← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 18144-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 28/06/2024
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is granted. The acting mayor of the Municipality of Mora is ordered, within six months, to coordinate and take the necessary measures to permanently solve the reported irregular stormwater discharge problem, safeguarding the life and integrity of the petitioners and other occupants of the affected property.Se declara con lugar el recurso de amparo. Se ordena al alcalde a.i. de la Municipalidad de Mora que, en un plazo de seis meses, coordine y tome las medidas necesarias para solucionar de forma definitiva el problema del desfogue irregular de aguas pluviales denunciado, resguardando la vida e integridad de los amparados y demás ocupantes del inmueble afectado.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber grants an amparo filed by a family against the Municipality of Mora. The petitioners alleged that a culvert installed by the municipality diverted stormwater onto their property, causing land subsidence that endangered their house and the lives of its occupants (two older adults and two minors). The court found that, although the municipality had been aware of the problem since at least September 2021 and its own technical units had confirmed the damage and the need for intervention, more than two and a half years had passed without a definitive solution. The Chamber determined that the municipality incurred an unjustified omission in exercising its powers and an undue delay, since the actions taken (studies, inclusion in extraordinary budgets, and failed procurement attempts) were insufficient to resolve the problem. This inaction violated the fundamental rights to an effective administrative procedure (Article 41 of the Constitution) and to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (Article 50 of the Constitution). Consequently, the amparo is granted, and the municipal mayor is ordered to take the necessary measures to permanently solve the irregular stormwater discharge within six months, under warning of contempt.La Sala Constitucional acoge un recurso de amparo presentado por una familia contra la Municipalidad de Mora, que alegaba que una alcantarilla colocada por el municipio derivaba aguas pluviales hacia su propiedad, provocando deslizamiento del terreno y poniendo en riesgo su vivienda y la vida de sus ocupantes (dos adultos mayores y dos menores de edad). El tribunal acredita que, a pesar de que el municipio conocía el problema desde al menos septiembre de 2021 y sus propias unidades técnicas (Gestión Ambiental y Vial) confirmaron los daños y la necesidad de intervención, transcurrieron más de dos años y medio sin una solución definitiva. La Sala determina que la municipalidad incurrió en una omisión injustificada en el ejercicio de sus competencias y una dilación indebida, pues las acciones emprendidas (estudios, inclusión en presupuestos extraordinarios e intentos de contratación declarados desiertos) resultaron insuficientes para resolver el problema. Considera que esta inacción viola los derechos fundamentales a un procedimiento administrativo eficaz (artículo 41 constitucional) y a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado (artículo 50 constitucional). En consecuencia, declara con lugar el recurso y ordena al alcalde municipal coordinar y tomar las medidas necesarias para solucionar definitivamente el desfogue irregular en un plazo de seis meses, bajo apercibimiento de incurrir en desobediencia.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Under this scenario, this Chamber finds an omission by the respondent municipality in the full exercise of the powers granted by law, as well as an unjustified delay, considering that the complaint by the protected parties was filed on October 18, 2021, and as of the date of filing this remedy the reported problem has not been definitively resolved. Thus, a flagrant violation of the fundamental rights of the protected parties is established, specifically those enshrined in Articles 41 and 50 of the Constitution, and accordingly, the amparo must be granted with the consequences set forth in the operative part.Bajo este panorama, esta Sala acredita una omisión por parte del municipio accionado del pleno ejercicio de las facultades que la ley le otorga, así como también ha incurrido en una dilación injustificada, tomando en cuenta que la denuncia por los tutelados se planteó desde el 18 de octubre de 2021, sin que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso se haya solventado de forma definitiva la problemática denunciada. De este modo, se acredita la violación flagrante a los derechos fundamentales de los tutelados, específicamente los consagrados en los 41 y 50 constitucionales y, en consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso con las consecuencias que se disponen en la parte dispositiva.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Nótese que la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora indicó que la solución para el problema alegado es entubar la zona del canal por donde escurren las aguas pluviales de forma tal que se pueda evitar la socavación de la propiedad como efecto de la erosión que ocasiona dicho desfogue, pese a ello no se observan acciones concretas para realizar tales obras."
"Note that the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipality of Mora indicated that the solution for the alleged problem is to tube the area of the channel through which the stormwater flows, in order to prevent the undermining of the property as a result of the erosion caused by said discharge; however, no concrete actions to carry out such works are observed."
Considerando IV
"Nótese que la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora indicó que la solución para el problema alegado es entubar la zona del canal por donde escurren las aguas pluviales de forma tal que se pueda evitar la socavación de la propiedad como efecto de la erosión que ocasiona dicho desfogue, pese a ello no se observan acciones concretas para realizar tales obras."
Considerando IV
"Esta Sala acredita una omisión por parte del municipio accionado del pleno ejercicio de las facultades que la ley le otorga, así como también ha incurrido en una dilación injustificada, tomando en cuenta que la denuncia por los tutelados se planteó desde el 18 de octubre de 2021, sin que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso se haya solventado de forma definitiva la problemática denunciada."
"This Chamber finds an omission by the respondent municipality in the full exercise of the powers granted by law, as well as an unjustified delay, considering that the complaint by the protected parties was filed on October 18, 2021, and as of the date of filing this remedy the reported problem has not been definitively resolved."
Considerando IV
"Esta Sala acredita una omisión por parte del municipio accionado del pleno ejercicio de las facultades que la ley le otorga, así como también ha incurrido en una dilación injustificada, tomando en cuenta que la denuncia por los tutelados se planteó desde el 18 de octubre de 2021, sin que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso se haya solventado de forma definitiva la problemática denunciada."
Considerando IV
"Se acredita la violación flagrante a los derechos fundamentales de los tutelados, específicamente los consagrados en los 41 y 50 constitucionales."
"A flagrant violation of the fundamental rights of the protected parties is established, specifically those enshrined in Articles 41 and 50 of the Constitution."
Considerando IV
"Se acredita la violación flagrante a los derechos fundamentales de los tutelados, específicamente los consagrados en los 41 y 50 constitucionales."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
(…) IV.- On the specific case. In the sub lite, the petitioner objects that the respondent municipality installed a culvert (alcantarilla) that diverts stormwater (aguas pluviales) toward the property of the amparados, which is causing a landslide on the land, putting the protected parties at risk. He explains that on multiple occasions they have contacted the respondent municipality; however, he complains that as of the date of filing this proceeding they have no solution to the denounced problem, despite the fact that the Technical Road Unit verified that the damage is caused by poor management of stormwater. For the foregoing, he requests the intervention of this Chamber.
In this regard, after reviewing the arguments presented by the petitioner on behalf of the affected protected parties, the reports rendered under oath by the respondent authorities, as well as all the evidence provided, this Constitutional Court finds that this amparo proceeding must be granted. The foregoing, because the existence of the problem denounced by the amparados since October 18, 2021, has been substantiated. It is even observed that, prior to the filing of the formal complaint by the protected parties before the respondent municipality, the respondents already had full knowledge of the situation, given that on September 8, 2021, the Police of the Municipality of Mora attended an incident reported through the 9-1-1 Emergency System, which was attended to and forwarded internally within the respondent municipality. In that sense, it is on record that on September 28, 2021, a visit to the home of the amparados was made by the Environmental Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Unit of the Municipality of Mora, which issued report no. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 detailing: “culvert (alcantarillado) that may be undermining the land, since it evacuates water from road 239, but it has been descending, which implies it may be undercut underneath, the impact is on one side of the property and it is better to have it assessed by qualified personnel, since the landslide begins one meter from the construction and has a drop of three or four meters deep (…) according to the report, the incident is caused by stormwater (aguas pluviales) management from route 239 that causes erosion on private land. It is recommended that engineers assess it as it is a civil matter due to water discharge (desfogue de aguas)”.
Now, from the list of proven facts, it is determined that the respondents have carried out actions aimed at trying to solve the denounced problem; however, it is verified that they have been insufficient, since as of the date of filing this proceeding the situation persists.
It is important to clarify that from the study of the case file it has not been possible to attribute specifically and concretely -as the amparados affirm- that the problem is due to the placement of a culvert (alcantarilla) by the respondents, since in official letters no. UTGV-0852-2021 of November 3, 2021, and no. UTGV-0313-2023 of June 11, 2024, issued by the Technical Road Management Unit of the Municipality of Mora, it was indicated that it is not a case of poor management of stormwater (aguas pluviales) from Altos de San Rafael, but rather a normal matter of the effects of water, for which reference is made to articles 20 and 21 of the General Law on Public Roads. Hence, it must be noted that if the amparados wish to challenge such a criterion, they may raise their arguments in administrative proceedings or in the ordinary jurisdiction, so that their position can be subjected to adversarial debate and they may provide the evidence they deem pertinent.
However, it is also important to point out that within those same official letters, the existence of the claimed problem is acknowledged -damage to the home of the protected parties as a result of the discharge (desfogue) from a cross-drainage culvert (cruce transversal pluvial) coming from the discharge (desfogue) of the street connecting to Altos de San Rafael-, which has not been addressed or corrected as required, thus placing the life and integrity of the amparados at serious risk.
Note that the Technical Road Management Unit of the Municipality of Mora indicated that the solution to the alleged problem is to pipe (entubar) the area of the channel through which the stormwater (aguas pluviales) runs, in such a way as to prevent the undercutting (socavación) of the property as a result of the erosion caused by said discharge (desfogue), despite this, no concrete actions are observed to carry out such works, since as of the date the authorities of the Municipality render their report, that is, June 12, 2024, they are awaiting the approval of the 2024 extraordinary budget, in order to be able to generate a new procurement and in the event it is awarded, to be able to provide a definitive solution to the case of the amparados.
Thus, this Court observes that the home of the protected parties faces a problem due to the irregular runoff (discurrir irregular) of stormwater (aguas pluviales) that has been damaging and undermining the corners of the property, thereby placing the dwelling’s inhabitants -two adults, an older adult, and two minors- at serious risk. While it is determined that the respondents have taken actions aimed at resolving said problem, the truth is that they have been insufficient, as the referred problem persists and has not been definitively resolved, as is proper.
Under this scenario, this Chamber confirms an omission by the respondent municipality in the full exercise of the powers granted to it by law, and it has also incurred in unjustified delay, considering that the complaint by the protected parties was filed on October 18, 2021, without the denounced problem having been definitively resolved as of the date of filing this appeal. In this way, a flagrant violation of the fundamental rights of the protected parties is confirmed, specifically those enshrined in Articles 41 and 50 of the Constitution and, consequently, the appropriate course is to grant the appeal with the consequences set forth in the operative part. (…)” Procedure number: 2023LD-000253-0002200001 (…) As can be observed, both procedures were declared void/unsuccessful, because there were no bidders in the tenders. 11. As the corresponding work could not be carried out, again for extraordinary budget 01, the content was included to address what was required; said budget is currently under review by the Contraloría General de la República.
On this occasion, a larger budget of ₡5,000,000 was included, considering that in the previous tenders no bidders were obtained and that the considered budget might not be aligned with the market. As detailed in the document of extraordinary budget No. 001-2024 prepared by Licda. Silvia Carvajal Alpízar of the Financial Directorate: (…) 12. In the first half of 2024, CONAVI was carrying out storm drainage works on Route No. 239 (the one that passes in front of Mrs. Guadamuz's home), therefore, from my office a request was made to incorporate the waters that cross said route and enter the property in question; however, as the piping was at such a great depth, it significantly altered the proposed design, so they indicated to us that they could not proceed. However, the inspector recommended that I discuss it with the CNE, as he had seen similar interventions in other places by said institution. 13.
On June 4 of the current year, an incident related to the case at hand was again received, through consecutive number 2024-06-04-01692. Knowing the recommendation of the CONAVI works inspector, mentioned above, I spoke with the CNE liaison officer, Mr. Milton Pazmiño, who requested that the situation report be submitted for evaluation within his competencies. Therefore, on June 5 of the current year, Situation Report No. 01-24 was forwarded. Therefore, as this involves an intervention on private property, the municipal administration has been careful regarding the investment or expenditure of public resources; for this reason, the attention to the case could not be carried out as expeditiously as the affected party would have desired. We are currently awaiting approval of the extraordinary budget, to put the public procurement process out to tender again in SICOP, hoping to have interested bidders participate.
We are also awaiting a response from the CNE regarding the situation report, in order to consider a joint solution with said institution (…)". According to everything stated in said report, it can be observed how this Municipality has continued to act to provide a solution to this problem. On two occasions, the due procurement process has been processed to solve the problem, the first under procedure number 2023LD-000182-0002200001 published on November 9, 2023, and the second 2023LD-000253-0002200001, published on December 4, 2023; however, both were declared void/unsuccessful because no bidders submitted offers to said tender. Efforts continue to be made and we are currently awaiting the extraordinary budget for 2024 in order to generate a new procurement and, in the event that this is finally awarded, to finally provide a definitive solution to the case. FOURTH: THE SPECIFIC CASE: For this Local Government, it is important that this Constitutional Chamber takes into account the existing legal framework regarding the management of water coming from public roads and entering private property, inasmuch as Articles 20 and 21 of Law No. 5060, General Public Roads Law, establish: "(…) Article 20. - All possessors of real estate, by any title, are obliged to receive and allow to flow within their properties, the waters from the roads when so determined by the slope of the land and, when their properties are immediately adjacent to the drains of a road, they must keep these drains clean, in perfect state of service, and free of obstacles.
The Ministry or the Municipalities shall order the work to be executed and shall charge for the work plus a fifty percent (50%) surcharge, if this obligation is not fulfilled. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Municipalities must coordinate with the Ministry of Agriculture the road protection measures in projects for new routes or in the conservation works of existing ones, in regions where they may cause or intensify erosion or divert the natural drainage of the fields. Article 21. - Said possessors are also obliged to keep roads, patrol paths, and retaining walls clean of all harmful vegetation, to trim the branches of trees that shade public roads, and to clear the fences each year, at the appropriate times, all at the request of the officials tasked by the Municipalities or the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, following their instructions. When landslides occur, they must immediately notify the local authority for their corresponding duty.
(…)" In this way, it can be seen how it is a legal obligation of the petitioners to receive and allow to flow within the property in question the waters coming from the public road in question, this in application of the obligation established in Article 20 of regulation No. 5060, General Public Roads Law, this as a result of being the point through which the very slope of the area drains the waters, it also being their obligation to maintain said drains clean and in perfect state of service free of obstacles. From the information cited above, it can be seen how this Local Government has carried out a whole series of administrative efforts to be able to provide attention to the case of the petitioner here. However, it is essential to take into account that the situation unfolds within private property, so the procedure to follow is different and therefore longer, since the case must be managed in accordance with the Regulations for the Granting of Temporary Aid to Neighbors Facing Situations of Misfortune or Calamity and Subsidies to Public Education Centers of the Canton of Mora.
In this regard, for greater clarity, see Articles 4, 7, and 8 of said regulations, which state the following "(…) Article 4.—On the accreditation of the risk or vulnerability situation: To grant benefits or support of this type, the Municipality of Mora must have the risk or vulnerability situation duly demonstrated and supported. The foregoing shall be carried out through a Technical Study that will be in charge of the professional responsible for the Social Welfare subprocess and may be complemented with contributions from other subprocesses. All documents supporting the information provided prior to conducting the respective home visit shall be required for the purposes of obtaining, verifying, and expanding data on the social, structural, and family environment. The technical report must have the approval of the person in charge of the Human Development and Social Cohesion area of the Municipality.
As applicable, the other Municipal Areas shall have the unavoidable obligation to provide pertinent technical assistances when relevant. (…) Article 7.—On the requirements: This class of aid may be granted to those subjects who meet the following requirements: • Be of legal age and a resident of the canton of Mora. • Likewise, in the event that it involves an Educational Center in a situation of misfortune or calamity, it must provide its services within the Canton of Mora, with its legal status up to date. • Demonstrate the condition of vulnerability or risk. • Submit the request formally in writing and duly justified, or verbally when the person does not know how to write, providing the evidentiary documents within their reach. • Not be currently enjoying any subsidy from an institution or charitable or social welfare group, to address the same event. This will be permitted only when it involves an articulated intervention between various institutions and/or organizations and that they respond to the same intervention plan.
Article 8.—On the municipal verification of the risk or vulnerability condition: Once the respective aid request is received, the Municipality reserves the right to request and carry out all kinds of tests to determine the vulnerability situations of the resident requesting the aid. For this, it shall apply the social investigation techniques previously determined by the Department in charge and may rely on the official information contained in the different systems used for this purpose by the different Public Administration institutions (INEC, IMAS, CONAPAM, DESAF among others). The aid request must be resolved by the Municipality within one month from the fulfillment of all the requirements invoked in numeral 7 of these Regulations, applying the provisions referring to the simplification of procedures alluded to in Law 8220 Citizen Protection Law Against Excessive Procedures. (…)" Along these lines, see how, in compliance with this municipal regulation and in order to determine the support to be provided within private property, this administration has, since 2021, managed the following technical criteria: from the Municipal Inspections and Police Unit issued by Leonardo Trejos Céspedes under official letter No. MM-PM-228-2021 of September 8, 2021; from the Social Welfare Office issued by Victoria Madrigal Boza under official letter No. SBS-113-2021 of September 17, 2021; from the Environmental Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Unit issued by Pablo Herrera Zúñiga under official letter No. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 of September 28, 2021; and from the Technical Road Management Unit issued by Cristhian Arroyo Gamboa under official letter No. UTGV-0852-2021 of November 3, 2021.
The first, issued by Leonardo Trejos Céspedes of the Municipal Inspections and Police Unit under official letter No. MM-PM-228-2021 of September 8, 2021, which highlights: "(…) The site was arrived at at 15:27 hours ON SEPTEMBER 8, 2021, officers Alejandro Quirós Brenes and Roy Quesada Chavarría, dialogue with [Nombre 003] ID [Valor 003], indicates that after heavy rains, water entered their property and has caused damage, on the land very close to the home, there is a sewer that may be destabilizing the ground, as this drains the water from highway 239, but it has been lowering, implying that it may be undermined below, the affectation is to one side of the property and it is better that it be assessed by qualified personnel, since the landslide starts one meter from the construction and has a drop of three or four meters deep. Residing in the home are, [Nombre 003] age 28, [Nombre 004] age 65, [Nombre 002] age 32 and two minors aged 3 and 9; at the moment it is not in danger, but assessment is indeed necessary".
Likewise, it recommended: "Assess the visit as soon as possible by the colleagues from Risk Management to have a better criterion of the case." The second criterion issued by Victoria Madrigal Boza of the Social Welfare Office under official letter No. SBS113-2021 of September 17, 2021, indicates: "(…) The intervention carried out from the Social Area occurred along the following lines: • Visit family groups in situ to map the families that have been affected by the incidents reported to 911, specifically those that were referred to the Social Area. • Provide information to families about the importance of having a family emergency plan and emergency kit in case they need to evacuate the place. • Guidance on the protocol to follow in case an emergency situation arises, emphasizing reporting to 911 as the first step. • Identification of support networks together with the families, in the event of a possible emergency that forces families to relocate to another space due to affectation of the homes. • Pre-analysis of the socio-economic conditions of the families. • Photographic record to transfer information to the Emergency Committee coordination.
On the other hand, based on the intervention, the following recommendations for follow-up are generated: • It is recommended that a visit be generated by the Environmental Management Unit and municipal geologist. • For the case of report No. 2021-09-08-01699 of [Nombre 003], assessment of the situation by UTGV is recommended. • Follow-up must be given on the treatment of the trees located on the banks of the river and which are identified as a risk element for the adjacent homes. (…)" As a third criterion, there is the one issued by Pablo Herrera Zúñiga of the Environmental Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Unit, under official letter No. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 of September 28, 2021, which points out in the relevant case: (…) And finally, the criterion issued by Cristhian Arroyo Gamboa of the Technical Road Management Unit, under official letter No. UTGV-0852-2021 of November 3, 2021, which highlights: "(…) On behalf of this Unit, the corresponding inspection was conducted, where the location of the home in question is observed, which is detailed in attached diagram #1.
It is possible to verify the damage being caused to Mrs. Guadamuz's home, as a result of the drainage from a transversal stormwater crossing, waters coming from the drainage of the street that connects to the Altos de San Rafael. As observed in photographs #3 and #4, the flow has been causing a natural channel, as a result of the large flow that drains there and which has been eroding its slopes and in turn has been destabilizing one of the corners of Mrs. Guadamuz's home, which is founded on concrete piles. The solution does not appear difficult at all to carry out, which consists of extending the existing pipe by about 20 linear meters, and placing fill over it to thus be able to distance the drain outlet mouth and prevent it from continuing to erode the slope and continuing to compromise the home. The detail is that, being works within private property, it could not be intervened with funds from law #8114 but rather with funds from the administration.
The diameter of the culvert could not be measured on site due to the difficult access to the site, however it is estimated that it must be about 36” in diameter. Therefore, a table with an estimated cost to invest in said solution is attached: (…) All the foregoing, demarcates and demonstrates how this administration has followed up and carried out all the administrative efforts required in light of the articles of the municipal regulations cited above, thus complying with due process and the principle of legality, as well as determining the works required to provide aid within private property. It is worth emphasizing that all these efforts were carried out in 2021, when we were in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused the normal time that would be allocated to follow up on such a national emergency to be affected, because resources, both budgetary and human, had to be prioritized and allocated for the attention of said national situation.
In turn, it is necessary to emphasize that, at that moment, all internal efforts were being made for the issuance of the regulations cited above, which, after arduous work by this administration, was published for the first time in the official gazette La Gaceta No. 189 of October 13, 2023. After no objection to it was presented, on December 7, 2023, the Municipal Council definitively approved the regulations under agreement # ACM-188-09-202, being duly published in La Gaceta No. 17 of January 30, 2024. Likewise, it can be seen how public procurements No. 2023LD-000182-0002200001 and No. 2023LD-000253-0002200001 have been processed, both cases being declared void or unsuccessful because no bidders submitted offers, as can be observed in the following screenshots extracted from the information provided by SICOP (…) However, the fact that said procurement, which was processed on two occasions within the same calendar year, reflects the commitment that has characterized this administration to be able to solve the case in question; however, the fact that in both cases such procurements could not be awarded is an event that escapes the responsibility of this Municipality, inasmuch as, under the principle of legality, it is not legally viable to proceed with a public procurement process that does not meet the established technical and legality elements to be awarded, a situation that has occurred on both occasions.
Now, it can be seen how for this year 2024, this Local Government is awaiting extraordinary budget No. 01-2024, which is currently pending approval by the Contraloría General de la República, having been submitted for its review and approval since last May 14, 2024, through official letter No. AMM-0331-2024, issued by Alfonso Jiménez Cascante in his capacity as municipal mayor. Therefore, once said extraordinary budget is approved and can be executed in accordance with the applicable framework of legality, this Local Government will proceed to insist and generate again the required procurement within the SICOP platform, hoping that this time it manages to be awarded and therefore, the required works can be carried out to solve the case in question”
Drafted by Magistrate Garita Navarro; and,
Considering:
I.Preliminary matter. Before analyzing the merits of the case—due to the alleged violation of the right to a prompt and fulfilled procedure—it must be clarified that, since ruling no. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction—with some exceptions—those matters in which it is debated whether the public administration has or has not complied with the deadlines, set by the General Law of Public Administration (Articles 261 and 325) or by the sectoral laws relating to special administrative procedures, both to resolve by final act an administrative procedure—initiated ex officio or at the request of a party—and to hear the appropriate administrative appeals. Precisely, in this case, an exception case is raised, since it involves a proceeding due to the alleged problem of stormwater and landslides at the home of the protected parties, which puts the protected parties, who inhabit said property, at risk; however, it has not been attended to within a reasonable time. Having clarified the point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo.
II.Object of the appeal. The petitioner complains that the respondent municipality placed a culvert that diverts stormwater towards the property of the protected parties, which is causing a landslide on the land, putting the protected parties at risk. They state that on multiple occasions they have contacted the respondent municipality; however, they claim that as of the date of filing this proceeding, they do not have a solution to the denounced problem, despite the fact that the Technical Road Unit verified that the damage is caused by the poor management of stormwater. Based on the foregoing, they request the intervention of the Chamber.
On September 8, 2021, the Police of the Municipality of Mora attended an incident reported through the 9-1-1 Emergency System by the protected party. From said attention, the following was noted: "The site was arrived at at 15:27 hours ON SEPTEMBER 8, 2021, officers Alejandro Quirós Brenes and Roy Quesada Chavarría, dialogue with [Nombre 003] ID [Valor 003]. Indicates that after heavy rains, water entered their property and has caused damage, on the land very close to the home, there is a sewer that may be destabilizing the ground, as this drains the water from highway 239, but it has been lowering, implying that it may be undermined below, the affectation is to one side of the property and it is better that it be assessed by qualified personnel, since the landslide starts one meter from the construction and has a drop of three or four meters deep. Residing in the home are, [Nombre 003] age 28, [Nombre 004] age 65, [Nombre 002] age 32 and two minors aged 3 and 9; at the moment it is not in danger, but assessment is indeed necessary" (see report rendered under oath and evidence provided); On September 17, 2021, the Department of Human Development and Social Cohesion of the Municipality of Mora recommended carrying out an assessment of the situation reported by the petitioner (see report rendered under oath and evidence provided); On September 28, 2021, the Environmental Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Unit of the Municipality of Mora conducted a visit to the home of the protected parties, issuing report no. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 which detailed: "sewer that may be destabilizing the ground, as this drains the water from highway 239, but it has been lowering, implying that it may be undermined below, the affectation is to one side of the property and it is better that it be assessed by qualified personnel, since the landslide starts one meter from the construction and has a drop of three or four meters deep (…) according to the report, the incident is caused by stormwater management from route 239 causing erosion on private land.
It is recommended that engineers evaluate it, as it is a civil matter due to water drainage" (see report rendered under oath and evidence provided); On October 18, 2021, the protected parties appeared before the Municipality of Mora with a complaint related to a stormwater problem, coming from the municipal streets of the route to the altos de San Rafael, which have caused the land where they live to be unstable. Said proceeding bears the received stamp from the secretariat of the Council of the Municipality of Mora (see filing brief and evidence provided); Through official letter no. UTGV-0852-2021 of November 3, 2021, the Technical Road Management Unit of the Municipality of Mora determined: "It is possible to verify the damage being caused to Mrs. Guadamuz's home, as a result of the drainage from a transversal stormwater crossing, waters coming from the drainage of the street that connects to the Altos de San Rafael.
As observed in photographs #3 and #4, the flow has been causing a natural channel, as a result of the large flow that drains there and which has been eroding its slopes and in turn has been destabilizing one of the corners of Mrs. Guadamuz's home, which is founded on concrete piles. The solution does not appear difficult at all to carry out, which consists of extending the existing pipe by about 20 linear meters, and placing fill over it to thus be able to distance the drain outlet mouth and prevent it from continuing to erode the slope and continuing to compromise the home. The detail is that, being works within private property, it could not be intervened with funds from law #8114 but rather with funds from the administration. The diameter of the culvert could not be measured on site due to the difficult access to the site, however it is estimated that it must be about 36” in diameter" (see report rendered under oath and evidence provided); On December 12, 2021, the protected party appeared before the Municipality of Mora with a complaint related to stormwater that comes from the municipal streets and drains into their property, thus requesting a solution to the problem described.
Said proceeding bears the received stamp from the service platform of the Municipality of Mora (see filing brief and evidence provided); On February 22, 2022, the protected party appeared before the Municipality of Mora with a request for prevention actions to be implemented while the problem related to their home is resolved. Said proceeding bears the received stamp from the secretariat of the Council of the Municipality of Mora (see filing brief and evidence provided); On September 26, 2022, the protected party appeared before the Municipality of Mora with a request for a prompt solution to the denounced problem. Said proceeding bears the received stamp from the secretariat of the Council of the Municipality of Mora (see filing brief and evidence provided); In the year 2023, the authorities of the Municipality of Mora published the "REGULATIONS FOR THE GRANTING OF TEMPORARY AID TO PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SUBJECTS OF THE CANTON OF MORA FACING SITUATIONS OF MISFORTUNE OR CALAMITY," which was required to attend to the case of the protected parties (see report rendered under oath); In the year 2023, the authorities of the Municipality of Mora proceeded to carry out two consecutive administrative procurement procedures, through SICOP: a. 2023LD-000182-0002200001 and b. 2023LD-000253-0002200001; however, they were declared void or unsuccessful, because there were no bidders.
The protected party was informed of the creation of such processes (see report rendered under oath and evidence provided); On February 21, 2024, the deputy mayor of the Municipality of Mora provided the following response to the protected party: "As I mentioned to you last year, the procurement process for the improvements were published for tender on two occasions and there were no bidders, so it could not be contracted. Today, a visit is scheduled again with CONAVI to assess the possible intervention with the new engineer; in conversations that have been held with CONAVI, what they indicate is that by carrying out the stormwater improvements on the other side of the road, this would receive the waters coming from the Altos, which would mean the waters are not received on your property, but rather are transferred to the Pacacuariver and that this intervention will be done this year. Now, if the position of the new CONAVI engineer is maintained that they are not going to intervene with the waters on private property, on our part, it would be included again in the budget to see if on this occasion the procurement does receive bidders" (see filing brief and evidence provided); In ordinary session no. 05-2024 of June 5, 2024, of the Council of the Municipality of Mora, the deputy mayor appeared and stated the following regarding the problem denounced by the protected parties: "Regarding the case of Mrs. [Nombre 003], this case has been reported for quite some time; we since 2022 included a budget to be able to do it according to the recommendations of Engineer Cristhian, we had worked on some type of Agreement to carry out the intervention; however, upon conducting the study at the legal level, a Regulation was proposed to be able to address matters of calamities or emergencies; it took a while to be published; once said Regulation was published, we put this work out to tender twice, there were no bidders, so we could not execute it; this year we entered it again in the Extraordinary Budget that is with the CGR, it is clear that there is an issue in that the Municipality has had notice of this matter for quite some time; at some point when CONAVI was involved in the stormwater intervention, we spoke with them to see if they could capture this water, but there is an issue that the piping was very deep and they could not capture it; so, since yesterday when it was reported again to 911, I discussed it with the CNE liaison officer to see how we could work on it with them; an inspection report was sent to them, and I told them that we could make a visit at any time to explain the matter, hoping that we can do it with them.
Mrs. [Nombre 003] has been in communication with us all this time; the house itself does not currently have an affectation; however, the land is being undermined, so the risk does not yet exist, but work must be done so that it does not continue to be undermined" (see report rendered under oath); On June 7, 2024, the authorities of the Municipality of Mora were notified of the resolution that gave course to this proceeding (see notification records); Through official letter no. UTGV-0313-2023 of June 11, 2024, the Technical Road Management Unit of the Municipality of Mora determined: "It is important to indicate that, through official letter UTGV-0852-2021 of Friday, November 3, 2021, this Unit issued a report addressed to the Deputy Mayor, Ariuna Cabal Lombodorzh, on what was observed at the site and a table with the possible costs of an eventual repair.
In this same filing, a summary is made of the effects caused by runoff waters as a result of the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial); however, contrary to what was stated by the appellant ([Name 003]), these damages have not been caused by “poor management of stormwater coming from Altos de San Rafael,” but rather by a normal issue of the effects of water. Likewise, a caveat is made that, although it is not clear whether the discharge pipe already existed at the time the dwelling was constructed, under the legal regulations set forth in articles 20 and 21 of Law #5060 General Public Roads Law (Ley General de Caminos Públicos), property owners are obligated to receive and allow to drain onto their properties the waters coming from the roads, as indicated below: Article 20. - All possessors of real estate, by any title, are obligated to receive and allow to flow across their properties the waters from the roads when so determined by the terrain’s grade and, when their properties are adjacent to the drainage outlets of a road, they shall maintain these drainage outlets clean, in perfect working order, and free of obstacles.
The Ministry or the Municipalities shall order the work to be carried out and shall charge for the work plus fifty percent (50%) surcharge, if this obligation is not fulfilled. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes) and the Municipalities shall coordinate with the Ministry of Agriculture (Ministerio de Agricultura) the road protection measures in new routing projects or in conservation work on existing roads, in regions where such projects may cause or intensify erosion or divert the natural drainage of the fields. Article 21. - Such possessors are also obligated to keep roads, firebreaks (rondas), and retaining walls free of all harmful vegetation, to trim the branches of trees that shade public roads, and to clear fences each year, at the appropriate times, all at the request of the officials tasked by the Municipalities or the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, following their instructions.
When landslides occur, they must immediately notify the local authority for its appropriate action. Finally, this Unit confirms that the solution to the problem alleged by the appellants is to pipe the canal area through which stormwater flows, so as to prevent the undermining (socavación) of the property as an effect of the erosion caused by said discharge” (see report rendered under oath); As of the date the Municipality authorities rendered their report, i.e., June 12, 2024, they are awaiting approval of the 2024 extraordinary budget, in order to be able to generate a new contracting process and, should it be awarded, to provide a definitive solution to the case of the protected parties (amparados) (see report rendered under oath).
IV.Regarding the specific case. In the matter at hand (sub lite), the appellant reproaches that the respondent municipality placed a culvert (alcantarilla) that diverts stormwater toward the property of the protected parties (amparados), which is causing a landslide on the land, endangering the protected parties (tutelados). He states that on multiple occasions they have contacted the respondent municipality; however, he complains that, as of the date this proceeding was filed, they do not have a solution to the reported problem, despite the fact that the Technical Road Unit (Unidad Técnica Vial) verified that the damage is caused by the poor management of stormwater. Based on the foregoing, he requests the intervention of this Chamber (Sala).
In this regard, having reviewed the arguments put forth by the appellant in favor of the affected protected parties (tutelados), the reports rendered under oath by the respondent authorities, as well as all the evidence submitted, this Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) finds that this amparo proceeding should be granted. The foregoing is due to the fact that the existence of the problem reported by the protected parties (amparados) since October 18, 2021, has been proven. It is even observed that, prior to the filing of the formal complaint by the protected parties (tutelados) before the respondent municipality, the respondents were already fully aware of the situation, given that on September 8, 2021, the Police of the Municipality of Mora responded to an incident reported through the 9-1-1 Emergency System, which was attended to and forwarded internally within the respondent municipality.
In that sense, the record shows that on September 28, 2021, a visit was made to the dwelling of the protected parties (amparados) by the Environmental Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Unit (Unidad de Gestión Ambiental y Reducción de Riesgo de Desastre) of the Municipality of Mora, which issued report no. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 detailing: “sewer system (alcantarillado) that may be destabilizing (falseando) the land, since it evacuates water from road 239, but has been sinking, which implies it may be undermined (socavada) underneath, the impact is to one side of the property and it is better for it to be assessed by qualified personnel, since the landslide begins one meter from the construction and has a drop of three or four meters deep (…) according to the report, the incident is caused by management of stormwater from route 239 that causes erosion on private land. It is recommended that engineers assess it, as it is a civil matter due to water discharge (desfogue de aguas).” Now, from the list of proven facts, it is determined that the respondents have carried out actions aimed at trying to resolve the reported problem; however, it is verified that these have been insufficient, given that as of the date this proceeding was filed, the situation persists.
It is important to clarify that from the study of the case file, it has not been possible to specifically and concretely attribute—as indeed the protected parties (amparados) assert—the problem to the installation of a culvert (alcantarilla) by the respondents, given that official letters no. UTGV-0852-2021 of November 3, 2021, and no. UTGV-0313-2023 of June 11, 2024, issued by the Technical Road Management Unit (Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial) of the Municipality of Mora, indicated that it is not a matter of poor management of stormwater coming from Altos de San Rafael, but rather a normal issue of the effects of water, for which reason articles 20 and 21 of the General Public Roads Law are mentioned. Hence, it should be noted that if the protected parties (amparados) wish to challenge such criteria, they may raise their arguments in the administrative channel or in the ordinary jurisdiction, so that their position can be subjected to adversarial proceedings and they can submit the evidence they deem pertinent.
However, it is also important to point out that within those same official letters, the existence of the claimed problem is acknowledged—damage to the dwelling of the protected parties (tutelados) resulting from the discharge (desfogue) of a cross-street stormwater crossing (cruce transversal pluvial) coming from the discharge of the street that connects to Altos de San Rafael—which has not been addressed or corrected as appropriate, thus placing the lives and integrity of the protected parties (amparados) at grave risk.
Note that the Technical Road Management Unit of the Municipality of Mora indicated that the solution to the alleged problem is to pipe the canal area through which stormwater flows, so as to prevent the undermining (socavación) of the property as an effect of the erosion caused by said discharge (desfogue), yet no concrete actions are observed to carry out such works, since as of the date the Municipality authorities render their report, i.e., June 12, 2024, they are awaiting approval of the 2024 extraordinary budget, in order to be able to generate a new contracting process and, should it be awarded, to provide a definitive solution to the case of the protected parties (amparados).
Thus, this Court observes that the dwelling of the protected parties (tutelados) faces a problem due to the irregular flow of stormwater that has been damaging and destabilizing (falseado) the corners of the property, thereby placing the inhabitants of the property—two adults, one elderly person, and two minors—at grave risk. While it is determined that the respondents have taken actions aimed at resolving said problem, the truth is that these have not been sufficient, as the referenced problem persists and has not been definitively resolved, as is proper.
Under this scenario, this Chamber (Sala) finds an omission on the part of the respondent municipality in the full exercise of the powers granted to it by law, as well as an unjustified delay, taking into account that the complaint by the protected parties (tutelados) was filed on October 18, 2021, without the reported problem having been definitively resolved as of the date this appeal was filed. Thus, a flagrant violation of the fundamental rights of the protected parties (tutelados) is proven, specifically those enshrined in articles 41 and 50 of the Constitution, and consequently, it is appropriate to grant the appeal, with the consequences set forth in the operative part.
V.Note from Magistrate Salazar Alvarado. As a matter of principle, I believe that cases related to the action or inaction of the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, because such omission constitutes a matter of legality, the discussion of which belongs to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested party can debate their disagreements more extensively. However, when some violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction derives from that administrative conduct (whether omissive or not), or when groups considered vulnerable are affected, I do proceed to hear the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position on this subject, as occurs in this case, where the appellant alleges that the respondent municipality placed a culvert (alcantarilla) that diverts stormwater toward the property of the protected parties (amparados), which is causing a landslide on the land, endangering the protected parties (tutelados).
VI.Documentation provided to the case file. The appellant is warned that if any paper document has been provided, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device, or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the “Regulation on the Electronic Case File before the Judiciary” (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court (Corte Plena) in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI, and published in the Judicial Bulletin (Boletín Judicial) number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary (Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial), in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is granted. Maynor Guevara Mora, in his capacity as acting mayor (alcalde a. i.) of the Municipality of Mora, or whoever holds that position in his stead, is ordered to coordinate what is pertinent, take the necessary measures, and issue the corresponding orders within the scope of his competences, so that, within a period of SIX MONTHS from the notification of this judgment, the problem of the irregular water discharge (desfogue irregular de aguas) reported is definitively resolved, in full protection of the life and integrity of the protected parties (amparados) and the other persons who reside in the affected property. The respondent authority is warned that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), a prison sentence of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on those who receive an order they must execute or have executed, issued in an amparo proceeding, and do not execute it or do not have it executed, provided the offense is not more severely punished. The Municipality of Mora is ordered to pay costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of a judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado notes. Notify.- Paul Rueda L.
Acting President Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Ingrid Hess H.
Hubert Fernández A.
Ana Cristina Fernandez A.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
*CW43J43XKX8VC61* 1 Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONAL del Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: MUNICIPALIDAD Subtemas:
ALCANTARILLADO. INFRAESTRUCTURA Y CONDICIONES.
018144-24. MUNICIPALIDAD. SE ORDENA A LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE MORA, QUE COORDINE LO PERTINENTE, TOME LAS MEDIDAS NECESARIAS Y GIRE LAS ÓRDENES CORRESPONDIENTES DENTRO DEL ÁMBITO DE SUS COMPETENCIAS, PARA QUE, EN EL PLAZO DE SEIS MESES, SE SOLUCIONE, DE FORMA DEFINITIVA, EL PROBLEMA DEL DESFOGUE IRREGULAR DE AGUAS DENUNCIADO, EN PLENO RESGUARDO DE LA VIDA E INTEGRIDAD DE LOS AMPARADOS Y DE LAS OTRAS PERSONAS UBICADO EN LOS ALTOS DE SAN RAFAEL. VCG07/2024 “(…) IV.- Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub lite, el recurrente reprocha que la municipalidad accionada colocó una alcantarilla que deriva las aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad de los amparados, lo cual está provocando un deslizamiento en el terreno, lo que pone en riesgo a los tutelados. Expone que en múltiples ocasiones han contactado al municipio accionado; sin embargo, reclama que a la fecha de interposición de este proceso no tienen una solución a la problemática denunciada, a pesar de que la Unidad Técnica Vial comprobó que el daño es ocasionado por el mal manejo de las aguas pluviales. Por lo expuesto, solicita la intervención de la Sala.
Al respecto, revisados los argumentos expuestos por la parte recurrente a favor de los tutelados afectados, los informes rendidos bajo juramento por las autoridades recurridas, así como todas las pruebas aportadas, este Tribunal Constitucional estima que este proceso de amparo debe ser acogido. Lo anterior, debido a que ha sido acreditada la existencia de la problemática denunciada por los amparados desde el 18 de octubre de 2021. Incluso se observa que, previo a la interposición de la denuncia formal por parte de los tutelados ante el municipio accionado, los recurridos ya tenían pleno conocimiento de la situación, dado que el 8 de setiembre de 2021, la Policía de la Municipalidad de Mora atendió un incidente reportado a través del Sistema de Emergencias 9-1-1, el cual fue atendido y trasladado internamente dentro de la municipalidad accionada. En ese sentido, consta que el 28 de setiembre de 2021 se realizó una visita a la vivienda de los amparados por parte de la Unidad de Gestión Ambiental y Reducción de Riesgo de Desastre de la Municipalidad de Mora, quien emitió el informe nro. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 donde detalló: “alcantarillado que puede estar falseando el terreno, pues este evacúa el agua de la carretera 239, pero se ha ido bajando, lo que implica que puede estar socavada por debajo, la afectación es a un costado de la propiedad y es mejor que sea valorado por personal calificado, ya que el deslizamiento inicia a un metro de la construcción y tiene caída de tres o cuatro metros de profundidad (…) de acuerdo al reporte el incidente es ocasionado por manejo de aguas pluviales de la ruta 239 que causa erosión en terreno privado. Se recomienda que lo valoren ingenieros al ser un tema civil por desfogue de aguas”.
Ahora, del elenco de hechos probados, se determina que los recurridos han efectuado acciones destinadas para tratar de solucionar la problemática denunciada; sin embargo, se comprueba que han sido insuficientes, puesto que a la fecha de interposición de este proceso la situación persiste.
Resulta importante aclarar que del estudio de los autos no se ha podido atribuir específica y concretamente -tal y como así lo afirman los amparados- que la problemática se da por la colocación de una alcantarilla por parte de los recurridos, toda vez que en los oficios nro. UTGV-0852-2021 del 3 de noviembre de 2021 y nro. UTGV-0313-2023 del 11 de junio de 2024, emitidos por la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora se indicó que no se trata de un mal manejo de las aguas pluviales provenientes de los Altos de San Rafael, sino más bien de un tema normal de los efectos de las aguas por lo que se hace mención a los artículos 20 y 21 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos. De ahí que se debe advertir que si los amparados desean cuestionar tal criterio podrá plantear sus alegatos en la vía administrativa o en la jurisdicción ordinaria, a los efectos de que se someta a contradictorio su posición y aporten la prueba que estime pertinente. No obstante, es importante señalar también que dentro de los mismos oficios se reconoce la existencia del problema reclamado -daño en la vivienda de los tutelados producto del desfogue de un cruce transversal pluvial provenientes del desfogue de la calle que comunica a los Altos de San Rafael-, el cual no ha sido atendido ni corregido como corresponde, poniéndose así en grave riesgo la vida e integridad de los amparados.
Nótese que la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora indicó que la solución para el problema alegado es entubar la zona del canal por donde escurren las aguas pluviales de forma tal que se pueda evitar la socavación de la propiedad como efecto de la erosión que ocasiona dicho desfogue, pese a ello no se observan acciones concretas para realizar tales obras, pues a la fecha en que las autoridades de la Municipalidad rinden su informe, sea, el 12 de junio de 2024, se encuentran a la espera de la aprobación del presupuesto extraordinario 2024, con la finalidad de poder generar una nueva contratación y en el caso de que sea adjudicada se pueda brindar una solución definitiva al caso de los amparados.
Así las cosas, este Tribunal observa que la vivienda de los tutelados enfrenta un problema por el discurrir irregular de aguas pluviales que han ido dañando y falseado las esquinas del inmueble, colocando así en grave riesgo a los habitantes del inmueble -dos adultos, una persona mayor de edad y dos menores de edad-. Si bien, se determina que los recurridos han realizado acciones tendentes a que solvente dicho problema, lo cierto es que no han sido suficientes, pues el problema referido persiste y no ha sido resuelto de forma definitiva, tal y como corresponde.
Bajo este panorama, esta Sala acredita una omisión por parte del municipio accionado del pleno ejercicio de las facultades que la ley le otorga, así como también ha incurrido en una dilación injustificada, tomando en cuenta que la denuncia por los tutelados se planteó desde el 18 de octubre de 2021, sin que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso se haya solventado de forma definitiva la problemática denunciada. De este modo, se acredita la violación flagrante a los derechos fundamentales de los tutelados, específicamente los consagrados en los 41 y 50 constitucionales y, en consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso con las consecuencias que se disponen en la parte dispositiva. (…)” ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: MUNICIPALIDAD Subtemas:
INFRAESTRUCTURA Y CONDICIONES.
V.Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado. En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la actividad o inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa (omisiva o no) se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que la parte recurrente alega que la municipalidad accionada colocó una alcantarilla que desvía las aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad de los amparados, lo cual está provocando un deslizamiento en el terreno, lo que pone en riesgo a los tutelados.
VCG07/2024 ... Ver más *240150550007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veintiocho de junio de dos mil veinticuatro .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], a favor de [Nombre 002], cédula de identidad [Valor 002] y [Nombre 003], cédula de identidad [Valor 003], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE MORA.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Garita Navarro; y,
Considerando:
I.Cuestión previa. Antes de analizar el fondo del asunto –por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido– debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia nro. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones– aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos, pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o por las leyes sectoriales relativas a los procedimientos administrativos especiales, tanto para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– como para conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este caso, se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante una gestión por la supuesta problemática por aguas pluviales y deslizamientos en la vivienda de los amparados, lo cual pone en riesgo a los amparados, quienes habitan dicho inmueble; sin embargo, no ha sido atendida dentro de un plazo razonable. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
II.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente reprocha que la municipalidad accionada colocó una alcantarilla que deriva las aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad de los amparados, lo cual está provocando un deslizamiento en el terreno, lo que pone en riesgo a los tutelados. Expone que en múltiples ocasiones han contactado al municipio accionado; sin embargo, reclama que a la fecha de interposición de este proceso no tienen una solución a la problemática denunciada, a pesar de que la Unidad Técnica Vial comprobó que el daño es ocasionado por el mal manejo de las aguas pluviales. Por lo expuesto, solicita la intervención de la Sala.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
El 8 de setiembre de 2021, la Policía de la Municipalidad de Mora atendió un incidente reportado a través del Sistema de Emergencias 9-1-1 por parte de la amparada. De dicha atención se anotó: “Se llega al sitio a las 15:27 horas DEL 08 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2021, los oficiales Alejandro Quirós Brenes y Roy Quesada Chavarría, se dialoga con [Nombre 003] cédula [Valor 003]. Indica que tras fuertes lluvias, el agua ingresó a su propiedad y ha ocasionado daños, en el terreno muy cercano a la vivienda, hay un alcantarillado que puede estar falseando el terreno, pues este evacúa el agua de la carretera 239, pero se ha ido bajando, lo que implica que puede estar socavada por debajo, la afectación es a un costado de la propiedad y es mejor que sea valorado por personal calificado, ya que el deslizamiento inicia a un metro de la construcción y tiene una caída de tres o cuatro metros de profundidad. En la vivienda residen, [Nombre 003] de 28 años, [Nombre 004] de 65 años, [Nombre 002] de 32 años y dos menores de edad de 3 y 9 años, de momento no esta en peligro, pero si es necesaria la valoración” (ver informe rendido bajo juramento y prueba aportada); El 17 de setiembre de 2021, el Departamento de Desarrollo Humano y Cohesión Social de la Municipalidad de Mora recomendó realizar una valoración de la situación reportada por la recurrente (ver informe rendido bajo juramento y prueba aportada); El 28 de setiembre de 2021, la Unidad de Gestión Ambiental y Reducción de Riesgo de Desastre de la Municipalidad de Mora realizó la visita a la vivienda de los amparados, por lo que emitió el informe nro. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 donde se detalló: “alcantarillado que puede estar falseando el terreno, pues este evacúa el agua de la carretera 239, pero se ha ido bajando, lo que implica que puede estar socavada por debajo, la afectación es a un costado de la propiedad y es mejor que sea valorado por personal calificado, ya que el deslizamiento inicia a un metro de la construcción y tiene caída de tres o cuatro metros de profundidad (…) de acuerdo al reporte el incidente es ocasionado por manejo de aguas pluviales de la ruta 239 que causa erosión en terreno privado.
Se recomienda que lo valoren ingenieros al ser un tema civil por desfogue de aguas” (ver informe rendido bajo juramento y prueba aportada); El 18 de octubre de 2021, los amparados se apersonaron ante la Municipalidad de Mora con una denuncia relacionada con una problemática a aguas pluviales, provenientes de las calles municipales de la ruta de los altos de San Rafael, las cuales han provocado que el terreno donde habitan esté inestable. Dicha gestión cuenta con el sello de recibido por parte de la secretaría del Concejo de la Municipalidad de Mora (ver escrito de interposición y prueba aportada); Mediante oficio nro. UTGV-0852-2021 del 3 de noviembre de 2021, la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora determinó: “Se logra verificar el daño que se está ocasionando a la vivienda de la señora Guadamuz, como producto del desfogue de un cruce transversal pluvial, aguas provenientes del desfogue de la calle que comunica a los Altos de San Rafael.
Como se observa en las fotografías #3 y #4, el caudal ha ido ocasionando un canal natural, como producto del gran caudal que ahí desfoga y mismo que ha ido erosionando los taludes del mismo y a su vez ha ido falseando una de las esquinas de la vivienda de la señora Guadamuz, la cual esta cimentada sobre pilotes de concreto. La solución no se observa para nada difícil de realizar, misma que consta de extender en unos 20 m.l. la tubería existente, y sobre ella realizar un relleno para poder así alejar la boca de desfogue y evitar que siga erosionando el talud y que siga comprometiendo la vivienda. El detalle es que al ser trabajos dentro de una propiedad privada, no se podría intervenir con fondos de la ley #8114 sino que con fondos de la administración. El diámetro de la alcantarilla no se logró medir en sitio debido al difícil acceso al sitio, sin embargo se estima de la misma debe de ser de unas 36” de diámetro” (ver informe rendido bajo juramento y prueba aportada); El 12 de diciembre de 2021, la amparada se apersonó ante la Municipalidad de Mora con una denuncia relacionada a aguas pluviales que son de las calles municipales y que desembocan en su propiedad, por lo que requirió una solución a la problemática expuesta.
Dicha gestión cuenta con el sello de recibido por parte de la plataforma de servicios de la Municipalidad de Mora (ver escrito de interposición y prueba aportada); El 22 de febrero de 2022, la amparada se apersonó ante la Municipalidad de Mora con una solicitud para que se implementen acciones de prevención mientras se soluciona la problemática relacionada su vivienda. Dicha gestión cuenta con el sello de recibido por parte de la secretaría del Concejo de la Municipalidad de Mora (ver escrito de interposición y prueba aportada); El 26 de setiembre de 2022, la amparada se apersonó ante la Municipalidad de Mora con una solicitud por medio de la cual requirió una solución pronta a la problemática denunciada. Dicha gestión cuenta con el sello de recibido por parte de la secretaría del Concejo de la Municipalidad de Mora (ver escrito de interposición y prueba aportada); En el año 2023, las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Mora publicaron el “REGLAMENTO PARA EL OTORGAMIENTO DE AYUDAS TEMPORALES A SUJETOS PRIVADOS Y PUBLICOS DEL CANTÓN DE MORA QUE ENFRENTEN SITUACIONES DE DESGRACIA O INFORTUNIO”, lo cual se requería para atender el caso de los amparados (ver informe rendido bajo juramento); En el año 2023, las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Mora han procedido a realizar dos procedimientos consecutivos de contratación administrativa, por medio de SICOP: a. 2023LD-000182-0002200001 y b. 2023LD-000253-0002200001; sin embargo, fueron declarados desiertos o infructuosos, debido a que no hubo oferentes.
Sobre la creación de tales procesos se puso en conocimiento al amparado (ver informe rendido bajo juramento y prueba aportada); El 21 de febrero de 2024, la vicealcaldesa de la Municipalidad de Mora brindó la siguiente respuesta al amparado: “Como le mencioné el año anterior, el proceso de contratación para las mejoras fueron publicados para concurso en dos ocasiones y no hubo oferentes por lo que no se pudo contratar. El día de hoy se tiene programa visita nuevamente con CONAVI para valorar con el nuevo ingeniero la posible intervención, en conversaciones que se han mantenido con CONAVI, lo que indican es que al realizar las mejores pluviales del otro lado de la vía esto recibiría las aguas que vienen de los altos, lo que modificaría que las aguas sean recibidas en su propiedad, sino que se trasladen al río Pacacua y que esta intervención se hará en este año. Ahora bien, si la posición por parte del nuevo ingeniero de CONAVI se mantiene que no van a intervenir las aguas en la propiedad privada, por parte de nosotros, se incluiría nuevamente en presupuesto para ver si la contratación en esta ocasión si haya oferentes” (ver escrito de interposición y prueba aportada); En la sesión ordinaria nro. 05-2024 del 5 de junio de 2024, del Concejo de la Municipalidad de Mora se presentó la vicealcaldesa, quien manifestó lo siguiente respecto a la problemática denunciada por los amparados: “Respecto al caso de Doña [Nombre 003], este caso tiene bastante tiempo de haber sido reportado, nosotros desde el 2022 incluimos presupuesto para poder hacerlo de acuerdo a las recomendaciones del Ingeniero Cristhian, habíamos trabajado en algún tipo de Convenio para hacer la intervención, sin embargo, haciendo el estudio a nivel legal se propuso un Reglamento para poder atender temas de infortunios o emergencias, este duró un rato en ser publicado, cuando ya se publicó dicho Reglamento, pues sacamos a concurso dos veces este trabajo, no hubo oferentes, por lo que no lo pudimos ejecutar; este año lo ingresamos nuevamente en el Presupuesto Extraordinario que está en la CGR, claro que hay un tema de que ya la Municipalidad tiene aviso de este tema desde hace bastante, en algún momento cuando CONAVI estuvo en la intervención pluvial nosotros hablamos con ellos para ver si podían captar esta agua, pero hay un tema de que la tubería era muy profunda y no podían captarlo, así que, ayer que se reportó nuevamente al 911 yo lo hablé con el Oficial de enlace de la CNE para ver cómo podíamos trabajarlo con ellos, se les envió un informe de inspección, les dije que cualquier cosa podíamos hacer una visita para explicarles el asunto, esperando que lo podamos hacer con ellos.
Doña [Nombre 003] ha estado en comunicación con nosotros todo este tiempo, la casa en sí no tiene una afectación de momento, sin embargo, el terreno sí se va socavando, por lo que el riesgo no existe aún, pero debe trabajarse para que no se siga socavando” (ver informe rendido bajo juramento); El 7 de junio de 2024, las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Mora fueron notificados de la resolución que dio curso a este proceso (ver actas de notificación); Mediante el oficio nro. UTGV-0313-2023 del 11 de junio de 2024, la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora determinó: “Es importante indicar que, mediante oficio UTGV-0852-2021 del día Viernes 03 de Noviembre de 2021, esta Unidad hace un informe dirigido a la señora vicealcaldesa, Ariuna Cabal Lombodorzh, sobre lo observado en el sitio y una tabla con los posibles costos de una eventual reparación. En este mismo escrito se hace una recapitulación de los efectos que han ocasionado las aguas de escorrentía como producto del desfogue pluvial; sin embargo, a diferencia de lo indicada por el recurrente ([Nombre 003]), estos daños no han sido ocasionados por un “mal manejo de las aguas pluviales provenientes de los Altos de San Rafael”; sino mas bien por un tema normal de los efectos de las aguas.
Igualmente se hace la salvedad que, aunque no se tiene claro si la tubería de desfogue ya existía en el momento de la construcción de la vivienda; por la normativa legal indicada en los artículos 20 y 21 de la Ley #5060 Ley General de Caminos Públicos; los dueños de propiedades están llamados a recibir y dejar escurrir dentro de sus predios las aguas provenientes de los caminos; tal y como se indica a continuación: Artículo 20. - Todos los poseedores de bienes raíces, por cualquier título, están obligados a recibir y dejar discurrir dentro de sus predios, las aguas de los caminos cuando así lo determine el desnivel del terreno y, cuando sus fundos estén inmediatos a los desagües de un camino, deberán mantener estos desagües limpios, en perfecto estado de servicio y libres de obstáculos. El Ministerio o las Municipalidades mandarán a ejecutar el trabajo y cobrarán el trabajo más el cincuenta por ciento (50%) de recargo, si esta obligación no se cumpliere.
El Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y las Municipalidades deberán coordinar con el Ministerio de Agricultura las medidas de protección de los caminos en los proyectos de nuevos trazados o en los trabajos de conservación de los existentes, en las regiones donde los mismos puedan provocar o intensificar la erosión ó desviar el desagüe natural de los campos. Artículo 21. - También están obligados tales poseedores a mantener limpios de toda vegetación dañina los caminos, rondas y paredones, recortar las ramas de los árboles que den sombra a los caminos públicos y a descuajar las cercas cada año, en las épocas apropiadas, todo a requerimiento de los funcionarios encargados por las Municipalidades o Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, siguiendo sus instrucciones. Cuando ocurran derrumbes deben avisar inmediatamente a la autoridad del lugar para lo de su cargo. Finalmente, esta Unidad ratifica que la solución para el problema alegado por los recurrentes es entubar la zona del canal por donde escurren las aguas pluviales, de forma tal que se pueda evitar la socavación de la propiedad como efecto de la erosión que ocasiona dicho desfogue” (ver informe rendido bajo juramento); A la fecha en que las autoridades de la Municipalidad rinden su informe, sea, el 12 de junio de 2024, se encuentran a la espera de la aprobación del presupuesto extraordinario 2024, con la finalidad de poder generar una nueva contratación y en el caso de que sea adjudicada se pueda brindar una solución definitiva al caso de los amparados (ver informe rendido bajo juramento).
IV.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub lite, el recurrente reprocha que la municipalidad accionada colocó una alcantarilla que deriva las aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad de los amparados, lo cual está provocando un deslizamiento en el terreno, lo que pone en riesgo a los tutelados. Expone que en múltiples ocasiones han contactado al municipio accionado; sin embargo, reclama que a la fecha de interposición de este proceso no tienen una solución a la problemática denunciada, a pesar de que la Unidad Técnica Vial comprobó que el daño es ocasionado por el mal manejo de las aguas pluviales. Por lo expuesto, solicita la intervención de la Sala.
Al respecto, revisados los argumentos expuestos por la parte recurrente a favor de los tutelados afectados, los informes rendidos bajo juramento por las autoridades recurridas, así como todas las pruebas aportadas, este Tribunal Constitucional estima que este proceso de amparo debe ser acogido. Lo anterior, debido a que ha sido acreditada la existencia de la problemática denunciada por los amparados desde el 18 de octubre de 2021. Incluso se observa que, previo a la interposición de la denuncia formal por parte de los tutelados ante el municipio accionado, los recurridos ya tenían pleno conocimiento de la situación, dado que el 8 de setiembre de 2021, la Policía de la Municipalidad de Mora atendió un incidente reportado a través del Sistema de Emergencias 9-1-1, el cual fue atendido y trasladado internamente dentro de la municipalidad accionada. En ese sentido, consta que el 28 de setiembre de 2021 se realizó una visita a la vivienda de los amparados por parte de la Unidad de Gestión Ambiental y Reducción de Riesgo de Desastre de la Municipalidad de Mora, quien emitió el informe nro. UGARD-GEOL-021-2021 donde detalló: “alcantarillado que puede estar falseando el terreno, pues este evacúa el agua de la carretera 239, pero se ha ido bajando, lo que implica que puede estar socavada por debajo, la afectación es a un costado de la propiedad y es mejor que sea valorado por personal calificado, ya que el deslizamiento inicia a un metro de la construcción y tiene caída de tres o cuatro metros de profundidad (…) de acuerdo al reporte el incidente es ocasionado por manejo de aguas pluviales de la ruta 239 que causa erosión en terreno privado. Se recomienda que lo valoren ingenieros al ser un tema civil por desfogue de aguas”.
Ahora, del elenco de hechos probados, se determina que los recurridos han efectuado acciones destinadas para tratar de solucionar la problemática denunciada; sin embargo, se comprueba que han sido insuficientes, puesto que a la fecha de interposición de este proceso la situación persiste.
Resulta importante aclarar que del estudio de los autos no se ha podido atribuir específica y concretamente -tal y como así lo afirman los amparados- que la problemática se da por la colocación de una alcantarilla por parte de los recurridos, toda vez que en los oficios nro. UTGV-0852-2021 del 3 de noviembre de 2021 y nro. UTGV-0313-2023 del 11 de junio de 2024, emitidos por la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora se indicó que no se trata de un mal manejo de las aguas pluviales provenientes de los Altos de San Rafael, sino más bien de un tema normal de los efectos de las aguas por lo que se hace mención a los artículos 20 y 21 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos. De ahí que se debe advertir que si los amparados desean cuestionar tal criterio podrá plantear sus alegatos en la vía administrativa o en la jurisdicción ordinaria, a los efectos de que se someta a contradictorio su posición y aporten la prueba que estime pertinente. No obstante, es importante señalar también que dentro de los mismos oficios se reconoce la existencia del problema reclamado -daño en la vivienda de los tutelados producto del desfogue de un cruce transversal pluvial provenientes del desfogue de la calle que comunica a los Altos de San Rafael-, el cual no ha sido atendido ni corregido como corresponde, poniéndose así en grave riesgo la vida e integridad de los amparados.
Nótese que la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Mora indicó que la solución para el problema alegado es entubar la zona del canal por donde escurren las aguas pluviales de forma tal que se pueda evitar la socavación de la propiedad como efecto de la erosión que ocasiona dicho desfogue, pese a ello no se observan acciones concretas para realizar tales obras, pues a la fecha en que las autoridades de la Municipalidad rinden su informe, sea, el 12 de junio de 2024, se encuentran a la espera de la aprobación del presupuesto extraordinario 2024, con la finalidad de poder generar una nueva contratación y en el caso de que sea adjudicada se pueda brindar una solución definitiva al caso de los amparados.
Así las cosas, este Tribunal observa que la vivienda de los tutelados enfrenta un problema por el discurrir irregular de aguas pluviales que han ido dañando y falseado las esquinas del inmueble, colocando así en grave riesgo a los habitantes del inmueble -dos adultos, una persona mayor de edad y dos menores de edad-. Si bien, se determina que los recurridos han realizado acciones tendentes a que solvente dicho problema, lo cierto es que no han sido suficientes, pues el problema referido persiste y no ha sido resuelto de forma definitiva, tal y como corresponde.
Bajo este panorama, esta Sala acredita una omisión por parte del municipio accionado del pleno ejercicio de las facultades que la ley le otorga, así como también ha incurrido en una dilación injustificada, tomando en cuenta que la denuncia por los tutelados se planteó desde el 18 de octubre de 2021, sin que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso se haya solventado de forma definitiva la problemática denunciada. De este modo, se acredita la violación flagrante a los derechos fundamentales de los tutelados, específicamente los consagrados en los 41 y 50 constitucionales y, en consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso con las consecuencias que se disponen en la parte dispositiva.
V.Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado. En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la actividad o inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa (omisiva o no) se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que la parte recurrente alega que la municipalidad accionada colocó una alcantarilla que desvía las aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad de los amparados, lo cual está provocando un deslizamiento en el terreno, lo que pone en riesgo a los tutelados.
VI.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a la parte recurrente que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a Maynor Guevara Mora, en su condición de alcalde a. i. de la Municipalidad de Mora, o a quien en su lugar ejerza ese cargo, que coordine lo pertinente, tome las medidas necesarias y gire las órdenes correspondientes dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, para que, en el plazo de SEIS MESES contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se solucione, de forma definitiva, el problema del desfogue irregular de aguas denunciado, en pleno resguardo de la vida e integridad de los amparados y de las otras personas que habitan el inmueble afectado. Se le advierte a la autoridad recurrida que, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quienes recibieren una orden que deban cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumplieren o no la hicieren cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena a la Municipalidad de Mora al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso-administrativo. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese.- Paul Rueda L.
Presidente a.i Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Ingrid Hess H.
Hubert Fernández A.
Ana Cristina Fernandez A.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
*CW43J43XKX8VC61* 1 Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.