ESPH S.A. and form a vital part of the San Rafael de Heredia aqueduct. The methodology employed by the consulting firm HIDROGEOTECNIA Ltda. is official in nature, defined by the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA). The study in question bears the approval (visto bueno) of said entity. Mr. Campos Zamora makes a serious error by comparing the total areas defined for the protection of these sources with the total area of the districts of Los Ángeles and Concepción de San Rafael, since the purpose of the study was to protect the aforementioned springs and not to restrict the granting of services in the entirety of those districts.
The appellant shows a very serious lack of reading comprehension and seeks to confuse with an argument that is irrelevant. The ESPH S.A. Board of Directors Agreements mentioned by Mr. Campos Zamora in fact four take into account many other technical factors such as water supply and demand, and were not based exclusively on the study by the consulting firm HIDROGEOTECNIA Ltda. Finally, an analogy defined solely by area has no scientific basis, since water outcrops occur in specific zones where the water table is cut, and it is from these zones that the flow tubes to be protected are delimited and determined. FOURTEENTH: It is partially true. It is true that ESPH participated in the Water Forum held by the National University; this forum was an activity under the scope of the cooperation agreement between ESPH and UNA, where the aim was to present the achievements of 10 years of continuous hydrometeorological network monitoring to the civil community.
Through this agreement, ESPH and Dr. Ricardo Sánchez Murillo have published a series of scientific articles with their findings on the Barva-Colima aquifer system, notably including groundwater transit time or age, origin of precipitation, nitrate sources, and aquifer recharge elevation. This last topic addresses the preferential zones where infiltration of precipitated water into the mentioned aquifers occurs, but these preferential zones are not the only places where infiltration and subsequent aquifer recharge occur. Infiltration can occur at any site with bare soil, i.e., not sealed with concrete, asphalt, or metal. Again, Mr. Campos Zamora demonstrates his ignorance and lack of understanding of a very complex subject, whose comprehension requires many years of study, like those required by Dr. Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo to obtain his PhD in Water Resources from the University of Idaho in the United States in 2010.
Mr. Campos Zamora points out on page 49 in a very simplistic and erroneous manner that "then go to the mountain range and look for that temperature of 15 degrees Celsius, and that is where that water was recharged, because those noble gases dissolved at that temperature." Evidently, the gentleman does not understand the subject, or failing that, deliberately attempts to confuse with what he could understand from a very complex scientific article. It must again be noted that the ESPH S.A. Board of Directors Agreements mentioned by Mr. Campos Zamora in Section Four take into account many other technical factors such as water supply and demand, and were not based exclusively on the studies developed under the cooperation agreement between UNA and ESPH. The studies carried out by both institutions are extremely serious, sponsored and endorsed by an organization as prestigious as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) based in Vienna, Austria.
Furthermore, they have the approval (visto bueno) of the Water Directorate of MINAE, and it is completely false and reckless to suggest that ESPH S.A. has used them for profit or to harm a particular canton or sector of the population. It is even more outrageous to distort and muddle without having full knowledge of the subject. Moreover, it is NOT true that the restrictions in the central districts of San Rafael de Heredia, the center of Los Ángeles, and Concepción are an arbitrary situation, and on the contrary, it is important to note that ESPH, as a service operator, manages three aqueducts: Heredia, San Rafael, and San Isidro. According to the Potable Water Supply and Demand Balance in the aqueduct managed by ESPH, the San Rafael and San Isidro aqueducts exhibit water stress, and it is due to this situation that the Board of Directors has established guidelines for granting services in the zones designated B and C of restriction.
These service restriction zones respond to an aqueduct operating condition and are in no way intended to hinder the development of the canton. It is false that the service restriction corresponds to an interest in favoring the Municipality of Heredia, or as has been insinuated, the canton of Heredia. It is important to inform this honorable Constitutional Chamber that the Heredia aqueduct has water wells, including: Esperanza 1A, Esperanza 2, San Vicente, Trébol, Malinches II, Real Santa María, Boruca, Claretiano 2, Granada, Aurora 2, Aurora 3, Malinches 1, Malinches 2, and Trébol, and that, with the exception of the Malinche well located in the canton of Barva, the cited wells are located in the canton of Heredia; on the other hand, regarding the surface water captured for distribution in the canton, this comes from springs (nacientes) located in Barva, NOT from the canton of San Rafael de Heredia.
It is clear that the appellant does not know how aqueducts operate, and due to his lack of knowledge, makes flippant statements with the sole purpose of harming our represented entity and confusing the Magistrates with inaccurate information. Regarding the matter of the approval (visado) mentioned by the appellant, that is a function of the Municipality of San Rafael as the entity responsible for land-use planning (ordenamiento territorial) in the districts cited by the appellant. Finally, the Constitutional Chamber has reiterated in its rulings that the State has an obligation to conserve and preserve the environment as a fundamental right; therefore, ESPH S.A. administers the granting of services responsibly and in accordance with current environmental law regulations, prioritizing environmental protection based on areas. Regarding the petitioner's requests, it is important to note: 1.
Agreement JD-240-2022 is neither illegal nor discriminatory; as explained in the response to this appeal, ESPH, as the potable water service operator in the province of Heredia, is responsible for managing the Heredia, San Rafael, and San Isidro aqueducts. The Potable Water Business, through operational studies, presented the hydrological condition of the aqueducts to the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors established guidelines for the provision of services based on the material limitation, namely the water stress situation present in the San Rafael aqueduct and the San Isidro de Heredia aqueduct. Likewise, based on the hydrogeological studies submitted by the Potable Water and Hydrants Business and ESPH's Environmental Management process, the Board of Directors updated the spring protection zone (zona de protección de nacientes), determined through scientific data endorsed by SENARA.
It is important to emphasize that ESPH is responsible for promoting the development, cooperation, production, and sustainable growth of potable water and electric energy resources, with the collaboration of the State and other institutions related to its scope of competence, as well as undertaking the conservation, management, and rational exploitation of energy and water resources in the Heredia region, and protecting watersheds (cuencas), springs (manantiales), riverbeds (cauces), and channels (lechos) of rivers, surface water currents, and aquifers (mantos acuíferos). Regarding what was indicated by the appellant about 6 potable water services being denied, the Potable Water and Hydrants Business informs that this is NOT true. The availability request made by Mr. Maurizio Micangeli Ceppo corresponds to an availability for one service for cadastral submission 2023-16310, to segregate an area of 2200 meters from property registration number 4-208837-000, plan H-1255728-2008, which corresponds to an agricultural parcel of the project called Lomas del Castillo.
The Lomas del Castillo project, as reported by the Local Government, is affected by the "Urban Control Area" (Área de Control Urbanístico) set forth in Decree 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE. In 2005, Mr. Carlos Campos Zamora waived 15 of the 30 services that were granted for the project, stating that the 15 requested consumption units would be distributed for 11 lot developments (lotificaciones) facing a public road and 4 agricultural parcels, with that request being approved through official letter CU045-2005. On November 11, 2019, the appellant submitted for review and subsequent approval for the granting of services the site design endorsed by INVU for 11 properties fronting a public road and 4 agricultural parcels. On April 25, 2023, the property owner requested availability for one potable water service for cadastral submission 2023-16310; the request was denied by the Potable Water and Hydrants Business because it concerns a segregation that the owner intends to make from an agricultural parcel for which ESPH authorized one potable water service in 2005, and which in 2021 was confirmed via official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-512-2021 regarding availability for the agricultural parcel, which was issued considering the site design approved by INVU for the development of the Lomas del Castillo project, of which the agricultural parcel the appellant wishes to segregate is a part.
As mentioned previously, the Lomas del Castillo project consists of 4 agricultural parcels, and the project is affected by the "Urban Control Area" (Área de Control Urbanístico) set forth in Decree 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE (…) Therefore, the Potable Water and Hydrants Business, acting in accordance with Decree 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE and the site design for the Lomas del Castillo project endorsed by INVU, does not grant availability for the area to be segregated because it concerns a lot of 2200 square meters that was not part of the Lomas del Castillo project, according to the approval that INVU issued in the site design. Consequently, it is not true that 6 water services were denied in official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023, and the denial does not correspond to service restrictions due to water stress or spring protection zones (zona de protección de nacientes). The appellant is not telling the truth by indicating that 6 services were denied, when he is aware of why the consumption units were changed from 30 services to 15 services in 2005. 2.
Agreement JD-240-2022 does not violate constitutional rights; furthermore, it is grounded in legal norms, as well as in science and technique. (…) 3. As has been demonstrated, Board of Directors Agreement JD-240-2022 is not contrary to constitutional rights and is grounded in the legal system, science, and technique. Additionally, what is requested by the appellant clearly denotes a personal interest above the collective interest. What Mr. Carlos Campos proposes is contrary to the principles of equity and IN DUBIO PRO NATURA by proposing that water be taken from sectors that, according to the appellant, do not produce water, so that it may be granted to sectors that, according to the appellant, 'produce water'. Under that proposal from the appellant, the zones that "produce water" would then be zones needing protection, as they are sectors with aquifers (mantos acuíferos) or spring capture areas.
It is important to note that there are NO "water-producing" cantons, but rather recharge zones that, precisely for that reason, must be protected. The appellant refers to this as if the cantons invested in that production. Illegitimately usufructing? The foregoing is a serious accusation; the appellant omits that the water is concessioned for proper exploitation in accordance with the law, for proper distribution throughout the served area, with clear and necessary limitations for each zone according to their characteristics, and grounded in responsible scientific studies endorsed by years of work. 4. ESPH, based on its clearly defined policies and social and environmental responsibility, is developing the Heredia Environmental Sanitation Project, which includes Heredia, San Rafael, the district of Santa Lucía de Barva, and San Isidro de Heredia. This Project will allow ESPH subscribers to dispose of their wastewater in a responsible and supportive manner, as it will ensure that the water consumed and used in daily activities is returned to the environment in acceptable decontamination conditions, just as required by Costa Rican legislation.
Being a project of great magnitude, and therefore with a high budget, it must be planned with the greatest possible detail. It is not true that there is no interest in solving the wastewater problem; on the contrary, ESPH's Business Development Support department has been achieving each stage of this important Project one by one, and due to its relevance, the Ministry of Health and the Government of the Republic have declared it a Project of Public and National Interest by Executive Decree DM-FP-4385-2015. This declaration unequivocally demonstrates the national importance of the works intended by the Heredia Environmental Sanitation Project undertaken by ESPH. The Project includes different phases: studies, design, financing, execution, operation, and maintenance of the works required for the collection, treatment, and final disposal of ordinary wastewater generated in some of the urban centers of the province of Heredia, including San Rafael de Heredia.
The Feasibility Study and the Project designs were completed in 2016, and to date, progress has been made according to the defined schedule, including negotiations with other entities, municipalities, and private developers for the establishment of easements (servidumbres) and land purchases. Currently, all permits are current and up to date, including the Environmental Viability (SETENA) granted via Resolution No. 1596-2016-SETENA of July 4, 2019; the Land Use for the WWTPs (municipalities); the Fluvial Alignment for the WWTPs (INVU); the Discharge Permits for both WWTPs (Water Directorate of MINAE); and Location Permits for the WWTPs (Ministry of Health). Additionally, the approval (Visado) of all plans for networks, collectors, pumping stations, discharge lines, crossings, and treatment plants has been obtained from the Federated College of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica (CFIA). 90% of the properties necessary for the Project works have already been acquired, including the land for the wastewater treatment plants.
At this moment, the Project is in the phase of defining the most suitable financial model for the Project's execution and securing the respective financing for the investment phase; furthermore, work is underway on preparing the final version of the tender documents, according to the defined model, to begin the contracting process for the First Construction Stage. An agreement with AyA is even being developed to use its Los Tajos wastewater treatment plant, which would allow reducing the initial Project investment that is around 160 million US dollars. Additionally, nearly 8 million dollars have been invested in studies, designs, land purchases, procedures, and many other activities essential for its progress. (See evidence 4- Official letter GER-DE-PR-85-2024). On the other hand, Mr. Carlos Campos forgets the reasons why the San Rafael aqueduct was transferred to ESPH, so it is considered important to indicate that the Municipality of San Rafael declared itself incompetent, both technically and financially, to continue with the aqueduct's administration; faced with that situation, AyA intervened, and subsequently, an agreement was established for the transfer of the aqueduct's administration to ESPH (…) Based on the foregoing, I request that this amparo appeal be dismissed, as there is no omission, conduct, or reprehensible act that violates a constitutional right, and that Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S.A. be exonerated from all liability, without an award of costs, damages, or losses against my represented entity.”
Written by Magistrate Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
The plaintiff challenges the agreements made by the ESPH Board of Directors that restrict the granting of pajas de agua to the sectors of Ángeles and Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia. He recounts that, by means of the corresponding hydrogeological studies conducted by the Municipality of San Rafael de Heredia, it is possible to determine which aquifer recharge areas and vulnerabilities must be protected. He adds that ESPH, despite having this knowledge, illegally restricts the granting of pajas de agua to those sectors, in order to distribute them discriminatorily among the cantons of Heredia, Belén, and Flores, among others, which are not collectors of potable water but rather those that usufruct the water collected in the districts of Ángeles and Concepción. He maintains that, due to this situation, ESPH denied him, through official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 of May 8, 2023, six potable water services, since there supposedly is no availability, even though the property is on a public road and within an urban expansion area, and not within an aquifer recharge zone (zona de recarga acuífera) or vulnerability zone. He requests that Agreement No. 240-2022 adopted by the aforementioned company be annulled and that, consequently, ESPH be ordered to adopt a new agreement to equitably distribute water availabilities and to build a sanitary sewer system.
The following facts are deemed duly demonstrated as relevant to the decision in this matter:
“1. The Board of Directors of Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A. agrees to maintain the Zones of Absolute Prohibition (State); Spring Protection Zones and to apply restrictions for the granting of new potable water and/or electric power services, in the zones described below:
A. Absolute Prohibition Zone: This zone includes the following areas:
I.Area within the boundaries of Braulio Carrillo National Park, established by Executive Decree No. 17003-MAG of April 13, 1986, published in La Gaceta on May 17, 1986, and modified by the expansion carried out through Decree No. 39259-MINAE published in La Gaceta 237 of 12/07/2015.
II.Protection areas bordering permanent springs (nacientes), defined in a radius of one hundred meters measured horizontally, according to Article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) (No. 7575, February 13, 1996).
III.The lands surrounding wells captured for population supply, within a perimeter no less than a distance of forty meters in radius, according to Article 8 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) (No. 276 of August 27, 1942), and the lands surrounding the catchment sites or potable water supply intakes, within a perimeter no less than two hundred meters in radius, according to Article 31 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) (No. 276 of August 27, 1942).
IV.Area within the boundaries of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range Forest Reserve established by Executive Decree No. 4961-A of June 26, 1975.
V.The inalienable zone declared according to Law No. LXV of 1888 of July 30, 1888. (In compliance with Constitutional Chamber ruling No. 2008-12109 of three sixteen p.m. on August fifth, two thousand eight).
VI.Area of the microwatersheds (microcuencas) of the surface catchments of the Mata de Caña and Mata de Maíz rivers, according to the Hydrological study for surface catchments, prepared by Hidrogeotecnia Ltda. (2015).
In this zone, the granting of services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. In this zone, Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A. shall not grant electric power or potable water services under any circumstance. Except for lands that are of Institutional interest for improving service provision; or for the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) for scientific and environmental protection purposes.
2. No extensions of power lines and potable water distribution networks shall be made for the purpose of granting new services.
3. ESPH may carry out infrastructure works such as conduction or pumping pipelines, storage tanks, treatment plants, and other infrastructure associated with the collection, storage, treatment, and conveyance of potable water. Likewise, it shall provide public lighting service; and, if necessary, shall only carry out extensions of electric power networks for powering public lighting and/or telecommunications; exclusively on public roads, duly incorporated into the map of the Technical Road Management Unit of the respective municipality and/or the National Road Network map of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
B. Spring Protection Zone: Zone 2 (100-day Isochron). This zone includes the following areas:
I.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of capture and protection zones for the springs (manantiales): La Hoja, Iris Hernández, and Mata de Plátano (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2013).
Approved by SENARA under Resolution DIGH-UGH-OF-256-2013.
II.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): Carlos Steinvoth, Arrieta, Arrieta Anexa (Hidroterra S.A., 2013).
Approved by SENARA under Resolution SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
III.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): Flores 1 and Flores 2 (Hidroterra S.A., 2013). Approved by SENARA under Resolution SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
IV.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): 29, 29A, Sacramento and Botho Steinvorth (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2014). Approved by SENARA under Resolution SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
In this zone, the provision of services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. In this zone, the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A. shall not grant electric power or drinking water services, under any circumstances. Except for land that is of Institutional interest for the improvement of service provision; or to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) for scientific and environmental protection purposes.
2. No extensions of power lines and the drinking water distribution network shall be made for the purpose of granting new services.
3. The ESPH may carry out infrastructure works such as conduction or impulsion pipelines, storage tanks, treatment plants, and other infrastructure associated with the capture, storage, treatment, and conduction of drinking water. Likewise, it shall provide the public lighting service; and if necessary, it shall only carry out extensions of electric power networks to supply public lighting and/or telecommunications; exclusively on public roads, duly incorporated in the map of the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the respective municipality and/or the National Road Network map of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Trasportes.
C. Spring (Naciente) Protection Zone: Zone 3 (500-day Isochrone). This zone includes the following areas:
I.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): La Hoja, Iris Hernández, and Mata de Plátano (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2013). Approved by SENARA under Resolution DIGH-UGH-OF-256-2013.
II.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): Carlos Steinvoth, Arrieta, Arrieta Anexa (Hidroterra S.A., 2013).
Approved by SENARA under Resolution SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
III.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): Flores 1 and Flores 2 (Hidroterra S.A., 2013). Approved by SENARA under Resolution SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
IV.Hydrogeological study for the delimitation of the capture and protection zones of the springs (manantiales): 29, 29A, Sacramento and Botho Steinvorth (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2014). Approved by SENARA under Resolution SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
In this zone, the provision of services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. A single service for single-family residential use shall be granted per property (finca) located on a public road frontage or with access by easement (servidumbre), where electric power lines or a drinking water distribution network exist, and which was registered before Agreement JD-076-2008, which came into effect on April 10, 2008, in the official gazette La Gaceta. For service requests on a property that was not previously affected by the footprint of the area delimited as the "Source Protection" Zone (Zona de “Protección de Fuentes”) of Agreement JD-076-2008, the request shall be analyzed according to (sic) the area of the Spring Protection Zone: Zone 3 (500 days) and its effective date of publication in the official gazette La Gaceta. Likewise, one service shall be granted for installations of the ESPH S. A., or to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) for scientific and environmental protection purposes.
2. No additional services shall be provided to properties (fincas) that already have drinking water service.
3. No availability of energy and/or drinking water shall be provided for applications that consider divisions of the property (finca) on a public road frontage or in an easement (servidumbre).
4. No extensions of power lines and the drinking water distribution network shall be made for the purpose of granting new services.
5. The ESPH may carry out infrastructure works such as conduction or impulsion pipelines, storage tanks, treatment plants, and other infrastructure associated with the capture, storage, treatment, and conduction of drinking water. Likewise, it shall provide the public lighting service; and if necessary, it shall only carry out extensions of electric power networks to supply public lighting and/or telecommunications; exclusively on public roads, duly incorporated in the map of the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the respective municipality and/or the National Road Network map of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Trasportes.
6. No availability of drinking water services shall be provided for housing projects (proyectos habitacionales).
Drinking Water Service Restriction Zones:
D. Drinking water service Restriction Zone A: This zone is associated with areas considered to be under high water stress (estrés hídrico alto). In this zone, the provision of drinking water services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. No type of availability (disponibilidad) shall be provided.
E. Drinking water service Restriction Zone B: This zone is associated with areas considered to be under medium water stress (estrés hídrico medio). In this zone, the provision of services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. Availability (disponibilidad) shall be provided for a single service per property (finca) that was registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta.
2. No additional services shall be provided to properties (fincas) that already have drinking water service.
3. No availability (disponibilidad) shall be provided for drinking water service applications that consider divisions of the property (finca) on a public road frontage or in an easement (servidumbre).
4. For Non-residential service applications (Commerce, Industry, and Government Institutions), the opinion of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes shall be requested for its response. The interested party must submit the application using the form "Solicitud de Disponibilidad de Servicios No Ordinarios", providing the requirements found on the ESPH website.
5. When an extension of availability (prórroga de disponibilidad) is requested, it may be granted provided the availability notice (nota de disponibilidad) was granted within a continuous period not exceeding 12 months from its date of issuance. Otherwise, the interested party must process the availability as a new application, and it will be analyzed according to (sic) the technical guidelines and restrictions in effect at the time of the application.
6. No availability of drinking water services shall be provided for housing projects (proyectos habitacionales).
F. Drinking water service Restriction Zone C: This zone is associated with areas considered to be under low water stress (estrés hídrico bajo). In this zone, the provision of drinking water services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. Availability (disponibilidad) shall be provided to applications that contemplate up to a maximum of three services per property (finca) that was registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the official gazette La Gaceta. The services may be used to perform divisions on the property, reserving one of the three availabilities for a remainder of the parent property (resto de finca madre). No additional services shall be granted to proposals that intend to divide the remainder of the parent property into individual polygons.
2. For applications for additional services for properties that already have drinking water service, the opinion of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes shall be requested for its response.
3. For Non-residential service applications (Commerce, Industry, and Government Institutions), the opinion of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes shall be requested for its response. The interested party must submit the application using the form "Solicitud de Disponibilidad de Servicios No Ordinarios", providing the requirements found on the ESPH website.
4. When an extension of availability (prórroga de disponibilidad) is requested, it may be granted provided the availability notice (nota de disponibilidad) was granted within a continuous period not exceeding 12 months from its date of issuance. Otherwise, the interested party must process the availability as a new application, and it will be analyzed according to (sic) the technical guidelines and restrictions in effect at the time of the application.
5. No availability of drinking water services shall be provided for housing projects (proyectos habitacionales).
For drinking water service applications for complete properties (fincas completas) registered before Agreement JD-176-2014 and located in two or more of the zones contemplated in the new agreement of the year 2022, the following shall apply:
a. Properties (fincas) that were registered before Agreement JD-176-2014, which came into effect on August 8, 2014, and that are located outside the Prohibition Zones (Absolute Restriction, Protection Zone) but are located between two or more of the Restriction Zones (Zone A, Zone B, Zone C); the restriction of the Zone from which the source and distribution pipeline originate shall govern.
b. The availability of services for properties (fincas) located in one or more of the Prohibition Zones (Absolute Restriction, Spring Protection Zone); and that are also located in any of the Service Restriction Zones (A; B; C), shall be analyzed by the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes together with the Inter-institutional Working Team; considering where the source and distribution pipeline originate, environmental regulations, land use (uso de suelo), and other regulatory considerations.
2. In the case of the Drinking Water Service Restriction zones (Zone A; Zone B; Zone C), exceptions to the restrictions may be applied as appropriate; this is subject to prior analysis by the ESPH S.A. The client must submit the respective documentation (as applicable) that proves the situations cited by the interested party, a sworn statement (declaración jurada) (complying with formalities and duly authenticated), and in the case of co-owners, it is requested to review Article 25 of the Reglamento de prestación de servicios de agua potable, alcantarillado sanitario e hidrantes, of the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia Sociedad Anónima, in such a way that:
A. The granting of services is provided in the following cases:
Exception for property (inmueble) located in Restriction Zone A:
1. Where the client has only one property (finca) located in "Zone A" and registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta; a single drinking water service may be granted to the complete property, not by co-ownership right, and provided that the property does not have a drinking water service for its supply, has access to a public road, and that the minimum conditions of service quality and continuity are guaranteed at the delivery point with the water meter (hidrómetro), without compromising the hydric and hydraulic conditions of the sector, according to the technical criterion of the Negocio de Agua Potable. 2. When an extension of availability (prórroga de disponibilidad) is requested, it may be granted provided the availability notice (nota de disponibilidad) was granted within a continuous period not exceeding 12 months from its date of issuance. Otherwise, the interested party must process the availability as a new application, and it will be analyzed according to (sic) the technical guidelines and restrictions in effect at the time of the application.
Exception for properties (inmuebles) located in Restriction Zone A, B, or C:
1. Cases where drinking water availability is requested for subdivision (fraccionamiento) of a property (finca), due to the effects of finalized succession proceedings (procesos sucesorios).
2. The drinking water availability application shall be analyzed in accordance with the guidelines of the respective zone, for properties (fincas) requiring correction of registry and cadastral inconsistencies, for plans registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the official gazette La Gaceta; that are for: plans representing complete properties (fincas completas); plans for rectification of measurements or boundaries; plans for cadastral updating; Cadastral/registry inconsistencies classified by the Registry as follows:
B. For housing projects (proyectos habitacionales): condominiums, apartments, developments (urbanizaciones), and subdivisions (fraccionamientos); maintain the prohibition.
3. Revoke agreements JD-021-2017, JD-225-2017, JD- 336-2018, and JD-093-2020 after this agreement comes into effect upon its publication in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta.
4. These service restriction zones shall only be modified in the following cases:
A. When the boundaries of the Inalienable Zone (Zona Inalienable) of Law LXV, the Braulio Carrillo National Park, the Cordillera Volcánica Central Forest Reserve, or the delimitation of the absolute protection zones for springs and catchments are modified by means of an Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) or Law of the Republic.
B. When an update or new study on the protection zones for springs (manantiales) and catchment intakes of the ESPH is carried out. Said study must have the approval of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes and the Environment Unit of the ESPH.
C. When the construction and start-up of a project by the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes is completed that increases the supply of drinking water in zones under water stress (estrés hídrico), such as new catchments, well drilling, construction of reservoirs, new concessions, and the like. The foregoing shall be defined by the Management of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes of the ESPH S. A.
D. When, after the annual balance between drinking water supply and demand is carried out by the Operation and Systems Optimization Process of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes, new zones under water stress (estrés hídrico) are established as a result of the growth of new services.
5. All granted drinking water availabilities (disponibilidades) shall expire if the project construction does not begin within a maximum period of two years after the availability letter is issued by the ESPH.
6. Also request that the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), and other entities that must assess or approve the construction of projects in the aquifer system zones apply land use (uso del suelo) policies that are consistent with the protection of water resources and vulnerability criteria.
7. Request the municipalities located within the study's area of influence to proceed with the preparation of hydrogeological vulnerability to aquifer contamination maps, which allow for urban planning that considers the protection of water resources.
8. Notify this agreement, through the Housing Projects Commission (Comisión de Proyectos Habitacionales) of the ESPH S. A., to the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz, Instituto Costarricense de electricidad, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, and the Defensoría de los Habitantes, as well as to the following municipalities located within the area of influence of this agreement: Santa Bárbara, San Rafael, Barva, Cantón Central de Heredia, Santo Domingo, San Isidro, and Moravia.
9. Publish in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta”. (See documentary evidence).
“In response to the request received by the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (NAPH), with processing number 1345078, requesting a single service for the Lomas del Castillo project located in (…) San Rafael de Heredia, for submission 2023-16310-C (…) that modifies plan H-1244728-2008 (Property 4 208837-000), the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (…) indicates the following:
About the property Property 4 208837-000 is located within Zone C, according to Board of Directors Agreement JD-240-2022 (…)
Background The property in question is part of the Lomas del Castillo project; said project is affected by the “Urban Control Area” (Área de Control Urbanístico) set forth in decree 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE, however, the properties that were on a public road frontage were allowed to be subdivided (fraccionar) (…)
By means of an official letter dated May 3, 2005, Mr. Lic. Carlos Campos Zamora indicated waiving 15 of the 30 granted services, and making the project only 15 consumption units, distributed as follows: 11 lots (lotificaciones) on a public road frontage and 4 agricultural parcels. This petition was approved with official letter CU-045-2005.
On November 11, 2019, the site design endorsed by the INVU for 11 properties on a public road frontage and 4 agricultural parcels was provided for review and subsequent approval (…)
On December 9, 2021, official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-512-2021 was issued stating that in compliance with the guidelines stipulated in agreement JD-021-2017 and its amendments, availability (disponibilidad) was granted for a single 12.5mm service, associated with submission 2021-22062-C (…) that modifies the plan (…) (property 4 208837-000), to be installed on a public road frontage (…)
Therefore (Por tanto):
The Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes of the ESPHSA is unable to grant drinking water availability (disponibilidad) for submission 2023-16210-CO (…) as it exceeds the approved number of consumption units and is not reflected in the distribution design approved in 2019 (…)”. (See documentary evidence).
Of importance for the resolution of this matter, the following fact is deemed not proven:
In the sub lite case, the petitioner challenges the agreements adopted by the Board of Directors of the ESPH that restrict the granting of water connections (pajas de agua) to the sectors of Ángeles and Concepción of San Rafael de Heredia. He recounts that, through the corresponding hydrogeological studies carried out by the Municipality of San Rafael de Heredia, it is possible to determine which are the aquifer recharge areas and vulnerabilities that must be protected. He adds that the ESPH, despite having this knowledge, illegally restricts the granting of water connections (pajas de agua) to these sectors, in order to distribute them in a discriminatory manner in the cantons of Heredia, Belén, and Flores, among others, which are not collectors of drinking water, but rather are the ones that usufruct the water collected in the districts of Ángeles and Concepción. He maintains that, due to this situation, the ESPH denied him, through official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 of May 8, 2023, six drinking water services, since there is allegedly no availability (disponibilidad), despite the fact that the property is on a public road and within the urban expansion area, and not within an aquifer recharge zone or vulnerability zone.
He requests that agreement no. 240-2022 adopted by the aforementioned company be annulled and that, consequently, the ESPH be ordered to adopt a new agreement to equitably distribute water availabilities, and to build a sanitary sewer system.
From the evidence, it appears that, in San Rafael de Heredia, the ESPH only uses the Mata Plátano spring (naciente) and the surface water used to supply that canton comes from springs (nacientes) in Barva. Furthermore, that aqueduct suffers from water stress (estrés hídrico). Meanwhile, the cantons of Belén and Flores are not supplied with drinking water by the ESPH. For its part, the canton of Heredia is supplied with water by the ESPH, and the surface water provided to it comes from springs (nacientes) in the canton of Barva.
The Chamber observes that in agreement no. 240 adopted by the Board of Directors of the ESPH in a session held on November 2, 2022, it was provided:
“1. The Board of Directors of the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A. agrees to maintain the Absolute Prohibition Zones (State); Spring Protection Zones (Zonas de Protección de Nacientes), and to apply restrictions for the granting of new drinking water and/or electric power services, in the zones described below:
A. Absolute Prohibition Zone: This zone includes the following areas:
B. Spring (Naciente) Protection Zone: Zone 2 (100-day Isochrone). This zone includes the following areas:
C. Spring (Naciente) Protection Zone: Zone 3 (500-day Isochrone). This zone includes the following areas:
Drinking Water Service Restriction Zones:
D. Drinking water service Restriction Zone A: This zone is associated with areas considered to be under high water stress (estrés hídrico alto). In this zone, the provision of drinking water services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. No type of availability (disponibilidad) shall be provided.
E. Drinking water service Restriction Zone B: This zone is associated with areas considered to be under medium water stress (estrés hídrico medio). In this zone, the provision of services is restricted according to the following guidelines: (…)
F. Drinking water service Restriction Zone C: This zone is associated with areas considered to be under low water stress (estrés hídrico bajo). In this zone, the provision of drinking water services is restricted according to the following guidelines:
1. Availability (disponibilidad) shall be provided to applications that contemplate up to a maximum of three services per property (finca) that was registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the official gazette La Gaceta. The services may be used to perform divisions on the property, reserving one of the three availabilities for a remainder of the parent property (resto de finca madre). No additional services shall be granted to proposals that intend to divide the remainder of the parent property into individual polygons.
2. For applications for additional services for properties that already have drinking water service, the opinion of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes shall be requested for its response.
3. For Non-residential service applications (Commerce, Industry, and Government Institutions), the opinion of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes shall be requested for its response. The interested party must submit the application using the form "Solicitud de Disponibilidad de Servicios No Ordinarios", providing the requirements found on the ESPH website.
4. When an extension of availability (prórroga de disponibilidad) is requested, it may be granted provided the availability notice (nota de disponibilidad) was granted within a continuous period not exceeding 12 months from its date of issuance. Otherwise, the interested party must process the availability as a new application, and it will be analyzed according to (sic) the technical guidelines and restrictions in effect at the time of the application.
5. No availability of drinking water services shall be provided for housing projects (proyectos habitacionales).
For drinking water service applications for complete properties (fincas completas) registered before Agreement JD-176-2014 and located in two or more of the zones contemplated in the new agreement of the year 2022, the following shall apply:
a. Properties (fincas) that were registered before Agreement JD-176-2014, which came into effect on August 8, 2014, and that are located outside the Prohibition Zones (Absolute Restriction, Protection Zone) but are located between two or more of the Restriction Zones (Zone A, Zone B, Zone C); the restriction of the Zone from which the source and distribution pipeline originate shall govern.
b. The availability of services for properties (fincas) located in one or more of the Prohibition Zones (Absolute Restriction, Spring Protection Zone); and that are also located in any of the Service Restriction Zones (A; B; C), shall be analyzed by the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes together with the Inter-institutional Working Team; considering where the source and distribution pipeline originate, environmental regulations, land use (uso de suelo), and other regulatory considerations.
2. In the case of the Drinking Water Service Restriction zones (Zone A; Zone B; Zone C), exceptions to the restrictions may be applied as appropriate; this is subject to prior analysis by the ESPH S.A. The client must submit the respective documentation (as applicable) that proves the situations cited by the interested party, a sworn statement (declaración jurada) (complying with formalities and duly authenticated), and in the case of co-owners, it is requested to review Article 25 of the Reglamento de prestación de servicios de agua potable, alcantarillado sanitario e hidrantes, of the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia Sociedad Anónima, in such a way that:
A. The granting of services is provided in the following cases:
Exception for property (inmueble) located in Restriction Zone A:
1. Where the client has only one property (finca) located in "Zone A" and registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta; a single drinking water service may be granted to the complete property, not by co-ownership right, and provided that the property does not have a drinking water service for its supply, has access to a public road, and that the minimum conditions of service quality and continuity are guaranteed at the delivery point with the water meter (hidrómetro), without compromising the hydric and hydraulic conditions of the sector, according to the technical criterion of the Negocio de Agua Potable. 2. When an extension of availability (prórroga de disponibilidad) is requested, it may be granted provided the availability notice (nota de disponibilidad) was granted within a continuous period not exceeding 12 months from its date of issuance. Otherwise, the interested party must process the availability as a new application, and it will be analyzed according to the technical guidelines and restrictions in effect at the time of the application.
Exception for properties (inmuebles) located in Restriction Zone A, B, or C:
1. Cases where drinking water availability is requested for subdivision (fraccionamiento) of a property (finca), due to the effects of finalized succession proceedings (procesos sucesorios).
2. The drinking water availability application shall be analyzed in accordance with the guidelines of the respective zone, for properties (fincas) requiring correction of registry and cadastral inconsistencies, for plans registered before Agreement JD-021-2017, which came into effect on February 3, 2017, in the official gazette La Gaceta; that are for: plans representing complete properties (fincas completas); plans for rectification of measurements or boundaries; plans for cadastral updating; Cadastral/registry inconsistencies classified by the Registry as follows:
B. For housing projects (proyectos habitacionales): condominiums, apartments, developments (urbanizaciones), and subdivisions (fraccionamientos); maintain the prohibition.
3. Revoke agreements JD-021-2017, JD-225-2017, JD- 336-2018, and JD-093-2020 after this agreement comes into effect upon its publication in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta.
4. These service restriction zones shall only be modified in the following cases:
A. When the boundaries of the Inalienable Zone (Zona Inalienable) of Law LXV, the Braulio Carrillo National Park, the Cordillera Volcánica Central Forest Reserve, or the delimitation of the absolute protection zones for springs and catchments are modified by means of an Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) or Law of the Republic.
B. When an update or new study on the protection zones for springs (manantiales) and catchment intakes of the ESPH is carried out. Said study must have the approval of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes and the Environment Unit of the ESPH.
C. When the construction and start-up of a project by the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes is completed that increases the supply of drinking water in zones under water stress (estrés hídrico), such as new catchments, well drilling, construction of reservoirs, new concessions, and the like. The foregoing shall be defined by the Management of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes of the ESPH S. A.
D. When, after the annual balance between drinking water supply and demand is carried out by the Operation and Systems Optimization Process of the Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes, new zones under water stress (estrés hídrico) are established as a result of the growth of new services.
The foregoing shall be defined by the Management of the Drinking Water and Hydrant Business of ESPH S. A.
D. When, after the annual balance between drinking water supply and demand is carried out by the Operation and Optimization Process of the Systems of the Drinking Water and Hydrant Business, new zones under water stress are established as a result of the growth of new services.
5. All drinking water availabilities granted shall be revoked if construction of the project does not begin within a maximum period of two years after the availability letter is granted by ESPH.
6. Likewise, request that the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), and other entities that must assess or approve the construction of projects in the areas of the aquifer system, apply land-use policies that are consistent with the protection of water resources and vulnerability criteria.
7. Request the municipalities located in the study's area of influence to proceed with the preparation of maps of hydrogeological vulnerability to aquifer contamination, to allow for urban planning that considers the protection of water resources.
8. Let this agreement be notified by the Housing Projects Committee of ESPH S. A. to the Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Health, National Institute of Housing and Urbanism, Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, National Power and Light Company, Costa Rican Institute of Electricity, National Environmental Technical Secretariat, National Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage Service, Public Services Regulatory Authority, and the Ombudsman's Office, as well as the following municipalities located in the area of influence of this agreement: Santa Bárbara, San Rafael, Barva, Central Canton of Heredia, Santo Domingo, San Isidro, and Moravia.
9. Publish in the Official Gazette La Gaceta” (the emphasis was added).
By official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 of May 8, 2023, ESPH notified the plaintiff: “In response to the request received in the Drinking Water and Hydrant Business (NAPH), with procedure number 1345078, requesting a single service for the Lomas del Castillo project located in (…) San Rafael de Heredia, for presentation 2023-16310-C (…) that modifies plan H-1244728-2008 (Farm 4 208837-000), the Drinking Water and Hydrant Business (…) states the following: Regarding the property, Farm 4 208837-000 is located within zone C, according to Board of Directors Agreement JD-240-2022 (…) Background The property in question is part of the Lomas del Castillo project; said project is affected by the “Urban Control Area” set forth in decree 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE; however, properties that were facing a public road were allowed to be subdivided (…) By an official letter dated May 3, 2005, Mr. Lic. Carlos Campos Zamora indicated dispensing with 15 services out of the 30 services granted, and making the project only 15 consumption units, distributed as follows: 11 residential lots facing a public road and 4 agricultural parcels.
This request was approved by official letter CU-045-2005. On November 11, 2019, the site design endorsed by INVU for 11 properties facing a public road and 4 agricultural parcels was provided for review and subsequent approval (…) On December 9, 2021, official letter APH-ON-RH-SI-512-2021 was issued, in compliance with the guidelines stipulated in agreement JD-021-2017 and its amendments, granting availability for a single 12.5mm service, associated with presentation 2021-22062-C (…) that modifies the plan (…) (Farm 4 208837-000), to be installed facing a public road (…) Therefore: The Drinking Water and Hydrant Business of ESPHSA is unable to grant drinking water availability to presentation 2023-16210-CO (…) since it exceeds the number of approved consumption units and is not reflected in the distribution design approved in 2019 (…)” (bold text was added).
Prior to resolving what is legally appropriate, it is noted that in judgment no. 2020002799 of 10:05 a.m. on February 11, 2020, this Court ordered:
“I.- Purpose of the appeal.- The appellant states that she was given a lot to build her house. Due to the foregoing, a request for drinking water availability for the property, plan No. 2019-37296-C, was filed before the respondent Asada. However, she claims that the request was rejected on the grounds that there is no drinking water distribution network in front of the property. She considers that the respondent's decision is harmful to the right to drinking water service.
II.On the issue of provision of drinking water service. This Court has indicated that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, the municipalities, or the aqueduct and sewer management associations, may deny drinking water availability if there are technical or legal reasons that justify it. In Judgment No. 2018-011148 of 9:30 a.m. on July 10, 2018, this Chamber resolved the following:
"(...) In the case under study, the Chamber finds it proven that on August 8, 2017, the appellant filed before the respondent Institute a request for availability of aqueduct and sewer services for the property registered under Real Folio Registration No. (...), which was denied by official letter No. GSP-RCO-2017-02024, of August 21, 2017. As verified, in the sector where the land for which the petitioner requested the service is located, there is no drinking water availability or sanitary sewer system, since the Santiago de Puriscal System is experiencing a water deficit, and therefore the increase in the number of services would imply a deterioration in the quality of service for current users, who are supplied through palliative measures such as 'valve throttling' and water tanker trucks. It is evident then, that the Institute cannot provide the service requested by the petitioner because it is technically not feasible, and therefore, it is not possible to grant the request in the terms sought by the appellant. Therefore, from the constitutional perspective, the Chamber considers that there has not been an arbitrary refusal by the respondent authority to provide the petitioner with the drinking water service availability as requested, but rather, what has occurred is that there is a technical and material impossibility due to the non-existence at the site of the necessary infrastructure to access what was requested, at least at this time, which - as stated - has been known to her. It is recalled that on the substantive issue of this amparo, this Chamber has referred in multiple judgments to what it has called technical or material impossibility, which is the lack of infrastructure, and it has stated that when there is a technical impossibility to connect the requested service, no fundamental right of the administered parties is violated, since this is due to the lack of technical elements necessary for the installation of the service and not to an arbitrary action by the Administration (see in this regard, among others, Judgments 2007-03355, of 1:37 p.m. on March 9, 2007; 2007-010341, of 2:45 p.m. on July 20, 2007, and 2017-011477, of 9:15 a.m. on July 21, 2017). Finally, there is no evidence of a discriminatory act in relation to other homes located in the area that do have the service, since the principle of equality, as it constitutes a necessary prerequisite for the effectiveness of public freedoms, requires both equalizing equal situations and differentiating different situations. This implies that equal factual situations must have equally equal legal consequences applied, and that to introduce differences between factual situations, there must be sufficient justification for such difference, which appears at the same time as founded and reasonable according to generally accepted criteria and value judgments. Repeatedly, this Chamber has said that when a violation of the principle of equality is alleged, it is necessary for the interested party to present a comparison parameter, that is, they must indicate one or more specific cases in which discriminatory treatment is evident. Finally, it is not for this Chamber to determine whether or not the requirements are met to grant the water supply as the appellant intends, nor is it appropriate to elucidate in what terms, according to water availability and the fulfillment of technical and legal conditions, the water supply procedure she misses could eventually be authorized, since this is a task proper to the ordinary - administrative or jurisdictional - route (...)”.
Such considerations are applicable to the case under study, as this Court finds no reasons to vary the criterion expressed in said judgment, nor reasons that would lead it to assess the situation presented differently.
III.On the specific case. As can be deduced from the appeal filing brief and the documentary evidence provided to the electronic file, the respondent rejected the request for drinking water availability indicated by the appellant, reporting the reasons why it was not feasible to attend to it, specifically, that there is no drinking water distribution network in front of the property. Now, it must be indicated that the verification of compliance with legal or technical requirements to obtain the requested availability corresponds to the respective administrative or jurisdictional authorities, and this Chamber cannot venture into the matter, because these are aspects of ordinary legality outside its competence. Note that, as indicated in the cited precedent, this Court has considered that, in the face of a legal impediment - non-compliance with requirements established in the respective regulations - or in the face of formal impossibility - in this case the lack of infrastructure - the denial of service requests is reasonable, since it is not an arbitrary and unfounded provision, but rather one supported by a technical criterion that prevents guaranteeing the minimum conditions of the service.
Thus, the appropriate course is for the appellant to resort to the ordinary legality route in order to file there the procedures she deems pertinent so that what is legally appropriate is resolved. Consequently, the appeal is declared inadmissible” (bold text was supplied).
In this way, even though the position of this Constitutional Chamber has been to guarantee access to the public drinking water service, this occurs when two conditions have arisen, namely, i) payment for the service and ii) compliance with the legal and technical requirements for its installation.
Now, in the sub iudice case, the plaintiff challenges the denial of drinking water availability issued by ESPH through memorandum APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 of May 8, 2023. In this regard, from reading said official letter, it is inferred that the reason the requested service was denied is that it “exceeds the number of approved consumption units and is not reflected in the distribution design approved in 2019”. Therefore, it is not observed that such denial is openly arbitrary and disproportionate, but rather that it is due to technical and regulatory impossibilities. About this, as indicated in the transcribed precedent, it is not for this Constitutional Court to verify legal and technical requirements to establish the appropriateness or not of the denial in question. Therefore, if the appellant persists in his disagreement, if he deems it appropriate, he may file the corresponding claim before ESPH itself or in the ordinary jurisdictional route.
V.On the other hand, in the filing brief, a series of questions are raised regarding the actions of ESPH regarding the management of drinking water and the decision to restrict the granting of water availabilities in the districts of Concepción and Ángeles of San Rafael de Heredia. In this regard, it is necessary to remember that the amparo appeal is of an eminently summary nature, so its processing is incompatible with the handling of extensive or complex evidence, which rather corresponds to the ordinary route. Therefore, it is not appropriate for this Court to determine, through the amparo route, in accordance with the infra-constitutional regulations governing the matter, the particularities of the case under study and in accordance with science and technology, the age of the water consumed from the Colima Superior and Colima Inferior aquifers distributed by ESPH, nor to examine whether the protected and restriction zones established by that company are correct or not, according to what is indicated, among others, in the study prepared by the consultant Hidrogeotecnia LTDA.
Nor is it for this Chamber to rule on the appropriateness or not of agreement no. 240 adopted by the Board of Directors of ESPH in a session held on November 2, 2022, nor to establish whether or not it is consistent with the aquifer recharge zones that must be protected, with the areas susceptible to urban development, and with the hydrogeological studies that were analyzed by Senara, such as the “Estudio Hidrogeológico Plan Regulador Cantón de San Rafael”. Likewise, note that it is not this Chamber that must determine which zones should have more or less strict regulation as the plaintiff intends, and, therefore, it also must not establish whether the districts of Ángeles and Concepción of San Rafael de Heredia should obtain more water availabilities, nor whether they should be provided with a re-pumping system or deep wells. In a similar sense, it is not for this Court to resolve the disagreement expressed by the plaintiff regarding the functioning of Senara and INVU in relation to the approval of hydrogeological studies and regulatory or territorial planning plans.
Likewise, it is not for this Chamber to analyze the appropriateness or not of water availabilities allegedly granted by ESPH to a motel and a condominium project in the district of Santiago. The foregoing is because carrying out such examinations would involve handling abundant and complex evidentiary proceedings, a task that rather concerns the ordinary legality route and not this specialized venue. Now, if the appellant deems it appropriate, he may formulate the disagreements in question before the respondent authorities themselves or in the ordinary jurisdictional route. Ergo, the appeal is dismissed regarding this grievance.
VI.Finally, the appellant requests that this Court order ESPH to build a sanitary sewer system. However, in the filing brief, no reference was made to any specific procedure or any specific date on which any procedure was filed before the respondent authority regarding that matter. Therefore, it is not proven that, prior to the filing of this appeal, the appellant had filed any procedure before ESPH regarding the construction of a sanitary sewer system. In view of the foregoing, the appellant should note that it is not for this Constitutional Chamber to act as a processing body for complaints or reports. Therefore, if the petitioner deems it appropriate, he may file the corresponding complaint before ESPH itself or in the ordinary jurisdictional route.
Parties are warned that if they have provided any paper documents, as well as objects or evidence contained in any electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. It is warned that all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, approved by the Full Court in article XXVI of session no. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, published in Judicial Bulletin no. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement of the Superior Council of the Judiciary, approved in article LXXXI of session no. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012.
Therefore:
The appeal is declared without merit.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del diecinueve de julio de dos mil veinticuatro .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 24-013318-0007-CO, interpuesto por CARLOS ALBERTO CAMPOS ZAMORA, cédula de identidad 0401200887, contra la EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA (ESPH) y la MUNICIPALIDAD DE HEREDIA.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
El accionante cuestiona los acuerdos tomados por la Junta Directiva de la ESPH que restringen el otorgamiento de pajas de agua a los sectores de Ángeles y Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia. Narra que, mediante los correspondientes estudios hidrogeológicos realizados por la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia se puede determinar cuáles son las áreas de recarga acuífera y vulnerabilidades que se deben proteger. Agrega que la ESPH, pese a tener ese conocimiento, restringe de forma ilegal el otorgamiento de pajas de agua a esos sectores, para distribuirlas de manera discriminatoria en los cantones de Heredia, Belén y Flores, entre otros, que no son recolectores de agua potable, sino que son los que usufructúan el agua que se recolecta en los distritos de Ángeles y Concepción. Sostiene que, debido a esa situación, la ESPH le denegó, por medio del oficio APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 del 8 de mayo de 2023, seis servicios de agua potable, puesto que presuntamente no hay disponibilidad, pese a que la propiedad está en calle pública y dentro del área de expansión urbana, y no dentro de una zona de recarga acuífera ni de vulnerabilidad.
Pide que anule el acuerdo nro. 240-2022 adoptado por la empresa aludida y que, en consecuencia, ordene a la ESPH adoptar un nuevo acuerdo para distribuir de manera equitativa las disponibilidades de agua y que construya un sistema de alcantarillado sanitario.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
“1. La Junta Directiva de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A., acuerda mantener las Zonas de Prohibición Absoluta (Estado); Zonas de Protección de Nacientes y aplicar restricciones para el otorgamiento de servicios nuevos de agua potable y/o energía eléctrica, en las zonas que a continuación se describen:
A. Zona de Prohibición Absoluta: Esta zona incluye las siguientes áreas:
I.Área comprendida dentro de los límites del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, establecido por el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 17003-MAG, del 13 de abril de 1986, publicada en La Gaceta del 17 de mayo de 1986 y modificado por la ampliación realizada por medio del Decreto N° 39259-MINAE publicado en La Gaceta 237 del 07/12/2015.
II.Áreas de protección que bordeen nacientes permanentes, definidas en un radio de cien metros medidos de modo horizontal, según artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal (Nº 7575, 13 de febrero de 1996).
III.Las tierras que circunden pozos captados para abastecimiento poblacional, en un perímetro no menor a una distancia de cuarenta metros de radio, según artículo 8 de la Ley de Aguas (Nº 276 de 27 de agosto de 1942), y las tierras que circunden los sitios de captación o tomas surtidoras de agua potable, en un perímetro no menor de doscientos metros de radio, según artículo 31 de la Ley de Aguas (N° 276 de 27 de agosto de 1942).
IV.Área comprendida dentro de los límites de la Reserva Forestal de la Cordillera Volcánica Central establecida por el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 4961-A, del 26 de junio de 1975.
V.La zona inalienable declarada según la Ley N° LXV de 1888 del 30 de julio de 1888. (En acatamiento al voto de Sala Constitucional N° 2008-12109 de las quince horas y dieciséis minutos del cinco de agosto de dos mil ocho).
VI.Área de las microcuencas de las captaciones superficiales de los ríos Mata de Caña y Mata de Maíz, según Estudio hidrológico para captaciones superficiales, elaborado por Hidrogeotecnia Ltda. (2015).
En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. En esta zona la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A., no otorgará servicios de energía eléctrica ni de agua potable, bajo ninguna circunstancia. Salvo terrenos que sean de interés Institucional para el mejoramiento de la prestación de los servicios; o al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) con fines científicos y de protección ambiental.
2. No se realizarán extensiones de líneas eléctricas y de red de distribución de agua potable con el objetivo de otorgar servicios nuevos.
3. La ESPH podrá realizar obras de infraestructura tales como tuberías de conducción o impulsión, tanques de almacenamiento, plantas de tratamiento y demás infraestructura asociada a la captación, almacenamiento, tratamiento y conducción de agua potable. Así mismo, prestará el servicio de alumbrado público; y de ser necesario realizará únicamente extensiones de redes energía eléctrica para alimentación del alumbrado público y/o telecomunicaciones; exclusivamente en calles públicas, debidamente incorporadas en el mapa de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial, de la municipalidad respectiva y/o el mapa de la Red Vial Nacional del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Trasportes.
B. Zona de Protección de Nacientes: Zona 2 (Isocrona de los 100 días). Esta zona incluye las siguientes áreas:
I.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: La Hoja, Iris Hernández y Mata de Plátano (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2013). Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución DIGH-UGH-OF-256-2013.
II.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: Carlos Steinvoth, Arrieta, Arrieta Anexa (Hidroterra S.A., 2013).
Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
III.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: Flores 1 y Flores 2 (Hidroterra S.A., 2013). Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
IV.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: 29, 29A, Sacramento y Botho Steinvorth (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2014). Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. En esta zona la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A., no otorgará servicios de energía eléctrica ni de agua potable, bajo ninguna circunstancia. Salvo terrenos que sean de interés Institucional para el mejoramiento de la prestación de los servicios; o al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) con fines científicos y de protección ambiental.
2. No se realizarán extensiones de líneas eléctricas y de red de distribución de agua potable con el objetivo de otorgar servicios nuevos.
3. La ESPH podrá realizar obras de infraestructura tales como tuberías de conducción o impulsión, tanques de almacenamiento, plantas de tratamiento y demás infraestructura asociada a la captación, almacenamiento, tratamiento y conducción de agua potable. Así mismo, prestará el servicio de alumbrado público; y de ser necesario realizará únicamente extensiones de redes energía eléctrica para alimentación del alumbrado público y/o telecomunicaciones; exclusivamente en calles públicas, debidamente incorporadas en el mapa de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial, de la municipalidad respectiva y/o el mapa de la Red Vial Nacional del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Trasportes.
C. Zona de Protección de Nacientes: Zona 3 (Isocrona 500 días). Esta zona incluye las siguientes áreas:
I.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: La Hoja, Iris Hernández y Mata de Plátano (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2013). Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución DIGH-UGH-OF-256-2013.
II.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: Carlos Steinvoth, Arrieta, Arrieta Anexa (Hidroterra S.A., 2013).
Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
III.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: Flores 1 y Flores 2 (Hidroterra S.A., 2013). Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
IV.Estudio hidrogeológico para la delimitación de las zonas de captura y protección de los manantiales: 29, 29A, Sacramento y Botho Steinvorth (Hidrogeotecnia Ltda., 2014). Aprobado por SENARA según Resolución SENARA-DIGH-UI-INF-047-2020.
En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. Se dará un único servicio para uso residencial unifamiliar por finca que se encuentre frente a calle pública o con acceso por servidumbre, donde exista tendido eléctrico o red de distribución de agua potable, y que se encuentre inscrita registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-076-2008, el cual entró en vigencia el 10 de abril del 2008 en el diario oficial La Gaceta. Para solicitud de servicios en finca que anteriormente no se encontraba afectada por la huella del área delimitada como Zona de "Protección de Fuentes" del Acuerdo JD-076- 2008, la solicitud se analizará de acuerdo al (sic) área de la Zona de Protección de Nacientes: Zona 3 (500 días) y su entrada en vigencia la fecha de publicación en el diario oficial la Gaceta. Así mismo, se otorgará un servicio para instalaciones de la ESPH S. A., o al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) con fines científicos y de protección ambiental.
2. No se brindarán servicios adicionales a fincas que ya cuenten con el servicio de agua potable.
3. No se brindará disponibilidad de energía y/o agua potable para solicitudes que consideren divisiones de la finca frente a calle pública o en servidumbre.
4. No se realizarán extensiones de líneas eléctricas y de red de distribución de agua potable con el objetivo de otorgar servicios nuevos.
5. La ESPH podrá realizar obras de infraestructura tales como tuberías de conducción o impulsión, tanques de almacenamiento, plantas de tratamiento y demás infraestructura asociada a la captación, almacenamiento, tratamiento y conducción de agua potable. Así mismo, prestará el servicio de alumbrado público; y de ser necesario realizará únicamente extensiones de redes energía eléctrica para alimentación del alumbrado público y/o telecomunicaciones; exclusivamente en calles públicas, debidamente incorporadas en el mapa de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial, de la municipalidad respectiva y/o el mapa de la Red Vial Nacional del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Trasportes.
6. No se brindará disponibilidad de servicios de agua potable para proyectos habitacionales.
Zonas de Restricción de Servicios de Agua Potable:
D. Zona A de restricción de servicios de agua potable: Esta zona está asociada a las áreas consideradas como estrés hídrico alto. En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios de agua potable según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. No se brindará ningún tipo de disponibilidad.
E. Zona B de restricción de servicios de agua potable: Esta zona está asociada a las áreas consideradas como estrés hídrico medio. En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. Se brindará disponibilidad para un único servicio por finca que se encuentre inscrita registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021-2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.
2. No se brindarán servicios adicionales a fincas que ya cuenten con el servicio de agua potable.
3. No se brindará disponibilidad para solicitudes de servicios de agua potable que consideren divisiones de la finca frente a calle pública o en servidumbre.
4. Para solicitudes de servicios No domiciliares (Comercio, Industria e Instituciones Gubernamentales), se solicitará el criterio del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes para su respuesta. El interesado deberá presentar la solicitud mediante el formulario "Solicitud de Disponibilidad de Servicios No Ordinarios", aportando los requisitos, que se encuentran en la página web de la ESPH.
5. Cuando soliciten una prórroga de disponibilidad, esta se podrá otorgar siempre que la nota de disponibilidad se haya concedido en un plazo continuo no mayor a 12 meses desde la fecha de su emisión. De lo contrario, el interesado deberá tramitar la disponibilidad como una solicitud nueva y será analizada de acuerdo a (sic) los lineamientos técnicos y restricciones al momento de la solicitud.
6. No se brindará disponibilidad de servicios de agua potable para proyectos habitacionales.
F. Zona C de restricción de servicios de agua potable: Esta zona está asociada a las áreas consideradas como estrés hídrico bajo. En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios de agua potable según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. Se brindará disponibilidad a solicitudes que contemplen hasta tres servicios como máximo a finca que se encuentre inscrita registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021- 2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el diario oficial La Gaceta. Los servicios podrán ser utilizados para realizar divisiones en la finca, reservando una de las tres disponibilidades para un resto de finca madre. No se otorgarán servicios adicionales a las propuestas que pretendan dividir el resto de finca madre en polígonos individuales.
2. Para solicitudes de servicios adicionales para propiedades que ya cuenten con el servicio de agua potable, se solicitará el criterio del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes para su respuesta.
3. Para solicitudes de servicios No domiciliares (Comercio, Industria e Instituciones Gubernamentales), se solicitará el criterio del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes para su respuesta. El interesado deberá presentar la solicitud mediante el formulario "Solicitud de Disponibilidad de Servicios No Ordinarios", aportando los requisitos, que se encuentran en la página web de la ESPH.
4. Cuando soliciten una prórroga de disponibilidad, esta se podrá otorgar siempre que la nota de disponibilidad se haya concedido en un plazo continuo no mayor a 12 meses desde la fecha de su emisión. De lo contrario, el interesado deberá tramitar la disponibilidad como una solicitud nueva y será analizada de acuerdo a (sic) los lineamientos técnicos y restricciones al momento de la solicitud.
5. No se brindará disponibilidad de servicios de agua potable para proyectos habitacionales.
Las solicitudes de servicios de agua potable para fincas completas inscritas registralmente antes del acuerdo JD- 176-2014 y que se encuentren en dos o más zonas de las contempladas en el nuevo acuerdo del año 2022, se aplicará lo siguiente:
a. Las fincas que se encuentren inscritas registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-176-2014, el cual entró en vigencia el 08 de agosto del 2014 y que se encuentren fuera de las Zonas de Prohibición (Restricción Absoluta, Zona de Protección) pero que se encuentren entre dos o más de las zonas de Restricción (Zona A, Zona B, Zona C); regirá la restricción de la Zona de donde proviene la fuente y tubería de distribución.
b. Las disponibilidades de servicios para fincas que se encuentren en una o más de las Zonas de Prohibición (Restricción Absoluta, Zona de Protección de Nacientes); y que además se encuentren en alguna de las Zonas de Restricción de Servicios (A; B; C), serán analizadas por el Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes junto con el Equipo de Trabajo Interinstitucional; en consideración de donde proviene la fuente y tubería de distribución, normativa ambiental, uso de suelo y otras consideraciones regulatorias.
2. Para el caso de las zonas de Restricción de Servicios de agua potable (Zona A; Zona B; Zona C), se podrán aplicar excepciones a las restricciones según corresponda; esto previo análisis de la ESPH S.A. El cliente deberá presentar la documentación respectiva (según el caso) que logre comprobar las situaciones dadas por el interesado, declaración jurada (ajustándose a las formalidades y debidamente autenticada), y en el caso de copropietarios se solicita revisar el artículo 25 del Reglamento de prestación de servicios de agua potable, alcantarillado sanitario e hidrantes, de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia Sociedad Anónima, de tal forma que:
A. Se brinde el otorgamiento de los servicios en los siguientes casos:
Excepción para inmueble localizado en Zona A de restricción:
1. Donde el cliente solo cuente con una finca ubicada en "Zona A" e inscrita registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021-2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta; se podrá otorgar un único servicio de agua potable a la finca completa, no por derecho en copropiedad, y siempre que la finca no cuente con servicio de agua potable para su abastecimiento, cuente con acceso a calle pública, y que las condiciones mínimas de calidad y continuidad del servicio se garanticen en el punto de entrega con el hidrómetro, sin comprometer las condiciones hídricas e hidráulicas del sector, según el criterio técnico del Negocio de Agua Potable. 2. Cuando soliciten una prórroga de disponibilidad, esta se podrá otorgar siempre que la nota de disponibilidad se haya concedido en un plazo continuo no mayor a 12 meses desde la fecha de su emisión. De lo contrario, el interesado deberá tramitar la disponibilidad como una solicitud nueva y será analizada de acuerdo a (sic) los lineamientos técnicos y restricciones al momento de la solicitud.
Excepción para inmuebles localizados en Zona A, B, o C de restricción:
1. Casos donde se soliciten disponibilidades de agua potable para fraccionamiento de finca, por efectos de procesos sucesorios finalizados.
2. Se analizará la solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable conforme a los lineamientos de la zona respectiva, para las fincas que requieran subsanación de inconsistencias registrales y catastrales, para los planos inscritos registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021-2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el diario oficial La Gaceta; que sean para: planos que representen fincas completas; planos de rectificación de medidas o linderos; planos para actualización catastral; Inconsistencias catastrales/registrales clasificadas por Registro de la siguiente manera:
B. Para los proyectos habitacionales: condominios, apartamentos, urbanizaciones y fraccionamientos; mantener la prohibición.
3. Revocar los acuerdos JD-021-2017, JD-225-2017, JD- 336-2018 y JD-093-2020 después de la entrada en vigencia de este acuerdo a partir de su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.
4. Únicamente se modificarán estas zonas de restricción de servicios en los siguientes casos:
A. Cuando por medio de Decreto Ejecutivo o Ley de la República sean modificados los límites de la Zona Inalienable de la Ley LXV, del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, de la Reserva Forestal de la Cordillera Volcánica Central o la delimitación de las zonas de protección absoluta de nacientes y captaciones.
B. Cuando se realice una actualización o nuevo estudio sobre las zonas de protección de manantiales y tomas de captación de la ESPH. Dicho estudio deberá contar con la aprobación del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes y de la Unidad de Ambiente de la ESPH.
C. Cuando se finalice la construcción y puesta en marcha de algún proyecto de Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes que aumente la oferta de agua potable en las zonas bajo estrés hídrico como por ejemplo nuevas captaciones, perforación de pozos, construcción de embalses, nuevas concesiones y similares. Lo anterior será definido por la Dirección del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes de la ESPH S. A.
D. Cuando después de la realización por parte del Proceso de Operación y Optimización de los Sistemas del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes del balance anual entre oferta y demanda de agua potable se establezcan nuevas zonas bajo estrés hídrico producto del crecimiento de nuevos servicios.
5. Todas las disponibilidades de agua potable otorgadas se caducarán sino inician la construcción del proyecto en un tiempo máximo de dos años después de otorgada la carta de disponibilidad por parte de la ESPH.
6. Solicitar igualmente que el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) y las demás entidades que deben valorar o aprobar la construcción de proyectos en las zonas del sistema acuífero, apliquen políticas sobre el uso del suelo que sean acordes con la protección de los recursos hídricos y criterios de vulnerabilidad.
7. Solicitar a las municipalidades ubicadas en el área de influencia del estudio, que procedan a la elaboración de los mapas de vulnerabilidad hidrogeológica a la contaminación de acuíferos, que permita una planificación urbana que considere la protección de los recursos hídricos.
8. Notifíquese este acuerdo por parte de la Comisión de Proyectos Habitacionales de la ESPH S. A., al Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz, Instituto Costarricense de electricidad, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos y la Defensoría de los Habitantes, así como a las siguientes municipalidades ubicadas en el área de influencia de este acuerdo: Santa Bárbara, San Rafael, Barva, Cantón Central de Heredia, Santo Domingo, San Isidro y Moravia.
9. Publíquese en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta”. (Ver prueba documental).
“En atención a la solicitud recibida en el Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (NAPH), con el número de trámite 1345078, solicitando un único servicio del proyecto Lomas del Castillo ubicado en (…) San Rafael de Heredia, para la presentación 2023-16310-C (…) que modifican el plano H-1244728-2008 (Finca 4 208837-000) el Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (…) indica lo siguiente:
Sobre la propiedad La finca 4 208837-000 se ubica dentro de la zona C, según el Acuerdo de Junta Directiva JD-240-2022 (…)
Antecedentes La propiedad en mención es parte del proyecto Lomas del Castillo; dicho proyecto es afectado por el “Área de Control Urbanístico” expuesta en el decreto 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE, sin embargo, las propiedades que se encontraban frente a calle pública sí se permitieron fraccionar (…)
Mediante un oficio del día 03 de mayo del 2005, el señor Lic. Carlos Campos Zamora, indica prescindir de 15 servicios de los 30 servicios otorgados, y hacer el proyecto solo de 15 unidades de consumo, distribuidas de la siguiente manera: 11 lotificaciones frente a calle pública y 4 parcelas agrícolas. Aprobándose esta petición con el oficio CU-045-2005.
El 11 de noviembre del 2019, facilitan para revisión y posterior aprobación, el diseño del sitio avalado por el INVU de 11 propiedades frente a calle pública y 4 parcelas agrícolas (…)
El 09 de diciembre del 2021 se emite el oficio APH-ON-RH-SI-512-2021 que en acatamiento a los lineamientos estipulados en el acuerdo JD-021-2017 y sus reformas, se otorgó disponibilidad para un único servicio de 12.5mm, asociado para la prestación 2021-22062-C (…) que modifican el plano (…) (finca 4 208837-000), para que sea instalado frente a calle pública (…)
Por tanto:
El Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes de la ESPHSA, se encuentra imposibilitado de otorgar disponibilidad de agua potable a la presentación 2023-16210-CO (…) ya que excede la cantidad de unidades de consumo aprobadas y no se encuentra plasmada en el diseño de distribución aprobado en el 2019 (…)”. (Ver prueba documental).
De importancia para la resolución de este asunto, se estima como no demostrado el siguiente hecho:
En el sub lite, el El accionante cuestiona los acuerdos tomados por la Junta Directiva de la ESPH que restringen el otorgamiento de pajas de agua a los sectores de Ángeles y Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia. Narra que, mediante los correspondientes estudios hidrogeológicos realizados por la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia se puede determinar cuáles son las áreas de recarga acuífera y vulnerabilidades que se deben proteger. Agrega que la ESPH, pese a tener ese conocimiento, restringe de forma ilegal el otorgamiento de pajas de agua a esos sectores, para distribuirlas de manera discriminatoria en los cantones de Heredia, Belén y Flores, entre otros, que no son recolectores de agua potable, sino que son los que usufructúan el agua que se recolecta en los distritos de Ángeles y Concepción. Sostiene que, debido a esa situación, la ESPH le denegó, por medio del oficio APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 del 8 de mayo de 2023, seis servicios de agua potable, puesto que presuntamente no hay disponibilidad, pese a que la propiedad está en calle pública y dentro del área de expansión urbana, y no dentro de una zona de recarga acuífera ni de vulnerabilidad.
Pide que anule el acuerdo nro. 240-2022 adoptado por la empresa aludida y que, en consecuencia, ordene a la ESPH adoptar un nuevo acuerdo para distribuir de manera equitativa las disponibilidades de agua y que construya un sistema de alcantarillado sanitario.
De la prueba se desprende que, en San Rafael de Heredia, la ESPH hace uso solo de la naciente Mata Plátano y el agua superficial utilizada para el abastecimiento de ese cantón proviene de nacientes de Barva. Además, ese acueducto sufre de estrés hídrico. Mientras que los cantones de Belén y Flores no son abastecidos con agua potable por la ESPH. Por su parte, el cantón de Heredia se abastece de agua por la ESPH y el agua superficial que se le brinda proviene de nacientes del cantón de Barva.
La Sala observa que en el acuerdo nro. 240 adoptado por la Junta Directiva de la ESPH en sesión celebrada el 2 de noviembre de 2022 se dispuso:
“1. La Junta Directiva de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S. A., acuerda mantener las Zonas de Prohibición Absoluta (Estado); Zonas de Protección de Nacientes y aplicar restricciones para el otorgamiento de servicios nuevos de agua potable y/o energía eléctrica, en las zonas que a continuación se describen:
A. Zona de Prohibición Absoluta: Esta zona incluye las siguientes áreas:
B. Zona de Protección de Nacientes: Zona 2 (Isocrona de los 100 días). Esta zona incluye las siguientes áreas:
C. Zona de Protección de Nacientes: Zona 3 (Isocrona 500 días). Esta zona incluye las siguientes áreas:
Zonas de Restricción de Servicios de Agua Potable:
D. Zona A de restricción de servicios de agua potable: Esta zona está asociada a las áreas consideradas como estrés hídrico alto. En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios de agua potable según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. No se brindará ningún tipo de disponibilidad.
E. Zona B de restricción de servicios de agua potable: Esta zona está asociada a las áreas consideradas como estrés hídrico medio. En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios según los siguientes lineamientos: (…)
F. Zona C de restricción de servicios de agua potable: Esta zona está asociada a las áreas consideradas como estrés hídrico bajo. En esta zona se restringe la dotación de servicios de agua potable según los siguientes lineamientos:
1. Se brindará disponibilidad a solicitudes que contemplen hasta tres servicios como máximo a finca que se encuentre inscrita registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021-2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el diario oficial La Gaceta. Los servicios podrán ser utilizados para realizar divisiones en la finca, reservando una de las tres disponibilidades para un resto de finca madre. No se otorgarán servicios adicionales a las propuestas que pretendan dividir el resto de finca madre en polígonos individuales.
2. Para solicitudes de servicios adicionales para propiedades que ya cuenten con el servicio de agua potable, se solicitará el criterio del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes para su respuesta.
3. Para solicitudes de servicios No domiciliares (Comercio, Industria e Instituciones Gubernamentales), se solicitará el criterio del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes para su respuesta. El interesado deberá presentar la solicitud mediante el formulario "Solicitud de Disponibilidad de Servicios No Ordinarios", aportando los requisitos, que se encuentran en la página web de la ESPH.
4. Cuando soliciten una prórroga de disponibilidad, esta se podrá otorgar siempre que la nota de disponibilidad se haya concedido en un plazo continuo no mayor a 12 meses desde la fecha de su emisión. De lo contrario, el interesado deberá tramitar la disponibilidad como una solicitud nueva y será analizada de acuerdo a (sic) los lineamientos técnicos y restricciones al momento de la solicitud.
5. No se brindará disponibilidad de servicios de agua potable para proyectos habitacionales.
Las solicitudes de servicios de agua potable para fincas completas inscritas registralmente antes del acuerdo JD- 176-2014 y que se encuentren en dos o más zonas de las contempladas en el nuevo acuerdo del año 2022, se aplicará lo siguiente:
a. Las fincas que se encuentren inscritas registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-176-2014, el cual entró en vigencia el 08 de agosto del 2014 y que se encuentren fuera de las Zonas de Prohibición (Restricción Absoluta, Zona de Protección) pero que se encuentren entre dos o más de las zonas de Restricción (Zona A, Zona B, Zona C); regirá la restricción de la Zona de donde proviene la fuente y tubería de distribución.
b. Las disponibilidades de servicios para fincas que se encuentren en una o más de las Zonas de Prohibición (Restricción Absoluta, Zona de Protección de Nacientes); y que además se encuentren en alguna de las Zonas de Restricción de Servicios (A; B; C), serán analizadas por el Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes junto con el Equipo de Trabajo Interinstitucional; en consideración de donde proviene la fuente y tubería de distribución, normativa ambiental, uso de suelo y otras consideraciones regulatorias.
2. Para el caso de las zonas de Restricción de Servicios de agua potable (Zona A; Zona B; Zona C), se podrán aplicar excepciones a las restricciones según corresponda; esto previo análisis de la ESPH S.A. El cliente deberá presentar la documentación respectiva (según el caso) que logre comprobar las situaciones dadas por el interesado, declaración jurada (ajustándose a las formalidades y debidamente autenticada), y en el caso de copropietarios se solicita revisar el artículo 25 del Reglamento de prestación de servicios de agua potable, alcantarillado sanitario e hidrantes, de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia Sociedad Anónima, de tal forma que:
A. Se brinde el otorgamiento de los servicios en los siguientes casos:
Excepción para inmueble localizado en Zona A de restricción:
1. Donde el cliente solo cuente con una finca ubicada en "Zona A" e inscrita registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021-2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta; se podrá otorgar un único servicio de agua potable a la finca completa, no por derecho en copropiedad, y siempre que la finca no cuente con servicio de agua potable para su abastecimiento, cuente con acceso a calle pública, y que las condiciones mínimas de calidad y continuidad del servicio se garanticen en el punto de entrega con el hidrómetro, sin comprometer las condiciones hídricas e hidráulicas del sector, según el criterio técnico del Negocio de Agua Potable. 2. Cuando soliciten una prórroga de disponibilidad, esta se podrá otorgar siempre que la nota de disponibilidad se haya concedido en un plazo continuo no mayor a 12 meses desde la fecha de su emisión. De lo contrario, el interesado deberá tramitar la disponibilidad como una solicitud nueva y será analizada de acuerdo a los lineamientos técnicos y restricciones al momento de la solicitud.
Excepción para inmuebles localizados en Zona A, B, o C de restricción:
1. Casos donde se soliciten disponibilidades de agua potable para fraccionamiento de finca, por efectos de procesos sucesorios finalizados.
2. Se analizará la solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable conforme a los lineamientos de la zona respectiva, para las fincas que requieran subsanación de inconsistencias registrales y catastrales, para los planos inscritos registralmente antes del Acuerdo JD-021-2017, el cual entró en vigencia el 03 de febrero de 2017 en el diario oficial La Gaceta; que sean para: planos que representen fincas completas; planos de rectificación de medidas o linderos; planos para actualización catastral; Inconsistencias catastrales/registrales clasificadas por Registro de la siguiente manera:
B. Para los proyectos habitacionales: condominios, apartamentos, urbanizaciones y fraccionamientos; mantener la prohibición.
3. Revocar los acuerdos JD-021-2017, JD-225-2017, JD- 336-2018 y JD-093-2020 después de la entrada en vigencia de este acuerdo a partir de su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.
4. Únicamente se modificarán estas zonas de restricción de servicios en los siguientes casos:
A. Cuando por medio de Decreto Ejecutivo o Ley de la República sean modificados los límites de la Zona Inalienable de la Ley LXV, del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, de la Reserva Forestal de la Cordillera Volcánica Central o la delimitación de las zonas de protección absoluta de nacientes y captaciones.
B. Cuando se realice una actualización o nuevo estudio sobre las zonas de protección de manantiales y tomas de captación de la ESPH. Dicho estudio deberá contar con la aprobación del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes y de la Unidad de Ambiente de la ESPH.
C. Cuando se finalice la construcción y puesta en marcha de algún proyecto de Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes que aumente la oferta de agua potable en las zonas bajo estrés hídrico como por ejemplo nuevas captaciones, perforación de pozos, construcción de embalses, nuevas concesiones y similares. Lo anterior será definido por la Dirección del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes de la ESPH S. A.
D. Cuando después de la realización por parte del Proceso de Operación y Optimización de los Sistemas del Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes del balance anual entre oferta y demanda de agua potable se establezcan nuevas zonas bajo estrés hídrico producto del crecimiento de nuevos servicios.
5. Todas las disponibilidades de agua potable otorgadas se caducarán sino inician la construcción del proyecto en un tiempo máximo de dos años después de otorgada la carta de disponibilidad por parte de la ESPH.
6. Solicitar igualmente que el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) y las demás entidades que deben valorar o aprobar la construcción de proyectos en las zonas del sistema acuífero, apliquen políticas sobre el uso del suelo que sean acordes con la protección de los recursos hídricos y criterios de vulnerabilidad.
7. Solicitar a las municipalidades ubicadas en el área de influencia del estudio, que procedan a la elaboración de los mapas de vulnerabilidad hidrogeológica a la contaminación de acuíferos, que permita una planificación urbana que considere la protección de los recursos hídricos.
8. Notifíquese este acuerdo por parte de la Comisión de Proyectos Habitacionales de la ESPH S. A., al Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz, Instituto Costarricense de electricidad, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos y la Defensoría de los Habitantes, así como a las siguientes municipalidades ubicadas en el área de influencia de este acuerdo: Santa Bárbara, San Rafael, Barva, Cantón Central de Heredia, Santo Domingo, San Isidro y Moravia.
9. Publíquese en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta” (el destacado fue incorporado).
Por oficio APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 del 8 de mayo de 2023, la ESPH comunicó al accionante: “En atención a la solicitud recibida en el Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (NAPH), con el número de trámite 1345078, solicitando un único servicio del proyecto Lomas del Castillo ubicado en (…) San Rafael de Heredia, para la presentación 2023-16310-C (…) que modifican el plano H-1244728-2008 (Finca 4 208837-000) el Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (…) indica lo siguiente: Sobre la propiedad La finca 4 208837-000 se ubica dentro de la zona C, según el Acuerdo de Junta Directiva JD-240-2022 (…) Antecedentes La propiedad en mención es parte del proyecto Lomas del Castillo; dicho proyecto es afectado por el “Área de Control Urbanístico” expuesta en el decreto 25902-MIVAH-MP-MINAE, sin embargo, las propiedades que se encontraban frente a calle pública sí se permitieron fraccionar (…) Mediante un oficio del día 03 de mayo del 2005, el señor Lic. Carlos Campos Zamora, indica prescindir de 15 servicios de los 30 servicios otorgados, y hacer el proyecto solo de 15 unidades de consumo, distribuidas de la siguiente manera: 11 lotificaciones frente a calle pública y 4 parcelas agrícolas.
Aprobándose esta petición con el oficio CU-045-2005. El 11 de noviembre del 2019, facilitan para revisión y posterior aprobación, el diseño del sitio avalado por el INVU de 11 propiedades frente a calle pública y 4 parcelas agrícolas (…) El 09 de diciembre del 2021 se emite el oficio APH-ON-RH-SI-512-2021 que en acatamiento a los lineamientos estipulados en el acuerdo JD-021-2017 y sus reformas, se otorgó disponibilidad para un único servicio de 12.5mm, asociado para la prestación 2021-22062-C (…) que modifican el plano (…) (finca 4 208837-000), para que sea instalado frente a calle pública (…) Por tanto: El Negocio de Agua Potable e Hidrantes de la ESPHSA, se encuentra imposibilitado de otorgar disponibilidad de agua potable a la presentación 2023-16210-CO (…) ya que excede la cantidad de unidades de consumo aprobadas y no se encuentra plasmada en el diseño de distribución aprobado en el 2019 (…)” (la negrita fue agregada).
De previo a resolver lo que en derecho corresponde, se advierte que en la sentencia nro. 2020002799 de las 10:05 horas del 11 de febrero de 2020, este Tribunal dispuso:
“I.- Objeto del recurso.- La recurrente manifiesta que le dieron un lote para construir su casa. Debido a lo anterior, se planteó ante la Asada recurrida solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable para el inmueble, plano No. 2019-37296-C. Sin embargo, acusa que la solicitud fue rechazada con el argumento de que no se cuenta con una red de distribución de agua potable frente a la propiedad. Estima que lo resuelto por la recurrida es lesivo del derecho al servicio de agua potable.
II.Sobre el tema de la dotación del servicio de agua potable. Este Tribunal ha señalado que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las municipalidades, o bien, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, pueden denegar la disponibilidad de agua potable si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifiquen. En la Sentencia N° 2018-011148 de las 9:30 horas del 10 de julio de 2018, esta Sala resolvió lo siguiente:
"(...) En el caso bajo estudio, la Sala tiene por demostrado que el 8 de agosto de 2017, la recurrente presentó ante el Instituto recurrido una solicitud de disponibilidad de servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado para la propiedad inscrita bajo el Folio Real Matrícula N° (…) misma que le fue denegada mediante oficio N° GSP-RCO- 2017-02024, del 21 de agosto de 2017. Según lo constatado, en el sector donde se ubica el terreno en el que la amparada gestionó el servicio, no hay disponibilidad de agua potable ni sistema de alcantarillado sanitario, pues el Sistema de Santiago de Puriscal experimenta un déficit hídrico, por lo que el aumento en el número de servicios implicaría un desmejoramiento de la calidad de los usuarios actuales, quienes son abastecidos mediante medidas paliativas "valvuleo" y camión cisterna. Es evidente entonces, que el Instituto no puede brindar el servicio solicitado por la amparada porque técnicamente no le es factible, y por ende, no es posible acoger la solicitud en los términos en que la recurrente lo pretende. Por ello, desde la perspectiva constitucional, la Sala considera que no se ha dado una negativa arbitraria de la autoridad accionada para brindarle disponibilidad del servicio de agua potable a la gestionante como lo solicita, sino que, lo que ha ocurrido es que existe una imposibilidad técnica y material debido a la inexistencia en el sitio de la infraestructura necesaria para acceder a lo peticionado, al menos en este momento, lo cual -como se dijo- ha sido de su conocimiento. Se recuerda, que sobre el tema de fondo de este amparo, esta Sala se ha referido en múltiples sentencias a lo que ha llamado la imposibilidad técnica o material, que es la falta de infraestructura, y se ha manifestado, en el sentido de que cuando existe imposibilidad técnica para conectar el servicio solicitado, no se viola derecho fundamental alguno de los administrados, pues ello obedece a la falta de elementos técnicos necesarios para la instalación del servicio y no a una actuación arbitraria de la Administración (ver en ese sentido, entre otras, Sentencias 2007-03355, de las 13:37 horas del 09 de marzo del 2007; 2007-010341, de las 14:45 horas del 20 de julio del 2007 y 2017- 011477, de las 9:15 horas del 21 de julio del 2017). Finalmente, no consta un acto discriminatorio en relación con las otras viviendas que se ubican en la zona y que si cuentan con el servicio, ya que el principio de igualdad, en tanto constituye un presupuesto necesario para la efectividad de las libertades públicas, obliga tanto a parificar situaciones iguales como a diversificar situaciones distintas. Esto implica que a los supuestos fácticos iguales deben ser aplicadas consecuencias jurídicas también iguales y que para introducir diferencias entre los supuestos de hecho tiene que existir una suficiente justificación de tal diferencia, que aparezca al mismo tiempo como fundada y razonable de acuerdo con criterios y juicios de valor generalmente aceptados. Reiteradamente, esta Sala ha dicho que cuando se alegue violación al principio de igualdad, es necesario que el interesado presente un parámetro de comparación, es decir debe señalar un caso concreto -o varios- en que se evidencie el trato discriminatorio. Finalmente, no corresponde a esta Sala determinar si se cumplen o no los requisitos para otorgar el suministro de agua como la recurrente lo pretende, tampoco procede dilucidar en qué términos, según la disponibilidad de agua y el cumplimiento de condiciones técnicas y legales, podría eventualmente llegar a autorizarse la gestión de abastecimiento de agua que echa de menos, toda vez que se trata de una labor propia de la vía común - administrativa o jurisdiccional (...)".
Tales consideraciones resultan aplicables al caso de estudio, pues este Tribunal no encuentra razones para variar el criterio vertido en dicha sentencia, ni motivos que lo hagan valorar de manera distinta la situación planteada.
III.Sobre el caso concreto. Según se desprende del escrito de interposición del recurso y de la prueba documental aportada al expediente electrónico, la accionada rechazó la solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable que indica la recurrente, informando las razones por las cuales no era factible atenderla, específicamente, que no se cuenta con una red de distribución de agua potable frente a la propiedad. Ahora bien, se debe indicar que la verificación del cumplimiento de requisitos legales o técnicos para obtener la disponibilidad solicitada, corresponde a las autoridades administrativas o jurisdiccionales respectivas, sin que esta Sala pueda incursionar en la materia, porque se trata de aspectos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia. Nótese que, conforme lo indicado en el precedente de cita, este Tribunal ha considerado que, ante el impedimento jurídico -incumplimiento de requisitos establecidos en la reglamentación respectiva- o frente a la imposibilidad formal -en este caso la falta de infraestructura-, resulta razonable la denegatoria de solicitudes de servicio, pues no se trata de una disposición antojadiza e infundada, sino sustentada en un criterio técnico que impide garantizar las condiciones mínimas del servicio.
Así las cosas, lo propio es que la recurrente acuda ante la vía de legalidad ordinaria a fin de plantear allí las gestiones que estime pertinentes para que se resuelva lo que en derecho corresponda. En consecuencia, el recurso se declara inadmisible” (la negrita fue suplida).
De este modo, aun cuando la posición de esta Cámara Constitucional ha sido la de garantizar el acceso al servicio público de agua potable, ello se da cuando se han suscitado dos condiciones, a saber, i) el pago del servicio y ii) el cumplimento de los requisitos legales y técnicos para su instalación.
Ahora bien, en el sub iudice el accionante cuestiona la denegatoria de la disponibilidad de agua potable emitida por la ESPH por memorial APH-ON-RH-SI-176-2023 del 8 de mayo de 2023. Al respecto, de la lectura de tal oficio se desprende que la razón por la cual se negó el servicio peticionado obedece a “excede la cantidad de unidades de consumo aprobadas y no se encuentra plasmada en el diseño de distribución aprobado en el 2019”. Por ende, no se observa que tal denegatoria resulte abiertamente arbitraria y desproporcionada, sino que obedece a imposibilidades técnicas y normativas. Acerca de esto, tal como se indicó en el precedente transcrito, no corresponde a este Tribunal Constitucional efectuar la verificación de requisitos legales y técnicos para establecer la procedencia o no de la negativa en cuestión. Por ende, si el recurrente persiste en su disconformidad, si a bien lo tiene, puede plantear el reclamo correspondiente ante la propia ESPH o en la vía jurisdiccional ordinaria.
V.Por otra parte, en el memorial de interposición se plantean una serie de cuestionamientos en relación con el accionar de la ESPH respecto al manejo del agua potable y la decisión de restringir el otorgamiento de disponibilidades de agua en los distritos de Concepción y Ángeles de San Rafael de Heredia. Al respecto, resulta menester recordar que el recurso de amparo es de naturaleza eminentemente sumaria, por lo que su tramitación es incompatible con el diligenciamiento de pruebas extensas o complejas, lo que más bien corresponde a la vía ordinaria. Por ello, no procede que mediante la vía de amparo este Tribunal determine, de acuerdo con la normativa infraconstitucional que rige la materia, las particularidades del caso bajo estudio y de conformidad con la ciencia y la técnica, la edad del agua que se consume de los acuíferos Colima Superior y Colima Inferior que es distribuida por la ESPH, ni examinar si las zonas protegidas y de restricción establecidas por esa empresa son o no las correctas, según lo indicado, entre otros, en el estudio elaborado por la consultora Hidrogeotecnia LTDA.
Tampoco corresponde a esta Cámara referirse sobre lo procedencia o no del acuerdo nro. 240 adoptado por la Junta Directiva de la ESPH en sesión celebrada el 2 de noviembre de 2022, ni establecer si este es o no acorde con las zonas de recarga acuífera que se deben proteger, con las áreas susceptibles al desarrollo urbanístico y con los estudios hidrogeológicos que fueron analizados por Senara, como lo es el “Estudio Hidrogeológico Plan Regulador Cantón de San Rafael”. Igualmente, nótese que no es esta Cámara quien debe determinar cuáles zonas deben tener una regulación más o menos estricta como lo pretende el accionante, y, por ende, tampoco debe establecer si los distritos de Ángeles y Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia deberían obtener más disponibilidades de agua, ni si debe dotárseles de un sistema de rebombeo o pozos profundos. En similar sentido, no corresponde a este Tribunal dilucidar la disconformidad formulada por el accionante en cuanto al funcionamiento de Senara y el Invu en relación con la aprobación de estudios hidrogeológicos y los planes reguladores o de ordenamiento territorial.
Asimismo, no compete a esta Sala analizar la procedencia o no de las disponibilidades de agua presuntamente otorgadas por la ESPH a un motel y un proyecto condominal en el distrito de Santiago. Lo anterior por cuanto efectuar tales exámenes implicaría diligenciar abundantes y complejas diligencias probatorias, tarea que atañe más bien a la vía de la legalidad ordinaria y no a esta sede especializada. Ahora, si el recurrente lo tuviere a bien, podrá formular las inconformidades en cuestión ante las propias autoridades recurridas o en la vía jurisdiccional ordinaria. Ergo, se desestima el recurso en lo concerniente a este agravio.
VI.Finalmente, el recurrente solicita que este Tribunal ordene a la ESPH construir un sistema de alcantarillado sanitario. Sin embargo, en el memorial de interposición no se hizo referencia a alguna gestión específica o alguna fecha concreta en la que se haya planteado alguna gestión ante la autoridad recurrida en cuanto a ese tema. Por ende, no se tiene por demostrado que, de previo a la formulación de este recurso, el accionante haya interpuesto alguna gestión ante la ESPH en relación con la construcción de un sistema de alcantarillado sanitario. Visto lo anterior, advierta el accionante que no le corresponde a esta Sala Constitucional, funcionar como una instancia tramitadora de quejas o denuncias. Por lo que, si lo tiene a bien el tutelado, puede interponer la denuncia correspondiente ante la propia ESPH o en la vía jurisdiccional ordinaria.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en el plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo aquel material no retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo de Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, aprobado en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión nro. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
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