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Res. 30537-2023 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 24/11/2023
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denied the amparo appeal, finding that the suspension of drinking water service was due to unforeseeable climatic factors constituting a technical impossibility, and that the AyA acted diligently in restoring service, distributing water via tankers, and communicating the suspensions through official channels.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo, al considerar que la suspensión del servicio de agua potable obedeció a factores climáticos imprevisibles que constituyeron una imposibilidad técnica, y que el AyA actuó de manera diligente al restablecer el servicio, distribuir agua mediante camiones cisterna y comunicar las suspensiones por los canales oficiales.
SummaryResumen
The petitioner filed an amparo action against the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) due to the suspension of drinking water service at her home in Guadalupe de Goicoechea during several days in September and October 2023, alleging lack of prior notice and absence of alternative supply by tanker trucks. The Constitutional Chamber analyzed the facts and found, based on the report submitted by the respondent authority, that the service interruption was caused by exceptional climatic factors —heavy rains leading to obstruction of surface water intakes and increased turbidity— constituting an unforeseen technical impossibility. It was also verified that the agency carried out timely rehabilitation work, distributed water via tanker trucks, and communicated the suspensions through the official channels. Relying on its settled case law on the fundamental right to drinking water, the Chamber held that this right does not entail unrestricted access, and that where interruptions result from technical or force majeure causes and the administration acts diligently, no violation of fundamental rights occurs. Accordingly, the appeal was denied.La recurrente interpuso recurso de amparo contra el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados por la suspensión del servicio de agua potable en su domicilio en Guadalupe de Goicoechea durante varios días de septiembre y octubre de 2023, alegando falta de aviso previo y ausencia de suministro alternativo mediante camiones cisterna. La Sala Constitucional analizó los hechos y determinó, a partir del informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida, que la interrupción del servicio obedeció a factores climáticos excepcionales —fuertes lluvias que provocaron obstrucción de las tomas de agua superficiales y aumento de turbiedad—, lo que constituyó una imposibilidad técnica imprevista. Asimismo, se constató que la entidad realizó labores de rehabilitación oportunas, distribuyó agua mediante camiones cisterna y comunicó las suspensiones a través de los canales oficiales previstos. Con base en su jurisprudencia consolidada sobre el derecho fundamental al agua potable, la Sala señaló que este derecho no implica un acceso irrestricto, y que cuando las interrupciones responden a causas técnicas o de fuerza mayor y la administración actúa con diligencia, no se configura una violación de derechos fundamentales. En consecuencia, declaró sin lugar el recurso.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE: From the report submitted by the respondent authorities, given under the solemnity of the oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it appears that the sector where Address 1456 in Guadalupe de Goicoechea is located belongs to the Guadalupe operation zone, which is supplied with water from the Guadalupe system. This system is supplied with water treated at the Guadalupe Water Treatment Plant, which draws its water from surface sources and has an output of around 300 lps. It was proven that Santa Eduviges neighborhood, as of the date of the report, had drinking water service through the pipeline network. It was demonstrated that, according to the AyA recorder, there were 2 periods of disruption — one between September 27 and 29 and another between the 10th and the early hours of October 13— which caused shortages and low pressures — a disruption that was not continuous, as pressure peaks are shown, indicating that even during those periods of disruption there was supply through the pipeline network. It was verified that since October 13, 2023, no new incidents have occurred. It was confirmed that, due to the heavy rains that occurred in the area where the intakes are located on the indicated dates, there was runoff in the basin of the rivers and streams from which the water is drawn, dragging into the river garbage that the population throws into the river, as well as organic materials such as leaves, branches and others that obstruct the river intakes. It must be emphasized that these grates are located within the river channel; for this reason and to avoid endangering the lives of the workers who perform the cleaning work, it is necessary to wait until the channel conditions allow entry to carry out the cleaning and to complete the treatment process. It was proven that due to the conditions of the raw water on the days of the disruption it was necessary to reduce the output of the Water Treatment Plant and, at times of greatest obstruction of the intakes, to suspend it entirely. It was confirmed that service suspensions in the Metropolitan Aqueduct are announced to the population through service suspension bulletins, which are disseminated to the public through the official channels established for that purpose (for example: 800-REPORTE line, social media, institutional website, AyA apps, etc.). Finally, it was proven that during the suspension the AyA distributed water via tanker trucks in the area. Based on the above and in application of the precedents cited in the previous Recital, the appeal is unfounded. As demonstrated, the AyA authorities explain that the drop in production sources is a consequence of climate change and factors such as: increased turbidity, obstruction of intakes, damage to transmission pipelines, and pollution events caused by the residents themselves. In that sense, they explain... V.- DOCUMENTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FILE. The parties are warned that if they have submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or produced by new technologies, these must be removed from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not removed within this period shall be destroyed, as provided in the "Regulation on Electronic Files before the Judiciary", approved by the Full Court in session No. 27-11 of 22 August 2011, article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, in session No. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012, article LXXXI. Therefore: The appeal is denied. Notify.IV.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO: Del informe rendido por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende que el sector donde se ubica el Dirección1456 en Guadalupe de Goicoechea, pertenece a la zona de operación Guadalupe que se abastece con agua del sistema de Guadalupe. Este sistema se abastece con agua que se trata en la Planta Potabilizadora Guadalupe, que toma sus aguas de fuentes superficiales y cuya producción ronda los 300 lps. Se acreditó que el Barrio Santa Eduviges a la fecha de rendir el informe contaba con el servicio de agua potable a través de la red de tuberías. Quedó demostrado que, según el registrador del AYA se presentaron 2 periodos de afectación una afectación entre los días 27 y 29 de setiembre y durante los días 10 y la madrugada del 13 de octubre, que provocaron desabastecimiento y bajas presiones -afectación que no fue continua, pues se muestran picos de presión, que representan que incluso en esos lapsos de periodo con afectación se tuvo abastecimiento a través de la red de tuberías-. Se constató que desde el 13 de octubre del 2023 no se han presentado nuevos incidentes. Se verificó que, debido a las fuertes lluvias que se presentaron en la zona donde se ubican las tomas en las fechas indicadas, se produjo una escorrentía en la cuenca de los ríos y quebradas de las que se toma el agua, arrastrando hacia el río basura que la población lanza al río, así como el arrastre de materiales orgánicos como hojas, ramas y otros que obstruyen las tomas del río. Hay que recalcar que estas parrillas se encuentran dentro del cauce del río, por este motivo y para no exponer la vida de los trabajadores que realizan la labor de limpieza se debe esperar a que las condiciones del cauce permitan ingresar a hacer la limpieza y cumplir con e proceso de potabilización. Quedó probado que a raíz de las condiciones que presentó el agua cruda para los días de afectación fue necesario reducir la producción de la Planta Potabilizadora y en los momentos de mayor obstrucción de las captaciones suspenderla del todo. Se afirmó que las suspensiones del servicio en el Acueducto Metropolitano son anunciadas a la población por medio de los boletines de suspensión del servicio y que son difundidos a la población por medio de los canales oficiales que ha dispuesto para ese fin (por ejemplo: Línea 800- REPORTE, redes sociales, página Institucional, apps de AyA, etc). Finalmente se acreditó que durante la suspensión del recurso el AYA realizó el reparto de agua a través de camiones cisterna en la zona. Partiendo de lo anterior y en aplicación a los antecedentes citados en el Considerando anterior el recurso deviene improcedente. Tal y como se logró demostrar las autoridades del AYA explican que la baja en las fuentes de producción son consecuencia del cambio climático y factores tales como: Aumento de turbiedad, obstrucciones de las captaciones, daños en tuberías de aducción y ventos de contaminación de los mismos vecinos. En tal sentido, explican... V.- DOCUMENTACIÓN APORTADA AL EXPEDIENTE. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI. Por tanto: Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"el carácter de derecho fundamental al agua potable no implica un acceso irrestricto a los servicios de agua, ya que la administración válidamente puede establecer requisitos generales de necesario cumplimiento por cada solicitante para valorar su particular requerimiento, por lo que se reconoce la posibilidad de limitar el otorgamiento de nuevas pajas de agua con el propósito de asegurar la continuidad de la prestación del servicio público de suministro de agua potable a los actuales usuarios y domicilios que reciben dicho servicio"
"the character of the fundamental right to drinking water does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the administration may validly establish general requirements that each applicant must necessarily meet in order to assess his or her particular need, thereby recognizing the possibility of limiting the granting of new water connections for the purpose of ensuring the continuity of the public drinking water supply service to current users and households receiving such service"
Considerando III, citando jurisprudencia
"el carácter de derecho fundamental al agua potable no implica un acceso irrestricto a los servicios de agua, ya que la administración válidamente puede establecer requisitos generales de necesario cumplimiento por cada solicitante para valorar su particular requerimiento, por lo que se reconoce la posibilidad de limitar el otorgamiento de nuevas pajas de agua con el propósito de asegurar la continuidad de la prestación del servicio público de suministro de agua potable a los actuales usuarios y domicilios que reciben dicho servicio"
Considerando III, citando jurisprudencia
"siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales"
"provided that the failure to provide drinking water service is not a whimsical, arbitrary or unfounded action, but is justified by legal or material impossibility, we are not faced with a violation of fundamental rights"
Considerando III, citando sentencia N° 2010-001516
"siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales"
Considerando III, citando sentencia N° 2010-001516
"las autoridades del AYA explican que la baja en las fuentes de producción son consecuencia del cambio climático y factores tales como: Aumento de turbiedad, obstrucciones de las captaciones, daños en tuberías de aducción y ventos de contaminación de los mismos vecinos"
"the AyA authorities explain that the drop in production sources is a consequence of climate change and factors such as: increased turbidity, obstruction of intakes, damage to transmission pipes, and pollution events from the residents themselves"
Considerando IV
"las autoridades del AYA explican que la baja en las fuentes de producción son consecuencia del cambio climático y factores tales como: Aumento de turbiedad, obstrucciones de las captaciones, daños en tuberías de aducción y ventos de contaminación de los mismos vecinos"
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Date of Resolution: November 24, 2023, at 09:15 Case File: 23-025012-0007-CO Type of matter: Amparo appeal Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and fifteen minutes on the twenty-fourth of November, two thousand and twenty-three.
Amparo appeal filed by [Nombre62 001], identity card [CED62 ], against the COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS (INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, ICAA).
Findings:
NINTH: Based on the aforementioned principle, this Institute must conform to the regulatory framework that governs us and to the general principles of science and technique; in accordance with Article 16, subsection 1) of the General Law of Public Administration, which states: "In no case may acts contrary to univocal rules of science or technique be issued..."; hence, in accordance with the mentioned articles, AyA guarantees the service to the extent that it is technically feasible and provided that all the requirements established for these purposes are fully met, such as the existence of sufficient water and hydraulic conditions, technical aspects necessary for the provision of the public service, and that no emergent, fortuitous, and/or force majeure situations arise that affect the service and/or the conditions of its supply; conditions which, by virtue of the facts that particularly arise in this specific case, as has been fully demonstrated, did not occur in the area subject to this Amparo Appeal (Recurso de Amparo), likewise AyA has provided information and timely attention to the users and has not violated any fundamental right of Mrs. [Nombre62 001], therefore it is not possible to grant the appellant's request under the conditions she intends.
TENTH: It is important to note that the Jurisprudence of the Honorable Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has been reiterated in recognizing the so-called fundamental right to water, but clarifying that it does not imply unrestricted access to water services, or an indiscriminate exercise thereof, such that there is an obligation on the entities providing said service to provide it under any conditions and at any time. It has recognized that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) and even the Administrative Associations of Aqueducts and Sewers (Asociaciones Administradoras de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) may deny the availability of potable water if there are technical reasons that justify it, as indicated in ruling No. 2009-003825 of 4:49 p.m. on March 10, 2009; in addition to recognizing that the administration can validly establish general requirements that must necessarily be met by its specific users.
(Resolutions No. 2010003602 of one eighteen p.m. on February 19; 2010006426 of ten thirty-eight a.m. on April 9; and 2010007420 of ten thirty-six a.m., all from 2010; and 007600-2011 of five six p.m. on June 14, 2011; Resolution No. 2011-009089 of ten thirty-five a.m. on July 8, 2011; Resolutions No. 2012-003328, of nine ten a.m. on March 9; No. 2012-004957, of nine five a.m. on April 20; and No. 2012-006560 of ten thirty a.m. on May 18, all from 2012; Resolution No. 2013-000240, of nine five a.m. on January 11, 2013; Resolution No. 2013-017166, of nine five a.m. on December 20, 2013; Resolution No. 2014-004985 of two thirty p.m. on April 9, two thousand fourteen; Resolution No. 2014-020562 of nine forty-five a.m. on December 19, two thousand fourteen; Resolution No. 2015-008982 of two forty-five p.m. on June 18, two thousand fifteen; and Resolution No. 2015-010688 of nine twenty a.m. on July 17, two thousand fifteen; Resolution No. 2015-010674 of nine twenty a.m. on July 17, two thousand fifteen; and most recently Resolution No. 2020021943 of nine twenty a.m. on November 13, two thousand twenty).
Furthermore, this Honorable Chamber has also recognized in previous pronouncements, in relation to potable water supply problems, that as long as the respondent authorities demonstrate that they have acted within their material possibilities in order to achieve an adequate supply, they do not violate the fundamental rights of individuals, as stated in Resolution No. 2014-014706, of nine five a.m. on September 5, two thousand fourteen. Likewise, we can mention the following jurisprudence: "On the other hand, the appellant must be informed that the nature of the fundamental right to potable water does not imply unrestricted access to said public service, since technical impossibilities or failure to comply with infra-constitutional requirements—as in your case—may arise, based on which the Administration can validly deny the service." Ruling No. 2020015195 of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) of nine fourteen a.m. on August 14, 2020.
"In this sense, the nature of the fundamental right to potable water does not imply unrestricted access to said public service, since technical impossibilities or failure to comply with infra-constitutional requirements may arise, based on which the Administration can validly deny the service. (...) In addition, it is worth mentioning that it is alleged that the house where the plaintiff resides was built without the corresponding permits, therefore the legal feasibility (factibilidad) required for the installation is not available." Ruling No. 2020019342 of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) of nine twenty a.m. on October 9, 2020. "IV.- On the technical impossibilities that hinder the supply of potable water. This Chamber, in Ruling No. 2010-001516 of 6:36 p.m. on January 26, 2010, referred to matters concerning technical or legal impossibilities to provide potable water service.
On that occasion, it established the following: "(...) IV.- On how a legal or formal impossibility to provide potable water service does not constitute a violation of fundamental rights.- Repeated jurisprudence of this Chamber has indicated that the supply of potable water is considered within the Costa Rican legal system as a public service, and that as such, every provider of public services—whether a public entity or a private entity—is obligated to provide the service continuously, efficiently, under conditions of equality, and must adapt to technological changes (see in this regard ruling 2001-09676 of eleven twenty-five a.m. on September twenty-six, two thousand one, and ruling 2004-08161 of ten fifty-three a.m. on July twenty-three, two thousand four). In this sense, it is clear to conclude that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), being one of the state entities responsible for providing the public service of potable water, is also obligated to provide this service continuously, adaptably, efficiently, and equally to all inhabitants.
However, despite everything just established, the jurisprudence of this Constitutional Court has also indicated that, in the face of a legal impossibility (which is the failure to comply with requirements established in the respective regulations) or in the face of a formal impossibility (which is the lack of a Water Distribution Network), it is reasonable not to attend to service requests or to request that the interested party assume the installation costs when there is no potable water distribution network and the construction of infrastructure is needed. Thus, in these cases, it has been clear that it is not a denial of access to the potable water service, but rather the impossibility of providing it or the necessary participation of the interested party in overcoming a technical impossibility, namely, the lack of infrastructure. Of course, AyA, as a state entity primarily responsible for providing the potable water service, has the obligation to continually expand its infrastructure so that more and more people have access to this precious liquid, but as long as gaps remain, the collaboration of the interested parties is indispensable (see resolutions No. 2006-014218 of three four p.m. on September twenty-six, two thousand six, and No. 2007-11190 of two thirty-six p.m. on August seven, two thousand seven).
In other words, as long as the failure to provide the potable water service is not a capricious, arbitrary, or unfounded action, but is justified by a legal or material impossibility, we are not facing a violation of fundamental rights (...)".
Ruling No. 2021017945 of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) of nine twenty a.m. on August 13, 2021. "III. On the right to water, the legal or formal impossibility to provide the service, and the requirements demandable in water service applications. The Chamber's jurisprudence is reiterated in recognizing the so-called fundamental right to water, by which all persons must be granted the possibility of accessing potable water services under conditions of equality, given that it is essential for human life and health. However, this nature of a fundamental right does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the administration can validly establish general requirements that must necessarily be met by each applicant or operator, to assess their particular requirement and, furthermore, it has no obligation to provide the service if there are technical reasons that advise against it or make it impossible (see rulings No. 2006-1898, 2007-13310, 2008-16311, 2018-8650, and 2018-007369).(...)" "This Chamber, in ruling No. 2004-12185 of 1:31 p.m. on October 29, 2004, in a case similar to the present one, indicated that it was not possible to force the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) to circumvent the provisions of its Regulations for the Provision of Services to Clients or the General Law of Potable Water.
Hence, as long as the amparo petitioner does not meet the conditions and requirements stipulated therein, even though the potable water service must be available to everyone as it is an essential service, it cannot be provided on a regular basis." (The highlighting does not correspond to the original). The CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL) has noted that "one cannot maintain that any individual holds an enforceable right for the State to supply them with the public service of potable water, immediately and wherever they may be," but rather, as provided for in the Protocol of San Salvador, this class of rights obligates States to adopt measures, as set forth in Article one of the same Protocol: "The States Parties to this Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights undertake to adopt the necessary measures, both domestically and through cooperation among the States, especially economic and technical, to the maximum extent of available resources and taking into account their degree of development, in order to achieve progressively, and in accordance with domestic legislation, the full effectiveness of the rights recognized in this Protocol" (rulings 6221/2011, 10290/2011, 3942/2015, 11896/2015, 15410/2015, 16447/2015, 422/2016, 1843/2016, and 3176/2016 among many).
The States parties to the International Covenant "have the duty to progressively fulfill, without any discrimination, the right to water, which entitles everyone to enjoy sufficient, physically accessible, safe, and acceptable water for domestic and personal use." (CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL), rulings 8640/2010, 7958/2011, 5964/2013, 2308/2015, 15442/2015, and 450/2016) (The highlighting does not correspond to the original). "Although there is a fundamental right to potable water, 'it is not unrestricted' or for indiscriminate exercise, 'such that there is an obligation on the entities providing that service to provide it under any conditions and at any time.' The CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL) has admitted that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) and the administrative associations of aqueducts and sewers may deny the provision of the service when there is an impossibility, for legal and technical reasons that justify it.
Among the latter is the lack of infrastructure or a water distribution network that makes it 'reasonable not to attend to service requests or to request that the interested party assume the installation costs' (rulings 16082/2008, 3825/2009, 6264/2009, 8482/2009, 14428/2009, 1516/2010, 10742/2010, 1045/2011, 3134/2011, 9134/2014, 15442/2015, 16447/2015, and 3176/2016). That is, 'as long as the failure to provide the potable water service is not a capricious, arbitrary, or unfounded action, but is justified by a legal or material impossibility, we are not facing a violation of fundamental rights.' (CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL), rulings 13690/2010, 16623/2010, 334/2011, 10290/2011, 395/2014, 9134/2014, 12435/2014, 8990/2015, 1630/2016, 2829/2016). (The highlighting does not correspond to the original). With all this, 'AyA, as a state entity primarily responsible for providing the potable water service, has the obligation to continually expand its infrastructure so that more and more people have access to this precious liquid, but as long as gaps remain, the collaboration of the interested parties is indispensable.' (CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL), rulings 14218/2006, 11190/2007, 2304/2009, 260/2010, 1516/2010, 13690/2010, 13998/2010, 16623/2010, 3334/2011, 10290/2011, 16623/2011, 395/2014, 9134/2014, 12435/2014, 8990/2015, 1630/2016, and 2829/2016).
(The highlighting does not correspond to the original). "(...) although AyA must—by legal and Constitutional mandate—ensure the supply of potable water to all inhabitants of the Republic, this obligation must be fulfilled in strict respect of the other rules and mandates that make up the Costa Rican legal system." (CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL), rulings 2948/2001, 10665/2006, and 4421/2008). (The highlighting does not correspond to the original). Thus, this nature of a fundamental right does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the administration can validly establish general requirements that must necessarily be met by each applicant to assess their particular requirement, therefore the possibility of limiting the granting of new water connections (pajas de agua) is recognized for the purpose of ensuring the continuity of the provision of the public service of potable water supply to current users and domiciles receiving said service—see rulings No. 2007-17475, of eleven five a.m. on November thirty, two thousand seven, and 2008-11390, of eleven twenty-nine a.m. on July twenty-two, two thousand eight. (The highlighting does not correspond to the original).
ELEVENTH: As this Honorable Court can verify, AyA has acted in accordance with the regulations that govern it, without capricious manipulation of the service provision, nor of the exercise of its functions, carrying out at all times duly grounded and reasoned actions as detailed; it is thus evident that the Institute has proceeded in accordance with the law, without any of its acts having violated any constitutional right; on the contrary, from the arguments presented and the evidence provided, it can be concluded that AyA has indeed proceeded as it is required to do." It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Drafted by Magistrate Cruz Castro; and,
Considering:
The appellant alleges that for three days the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) suspended the water service without prior notice and without sending tanker trucks to supply water. She claims that the personnel of the respondent institute have a practice of suspending the service every 2 weeks, due to alleged obstruction in the plants, and it takes around 4 days to fix it.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been accredited or because the respondent authority has omitted to refer to them, as provided for in the initial order:
On the issue raised in this amparo, this Chamber has ruled on various occasions. Among others, in ruling No. 2019008193 of 9:20 a.m. on May 10, 2019, it did so in the following terms:
"ON THE POTABLE WATER SERVICE. On repeated occasions, this Court has dismissed appeals such as the one at hand, because the area where the service is claimed exceeds the supply elevation—that is, the maximum height to grant the service—or due to other technical impossibilities and objective budgets. Specifically regarding supply problems, after recognizing that the supply of potable water constitutes a public service that is essential and costly; the Chamber's jurisprudence has been fundamentally directed towards protecting the right to life and health of natural persons. Thus, guaranteeing the purity of the liquid for human consumption and the continuity of its supply form part of a due and efficient service to the subscriber (see ruling No. 004253-2014). Additionally, this Court has indicated, in relation to potable water supply problems, that as long as the respondent authorities demonstrate that they have acted within their material possibilities in order to achieve an adequate supply, the fundamental rights of individuals would not be violated if it is offered with some irregularities in flow or supply schedule (see, in this regard, the criterion of this Chamber in rulings No. 2008-009714, 2008-018788, 2009-012511, 2010-015448, and 2011-006603, among others)." Later, that same ruling adds the following:
"From the reports rendered by the respondent authorities, which are given under the solemnity of oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it is verified that indeed in the sector of Hatillo de San José, there is a problem of water shortage, which has been aggravated by the considerable demand for potable water and the climatic situation. From the foregoing, it is clear that the shortage alleged by the appellant in this matter is not the responsibility of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), but rather of climatic factors and a lack of consideration for water use by the inhabitants in the lower areas of the sector to which the appellant refers."
From the report rendered by the respondent authority, with timely warning of the consequences provided for in Article 44 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, it was accredited that the appellant is a resident of the central canton of Alajuela, Santa Teresita Urbanization. Regarding the petitioner's claim, it is inferred that indeed on June 4, 2022, Santa Teresita Urbanization and its surroundings suffered a shortage of potable water due to a sudden and unscheduled failure in the pumping equipment of the so-called Cacique 4 well, a source that represents 24% of the potable water production for human consumption of the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System. Said failure was internally notified at 10:09 p.m. on June 4, 2022. In response to the above, it is inferred that starting at 6:30 a.m. on Sunday, June 5, 2022, the Cantonal Unit of Alajuela carried out the distribution of potable water through alternative means (tanker trucks) to the users of the affected localities, among them Villa Bonita, the sector where the Santa Teresita urbanization is located.
This continued until the restoration and stabilization of the normal operating conditions of the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System. In this regard, it is confirmed that on June 6, 2022, the Cantonal Unit of Alajuela communicated the following via Facebook: "Attention neighbors of Alajuela. We are attending to a complex breakdown in the pump of one of the main wells that supplies the El Pasito aqueduct. Six tanker trucks are providing potable water to the communities of Dirección109, El Coco, Montserrat, Santa Teresita, Villa Bonita, Lotes Solís, Montecillos, Plywood, Pacto del Jocote, and the upper part of El Pasito." Furthermore, on June 7, 2022, the Cantonal Unit of Alajuela communicated the route of the tanker trucks in Alajuela via Facebook. It was demonstrated that at 9:00 p.m. on June 8, 2022, the problem that occurred on June 4 was overcome. This situation was due to the fact that the electromechanical equipment for extracting from the Cacique 4 well, apart from being installed at a depth exceeding 150 meters, consists of a motor-pump assembly, which means one component (motor) is susceptible to all aspects of an electrical nature, while the other is susceptible to mechanical-type considerations (pump), making it materially impossible to carry out a visual or physical inspection of these components, as maintenance, monitoring, and diagnosis are performed through indirect means from the booths and control equipment located on the surface.
Finally, it is verified that on the date the report was rendered, both the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System and the so-called "Borbón tank" had achieved recovery and normal operation, maintaining the storage level for the supply of the population and the affected sectors at a level exceeding 2 meters, equivalent to approximately 850,000 liters of potable water for human consumption that are permanently allocated to serve the users of the entire CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System, among them, the Santa Teresita urbanization.
In this case, this Chamber dismisses any injury to the fundamental rights of the appellant for the reasons that will be stated below. In the reports rendered by the representatives of the ICAA, it was emphasized that the potable water supply problems in Santa Teresita Urbanization and surrounding areas were the product of a sudden and unscheduled failure in the pumping equipment of the so-called Cacique 4 well, a source that represents 24% of the potable water production for human consumption of the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System. Likewise, it is reasonably clear that as soon as the situation became known, the respondent authority arranged for the distribution of potable water through alternative means (tanker trucks) to the users of the affected localities, among them Villa Bonita, the sector where the Santa Teresita urbanization is located. This continued until the restoration and stabilization of the normal operating conditions of the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System, which occurred at 9:00 p.m. on June 8, 2022.
With regard to this section, it should be noted that in the filing brief, the appellant himself accepts that on the days when water was lacking, a truck arrives at the site to distribute the liquid. Similarly, it is observed that on June 6, 2022, the Cantonal Unit of Alajuela communicated to the neighbors of Alajuela via Facebook that they were "attending to a complex breakdown in the pump of one of the main wells that supplies the El Pasito aqueduct" and, therefore, "six tanker trucks are providing potable water to the communities of Barrios San José, El Coco, Montserrat, Santa Teresita, Villa Bonita, Lotes Solís, Montecillos, Plywood, Pacto del Jocote, and the upper part of El Pasito," and that even on June 7, 2022, said unit communicated the route of the tanker trucks in Alajuela via Facebook. Finally, it was verified that on the date the reports were rendered, the problem described had already been overcome, and both the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System and the so-called "Borbón tank" had achieved recovery and normal operation, maintaining the storage level for the supply of the population and the affected sectors.
V.Moreover, although in a subsequent filing the appellant argues that on June 13, 2022, the neighborhood committee of the Santa Teresita residential complex filed a complaint with the ICAA regarding the same facts that have generated this appeal, the truth of the matter is that on the date the appeal was filed, i.e., June 9, 2022, the two months that the Administration has to attend to the required matter had not yet elapsed. Consequently, at that time, the amparo was premature, and the Administration was still within the deadline to address what was reported and respond to the petitioner accordingly. For all the foregoing reasons, the appeal is dismissed."
Likewise, in ruling No. 2022016425 of 9:20 a.m. on July 15, 2022, this Court stated:
"(...) this Court has indicated in several rulings that in Dirección110 there is a problem of continuity in the supply of potable water service, which is due to the topographical elevation of the place in relation to the location of the tank responsible for providing water to that area. Likewise, this Chamber has deemed it proven that in the indicated location, there are periods of dynamic variation, which is related to the level of water consumption during nighttime and daytime hours, generating changes in the capacity to provide said liquid. Additionally, this Chamber has accredited that, given the problem described, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) has carried out a series of actions to resolve said shortage. Among such actions are the project "Improvements to the El Patio de Alajuela Aqueduct System, Stage II," as well as the dispatch of tanker trucks to the affected communities, for the purpose of trying to maintain continuity in the provision of the service.
In addition to the foregoing, regarding the problem alleged by the appellant that occurred at the beginning of June 2022, this Court verifies that, between the 4th and the 8th of that month, the CO-A-01 El Pasito system experienced a technical-operative decompensation that caused discontinuity in the provision of potable water service in the areas supplied by the Cacique and Borbón tanks, "which was caused by a sudden and unscheduled failure in the pumping equipment of the so-called Cacique 4 well, a source that represents 24% of the potable water production for human consumption of the CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela System." For the foregoing reasons, ICAA sent its own and rented tanker trucks to the affected areas in order to guarantee the minimum subsistence supply.
Consequently, in this case it is not proven that the problem related to the continuity of the drinking water supply in San José de Alajuela is due to arbitrary action by ICAA, but rather to the fact that in that area there are particular conditions relating to the topographic elevation and the population's consumption. Furthermore, the discontinuity suffered in the provision of that service between June 4 and 8, 2022 was due to a failure in the pumping equipment and, while it was being resolved, ICAA sent tanker trucks to the affected areas to guarantee the minimum subsistence supply.
Ergo, it is not appropriate to grant the appeal (recurso) in the terms in which it was filed. Additionally, let the appellant (parte recurrente) note that it is not for this Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) to assess, in accordance with the infra-constitutional regulations governing the matter and the particularities of the case under study, the appropriateness or not of the measures adopted by ICAA to resolve the problem alleged in the sub lite, nor to determine the specific actions that institute must carry out in order to resolve what concerns the discontinuity of the drinking water supply in San José de Alajuela.
Therefore, the amparo is declared without merit (sin lugar). Nevertheless, let the respondent authorities (autoridades accionadas) take note that they must coordinate what is necessary and carry out all actions that are within the scope of their competencies, in order to guarantee the supply of drinking water to the users of San José de Alajuela by means of tanker trucks, until such time as the works intended to provide a definitive solution to the problem alleged in the sub examine are definitively completed.
IV.Finally, let the claimant (parte accionante) note that it is not for this specialized venue to rule, in accordance with the infra-constitutional regulations governing the matter and the particularities of the case under study, on the disagreements expressed by the appellant regarding the contract signed between ICAA and the company that owns the tanker trucks used in the area where she resides. Therefore, if the protected party (tutelada) sees fit, she may raise such disagreements before the respondent authority itself, or through the ordinary jurisdictional channel.”.
From the report rendered by the respondent authorities, which are given under the solemnity of oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it is clear that the sector where Dirección1456 is located in Guadalupe de Goicoechea belongs to the Guadalupe operation zone, which is supplied with water from the Guadalupe system. This system is supplied with water treated at the Guadalupe Potabilization Plant (Planta Potabilizadora Guadalupe), which draws its water from surface sources and whose production is around 300 lps. It was certified that Barrio Santa Eduviges, as of the date of the report, had drinking water service through the pipe network. It was demonstrated that, according to the AYA recorder, there were 2 periods of disruption: one disruption between September 27 and 29, and during the days of October 10 and the early morning of October 13, which caused a lack of supply and low pressures - a disruption that was not continuous, as pressure peaks are shown, indicating that even in those affected periods, supply was available through the pipe network.
It was verified that since October 13, 2023, no new incidents have occurred. It was verified that, due to the heavy rains that occurred in the area where the intakes are located on the indicated dates, runoff occurred in the basin of the rivers and streams from which the water is drawn, dragging into the river garbage that the population throws into the river, as well as the dragging of organic materials such as leaves, branches, and others that obstruct the river intakes. It must be emphasized that these grates are located within the riverbed; for this reason, and in order not to expose the lives of the workers who carry out the cleaning work, it is necessary to wait until the riverbed conditions allow them to enter to clean and to complete the potabilization process. It was proven that, as a result of the conditions of the raw water on the days of disruption, it was necessary to reduce the production of the Potabilization Plant and, at times of greatest obstruction of the catchment works, to suspend it entirely.
It was stated that the service suspensions in the Metropolitan Aqueduct (Acueducto Metropolitano) are announced to the population through service suspension bulletins and are disseminated to the population through the official channels arranged for that purpose (for example: 800-REPORTE Line, social media, Institutional website, AyA apps, etc.). Finally, it was certified that during the suspension of the resource, AYA distributed water through tanker trucks in the area. Based on the foregoing and applying the precedents cited in the preceding Considerando, the appeal is deemed inadmissible. As was demonstrated, the AYA authorities explain that the drop in production sources is a consequence of climate change and factors such as: Increased turbidity, obstructions of the intakes (captaciones), damage to adduction pipes, and contamination events caused by the residents themselves. In that regard, they explain: “While it is true that the rains may be light, heavy, or even not occur in the supplied communities, it must not be forgotten that the surface source intake (captación) works may be located several kilometers from these communities, and at the same time, these surface sources, i.e., rivers and streams, are directly affected by the impact of rains across their entire recharge basin or micro-basin.
When these heavy rains occur at any time of day, and since the potabilization and supply process is continuous, that is, 24/7, the large floods and drag of materials (sticks, leaves, stones, garbage) in the rivers and streams cause obstructions of the intake grates (rejillas de captación) and sometimes leave these materials on the intake works themselves, but the priority is always to achieve the rehabilitation of the surface water intake in the shortest possible time, so that it can be conveyed to the potabilization plant and thus minimize any disruption. There have been events of heavy rains at night that officials manage to rehabilitate the surface water intake, and a few hours later it rains intensely again, which again obstructs the grates, thus repeating the cycle. Without forgetting that climatic effects and their changes have a direct relationship with the flow of rivers and streams, wherein during summer or severe drought periods, their flow rates decrease significantly, as happened this past summer; also, the highly intense, short-duration heavy rains that have been occurring in all the recharge zones of the potabilization plants indicated above affect, in one way or another, the production of drinking water, with the following factors being the most related in these rainy times: a) Increased turbidity; depending on the intensity of the rain and the land conditions (whether naturally or due to human action), increases in turbidity (dirt present in the captured water) could occur to values that cannot be potabilized, for which one of these operational actions must be taken: 1) Decrease the produced flow to increase the hydraulic treatment time or 2) Completely suspend the operation while the turbidity value decreases. b) Intake obstructions: it must be remembered that the intake works are located in the rivers; what happens is that when it rains, runoff and the dragging of materials such as stones, sticks, leaves, garbage also occur (in addition to the increased turbidity).
Many of these materials become trapped in the intake grates (which is precisely part of their function), resulting in a decrease in production at the Plant. To clean these intake grates, one must wait for the river level to return to normal, so that officials can enter safely. In very torrential rains, rivers often leave a large amount of debris on the intake works. c) Damage to adduction pipes: these are the pipes that transport the captured water from the river to the Potabilization Plant. Because most intakes and pipes are located in mountainous areas, landslides sometimes occur that damage the pipes. d) Due to contamination events: this is when, upstream from the intake works, people carry out activities in which they pour substances into the rivers that could affect the treatment process; in these cases, the operation of the Potabilization Plant must be suspended until the captured water returns to the expected conditions.
In parallel, an environmental complaint is filed.” Regarding the lack of information on the suspension of water service, it was demonstrated that this information is made known through the communication channels that the Institution has made available for that purpose, including: • 800-REPORTE Line (800-7376783) • Downloading the SERVICIOS AYA APP on the cellphone • Whatsapp: 8376-5103 • Facebook: INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS • Email: ...24 • Website: www.aya.go.cr. Finally, regarding the supply of water by means of tanker trucks: it was demonstrated that the respondent authority, while the disruption was occurring, distributed water through tanker trucks in the area (see document SG-GSGAM-MZESTE-2023-00656). This being the case, and taking into account that the problem in question is not due to any arbitrary or capricious action by ICAA, the appeal is deemed inadmissible and is declared as such.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be picked up from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material that is not picked up within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is declared without merit (sin lugar). Notifíquese.
Nombre137 V.
Nombre152 C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
UYENTEG5PHK6
Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del veinticuatro de noviembre de dos mil veintitres .
Recurso de amparo presentado por [Nombre62 001], cédula de identidad [CED62 ], contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
La recurrente alega que durante tres días el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados suspendió el servicio de agua sin aviso previo y sin enviar camiones cisternas para abastecerse. Acusa que el personal del instituto recurrido tiene una práctica de suspender el servicio cada 2 semanas, por supuesta obstrucción en las plantas y se tarde alrededor de 4 días en arreglarlo.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Sobre el tema planteado en este amparo, esta Sala se ha pronunciado en diversas oportunidades. Entre otras, en sentencia No. 2019008193 de las 9:20 horas del 10 de mayo de 2019, lo hizo en los siguientes términos:
“SOBRE EL SERVICIO DE AGUA POTABLE . En reiteradas ocasiones este Tribunal ha desestimado recursos como el que nos ocupa, debido a que la zona en la que se reclama el servicio supera la cota de abastecimiento -es decir, la altura máxima para otorgar el servicio-, o a otras imposibilidades técnicas y presupuestos objetivos. Concretamente en cuanto a problemas de abastecimiento, tras reconocer que el suministro de agua potable constituye un servicio público esencial y oneroso; la jurisprudencia de la Sala se ha dirigido fundamentalmente a la protección del derecho a la vida y a la salud de las personas físicas. Así, garantizar la pureza del líquido para consumo humano y la continuidad en el suministro de éste forman parte de un debido y eficiente servicio al abonado (véase la sentencia Nº 004253-2014). Adicionalmente, este Tribunal ha indicado, en relación con los problemas de abastecimiento de agua potable, que en el tanto las autoridades recurridas demuestren que se ha actuado dentro de sus posibilidades materiales a fin de lograr un adecuado abastecimiento, no se quebrantarían los derechos fundamentales de las personas si éste se ofrece con algunas irregularidades de caudal, u horario de suministro (ver, al respecto, el criterio de esta Sala en las sentencias Nº 2008-009714, 2008-018788, 2009- 012511, 2010-015448 y 2011-006603, entre otras).” Más adelante, agrega esa misma sentencia lo siguiente:
“De los informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se verifica que efectivamente en el sector de Hatillo de San José, existe un problema de desabastecimiento de agua, que se ha agravado por la considerable demanda de agua potable y la situación climática. De lo expuesto, es claro que el desabastecimiento acusado por la recurrente en este asunto no es responsabilidad del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, sino de factores climáticos y de falta de consideración del uso del agua de los habitantes es las zonas más bajas del sector al que se refiere el recurrente”.
Del informe rendido por parte de la autoridad recurrida, con oportuno apercibimiento de las consecuencias previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se tuvo por acreditado que el recurrente es vecino del cantón central de Alajuela, Urbanización Santa Teresita. Respecto al alegato del amparado, se colige que efectivamente el 04 de junio de 2022 la Urbanización Santa Teresita y sus alrededores sufrieron un faltante de agua potable debido a un fallo súbito y no programado en el equipo de bombeo del denominado pozo Cacique 4, aprovechamiento que supone el 24% de la producción de agua potable para consumo humano del Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela. Dicho falló fue notificado internamente a las 22:09 horas del 04 de junio del 2022. En atención a lo anterior, se colige que a partir de las 06:30 horas del domingo 05 de junio de 2022 la Unidad Cantonal de Alajuela realizó la distribución de agua potable por medios alternativos (camiones cisterna) a los usuarios de las localidades afectadas, entre ellas Villa Bonita, sector donde se localiza la urbanización Santa Teresita.
Esto, hasta el restablecimiento y estabilización de las condiciones operativas normales del Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela. En ese orden de ideas, se constata que el 06 de junio de 2022 la Unidad Cantonal de Alajuela comunicó vía Facebook lo siguiente: “Atención vecinos de Alajuela. Estamos atendiendo una compleja avería en la bomba de uno de los principales pozos que abastece el acueducto del Pasito. Seis camiones cisterna están brindado agua potable entre las comunidades de Dirección109 , El Coco, Montserrat, Santa Teresita, Villa Bonita, Lotes Solís, Montecillos, Plywood, Pacto del Jocote y la parte alta del Pasito”. Además, el 07 de junio de 2022 la Unidad Cantonal de Alajuela comunicó vía Facebook la ruta de camiones cisterna en Alajuela. Quedó demostrado, que a las 21:00 horas del 08 de junio de 2022 la problemática acaecida el 04 de junio fue superada. Dicha situación obedeció a que el equipamiento electromecánico para extracción del pozo Cacique 4, aparte de estar instalado a una profundidad que supera los 150 metros, está constituido por un conjunto de motor - bomba, lo cual supone un equipo (motor) susceptible a todos los aspectos de índole eléctrico, mientras que el otro a consideraciones de tipo mecánico (bomba), resultando materialmente imposible efectuar una revisión visual o física de estos componentes, siendo que el mantenimiento, seguimiento y diagnóstico se efectúa por medios indirectos desde las casetas y equipos de control que se localizan en la superficie.
Finalmente, se coteja que a la fecha de rendido el informe, tanto el Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela, como el denominado “tanque Borbón”, habían alcanzado la recuperación y operación normal manteniéndose el nivel de almacenamiento para el abastecimiento de la población y los sectores afectados en un nivel superior a los 2 metros, equivalente aproximadamente a 850 000 litros de agua potable para consumo humano que se destinan permanentemente para atender a los usuarios de todo el sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela, entre ellos, la urbanización Santa Teresita.
En la especie, esta Sala descarta alguna lesión a los derechos fundamentales del recurrente por las razones que se dirán a continuación. En los informes rendidos por los representantes del ICAA, se subrayó que los problemas de desabastecimiento de agua potable en la Urbanización Santa Teresita y alrededores fueron producto de fallo súbito y no programado en el equipo de bombeo del denominado pozo Cacique 4, aprovechamiento que supone el 24% de la producción de agua potable para consumo humano del Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela. Asimismo, con mediana claridad se desprende que de una vez se tuvo conocimiento de la situación, la autoridad recurrida dispuso la distribución de agua potable por medios alternativos (camiones cisterna) a los usuarios de las localidades afectadas, entre ellas Villa Bonita, sector donde se localiza la urbanización Santa Teresita. Esto, hasta el restablecimiento y estabilización de las condiciones operativas normales del Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela, lo cual se mantuvo hasta el restablecimiento y estabilización de las condiciones operativas normales del Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela, lo que ocurrió a las 21:00 horas del 08 de junio de 2022.
Sobre este apartado, obsérvese que en el escrito de interposición el propio recurrente acepta que los días en que ha faltado el agua llega al lugar un camión para repartir el líquido. Igualmente, se observa que el 06 de junio de 2022 la Unidad Cantonal de Alajuela comunicó a los vecinos de Alajuela vía Facebook que estaban “ atendiendo una compleja avería en la bomba de uno de los principales pozos que abastece el acueducto del Pasito” y, por ende, “seis camiones cisterna están brindado agua potable entre las comunidades de Barrios San José, El Coco, Montserrat, Santa Teresita, Villa Bonita, Lotes Solís, Montecillos, Plywood, Pacto del Jocote y la parte alta del Pasito”, siendo que incluso el 07 de junio de 2022 dicha unidad comunicó vía Facebook la ruta de camiones cisterna en Alajuela. Finalmente, se verificó que a la fecha de rendidos los informes la problemática descrita ya había superada y tanto el Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela, como el denominado “tanque Borbón”, habían alcanzado la recuperación y operación normal manteniéndose el nivel de almacenamiento para el abastecimiento de la población y los sectores afectados.
V.Por lo demás, si bien en gestión posterior el recurrente aduce que el 13 de junio de 2022 el comité de vecinos del residencial Santa Teresita presentaron una queja ante el ICAA respecto a los mismos hechos que han generado el presente recurso, lo cierto del caso es que a la fecha de formulado el recurso, sea el 09 de junio de 2022, no habían transcurrido los dos meses con los que cuenta la Administración para la atención requerida. En consecuencia, para dicho momento el amparo resultaba prematuro y la Administración aún se encontraba en plazo para atender lo denunciado y contestar a la gestionante lo que correspondiera. Por todo lo expuesto, se declara sin lugar el recurso.”.
Asimismo, en la sentencia nro. 2022016425 de las 9:20 horas de 15 de julio de 2022, este Tribunal señaló:
“(…) este Tribunal ha indicado en varias sentencias que en Dirección110 existe un problema de continuidad en el suministro del servicio de agua potable, lo cual obedece a la elevación topográfica del lugar en relación con la ubicación del tanque encargado de proporcionar agua a tal zona. Asimismo, esta Cámara ha tenido por demostrado que en el lugar señalado existen periodos de variación dinámica, lo cual tiene relación con el nivel de consumo de agua en horario nocturno y diurno, lo que genera cambios en la capacidad de proporcionar el referido líquido. Adicionalmente, esta Sala ha acreditado que, ante la problemática descrita, el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados ha llevado a cabo una serie de acciones, a fin de solventar el referido desabastecimiento. Entre tales acciones se encuentran el proyecto “Mejoras al sistema de acueducto de El Patio de Alajuela, Etapa II ”, así como el envío de camiones cisternas a las comunidades afectadas, a los efectos de procurar mantener la continuidad en la prestación del servicio.
Aunado a lo anterior, en cuanto al problema acusado por la recurrente acontecido a inicios de junio de 2022, este Tribunal verifica que, entre el 4 y el 8 de ese mes, el sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito experimentó una descompensación técnico-operativa que causó discontinuidad en la prestación del servicio de agua potable en las zonas abastecidas por los tanques Cacique y Borbón, “lo cual fue motivado por un fallo súbito y no programado en el equipo de bombeo del denominado pozo Cacique 4, aprovechamiento que supone el 24% de la producción de agua potable para consumo humano del Sistema CO-A-01 El Pasito de Alajuela”. Por lo anterior, el ICAA remitió a las zonas afectadas camiones cisternas propios y alquilados a fin de garantizar la dotación mínima de subsistencia.
En consecuencia, en la especie no se comprueba que la problemática relacionada con la continuidad del suministro de agua potable en San José de Alajuela obedezca a una actuación arbitraria del ICAA, sino, a que en tal zona existen condiciones particulares en relación con la elevación topográfica y con el consumo de la población. Además, la discontinuidad sufrida en la prestación de tal servicio entre el 4 y el 8 de junio de 2022 se debió a una falla en el equipo de bombeo y, mientras se solucionaba, el ICAA envió camiones cisternas a las zonas afectadas para garantizar la dotación mínima de subsistencia.
Ergo, no procede acoger el recurso en los términos en que fue planteado. Adicionalmente, advierta la parte recurrente que no le corresponde a este Tribunal Constitucional valorar, de acuerdo con la normativa infraconstitucional que rige la materia y las particularidades del caso bajo estudio, la procedencia o no de las medidas adoptadas por el ICAA para solventar la problemática acusada en el sub lite, ni determinar las acciones específicas que debe efectuar ese instituto a los efectos de resolver lo concerniente a la discontinuidad del suministro de agua potable en San José de Alajuela.
Por ende, se declara sin lugar el amparo. No obstante, tomen nota las autoridades accionadas que deberán coordinar lo necesario y llevar a cabo todas las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a fin de garantizar el abastecimiento de agua potable a las personas usuarias de San José de Alajuela mediante camiones cisternas, hasta tanto no se culminen definitivamente las obras que pretenden dar una solución definitiva a la problemática acusada en el sub examine .
IV.Finalmente, advierta la parte accionante que no corresponde a esta sede especializada pronunciarse, de acuerdo con la normativa infraconstitucional que rige la materia y las particularidades del caso bajo estudio, sobre las disconformidades expuestas por la recurrente en relación con el contrato suscrito entre el ICAA y la empresa dueña de los camiones cisternas empleados en la zona donde reside. Por ende, si la tutelada lo tiene a bien, podrá plantear tales disconformidades ante la propia autoridad recurrida, o en la vía jurisdiccional ordinaria.”.
Del informe rendido por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende que el sector donde se ubica el Dirección1456 en Guadalupe de Goicoechea, pertenece a la zona de operación Guadalupe que se abastece con agua del sistema de Guadalupe. Este sistema se abastece con agua que se trata en la Planta Potabilizadora Guadalupe, que toma sus aguas de fuentes superficiales y cuya producción ronda los 300 lps. Se acreditó que el Barrio Santa Eduviges a la fecha de rendir el informe contaba con el servicio de agua potable a través de la red de tuberías. Quedó demostrado que, según el registrador del AYA se presentaron 2 periodos de afectación una afectación entre los días 27 y 29 de setiembre y durante los días 10 y la madrugada del 13 de octubre, que provocaron desabastecimiento y bajas presiones -afectación que no fue continua, pues se muestran picos de presión, que representan que incluso en esos lapsos de periodo con afectación se tuvo abastecimiento a través de la red de tuberías-.
Se constató que desde el 13 de octubre del 2023 no se han presentado nuevos incidentes. Se verificó que, debido a las fuertes lluvias que se presentaron en la zona donde se ubican las tomas en las fechas indicadas, se produjo una escorrentía en la cuenca de los ríos y quebradas de las que se toma el agua, arrastrando hacia el río basura que la población lanza al río, así como el arrastre de materiales orgánicos como hojas, ramas y otros que obstruyen las tomas del río. Hay que recalcar que estas parrillas se encuentran dentro del cauce del río, por este motivo y para no exponer la vida de los trabajadores que realizan la labor de limpieza se debe esperar a que las condiciones del cauce permitan ingresar a hacer la limpieza y cumplir con e proceso de potabilización. Quedó probado que a raíz de las condiciones que presentó el agua cruda para los días de afectación fue necesario reducir la producción de la Planta Potabilizadora y en los momentos de mayor obstrucción de las captaciones suspenderla del todo.
Se afirmó que las suspensiones del servicio en el Acueducto Metropolitano son anunciadas a la población por medio de los boletines de suspensión del servicio y que son difundidos a la población por medio de los canales oficiales que ha dispuesto para ese fin (por ejemplo: Línea 800- REPORTE, redes sociales, página Institucional, apps de AyA, etc). Finalmente se acreditó que durante la suspensión del recurso el AYA realizó el reparto de agua a través de camiones cisterna en la zona. Partiendo de lo anterior y en aplicación a los antecedentes citados en el Considerando anterior el recurso deviene improcedente. Tal y como se logró demostrar las autoridades del AYA explican que la baja en las fuentes de producción son consecuencia del cambio climático y factores tales como: Aumento de turbiedad, obstrucciones de las captaciones, daños en tuberías de aducción y ventos de contaminación de los mismos vecinos.
En tal sentido, explican: “Si bien es cierto que las lluvias pueden ser leves, fuertes o incluso no ocurrir en las comunidades abastecidas, no debe olvidarse que las obras de captación de las fuentes superficial se pueden localizar a varios kilómetros de estas comunidades y al mismo tiempo estas fuentes superficiales, es decir, ríos y quebradas se ven directamente afectas por el impacto de las lluvias en toda su cuenca o microcuenca de recarga. Al presentarse estas fuertes lluvias en cualquier hora del día y al ser el proceso de potabilización y abastecimiento un proceso continuo, es decir 24/7, las grandes crecidas y arrastres de materiales (palos, hojas, piedras, basura) en los ríos y quebradas producen las obstrucciones de las rejillas de captación y en ocasiones dejan estos materiales en las mismas obras de captación, pero siempre la prioridad es lograr la rehabilitación de la captación de agua superficial en el menor tiempo posible, de forma tal, que pueda ser conducida hasta la planta potabilizadora y así minimizar cualquier afectación.
Se han presentado eventos de fuertes lluvias en la noche que los funcionarios logran rehabilitar la captación de agua superficial y pocas horas después vuelve a llover de forma intensa, lo cual vuelve a obstruir las rejillas, repitiéndose así el ciclo. Sin olvidar que los efectos climáticos y sus cambios, tienen un relación directa sobre el caudal de los ríos y quebradas, en donde en épocas de verano o fuertes sequia sus caudales decrecen de forma significativa, tal como ocurrió este pasado verano, también las fuertes lluvias de alta intensidad y corta duración que se han estado experimentando en todas las zonas de recarga de las plantas potabilizadoras indicadas anteriormente, afectan de una u otra forma la producción de agua potable, siendo los siguientes factores los más relacionados en estos momentos de lluvias: a) Aumento de turbiedad; según sea la intensidad de la lluvia y por las condiciones de los terrenos (ya sea de forma natural o por la acción humana) se podría presentar aumentos de turbiedad (suciedad presente en el agua captada) hasta valores que no se pueden potabilizar, por lo que se debe realizar alguna de estas acciones operativas: 1) Disminuir el caudal producido para aumentar el tiempo hidráulico del tratamiento ó 2) Suspender completamente la operación mientras disminuye el valor de turbiedad. b) Obstrucciones de las captaciones: se debe recordar que las obras de captación se localizan en los ríos, lo que ocurre es que cuando llueve también se produce la escorrentía y arrastre de materiales como piedras, palos, hojas, basura (además del aumento de turbiedad), muchos de estos materiales quedan atrapados en las rejillas de captación (que es precisamente parte de su función), lo que se traduce en una disminución de la producción en la Planta.
Para lograr limpiar estas rejillas de captación, se debe esperar a que el nivel del río vuelva a su normalidad, para que los funcionarios puedan ingresar de forma segura. En lluvias muy torrenciales, los ríos suelen dejar gran cantidad de escombros en las obras de captación. c) Daños en tuberías de aducción: estás son las tuberías que permiten transportar el agua captada desde el río hasta la Planta Potabilizadora. Debido a que la mayoría de las captaciones y tuberías se encuentran en zonas montañosas, en ocasiones ocurren deslizamientos de los terrenos que dañan las tuberías. d) Por eventos de contaminación: es cuando aguas arriba de las obras de captación, las personas realizan actividades en las cuales vierten sustancias a los ríos que podrían afectar el proceso de tratamiento, en estos casos se debe suspender la operación de la Planta Potabilizadora mientras el agua captada vuelve a las condiciones esperadas.
Paralelamente se interpone una denuncia de tipo ambiental”. En cuanto a la falta de información de la suspensión del servicio de agua se logró demostrar que esa información se da a conocer por medio de los canales de comunicación que la Institución ha puesto a disposición para ese fin, entre ellos: • Línea 800- REPORTE (800-7376783) • Descargando en el celular la APP: SERVICIOS AYA • Whatsapp: 8376-5103 • Facebook: INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. • Correo: ...24 • Sitio Web: www.aya.go.cr. Finalmente en cuanto al abastecimiento de agua mediante camiones cisterna: se demostró que la autoridad recurrida mientras se dio la afectación, realizó el reparto de agua a través de camiones cisterna en la zona (ver documento SG-GSGAM-MZESTE-2023-00656). Así las cosas y tomando en cuenta que, la problemática en cuestión no obedece a alguna actuación arbitraria o antojadiza del ICAA el recurso deviene improcedente y así se declara.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Nombre137 V.
Nombre152 C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
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