← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 06259-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 08/03/2024
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is partially granted against the Tibás Municipality and AyA, ordering them to complete stabilization works within twelve months; denied against the Ministry of Health and CNE.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso contra la Municipalidad de Tibás y el AyA, ordenándoles ejecutar las obras de estabilización en doce meses; sin lugar contra el Ministerio de Salud y la CNE.
SummaryResumen
Residents of La Gacela neighborhood in Llorente de Tibás filed an amparo against the Tibás Municipality, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA), the National Emergency Commission (CNE), and the Ministry of Health, alleging violation of the right to a prompt and effective administrative procedure, as well as to life and physical integrity, due to landslide risks along the Rivera Creek. The Constitutional Chamber found that the municipality had known of the problem since 2011 and AyA since 2022, yet despite multiple technical reports, failed tenders, and CNE recommendations, no stabilization works had been carried out. It considered the more than ten-year delay disproportionate. It partially granted the amparo against the Municipality and AyA, ordering them to coordinate and execute within twelve months the necessary contracts and works to protect the residents, including a retaining wall with tie-backs and bank stabilization. It denied the claim against the Ministry of Health and CNE, as their direct intervention had not been sought. Justice Garro Vargas issued a partial dissent on the execution phase, referring it to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.Los vecinos de la Urbanización La Gacela, en Llorente de Tibás, presentaron recurso de amparo contra la Municipalidad de Tibás, el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (CNE) y el Ministerio de Salud, alegando violación al derecho a un procedimiento administrativo pronto y cumplido, así como a la vida e integridad física, ante el riesgo de deslizamientos en la quebrada Rivera. La Sala Constitucional constató que la problemática era conocida por el municipio desde 2011 y por el AyA desde 2022, y que, pese a múltiples informes técnicos, licitaciones infructuosas y recomendaciones de la CNE, no se había ejecutado obra alguna de estabilización. Consideró desproporcionado el plazo transcurrido (más de diez años). Declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso contra la Municipalidad y el AyA, ordenándoles coordinar y ejecutar en un plazo máximo de doce meses las contrataciones y obras necesarias para proteger a los vecinos, incluyendo la construcción de un muro de retención con tensores y estabilización de márgenes. Declaró sin lugar contra el Ministerio de Salud y la CNE, por no haberse solicitado su intervención directa. La magistrada Garro Vargas salvó el voto en cuanto a la ejecución, que envió a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Consequently, this Chamber finds that the delay in resolving the complaint filed by the protected party is disproportionate, as more than ten years have passed since the first actions before the Tibás Municipality and more than two years since the ICAA's intervention was requested, without the situation having been resolved to date, and the reported harm continues. Under this reasoning, the Chamber considers that the appeal must be partially granted, solely against the authorities of the Tibás Municipality and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, as will be set out in the operative part of this judgment. David Meléndez Sánchez, Ana Gabriela Madrigal Garro, Luis Araya Padilla, Maureen Mora Alpízar, and Alejandro Alvarado Vega, in their respective capacities as Municipal Mayor, Director of Urban Management, Public Works Coordinator, Budget Officer, and Municipal Council President of Tibás, and Luis Alejandro Guillén Guardia, as Executive President of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, or their successors, are ordered to take actions within their competence and establish the necessary coordination within their respective spheres, so that within a maximum of twelve months from notification of this judgment, the necessary contracts and works are promoted, awarded, and executed, and the pertinent administrative measures and resolutions adopted, to complete the design and construction projects for the stabilization of the banks of the Rivera Creek and the construction of a retaining wall with tie-backs, as well as any other work deemed necessary in high-risk areas to protect the residents of La Gacela from landslides and any irregularities.En consecuencia, estima esta Sala que el plazo que ha transcurrido para resolver la denuncia planteada por la parte tutelada es desproporcionado, por cuanto, ha transcurrido un plazo de, más de diez años, desde las primeras gestiones realizadas ante las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y de más dos años desde que se solicitó la intervención del ICAA, sin que a la fecha la situación haya sido resuelta, con el agravante que la afectación denunciada continúa vigente. Bajo esta inteligencia, considera esta Sala que el recurso debe ser declarado parcialmente con lugar, con las consideraciones que se dirán en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia y únicamente, en contra de las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Se ordena a David Meléndez Sánchez, Ana Gabriela Madrigal Garro, Luis Araya Padilla y Maureen Mora Alpízar y Alejandro Alvarado Vega, por su orden Alcalde Municipal, Directora de Gestión Urbana, Coordinador de Obras Públicas, Encargada de Presupuesto y Presidente del Concejo Municipal, todos de la Municipalidad de Tibás y a Luis Alejandro Guillén Guardia, en su condición de Presidente Ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, o a quienes ocupen el cargo, que realicen las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y establezcan las acciones y coordinaciones necesarias dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia, para que en el plazo máximo de doce meses contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se promuevan, adjudiquen y ejecuten las contrataciones y obras que se estimen necesarias y se adopten las medidas y resoluciones administrativas pertinentes, para culminar con los proyectos de construcción de servicio de diseño y construcción para estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada Rivera y construcción de muro de retención de tensores, así como cualquier otra obra que se considere necesaria, en las zonas de riesgo para proteger de deslizamientos y cualquier irregularidad a los vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En consecuencia, estima esta Sala que el plazo que ha transcurrido para resolver la denuncia planteada por la parte tutelada es desproporcionado, por cuanto, ha transcurrido un plazo de, más de diez años, desde las primeras gestiones realizadas ante las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y de más dos años desde que se solicitó la intervención del ICAA, sin que a la fecha la situación haya sido resuelta, con el agravante que la afectación denunciada continúa vigente."
"Consequently, this Chamber finds that the delay in resolving the complaint is disproportionate, as more than ten years have passed since the first actions before the Tibás Municipality and more than two years since the ICAA's intervention was requested, without the situation having been resolved, and the reported harm continues."
Considerando V
"En consecuencia, estima esta Sala que el plazo que ha transcurrido para resolver la denuncia planteada por la parte tutelada es desproporcionado, por cuanto, ha transcurrido un plazo de, más de diez años, desde las primeras gestiones realizadas ante las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y de más dos años desde que se solicitó la intervención del ICAA, sin que a la fecha la situación haya sido resuelta, con el agravante que la afectación denunciada continúa vigente."
Considerando V
"Los vecinos del bloque D donde se encuentra la vivienda del aquí actor, (3D) han invadido la zona de protección de la quebrada con construcciones que incluso se salen de la línea de propiedad, descargando las aguas servidas y pluviales directamente a la quebrada, lo cual crea un alto riesgo por saturación de agua y erosión de la ladera, siendo ellos los responsables de irrespetar los permisos otorgados por la Municipalidad."
"The residents of block D, where the plaintiff's house is located (3D), have invaded the creek's protection zone with constructions that even extend beyond the property line, discharging sewage and stormwater directly into the creek, creating a high risk of water saturation and slope erosion; they are responsible for disregarding the permits issued by the Municipality."
Considerando V, citando al Alcalde
"Los vecinos del bloque D donde se encuentra la vivienda del aquí actor, (3D) han invadido la zona de protección de la quebrada con construcciones que incluso se salen de la línea de propiedad, descargando las aguas servidas y pluviales directamente a la quebrada, lo cual crea un alto riesgo por saturación de agua y erosión de la ladera, siendo ellos los responsables de irrespetar los permisos otorgados por la Municipalidad."
Considerando V, citando al Alcalde
"Se ordena a [las autoridades recurridas] que realicen las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y establezcan las acciones y coordinaciones necesarias dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia, para que en el plazo máximo de doce meses contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se promuevan, adjudiquen y ejecuten las contrataciones y obras que se estimen necesarias."
"The respondent authorities are ordered to take actions within their competence and establish necessary coordination, so that within a maximum of twelve months from notification of this judgment, the necessary contracts and works are promoted, awarded, and executed."
Por tanto
"Se ordena a [las autoridades recurridas] que realicen las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y establezcan las acciones y coordinaciones necesarias dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia, para que en el plazo máximo de doce meses contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se promuevan, adjudiquen y ejecuten las contrataciones y obras que se estimen necesarias."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
1 Constitutional Chamber Type of matter: Amparo action Judgment with Dissenting Vote Judgment with separate note Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Strategic Themes: Economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: MUNICIPALITY Subtopics:
INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONDITIONS. PERMITS.
006259-24. MUNICIPALITY. NEIGHBORS OF TIBÁS ACCUSE THAT THE MUNICIPALITY GRANTED CONSTRUCTION PERMITS IN URBANIZACIÓN LA GACELA, IN LLORENTE, WHICH IS ADJACENT TO THE QUEBRADA RIVERA, WHICH HAS PROBLEMS WITH POSSIBLE LANDSLIDES; THEY BUILT WITH MUNICIPAL PERMITS; THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GABION WALL IS NEEDED, BUT, TO DATE, NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE. THE ACTION IS PARTIALLY GRANTED, SOLELY AGAINST THE AUTHORITIES OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF TIBÁS AND THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. THEY ARE ORDERED TO CARRY OUT THE ACTIONS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THEIR COMPETENCIES AND ESTABLISH THE NECESSARY ACTIONS AND COORDINATIONS WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE AREAS OF COMPETENCE, SO THAT WITHIN A MAXIMUM PERIOD OF TWELVE MONTHS, THE CONTRACTING AND WORKS DEEMED NECESSARY ARE PROMOTED, AWARDED, AND EXECUTED, AND THE PERTINENT ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES AND RESOLUTIONS ARE ADOPTED TO COMPLETE THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SERVICE FOR THE STABILIZATION OF THE BANKS OF THE QUEBRADA RIVERA AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TIEBACK RETAINING WALL, AS WELL AS ANY OTHER WORK DEEMED NECESSARY IN THE RISK ZONES TO PROTECT THE NEIGHBORS OF URBANIZACIÓN LA GACELA FROM LANDSLIDES AND ANY IRREGULARITY.
VCG03/2024 “(…) V.- Regarding the specific case. In the case at hand, the petitioner claims that both he and the protected parties are neighbors of Urbanización La Gacela in Llorente de Tibás and that when they acquired their properties, the Municipality of Tibás authorized the preliminary project for Urbanización La Gacela, conditioned on compliance with certain recommendations from the report by the municipal architect, Javier Chan Won. One of the requirements was to resolve the problem of potential landslides both in the sector on the north side of the urbanization and on the south side bordering the Quebrada Rivera. He indicates that all of them built with municipal permits, without knowing the danger posed by the quebrada, since, during the rainy season, it washes away and erodes the hillside. By virtue of this circumstance, he asserts that since 2011, they began filing complaints and undertaking efforts before the municipality to resolve the situation that endangers the neighbors.
He even asserts that, in a Municipal Council session on February 12, 2019, the municipal omission was acknowledged and the matter was referred to the administration to solve the problem. However, he claims that, as of the date of filing this action, the complaint has not been resolved, nor has he been told how the respondent municipality will proceed to address it, which he considers harmful to his fundamental rights.
In this regard, this Chamber verifies that, in the specific case, the problem in question has indeed been known by the respondent municipality since 2011; however, by virtue of various studies that have been carried out, it has been determined that the responsibility for the possible landslides does not fall exclusively on the municipality, but rather, in the words of the Municipal Mayor, it was also proven that: "The neighbors of block D, where the petitioner's dwelling is located (3D), have invaded the protection zone of the quebrada with constructions that even extend beyond the property line, discharging black water and rainwater directly into the quebrada, which creates a high risk due to water saturation and erosion of the hillside, making them responsible for disrespecting the permits granted by the Municipality, carrying out constructions without permits in total disregard of urban planning regulations, which has caused the land adjacent to their properties, belonging to the developer, to be washed away, also violating the protection zone of the quebrada, thereby endangering their own homes, and they must proceed with the demolition of the works built without a permit, in order to respect the protection zone of the Quebrada" (emphasis not in original).
That said, it is no less true that, despite the findings made by the municipality, said municipal entity is certainly fully aware that a problem has existed in the area since 2011, to the point that, through technical report No. DPM-INF-0939-2011 from January 2012, the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención de Riesgos made a series of recommendations to the Municipality of Tibás regarding Urbanización La Gacela, notably recommending: "(…) VIII. Recommendations. A. To the corresponding Municipality: Do not grant construction permits in the protection areas of rivers, quebradas, and canals that drain the canton, nor in areas of fill, steep slopes, or areas vulnerable to natural hazards. B. To the corresponding Municipality: Analyze in its land-use planning (ordenamiento territorial) management the land-use options for terrains exposed to hazards of natural or anthropic origin and consider prohibition for residential use.
C. To the corresponding Municipality: Supervise the distance between residential constructions on the banks of quebradas and rivers that flow through the canton so that corrective measures are applied in accordance with the provisions of the Ley Forestal. D. To the Ministry of Health and the corresponding Municipality: Assess the impact on the area due to the unregulated deposit of solid and liquid waste within the Quebrada Rivera, so that the corresponding corrective measures are taken. E. To the corresponding Municipality and community members: Implement an adequate system for the control, collection, and drainage of rainwater at the residential and urban infrastructure level, promote soil conservation, as well as rapid and efficient drainage of the hillsides; and reduce the effects of erosive processes from surface runoff. These works must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica.
F. To those responsible for the affected properties: Contact the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Costa Rica to assess the possibility of conducting a hydrological study of the Quebrada Rivera to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the channel, and to delineate the flood and severe erosion zones affecting the area. G. To those responsible for the evaluated property: Consult the services of a forestry engineer to determine if it is necessary to trim branches, cut, and plant some type of vegetation that promotes soil conservation in the most vulnerable areas to reduce the risk of further landslides occurring. H. To the representatives of the evaluated property: Carry out the necessary procedures before MINAET to implement the corresponding stabilization works on the right bank of the Quebrada Rivera. These works must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, based on the standards established by the Seismic Code, Foundations Code, Construction Regulations, and other current legislation, have the approval of a geotechnical laboratory, and be designed based on the parameters issued by the technical studies that the responsible professional deems necessary.
I. To the corresponding Municipality: Include in its Regulatory Plan a section for the maintenance of the quebradas and rivers of the canton, especially considering the channel of the Quebrada Rivera. This shall be processed according to the procedures established by the competent instances (…)" and for that reason, the matter has been widely known at the level of the Municipal Council and the Municipal Administration.
In this sense, it is important to clarify that not only have the municipal authorities been aware of the situation reported in this action, but the ICAA authorities have also been duly informed and have been part of the on-site inspections in Urbanización La Gacela. During these inspections, it was indeed ruled out that there are wastewater spills in Urbanización La Gacela originating from the institutional sanitary sewer infrastructure, but it is no less true that it was observed that there is a risk in the slope of manhole 2-60D, and the solution they propose is the construction of a gabion wall.
It should be noted that both the municipal authorities and the ICAA authorities agree that the way to solve the problems afflicting the neighbors of Urbanización La Gacela, which endanger their integrity due to possible landslides in the area, is by conducting tenders in both institutions. In the case of the Municipality, this is so that a construction company can carry out a project consisting of four different stages to build a protective work for the Quebrada Rivera in Urbanización La Gacela. And in the case of the ICAA, to carry out design and construction for the stabilization of the banks of the quebrada. However, in the case of the municipality, all the tenders that have been attempted for this purpose have been unsuccessful, which has prevented the commencement of the works required to address the situation. And in the case of the ICAA, it was shown that, despite knowing since 2022 that this work had to be done, the respective tender document was not approved until December 2023, with the aggravating factor that, as of the date of filing this action, they are awaiting the signing of the contract and the formal start order for the execution phase during this year 2024, without the ICAA authorities specifying an exact date for the respective works to begin.
In accordance with the foregoing, the case file does not yet show the existence of a concrete project to resolve the complaint raised by the protected party, nor does it clearly indicate when the work will be carried out. This is because, in the case of the municipality, there was not even a tender in progress as of the date the reports were submitted in this action, and in the case of the ICAA, the tender document was approved only in December 2023, and there is no certainty as to when it will be executed. Note that, despite full knowledge of the situation by the Municipality of Tibás and the ICAA, and the findings made by their professionals, as of the date of filing this action, and despite having had a full understanding of the problem for several years, no decisive administrative act has been issued that is already in the execution phase to resolve the complaint raised as legally appropriate, based on the identified findings and the approach to be taken to them. Furthermore, although the local government of Tibás has made attempts at tendering and has the studies indicating how they should act to address the problem, and these actions have been communicated to the petitioner, there is no clarity on when the problem will be resolved by any of the competent authorities.
Consequently, this Chamber considers that the time that has elapsed to resolve the complaint raised by the protected party is disproportionate, as a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the first efforts were made before the authorities of the Municipality of Tibás, and more than two years since the intervention of the ICAA was requested, without the situation having been resolved to date, with the aggravating factor that the reported harm continues. With this understanding, this Chamber considers that the action must be partially granted, with the considerations to be stated in the operative part of this judgment, and solely against the authorities of the Municipality of Tibás and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
V.Finally, the action is denied against the authorities of the Ministry of Health and the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, as it was possible to verify that no complaint or request for any intervention has been filed before the Ministry of Health regarding the problem raised in the action, and apart from the recommendations requested in 2012 from the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, no additional intervention has been requested from said authority, so they have no involvement in the complaint subject to this action. (…)”
... See more Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of content: Separate note Branch of Law: 1. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 041- Effective judicial protection. Prompt and complete justice Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
I have supported this Court's thesis that when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and complete justice in the administrative venue, those who must hear the legal dispute are the Contentious-Administrative Courts and not this Chamber. However, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right to Petition, it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection through the amparo action established by Article 32 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in relation to Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the Administration's material actions, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted regulations do not imply that this Court must modify its jurisprudential line, as the Court, based on numeral 7 of its Law, has the sole responsibility for defining its own competence.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional disputes that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exceptional cases, which are admissible to be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional guarantee process of amparo, in all other cases, and for the reasons this Court has given (Judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent bodies are the Judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with numeral 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Law of the Constitution (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
VCG03/2024 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of content: Separate note Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: MUNICIPALITY Subtopics:
INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONDITIONS.
As a matter of principle, I consider that cases related to the inactivity of the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, as such an omission constitutes a matter of legality, the discussion of which belongs to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested party can debate their disagreements with greater breadth. However, when some violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction derives from that omissive administrative conduct, or vulnerable groups are affected, I do examine the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position on this matter, as is the case here, where it is claimed that the Municipality of Tibás, the ICAA, the CNE, and the Ministry of Health have not carried out the construction of a series of works to address the situation related to the problem of potential landslides in the sector on the north side of urbanización La Gacela in Llorente de Tibás, which borders the Quebrada Rivera, in order to prevent any landslide or risk for the neighbors in the area.
The petitioner states that he has reported the foregoing to the respondent authorities; however, they do not provide a solution. The described situation constitutes an exception to my general position on this matter, and therefore I deem it necessary that this Constitutional Court analyze the merits of the matter in order to verify or dismiss the allegations of the petitioner.
VCG03/2024 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of content: Dissenting vote Branch of Law: 6. LAW OF CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION ANNOTATED WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 056- Enforcement of judgments Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
VIII.Partial dissenting vote regarding the operative part of this judgment by Judge Garro Vargas. Although I agree with the majority of the Chamber that the action should be partially granted, I differ on where to place the enforcement phase of the matter, due to the lack of adequate mechanisms provided by the regulations governing this constitutional jurisdiction to follow up on a judgment that involves highly complex technical aspects, such as promoting, awarding, and executing the contracting and works deemed necessary and adopting the pertinent administrative measures and resolutions to complete the construction projects for the design and construction service for the stabilization of the banks of the Quebrada Rivera and the construction of a tieback retaining wall, as well as any other work deemed necessary in the risk zones to protect the neighbors of Urbanización La Gacela from landslides and any irregularity.
In contrast, the provisions of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code regarding enforcement (Article 155 and following) have obvious advantages, such as the possibility of requesting schedules, imposing fines, establishing responsibilities, supervising compliance stages, etc. Therefore, in accordance with the provisions of Article 56 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, I consider that the enforcement phase should be conducted before the Enforcement Division of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the judgment enforcement rules of said Code.
VCG03/2024 ... See more 1 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and fifteen minutes on March eight, two thousand twenty-four.
Amparo action filed by [Name 001], [Value 001], on his own behalf and on behalf of [Name 002], [Value 002], [Name 003], [Value 003], [Name 004], [Value 004], [Name 005], [Value 005], [Name 006], [Name 007], [Value 006], [Name 008], [Value 007], [Name 009], [Name 010], [Value 008], [Name 011], [Value 009], [Name 012], [Value 010], [Name 013], [Value 011], [Name 014], [Value 012], [Name 015], [Value 013], [Name 016] and [Name 017], [Value 014], against the MUNICIPALITY OF TIBÁS, the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, the COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE EMERGENCIAS Y PREVENCIÓN DE RIESGOS, and the MINISTRY OF HEALTH.
Whereas:
The permitted coverage in the zone is 75%, and in the photo provided in the Administrative File, it can be observed that the complainant [Name 001] has 100% coverage, which is not only illegal but also leaves no infiltration area within his property and furthermore generates more direct stormwater runoff into the protection zone of the stream, making it necessary to proceed with the demolition of the unpermitted works and to bring the permit granted to him by this Institution into compliance, that is, to 75% coverage of his property. Mr. [Name 001] has requested on various occasions meetings with Municipal officials, at the time with Arq. Evelyn Conejo, Urban Director, in order to discuss the case, and he was told that we would go to the site to verify the encroachment and that the neighbors must demolish the works that did not have permits and that it was precisely those constructions that were causing the problems, including the demolition of the works built on the petitioner's property; however, on that occasion he did not attend the meeting and instead went to the Constitutional Chamber, in order to obtain through that means that the Municipality proceed to build retaining walls on private properties that, in addition to encroaching on private land as an "easement (servidumbre)" and being outside the construction line approved by the Municipality, have disregarded the protection zone of the Quebrada Rivera, violating the permits granted by this Municipality.
In fulfillment of our duties, this Institution proceeded at various points within the Urbanization, on public properties, to build the works necessary to mitigate the risk, but it is the duty of each property owner to respect the construction permits granted by the Municipality and to respect the regulations so that the problems now affecting them do not occur, and they themselves must solve them, by demolishing the works that encroach on the adjacent land, ceasing the discharge of wastewater and stormwater into the stream, encroaching on the protection zone, and regularizing them to effectively prevent a larger problem. With the demolition of the constructions, the stream's protection area would be recovered, and a reforestation program would be implemented to mitigate soil erosion. However, despite our efforts, we have not been able to raise awareness among the neighbors so that they regularize their properties (…) That through Official Letter DSC-ACD-731-120022, dated December 15, 2022, addressed to the Mayor, the Municipal Council forwarded Agreement 111-1, taken at Ordinary Session No. 137, held on December 13, 2022, in which the Municipal Council ordered the following: 1.
Letter from Mr. [Name 001], email for notifications: [...], telephone: [Value 016], dated December 6, 2022, addressed to the members of the Municipal Council. Subject: In relation to the Gaviones de la Gacela Tender, I request you to indicate the following: 1) What solution does the Urban Directorate propose for constructing said gabions? 2) I demand that the money be reserved for next year. What is the current solution provided by the Road Board to solve the sinking of the only entrance to La Gacela? It is noted and agreed to forward it to the Municipal Administration for appropriate action, with a copy to the petitioner. SIXTH: That through Official Letter MT-AL-134-2023, dated February 2, 2023, the Mayor requests the Urban Director and the Technical Road Unit to provide a report on what was inquired by Mr. [Name 001], according to their competences, in order to provide a response to the honorable Council.
In response to the foregoing, through Official Letter MT-DU-056-2023, dated February 24, 2023, addressed to the Mayor's Office, Arq. Gabriela Madrigal Garro, Urban Director, states: "... by this means I proceed to provide a response to Agreement 111-0RD No. 137 DSC-ACD-731-12-2022, in relation to the Letter from Mr. [Name 001], which was not seen by this Directorate until February 7. Therefore, I inform you as follows: 1. What solution does the Urban Directorate propose for constructing said Gabions? That this project is being executed by the Public Works Unit, and given the changes made to the SICOP Public Procurement Platform, said area is conducting the pertinent market studies in order to ensure the financial viability of the Project. On the other hand, there is a conceptual error by Mr. [Name 019] since it is not 'The technical studies' that have been done but rather two bidding processes, which, for different reasons beyond the municipal corporation's control, were declared Unsuccessful.
This situation has been explained time and again to Mr. [Name 019] and Mr. [Name 018], as both always inquire about the same thing. 2. He demands that the money be reserved for next year. That Mr. [Name 019] cannot demand that the administration take a specific action in its management, as there are processes and management of a technical nature that Mr. [Name 019] is unaware of. However, and for the purpose of providing a response, he is informed that under a supported technical criterion, this Administration decided that due to the dimensions of the Project it was necessary and possible to estimate it in stages, since it is a multi-year Project estimated within the PAOS. Therefore, for the 2023 execution, the amount is [Value 017]. 3. What is the current solution provided by the Road Board to solve the sinking of the only entrance to La Gacela? As you are aware, the undersigned does not manage the PAO or procedures of the Technical Road Unit, and therefore this question cannot be addressed by this Directorate.
For his part, Eng. Michael Morales, Director of the Technical Road Unit, stated through Official Letter MT-UT-0024-2023 dated March 7, 2023, indicating: "in accordance with the subject, I hereby provide a response specifically to the inquiry made to the Technical Road Unit: 3. What is the current solution provided by the Technical Road Unit to solve the sinking of the only entrance to La Gacela? The studies contracted by the Technical Road Unit through Direct Contracting 2021CD0000690002800001 called 'SERVICE OF TOPOGRAPHIC, GEOTECHNICAL, HYDROLOGICAL-HYDRAULIC STUDIES, STORMWATER SURVEY, AND PROTECTION WORK DESIGN FOR THE QUEBRADA RIVERA, URB. GACELA', have already been delivered to the Technical Road Unit, analyzing an investment of ([Value 015]. Based on these studies, it is indicated that the protection work to be constructed must be a retaining wall with tiebacks, as prevention for the road.
The studies did not reveal the existence of a sinking or landslide on the road that puts the sector at risk. What exists is a topographic unevenness of the road. It was planned to carry out the protection work with the ordinary 2023 budget, however, due to Budgetary cuts, it must be included in the extraordinary 2023 budget." SEVENTH: That in compliance with Agreement 111-1 of Ordinary Session No. 137 held on December 13, 2022, of the Municipal Council, through Official Letter MT-AL-100-2023, dated March 7, 2023, from the Mayor's Office, addressed to Mr. [Name 001], it states the following: In relation to the Reference Agreement, through which the Municipal Council of Tibás agrees to forward to the Administration the letter from Mr. [Name 001] regarding the Gaviones de la Gacela Tender; I inform you that this office requested a report on this case from the Urban Director and the Director of the Technical Road Management Unit.
In response to your letter, I forward memorandum MT-DU-056-2023, by Arq. Madrigal Garro, Urban Director, dated February 24, 2023, and memorandum MT-UT-0024-2023, signed by Eng. Michael Madrigal Morales, Director of the Technical Road Management Unit, dated March 7, 2023. Thus managed, your letter is considered addressed. This Official Letter was notified on March 7, 2023, attaching the aforementioned memoranda MT-DU-056-2023, MT-UT-0024-2023, to the email address [email protected], the means indicated by Mr. [Name 019] in his note dated December 6, 2022. NINTH: That through Official Letter MT-DU-077-2023 dated March 3, 2023, from the Urban Director, addressed to the Municipal Mayor's Office, informing: "... in response to official letter MTAL-0314-2023, which attaches official letter No. 001956-2023-DHR from the Ombudsman's Office regarding the bidding process for slope protection in the La Gacela urbanization, a procedure presented by Mr. [Name 018].
(…) In this regard, what official letter MT-AL-0314-2023 indicates is the following: 'With urgent character, to specify the current status of the bidding process incorporated into the SICOP system in August 2022, in order to advance the first stage aimed at building a revetment system in the forest protection area of the Quebrada Rivera.' R/ The bidding process incorporated into the SICOP system in August 2022 was declared unsuccessful due to a lack of participants. Upon contacting by telephone the construction companies that had at some point expressed interest in this tender, they were asked why they did not participate; both argued that construction costs had risen and that bringing machinery into the riverbed was very risky, so having to carry out the riverbed shaping work only with labor and support equipment to move rocks increased the work time and therefore also the labor cost. (…) That through Official Letter MT-AL-0119-2023, dated February 10, 2023, from the Mayor's Office, it provides a response to Official Letter No. 001956-2023-DHR, dated February 27, 2023, from the Ombudsman's Office, citing Official Letter MT-DU-077-2023 dated March 3, 2023, the report by Arq. Gabriela Garro, indicated above.
(…) That through Official Letter MT-UP-034-2023, dated May 11, 2023, from Licda. Mauren Mora Alpízar, Budget Officer of the Municipality of Tibás, she indicates to the Mayor the following: "in relation to the La Gacela Urbanization, I must indicate that through official letter MT-UP-030-2023, the mayor's office was informed of the following: 1. Through the ordinary 2022 budget, the Urban Directorate planned and budgeted [Value 017].00 in goal DU-06 with the goal description: Build the gabion wall in La Gacela and gabion wall of the Municipal yard, Quebrada Rivera (Annex 1). 2. On March 22, 2022, the executing unit made the request for goods and services 3682 (Annex 2), approved by this unit on March 24, 2022, for its respective processing in the Integrated Public Procurement System (SICOP). 3. It is important to understand that the Technical Standards for Public Budgets indicate: 2.2.3 Budgetary Principles: d) Principle of annuality.
The budget during each fiscal year will run from January 1 to December 31. According to the above, by not executing the project within the budget period, the budget liquidation process must be carried out. It must be understood that, upon resources not being executed, in the liquidation process these are reflected in the specific surplus, Real Estate fund. However, the Urban Directorate and the Projects Department included the La Gacela project in the amount of #[Value 019]0.00 in the 2023 Annual Operational Plan, which was approved through Agreement I in its Extraordinary Session No. 062, held on September 22, 2022, as recorded on folio 028 of the minutes. In conclusion, the executing unit included the project in the Annual Operational Plan, which was included in the Ordinary Budget 2022, approved in extraordinary minutes No. 034, held on September 20, 2021, as recorded in the goal of the Urban Directorate.
This project was financed with Real Estate funds as recorded in the origin and application of funds (Annex 3- Segment of the Origin and application of funds), submitted and approved in extraordinary minutes No. 034, held on September 20, 2021, of the Ordinary Budget 2022... .". THIRTEENTH: That through Official Letter MT-PY-064-2023 dated May 12, 2023, from Arq. Luis Araya Padilla, Interim Coordinator of Public Works, addressed to the Municipal Mayor, referring to Facts Two, Three, Four, and Six of this Amparo Appeal, indicating: "FACT TWO: due to the constant landslides, we requested the National Emergency Commission for an analysis of the high-risk situation, and in 2011, Technical Report DPM.INF-0930-2011 was issued, prepared by Geologist Alicia Campos Lobo, indicating in its point VII the following conclusion: 'Based on what was observed, it is indicated that due to the inherent characteristics of the area, the normal dynamics of the Quebrada Rivera, as well as the lack of a prudent distance between the housing structures and the slope, a condition of high vulnerability has been generated for the families living in Block D of the La Gacela Urbanization.
Under these conditions, it is possible to determine that the lands located within the protection or buffer area of the stream are NOT suitable for the permanence of people, especially those located in areas of strong fluvial erosion and slope instability, until the corresponding corrective works are carried out.' Report attached as evidence No. 4, with a diagram survey of the Location of La Gacela, framing the entire LA GACELA Urbanization, as well as the Landslide Risk Zone as very high, (evidence No. 4.)" It begins fact two stating that "due to the constant landslides" without presenting evidence of such a thing, since the National Emergency Commission indicates that "Based on what was observed (...) a condition of high vulnerability has been generated for the families living in Block D of the La Gacela Urbanization." Note that at no time does the CNE indicate that the entire La Gacela urbanization is at high vulnerability.
The complainant and his legal advisor present to the Constitutional Chamber evidence that is supposedly corrupted by manipulation of a public document, as his complaint clearly indicates at the end of Fact Two that: "Report attached as Evidence NO. 4, with a diagram survey of the Location of La Gacela, framing the entire LA GACELA Urbanization, as well as the landslide risk zone as very high, evidence No. 4.)" As can be seen from the aerial photograph of the location of the La Gacela urbanization that the complainants pass off as part of the CNE report, such diagram contains the seal of the Municipality of Tibás and says in its footer "Cartographic design Alberto Duran Urban Directorate Geography Department." Said document from 2011 is taken out of context and is passed off as official by the CNE, which is clearly spurious. Note the bad intention of the complainants in presenting a partial copy of the CNE report, which from the cover page 1 jumps immediately to page 3; so that the Constitutional Chamber has the complete document, the complete copy of the official letter Technical Report DPM-INF-0939-2011 is annexed hereto, where on page 2 there is a small map indicating the "Evaluated Sector," which on the map corresponds to the La Gacela urbanization and downstream west of Route 32 highway where the Santa Mónica urbanization is located, indicating "Potential Threat of landslides, floods due to intense rains, and urban sewer problems," which is a site where the municipality already built a gabion wall in 2020, but that is not the case concerning this Amparo Appeal.
The Chamber may request the referenced document from the CNE to verify what has been stated. As a public official, the undersigned requests to testify pieces so that a complaint is filed ex officio and action is taken against the complainants and their lawyer for presenting adulterated public documents and seeking a benefit from this. The graphic presented by the complainants, prepared by the municipality of Tibás, authored by the municipal geographer, dates from 2011 and is general information about the sector. In November 2019, the procedure was initiated for contracting the consultancy for the design of the structural civil protection of the slopes in the La Gacela urbanization, procedure 2019CD-0001770002800001, visible on the state public procurement website SICOP, which involves specific geological studies of the area. The previous image is a screenshot from the SICOP website. The result of the consultancy was delivered in April 2020.
A copy of official letter 20-N-068 from the company VIETO Y ASOCIADOS S.A. is attached, with a summary of the deliverables resulting in a specific technical study of the area, therefore, technically superseding the document prepared by the municipal geographer in 2011. The document resulting from this consultancy consists of 458 pages that are available to the Constitutional Chamber, and the electronic file of this consultancy is being sent. Special mention is made of the attached document MT-DU-021-2021, which presents a summary of the indicated consultancy and which, in the Geotechnical aspect, indicates the following: "Technical conclusions. The results indicate that, from the geotechnical perspective, the terrain presents an acceptable stability condition; however, in extraordinary floods, water levels could reach soil layers less resistant to the effect of hydraulic velocities, generating scour that could progressively alter the geotechnical properties and geometric characteristics of the slopes.
The incidence of erosive velocities on the slopes could promote an unstable terrain condition as an effect of activating the typical failure mechanism of slopes due to scour." Said consultancy document was presented at a meeting with the community in 2020, when the former mayor, Mr. Carlos Cascante, was still alive. The proposal plans were shown to the neighbors of Block D of the La Gacela urbanization, and they had the opportunity to ask questions of the undersigned, Mayor Carlos Cascante, and Eng. Miguel Rojas Salas, signatory of the consultancy. Therefore, the complainants/neighbors know the real conditions of the site, and it is invalid for them to manipulate documents from 2011 knowing that there are recent specific studies. "FACT THREE: Given the increase in landslides and municipal inaction, we resorted again to all instances, and it is important to attach as evidence NO. 5, a report from the INVU dated March 2017 specifically regarding the lack of Fluvial alignment from the INVU on the Quebrada Rivera in the La Gacela Urbanization, and which indicates in its last paragraph that it must be remembered that the INVU is not the entity responsible for defining or marking the granted alignment on the site, but rather it is the Municipality that is the entity that must ensure that the alignments or protection zones are respected, when supervising the construction permits granted (...)." It begins fact three stating that "Given the increase in landslides (...)" which is a phrase used in each introduction of the "facts" without presenting evidence of such a thing.
The complainant manipulates the meaning of the wording by claiming that "a report from the INVU dated March 2017 specifically regarding the lack of Fluvial alignment from the INVU on the Quebrada Rivera in the La Gacela Urbanization," thus the complainant suggests to the Chamber that the municipality requesting the alignment from the INVU is because that requirement for the urbanization's construction permit does not exist. The underlining does not belong to the original. The truth is that the INVU responded to an inquiry MT-DU-095-2017, attached, from Arq. Marco Vinicio Ramírez Sáenz, Urban Director of the Municipality of Tibás, in March 2017, which requested updated relevant information to confirm encroachments on the protection zone. Now, for this "fact three," the complainant links a 2017 INVU report with a 2022 CNE report to support his arguments, which results in manipulation of the conclusions.
This Public Works office acknowledges that it was not forwarded Technical Report CNEUIAR-INF-0200-2022, which on its page 2, Study Objectives, indicates: "A. Provide a preliminary risk diagnosis based on visual estimation carried out through background research of the area and review of the natural hazard map." And on its page 3, point V. General analysis of hazard and vulnerability, it indicates: "A. On the site, it is verified that all dwellings in Block D are within the protection zone of the Quebrada Rivera." The bold is not from the original. Said conclusion from the CNE is erroneous, since as indicated by the INVU's unnumbered official letter dated 03/20/2017, the river's protection zone is a 10 m alignment measured from the edge of the channel. Therefore, the correct conclusion, as AYA and this municipality have already indicated in several topographic reports, is that the dwellings in Block D have encroached upon the river's protection zone in their expansions made without a municipal construction permit, but it is not correct that the entirety of the houses in Block D are within the river's protection zone.
This observation will be communicated to the CNE so they can verify what has been pointed out and take the measures they deem pertinent. "FACT FOUR: MODIFICATION OF THE SANITARY SEWER AQUEDUCT LAYOUT THAT COLLECTS WATERS FROM CORONADO-MORAVIA AND TIBAS CARRIED OUT IN 2021 WITH IDB FUNDS." As evidence, a photographic assembly plan of the site prepared by AYA is presented, where it is neither indicated nor can it be assumed that the Municipality provided fill materials or that the institutions agreed to relocate the sewage, investing an amount close to [Value 018]. All of this is an assumption by the complainant based on an AYA document of which we do not have a copy, nor have we coordinated in the execution of works. The correct approach is to question AYA about the real reason for its works. The municipality was aware of the works being carried out because AYA informed us of what they would do.
The municipality did not provide studies or materials for AYA's work, nor agreed with AYA to relocate the sewage. "FACT SIX: Tender that, due to various circumstances, was not awarded and the funds for the construction of the works disappeared (...)." As explained in official letters MT-PY-0132-2019 and MT-PY-175-2022, which the complainant himself cites, this office processed the competition for the works to be carried out, but the procedure was declared unsuccessful. Despite this, stating that "the funds disappeared" is entirely malicious, but this is not a matter within the purview of this office, although it is certainly false. Finally, we refer to the process of issuing a new tender for the necessary works on the southern side of the La Gacela Urbanization adjacent to the Quebrada Rivera. Due to the passage of time since March 2020, when the consultancy for the technical solution was conducted, to this day, the price of labor and materials has risen such that the definitive solution for the project, instead of being done in three stages, is now being analyzed for resolution in four stages.
In addition, the modifications made to the General Public Procurement Law establish the need to conduct a market study to justify that the project to be tendered is viable. This office has carried out numerous efforts with professionals and construction companies to achieve the market study, and to date, we only have one offer received. The emails with the companies are attached, where the dates show that we continuously manage said market studies to put the works required by the La Gacela community out to tender as soon as possible... ". FOURTEENTH: That through Official Letter MT-UT-0099-2023, dated May 15, 2023, Eng. Michael Morales, Director of the Technical Road Unit of the Municipality of Tibás, addressed to Licda. Ruth Esquivel Chacón, Coordinator of Legal Services, provides a detailed report on the actions that said Unit has taken to address the La Gacela Urbanization case, specifically to solve the problem of the entrance to the La Gacela Urbanization, actions reported to Mr. [Name 019] as stated by Engineer Madrigal.
Now, it is important to note that, in the Municipality of Tibás Job Manual, the position of "head of the Department of Engineering and Architecture" does not exist, nor does a department of engineering and architecture exist as such, since said competence is assumed by the Urban Directorate Department. Likewise, to make known to this Honorable Constitutional Chamber that in the case at hand, since 2011, requests from the neighbors have been addressed, and works have been carried out in the La Gacela Urbanization. Furthermore, it was demonstrated in the Amparo Appeal declared without merit, filed by Mr. [Name 001] in 2014, that the affected lands of the properties are not within the scope of municipal competence because they are leftover lands from the parent property that was designated for residential urban development, and that the neighbors themselves engaged in actions that increased the risk of landslides by expanding their dwellings, building outside the property line in the protection zone, and also by discharging wastewater and stormwater directly into the stream, without said situation having been regularized by the neighbors to date.
To this day, actions continue to be executed to initiate the necessary works on the southern side of the La Gacela Urbanization adjacent to the Quebrada Rivera. Similarly, on March 7 of this year, the Municipal Mayor's Office replied to Mr. [Name 001] to the note dated December 6, 2022, submitted to the Municipal Secretariat, attaching the report from the Urban Director and the Director of the Technical Road Management Unit, through which a response is provided regarding the Public Tenders, which were processed through the SICOP Public Procurement Platform to execute the necessary works on the southern side of the La Gacela Urbanization. Both were declared unsuccessful due to reasons beyond the control of this Local Government, which has been known to Mr. [Name 019], as indicated by Architect Gabriela Madrigal in her Official Letter MT-DU-056-2023, dated February 24, 2023, indicated above.
Also, he was informed that, being a multi-year Project estimated within the PAOS, therefore for the 2023 execution, the amount is [Value 019]. [Value 018]. The foregoing is corroborated by Licda. Mauren Mora Alpízar, Budget Officer, pointing out "...the Urban Directorate and the Projects Department included the La Gacela Project in the amount of "[Value 021] in the 2023 Annual Operational Plan, which was approved through Agreement I in its Extraordinary Session No. 062, held on September 22, 2022, as recorded on official letter 028 of the minutes... ". On the other hand, Engineer Michael Madrigal Morales, regarding the current solution provided by the Technical Road Unit to solve the sinking of the only entrance to La Gacela, reported that the studies contracted by the Technical Road Unit have already been delivered to that Unit, making an investment of (#[Value 020]. Based on these studies, it is indicated that the protection work to be constructed must be a retaining wall with tiebacks, as prevention for the road.
The studies did not reveal the existence of a sinking or landslide on the road that puts the sector at risk. What exists is a topographic unevenness of the road. It was planned to carry out the protection work with the ordinary 2023 budget, however, due to budgetary cuts, it must be included in the extraordinary 2023 budget." Reports that were transferred to Mr. [Name 001].
As that Honorable Chamber can observe, the Municipality has taken the corresponding actions within our scope of action to resolve a problem that, as the Constitutional Chamber rightly analyzed in the Amparo Appeal filed by Mr. [Name 001] in 2014, is the residents themselves who, through their actions, have come to endanger the stability of the land adjacent to their homes and the Quebrada. This Municipality and its officials have not violated Mr. [Name 001]'s Constitutional Rights, nor those of the residents of Block D of La Gacela Urbanization, since, as is recorded in this report and the evidence provided, both Mr. [Name 019] and the residents are informed of the steps being taken to initiate said works, making it clear that my client has not violated any right of those protected here and that, subject to the principles of legality and budgetary legality, the Municipality must act in accordance with the law, and therefore we could not bypass the 'contracting or budgetary procedures at the request of the petitioner (…)”.
Drafted by Judge Delgado Faith; and,
Considering:
I.Preliminary Matter. Prior to analyzing the merits of the case - concerning the alleged violation of the right to a prompt and completed procedure - it must be clarified that, based on judgment No. 2008-02545 at 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the administrative litigation jurisdiction - with some exceptions - those matters in which it is disputed whether the public administration has met or not the deadlines established by the General Law of Public Administration (articles 261 and 325) or sectoral laws for special administrative procedures, to resolve by final act an administrative procedure - initiated ex officio or at the request of a party - or to hear the appropriate administrative appeals. Precisely, in this case, an exception is raised, as it involves a complaint regarding possible landslides near the urbanization where the petitioner and the protected parties reside, which could endanger their physical integrity and their lives, and which, allegedly, has not been resolved within a reasonable time by the Municipality of Tibás and other institutions involved in the case. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo.
II.Purpose of the Appeal. The petitioner alleges that both he and the protected parties are residents of La Gacela Urbanization in Llorente de Tibás and that when they acquired their properties, the Municipality of Tibás authorized the preliminary project of La Gacela Urbanization, conditioned upon compliance with certain recommendations from the report by the municipal architect, Javier Chan Won. One of the requirements was to resolve the problem of possible landslides both in the sector on the north side of the urbanization and on the boundary of the south side with the Rivera stream. He indicates that they all built with municipal permits, without knowing of the danger posed by the stream, as during the rainy season it washes away and erodes the hillside. By virtue of this circumstance, he asserts that since 2011, they began filing complaints and making representations to the municipality, in order to resolve the situation that endangers the residents. He even states that, in the session of the Municipal Council on February 12, 2019, the municipal omission was acknowledged and forwarded to the administration to solve the problem. However, he complains that, as of the date this appeal was filed, the complaint has not been resolved nor has he been informed of how the respondent municipality will proceed to address it, which he considers harmful to his fundamental rights.
To the corresponding Municipality, to oversee the distance between residential constructions on the banks of streams and rivers that flow through the canton so that corrective measures are applied in accordance with the provisions of the Ley Forestal. D. To the Ministry of Health and the corresponding Municipality, to assess the impact on the area due to the unregulated deposit of solid and liquid waste within the Rivera stream (quebrada Rivera), so that the corresponding corrective measures are taken. E. To the corresponding Municipality and community members, to put into operation an adequate system for the control, collection, and drainage of stormwater (aguas pluviales) at the residential and urban infrastructure level, promote soil conservation, as well as rapid and efficient drainage of the slopes; and reduce the effects of erosive processes due to surface runoff (escorrentía superficial).
These works must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica. F. To the responsible parties for the affected properties, to contact the Civil Engineering Department of the Universidad de Costa Rica to assess the possibility of conducting a hydrological study of the Rivera stream (quebrada Rivera) to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the channel (cauce), and to delineate the flood and severe erosion zones affecting the area. G. To the responsible parties for the evaluated property, to consult the services of a forestry engineer (ingeniero forestal) to determine if it is necessary to prune, cut, and plant any type of plant that promotes soil conservation in the most vulnerable areas to reduce the risk of further landslides (desprendimientos de tierra). H. To the representatives of the evaluated property, to carry out the necessary procedures before MINAET to implement the corresponding stabilization works on the right bank (margen derecha) of the Rivera stream (quebrada Rivera).
These works must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, based on the standards established by the Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones, Reglamento de Construcciones, and other current legislation, have the endorsement of a geotechnical laboratory (laboratorio de geotecnia), and be designed based on the parameters issued by the technical studies that the professional in charge deems necessary. I. To the corresponding Municipality, to include in its Plan Regulador a section for the maintenance of the streams and rivers of the canton, especially, to consider the channel of the Rivera stream (quebrada Rivera). This processed in accordance with the procedures established by the competent authorities (…)” (see report issued by the respondent authority and evidence provided to the case file).
To date, the UE PAPS has limited resources to conduct soil studies pertaining to component I of the PAPS (Proyecto de Mejoramiento Ambiental del Área Metropolitana de San José). However, the UE PAPS will analyze the feasibility of conducting the required geotechnical studies near well 2-60D and the corresponding stability analysis. Coordinate with DI. 4. The UE PAPS’s on-demand contract does NOT apply to request designs for retaining structures (estructuras de contención). 5. The construction blueprints for the International Public Tender (Licitación Pública Internacional) No. 2016LI000008-PRI “Construcción del Sistema de Colectores Sanitarios del Sector Norte, Cuencas Rivera y Torres, Proyecto de Mejoramiento Ambiental del Área Metropolitana de San José. Quebrada Jesús, Quebrada Manzana y Desvíos”, did not reference the existing gabion wall (muro de gaviones), nor did they show any detail of it.
During the execution of the work, specifically of the microtunneling well (pozo de microtuneleo) 2-60 D, the existence of the gabion wall became known; however, the UE PAPS did not detect any anomaly in the terrain indicating any vulnerability or deficiency of the wall; the terrain conditions and the gabion wall remained stable before and after the work was executed. These works were built at the end of 2018; during the rainy season, no river threat was perceived from flooding or overflows. The aforementioned, regarding the state of the gabion wall and the surrounding terrain, could be confirmed by DRyT officials, who had under their supervision the recovery works of conventional wells in Urbanización la Gacela; in particular, well 2-62 was recovered, which was covered by several meters of park fill; this occurred in the same period in which the microtunneling works were executed” (see report issued by the respondent authority and evidence provided to the case file).
This situation has been explained over and over again to Mr. [Name 019] and Mr. [Name 018], as both always consult the same thing. 2. He demands that the money be reserved for the next year. That Mr. [Name 019] cannot demand an action in its management from the administration, since there are processes and procedures of a technical nature that Mr. [Name 019] is unaware of. However, and in order to provide a response, he is informed that, under a substantiated technical criterion, this Administration decided that, due to the dimensions of the Project, it was necessary and possible to estimate it in stages, since it is a multi-year project estimated within the PAOS. Therefore, for the 2023 execution, the amount is [Value 017]. 3. What is the current solution given by the Junta Vial, to solve the sinking of the only entrance to La Gacela? As you are aware, the undersigned does not handle the PAO or the procedures of the Unidad Técnica Vial, so this question cannot be answered by this Directorate” (see report issued by the respondent authority and evidence provided to the case file).
Upon contacting by phone the construction companies that had previously expressed interest in this tender, they were asked why they did not participate; both argued that construction costs had risen and that bringing machinery into the river channel was very risky, so having to carry out the bed shaping work only with manual labor and support equipment to move rocks increased the work time and therefore also the labor cost (…) (see report issued by the respondent authority and evidence provided to the case file).
Since the studies did not reveal the existence of a sinking or landslide on the road that puts the sector at risk. What exists is a topographical unevenness on the road. It was planned to carry out the protection work with the 2023 ordinary budget; however, due to budget cuts, it must be included in the 2023 extraordinary budget (…)” (see report issued by the respondent authority and evidence provided to the case file).
The budget during each fiscal year will run from January 1 to December 31. According to the above, by not executing the project within the budget period, the budget liquidation process must be carried out. It must be understood that, when the resources are not executed, in the liquidation process these are reflected in the specific surplus, Bienes Inmuebles fund. However, the Dirección Urbana and the Department of Projects included within the 2023 Plan Anual Operativo the La Gacela project for the amount of #[Value 019]0.00 in the budget, which was approved through agreement I in its Extraordinary Session No. 062, held on September 22, 2022, as recorded on folio 028 of the minutes. In conclusion, the executing unit included the project in the Plan Anual Operativo, which was included in the 2022 Ordinary Budget, approved in extraordinary minutes No. 034, held on September 20, 2021, as stated in the goal of the Dirección Urbana.
This project was financed with Bienes Inmuebles funds, as stated in the origin and application of funds (Anexo 3- Segment of the Origin and application of funds), presented and approved in extraordinary minutes No. 034, held on September 20, 2021, of the 2022 Ordinary Budget (…)” (see report issued by the respondent authority and evidence provided to the case file).
IV.Unproven Fact. The following fact is not considered duly demonstrated: Sole.- That the authorities of the Ministry of Health have received any complaint or request for an opinion regarding Urbanización La Gacela and the facts subject to this appeal.
V.On the specific case. In the sub lite, the petitioner claims that both he and the protected parties are residents of Urbanización La Gacela in Llorente de Tibás and that when they acquired their properties, the Municipalidad de Tibás authorized the preliminary project (anteproyecto) of Urbanización La Gacela, conditioned on compliance with certain recommendations from the report of the municipal architect, Javier Chan Won. One of the requirements was to resolve the problem of possible landslides both in the sector on the north side of the urbanization and on the boundary on the south side with the Rivera stream (quebrada Rivera). He indicates that they all built with municipal permits, unaware of the danger posed by the stream, as, during the rainy season, it washes away and erodes the slope (ladera). By virtue of this circumstance, he asserts that since 2011 they have started complaints and procedures before the municipality, in order to resolve the situation that endangers the residents.
He even asserts that, in a session of the Municipal Council on February 12, 2019, the municipal omission was acknowledged and forwarded to the administration to solve the problem. However, he claims that, as of the date he files this appeal, the complaint has not been resolved nor has he been told how the respondent municipality will address it, which he considers injurious to his fundamental rights.
In this regard, this Chamber verifies that, in the specific case, indeed, the problem in question has been known to the respondent municipality since 2011; however, by virtue of various studies that have been carried out, it has been determined that the responsibility for the possible landslides does not rest exclusively on the municipality, but rather, in the words of the Municipal Mayor, it was also proven that: “The residents of block D where the petitioner’s home is located (3D) have invaded the stream protection zone with constructions that even go beyond the property line, discharging wastewater and stormwater directly into the stream, which creates a high risk of water saturation and slope erosion, and they are responsible for disrespecting the permits granted by the Municipality, carrying out constructions without permits in total disregard of urban planning regulations, which has caused the land adjacent to their properties and belonging to the developer to be washing away, also disrespecting the stream protection zone, putting their own homes at risk, and they must proceed with the demolition of unpermitted works, in order to respect the protection zone of the Quebrada” (emphasis not in original).
However, no less true is that, despite the findings made by the municipality, indeed, said municipal entity is fully aware that a problem has existed in the area since 2011, to the point that, through technical report No. DPM-INF-0939-2011 of January 2012, the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención de Riesgos made a series of recommendations to the Municipalidad de Tibás, regarding Urbanización La Gacela, in which relevant part it recommended: “(…) VIII. Recomendaciones. A. To the corresponding Municipality, not to grant construction permits in the protection areas of rivers, streams, and ditches that drain the canton, as well as in landfill areas, steep slopes, or areas vulnerable to natural hazards (amenazas naturales). B. To the corresponding Municipality, to analyze in its land-use management (gestión de ordenamiento territorial) the use options for lands exposed to hazards of natural or anthropic origin and consider the prohibition for residential use.
C. To the corresponding Municipality, to oversee the distance between residential constructions on the banks of streams and rivers that flow through the canton so that corrective measures are applied in accordance with the provisions of the Ley Forestal. D. To the Ministry of Health and the corresponding Municipality, to assess the impact on the area due to the unregulated deposit of solid and liquid waste within the Rivera stream, so that the corresponding corrective measures are taken. E. To the corresponding Municipality and community members, to put into operation an adequate system for the control, collection, and drainage of stormwater at the residential and urban infrastructure level, promote soil conservation, as well as rapid and efficient drainage of the slopes; and reduce the effects of erosive processes due to surface runoff. These works must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica.
F. To the responsible parties for the affected properties, to contact the Civil Engineering Department of the Universidad de Costa Rica to assess the possibility of conducting a hydrological study of the Rivera stream to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the channel, and to delineate the flood and severe erosion zones affecting the area. G. To the responsible parties for the evaluated property, to consult the services of a forestry engineer to determine if it is necessary to prune, cut, and plant any type of plant that promotes soil conservation in the most vulnerable areas to reduce the risk of further landslides. H. To the representatives of the evaluated property, to carry out the necessary procedures before MINAET to implement the corresponding stabilization works on the right bank of the Rivera stream. These works must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, based on the standards established by the Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones, Reglamento de Construcciones, and other current legislation, have the endorsement of a geotechnical laboratory, and be designed based on the parameters issued by the technical studies that the professional in charge deems necessary.
I. To the corresponding Municipality, to include in its Plan Regulador a section for the maintenance of the streams and rivers of the canton, especially, to consider the channel of the Rivera stream. This processed in accordance with the procedures established by the competent authorities (…)”, and for that reason, the matter has been widely known at the Municipal Council and Municipal Administration level.
In this sense, it is important to clarify that not only the municipal authorities have been aware of the situation reported in this appeal, but the authorities of the ICAA have also been duly informed and have been part of the on-site inspections, who have carried out inspections in Urbanización La Gacela, in which, indeed, it has been ruled out that there are wastewater spills in Urbanización La Gacela originating from the institutional sanitary sewer infrastructure, but, no less true is that, it was observed that there is a risk on the slope of well 2-60D and that the solution they propose is the construction of a gabion wall (muro de gaviones).
It should be noted that both the municipal authorities and the ICAA authorities agree that the way to solve the problems afflicting the residents of Urbanización La Gacela and that put their integrity at risk due to possible landslides in the area, is through the realization of tender processes (licitaciones) in both institutions; in the case of the Municipality, so that a project can be carried out by a construction company, which consists of four different stages to build a protection work for the Quebrada Rivera in Urbanización La Gacela, and by the ICAA, to carry out the design and construction for stream bank stabilization (estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada). However, in the case of the municipality, all the tenders that have been intended for this purpose have been unsuccessful, which has prevented the required works from starting to address the situation, and in the case of the ICAA, it was evidenced that, despite having known since 2022 that this work had to be carried out, it was not until December 2023 that the respective bid specifications (cartel de licitación) were approved, with the aggravating factor that, as of the filing date of this appeal, they are awaiting the contract signing and the formal start order for the execution phase during this year 2024, without the ICAA authorities specifying an exact date for the respective works to begin.
In accordance with the foregoing, it is not yet evident from the record that there is a concrete project to resolve the complaint filed by the protected party, nor is it clearly indicated when the work will be carried out, since, in the case of the municipality, there is not even a tender in process as of the date the reports were issued in this appeal, and in the case of the ICAA, the bid specifications were approved only in December 2023, and there is no certainty as to when it will be executed. It should be noted that, despite the Municipalidad de Tibás and the ICAA having full knowledge of the situation, and the findings made by their professionals, as of the filing date of this appeal, and despite having had a full understanding of the problem for several years, a decisive administrative act that is already in the execution phase has not been issued to resolve the filed complaint as a matter of law, based on the identified findings and the approach that must be given to them.
Furthermore, although the local government of Tibás has made bidding attempts and has studies that indicate the way they must act to address the problem, and these actions have been communicated to the appellant, there is no clarity as to when the problem will be resolved by any of the competent authorities.
Consequently, this Chamber considers that the time that has elapsed to resolve the complaint filed by the protected party is disproportionate, since a period of more than ten years has passed since the first steps were taken before the authorities of the Municipality of Tibás and more than two years since the intervention of the ICAA was requested, without the situation having been resolved to date, with the aggravating factor that the reported impact remains ongoing. Under this reasoning, this Chamber considers that the appeal must be partially granted, with the considerations that will be stated in the operative part of this judgment and solely against the authorities of the Municipality of Tibás and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
V.Finally, the appeal is dismissed against the authorities of the Ministry of Health and the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, since it could be verified that no complaint or request for any intervention has been filed with the Ministry of Health regarding the issues raised in the appeal, and apart from the recommendations requested in 2012 from the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, no additional intervention has been requested from said authority; therefore, they have no involvement in the complaint that is the subject of this appeal.
I have supported this Tribunal's thesis that when a party alleges a violation of the right to prompt and fulfilled justice in administrative proceedings, those who must hear the legal controversy are the Administrative-Contentious Tribunals and not this Chamber. However, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition, it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection through the amparo appeal established by Article 32 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in relation to Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the material actions of the Administration, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted regulation does not imply that this Tribunal must modify its jurisprudential line, which, based on Article 7 of its Law, is exclusively responsible for defining its own competence.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional controversies that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exceptional cases, which can indeed be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional guarantee process of amparo, in other cases, and for the reasons this Tribunal has given (Judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent parties are the Judges of the administrative-contentious jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with Article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Law of the Constitution (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
In principle, I consider that cases related to Public Administration inaction in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, as this omission constitutes a legality issue whose discussion belongs to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested party can debate their disagreements more broadly. However, when some violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction derives from that administrative omission, or vulnerable groups are affected, I do proceed to hear the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position on this subject, as occurs in this case, in which it is claimed that the Municipality of Tibás, the ICAA, the CNE, and the Ministry of Health have not carried out the construction of a series of works to address the situation related to the problem of possible landslides both in the sector on the north side of the La Gacela urbanization in Llorente de Tibás, which borders the Rivera stream, and thus prevent any landslide or risk to the residents of the area.
The appellant states that they have reported the above to the respondent authorities; however, they do not provide a solution. The described situation constitutes an exception to my general position on this matter, so I deem it necessary for this Constitutional Tribunal to analyze the merits of the matter, in order to verify or dismiss the allegations of the appellant.
VIII.Partial dissenting vote regarding the operative part of this judgment by Magistrate Garro Vargas. While I agree with the majority of the Chamber that the appeal should be partially granted, I differ on where to assign the enforcement phase of the matter, due to the lack of adequate mechanisms provided by the regulations governing this constitutional jurisdiction to follow up on a judgment that involves highly complex technical aspects, such that the necessary contracts and works are promoted, awarded, and executed, and the pertinent administrative measures and resolutions are adopted to complete the design and construction service projects for margin stabilization of the Rivera stream and construction of a tension rod retaining wall, as well as any other work deemed necessary, in the risk zones to protect the residents of Urbanización La Gacela from landslides and any irregularity. In contrast, the provisions of the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo (Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code) regarding enforcement (Article 155 et seq.) have evident advantages, such as the ability to request schedules, impose fines, establish responsibilities, audit stages of compliance, etc. Therefore, in accordance with the provisions of Article 56 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, I consider that the enforcement phase must be carried out before the Enforcement Area of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda (Contentious-Administrative and Civil Tax Court), under the judgment enforcement rules of said Code.
IX.Documentation provided to the case file. The party is warned that, if any paper document has been provided, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, according to the provisions of the "Regulations on the Electronic Case File before the Judicial Branch," approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in the Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The appeal is partially granted, solely against the authorities of the Municipality of Tibás and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. David Meléndez Sánchez, Ana Gabriela Madrigal Garro, Luis Araya Padilla, and Maureen Mora Alpízar, and Alejandro Alvarado Vega, in their order: Municipal Mayor, Director of Urban Management, Coordinator of Public Works, Head of Budget, and President of the Municipal Council, all of the Municipality of Tibás, and Luis Alejandro Guillén Guardia, in his capacity as Executive President of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, or whoever holds the position, are ordered to carry out the actions within the scope of their competencies and establish the necessary actions and coordination within their respective areas of competence, so that within a maximum period of twelve months, counted from the notification of this judgment, the contracts and works deemed necessary are promoted, awarded, and executed, and the pertinent administrative measures and resolutions are adopted, to complete the design and construction service projects for margin stabilization of the Rivera stream and construction of a tension rod retaining wall, as well as any other work deemed necessary, in the risk zones to protect the residents of Urbanización La Gacela from landslides and any irregularity.
The respondents are warned that, if they fail to comply with said order, they will incur the crime of disobedience, and that, in accordance with Article 71 of the Law of this jurisdiction, imprisonment from three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, will be imposed on anyone who receives an order that they must fulfill or cause to be fulfilled, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not fulfill it or cause it to be fulfilled, provided the crime is not more severely punished. The Municipality of Tibás and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the administrative-contentious jurisdiction. In all other respects, the appeal is dismissed. Magistrate Castillo Víquez records a note. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado records a note.
Magistrate Garro Vargas dissents regarding the enforcement of this judgment and, in accordance with Article 56 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, orders that it must be carried out before the Enforcement Area of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the enforcement rules established in Articles 155 et seq. of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Likewise, she orders that a copy of the judgment be sent so that the enforcement procedures for this ruling can commence. Let it be notified.- Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alejandro Delgado F.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
CASE FILE No. 23-009512-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro Church). Receipt of matters for vulnerable groups: Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Catedral District, González Lahmann Neighborhood, calles 19 and 21, avenidas 8 and 6 Classification prepared by the SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Judicial Branch. Reproduction and/or distribution in an onerous manner is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-08-2026 14:27:37.
Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: MUNICIPALIDAD Subtemas:
INFRAESTRUCTURA Y CONDICIONES. PERMISOS.
006259-24. MUNICIPALIDAD. VECINOS DE TIBÁS, ACUSAN QUE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DIO LOS PERMISOS PARA CONSTRUCCIÓN EN URBANIZACIÓN LA GACELA, EN LLORENTE, QUE COLINDA CON LA QUEBRADA RIVERA, QUE, TIENE PROBLEMAS DE POSIBLES DESLIZAMIENTOS, CONSTRUYERON CON PERMISOS MUNICIPALES, SE NECESITA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE MURO DE GAVIONES, PERO, HASTA AHORA, NO HAN HECHO NADA. SE DECLARA PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR EL RECURSO, ÚNICAMENTE, EN CONTRA DE LAS AUTORIDADES DE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE TIBÁS Y DEL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. SE LES ORDENA, QUE REALICEN LAS ACTUACIONES QUE ESTÉN DENTRO DEL ÁMBITO DE SUS COMPETENCIAS Y ESTABLEZCAN LAS ACCIONES Y COORDINACIONES NECESARIAS DENTRO DE SUS RESPECTIVOS ÁMBITOS DE COMPETENCIA, PARA QUE EN EL PLAZO MÁXIMO DE DOCE MESES, SE PROMUEVAN, ADJUDIQUEN Y EJECUTEN LAS CONTRATACIONES Y OBRAS QUE SE ESTIMEN NECESARIAS Y SE ADOPTEN LAS MEDIDAS Y RESOLUCIONES ADMINISTRATIVAS PERTINENTES, PARA CULMINAR CON LOS PROYECTOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE SERVICIO DE DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN PARA ESTABILIZACIÓN DE MÁRGENES DE LA QUEBRADA RIVERA Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE MURO DE RETENCIÓN DE TENSORES, ASÍ COMO CUALQUIER OTRA OBRA QUE SE CONSIDERE NECESARIA, EN LAS ZONAS DE RIESGO PARA PROTEGER DE DESLIZAMIENTOS Y CUALQUIER IRREGULARIDAD A LOS VECINOS DE URBANIZACIÓN LA GACELA.
VCG03/2024 “(…) V.- Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub lite, la parte recurrente acusa que tanto él como los amparados son vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela en Llorente de Tibás y que cuando adquirieron sus propiedades, la Municipalidad de Tibás autorizó el anteproyecto de la Urbanización La Gacela, condicionado al cumplimiento de ciertas recomendaciones del informe del arquitecto municipal, Javier Chan Won. Uno de los requisitos era que se resolviera el problema de posibles deslizamientos tanto en el sector al costado norte de la urbanización como en la colindancia del costado sur con la quebrada Rivera. Indica que, todos ellos construyeron con permiso municipal, sin saber del peligro que ocasiona la quebrada, pues, en época de lluvia lava y erosiona la ladera. En virtud de esta circunstancia, asegura que desde el año 2011 iniciaron con denuncias y gestiones ante el municipio, con el fin de que se solucione la situación que tiene en peligro a los vecinos.
Incluso, asegura que, en sesión del Concejo Municipal del 12 de febrero de 2019 se reconoció la omisión municipal y se trasladó a la administración para solucionar la problemática. No obstante, reclama que, a la fecha en que presenta este recurso, la denuncia no ha sido resuelta ni se le ha indicado cómo procederá la municipalidad recurrida para atenderla, lo que estima lesivo de sus derechos fundamentales.
Al respecto, esta Sala verifica que, en el caso concreto, efectivamente, el problema en cuestión es de conocimiento del municipio recurrido desde el año 2011; sin embargo, en virtud de diversos estudios que se han realizado, se ha determinado que la responsabilidad de los posibles deslizamientos no recae de manera exclusiva en contra del municipio, sino que, en palabras del Alcalde Municipal se comprobó también que: “Los vecinos del bloque D donde se encuentra la vivienda del aquí actor, (3D) han invadido la zona de protección de la quebrada con construcciones que incluso se salen de la línea de propiedad, descargando las aguas servidas y pluviales directamente a la quebrada, lo cual crea un alto riesgo por saturación de agua y erosión de la ladera, siendo ellos los responsables de irrespetar los permisos otorgados por la Municipalidad, realizando construcciones sin permisos en total desacato del ordenamiento urbanístico, lo cual ha provocado que el terreno colindante a sus propiedades y que pertenece al urbanizador se esté lavando, irrespetando también la zona de protección de la quebrada, poniendo ellos mismos en riesgo sus viviendas, debiendo proceder a la demolición de las obras sin permiso, con el fin de respetar la zona de protección de la Quebrada” (el énfasis no es del original).
Ahora bien, no menos cierto, es que, pese a los hallazgos encontrados por el municipio, ciertamente, dicha entidad municipal tiene pleno conocimiento de que existe una problemática en la zona desde el año 2011, al punto que, mediante el informe técnico No. DPM-INF-0939-2011 del mes de enero de 2012, la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención de Riesgos realizó una serie de recomendaciones a la Municipalidad de Tibás, en torno a Urbanización La Gacela, en lo que interesa les recomendó: “(…) VIII. Recomendaciones. A. A la Municipalidad correspondiente No brindar permisos de construcción en las áreas de protección de ríos, quebradas y acequias que drenan el cantón, así como en áreas de rellenos, de fuertes pendientes o vulnerables a las amenazas naturales. B. A la Municipalidad correspondiente analizar en su gestión de ordenamiento territorial las opciones de uso para terrenos expuestos a amenazas de origen natural o antrópico y considerar la prohibición para uso habitacional.
C. A la Municipalidad correspondiente fiscalizar la distancia entre las construcciones habitacionales en las márgenes de quebradas y ríos que fluyen por el cantón para que se apliquen las medidas correctivas de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Forestal. D. Al Ministerio de Salud y la Municipalidad correspondiente valorar el impacto en la zona debido al depósito no regulado de desechos sólidos y líquidos dentro de la quebrada Rivera, para que sean tomadas las medidas correctivas correspondientes. E. A la Municipalidad correspondiente y miembros de la comunidad poner en funcionamiento un sistema adecuado para el control, la recolección y el drenaje de aguas pluviales a nivel habitacional y de infraestructura urbanística, promover la conservación de los suelos, así como un rápido y eficiente desagüe de las laderas; y disminuir los efectos de los procesos erosivos por escorrentía superficial.
Estas obras deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica. F. A los responsables de las propiedades afectadas contactar al Departamento de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad de Costa Rica para valorar la posibilidad de realizar un estudio hidrológico de la quebrada Rivera para determinar las características hidráulicas del cauce, y delimitar las zonas de inundación y erosión severa que afectan la zona. G. A los responsables de la propiedad evaluada consultar los servicios de un ingeniero forestal para determinar si es necesario desramar, cortar y sembrar algún tipo de planta que promueva la conservación del suelo en las zonas más vulnerables para disminuir el riesgo de que sucedan más desprendimientos de tierra. H. A los representares de la propiedad evaluada realizar los trámites necesarios ante el MINAET para implementar las correspondientes obras de estabilización de la margen derecha de la quebrada Rivera.
Estas obras deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, con base en las normas establecidas por el Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones, Reglamento de Construcciones y otra legislación vigente, contar con el aval de un laboratorio de geotecnia y diseñarse con base en los parámetros emitidos por los estudios técnicos que el profesional a cargo considere necesarios. I. A la Municipalidad correspondiente incluir en su Plan Regulador un apartado para el mantenimiento de las quebradas y ríos del cantón, especialmente, considerar el cauce de la quebrada Rivera. Esto tramitado de acuerdo a los procedimientos establecidos por las instancias competentes (…)”, y por esa razón, el asunto ha sido conocido ampliamente a nivel del Concejo Municipal y de la Administración Municipal.
En este sentido, resulta importante aclarar que, no sólo las autoridades del municipio han tenido conocimiento de la situación denunciada en este recurso, sino que también ha sido debidamente informado y han formado parte de las inspecciones en el lugar, las autoridades del ICAA, quienes han realizado inspecciones en Urbanización La Gacela, en las cuales, ciertamente, se ha descartado que se presenten derrames de aguas residuales en la Urbanización La Gacela provenientes de la infraestructura de alcantarillado sanitario institucional, pero, no menos cierto, es que, se pudo observar que existe un riesgo en el talud del pozo 2-60D y que la solución que plantean es la construcción de un muro de gaviones.
Nótese que, tanto las autoridades municipales como las autoridades del ICAA coinciden en que la forma de solucionar los problemas que aquejan a los vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela y que ponen en riesgo su integridad por posibles deslizamientos en la zona, es mediante la realización de licitaciones en ambas instituciones, en el caso de la Municipalidad para que se pueda efectuar un proyecto por parte de una empresa constructora, el cual consiste en cuatro etapas diferentes para realizar una obra de protección para la Quebrada Rivera en Urbanización La Gacela y por parte del ICAA, para realizar diseño y construcción para estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada. Sin embargo, en el caso del municipio, todas las licitaciones que se han pretendido realizar para ello han resultado infructuosas, lo que ha impedido que se inicien las obras requeridas para atender la situación y en el caso del ICAA se evidenció que, pese a que desde el 2022 se tenía conocimiento de que debía realizarse esta obra, no fue sino hasta diciembre de 2023 que se aprobó el cartel de licitación respectiva, con el agravante que, para la fecha de presentación de este recurso, están a la espera de la firma del contrato y la orden de inicio formal para la fase de ejecución durante este año 2024, sin precisar las autoridades del ICAA una fecha exacta para que se inicien las obras respectivas.
De conformidad con lo expuesto, de los autos no se evidencia aún que exista un proyecto concreto para poder resolver la denuncia planteada por el tutelado ni tampoco se indica de manera clara cuándo será realizada la obra, por cuanto, en el caso de la municipalidad ni siquiera se cuenta con una licitación en trámite para la fecha en que fueron rendidos los informes en este recurso y en el caso del ICAA, el cartel fue aprobado apenas en diciembre de 2023, y no se tiene certeza de cuándo será ejecutado. Adviértase que, pese al conocimiento de la situación completa por parte de la Municipalidad de Tibás y del ICAA, y a los hallazgos encontrados por sus profesionales, a la fecha de presentación de este recurso, y pese a que desde hace varios años tienen pleno entendimiento de la problemática, no se ha emitido acto administrativo contundente y que se encuentre ya en fase de ejecución, para resolver como en derecho corresponda la denuncia planteada, con base a los hallazgos identificados y el abordaje que deba darse a los mismos. Además, si bien el gobierno local de Tibás ha realizado intentos de licitación y cuenta con los estudios que señalan la forma en que deben actuar para atender la problemática y se le ha comunicado estas acciones a la parte recurrente, no se tiene claridad sobre cuándo será resuelto el problema por parte de ninguna de las autoridades competentes.
En consecuencia, estima esta Sala que el plazo que ha transcurrido para resolver la denuncia planteada por la parte tutelada es desproporcionado, por cuanto, ha transcurrido un plazo de, más de diez años, desde las primeras gestiones realizadas ante las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y de más dos años desde que se solicitó la intervención del ICAA, sin que a la fecha la situación haya sido resuelta, con el agravante que la afectación denunciada continúa vigente. Bajo esta inteligencia, considera esta Sala que el recurso debe ser declarado parcialmente con lugar, con las consideraciones que se dirán en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia y únicamente, en contra de las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
V.Finalmente, en contra de las autoridades del Ministerio de Salud y la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, se declara sin lugar el recurso, pues, pudo comprobarse que no se ha presentado denuncia ni solicitud de intervención alguna ante el Ministerio de Salud sobre la problemática planteada en el recurso y aparte de las recomendaciones solicitadas en el 2012 a la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, tampoco se ha solicitado intervención adicional de dicha autoridad, por lo que, no tienen injerencia en la denuncia objeto de este recurso. (…)”
... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 041- Tutela judicial efectiva. Justicia pronta y cumplida Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
VCG03/2024 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: MUNICIPALIDAD Subtemas:
INFRAESTRUCTURA Y CONDICIONES.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que se reclama que la Municipalidad de Tibás, el ICAA, EL CNE y el Ministerio de Salud, no ha realizado la construcción de una serie de obras para atender la situación relacionada con el problema de posibles deslizamientos tanto en el sector al costado norte de la urbanización La Gacela en Llorente de Tibás, que colinda con la quebrada Rivera, y así evitar cualquier deslizamiento o riesgo para los vecinos de la zona.
El recurrente señala que ha denunciado lo anterior ante las autoridades recurridas; sin embargo, no le brindan una solución. La situación descrita constituye una excepción a mi posición general en esta materia, por lo que estimo necesario que este Tribunal Constitucional analizara por el fondo el asunto, con el fin de verificar o descartar los alegatos de la parte recurrente.
VCG03/2024 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 056- Ejecución de sentencias Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
VIII.Voto salvado parcial respecto a la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia de la magistrada Garro Vargas. Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar parcialmente con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad, como que se promuevan, adjudiquen y ejecuten las contrataciones y obras que se estimen necesarias y se adopten las medidas y resoluciones administrativas pertinentes, para culminar con los proyectos de construcción de servicio de diseño y construcción para estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada Rivera y construcción de muro de retención de tensores, así como cualquier otra obra que se considere necesaria, en las zonas de riesgo para proteger de deslizamientos y cualquier irregularidad a los vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela.
En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc. Por ello, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 56 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, estimo que la fase de ejecución debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución de sentencia de dicho Código.
VCG03/2024 ... Ver más 1 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del ocho de marzo de dos mil veinticuatro .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por [Nombre 001], [Valor 001], a su favor y a favor de [Nombre 002], [Valor 002], [Nombre 003], [Valor 003], [Nombre 004], [Valor 004], [Nombre 005], [Valor 005], [Nombre 006], [Nombre 007], [Valor 006], [Nombre 008], [Valor 007], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010], [Valor 008], [Nombre 011], [Valor 009], [Nombre 012], [Valor 010], [Nombre 013], [Valor 011], [Nombre 014], [Valor 012], [Nombre 015], [Valor 013], [Nombre 016] y [Nombre 017], [Valor 014], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE TIBÁS, el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, la COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE EMERGENCIAS Y PREVENCIÓN DE RIESGOS y el MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Delgado Faith; y,
Considerando:
I.Cuestión Preliminar. De previo a analizar el fondo del asunto -por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido- debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa -con algunas excepciones-, aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo -instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte- o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este caso, se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues, se está ante una denuncia por posibles deslizamientos cerca de la urbanización donde habitan el recurrente y los amparados, lo que podría poner en peligro su integridad física y su vida, la cual, presuntamente, no ha sido resuelta dentro de un plazo razonable por parte por parte de la Municipalidad de Tibás y otras instituciones involucradas en el caso. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
II.Objeto del recurso. Alega el recurrente que, tanto él como los amparados son vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela en Llorente de Tibás y que cuando adquirieron sus propiedades, la Municipalidad de Tibás autorizó el anteproyecto de la Urbanización La Gacela, condicionado al cumplimiento de ciertas recomendaciones del informe del arquitecto municipal, Javier Chan Won. Uno de los requisitos era que se resolviera el problema de posibles deslizamientos tanto en el sector al costado norte de la urbanización como en la colindancia del costado sur con la quebrada Rivera. Indica que, todos ellos construyeron con permiso municipal, sin saber del peligro que ocasiona la quebrada, pues, en época de lluvia lava y erosiona la ladera. En virtud de esta circunstancia, asegura que desde el año 2011 iniciaron con denuncias y gestiones ante el municipio, con el fin de que se solucione la situación que tiene en peligro a los vecinos. Incluso, asegura que, en sesión del Concejo Municipal del 12 de febrero de 2019 se reconoció la omisión municipal y se trasladó a la administración para solucionar la problemática. No obstante, reclama que, a la fecha en que presenta este recurso, la denuncia no ha sido resuelta ni se le ha indicado cómo procederá la municipalidad recurrida para atenderla, lo que estima lesivo de sus derechos fundamentales.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
D. Al Ministerio de Salud y la Municipalidad correspondiente valorar el impacto en la zona debido al depósito no regulado de desechos sólidos y líquidos dentro de la quebrada Rivera, para que sean tomadas las medidas correctivas correspondientes. E. A la Municipalidad correspondiente y miembros de la comunidad poner en funcionamiento un sistema adecuado para el control, la recolección y el drenaje de aguas pluviales a nivel habitacional y de infraestructura urbanística, promover la conservación de los suelos, así como un rápido y eficiente desagüe de las laderas; y disminuir los efectos de los procesos erosivos por escorrentía superficial. Estas obras deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica. F. A los responsables de las propiedades afectadas contactar al Departamento de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad de Costa Rica para valorar la posibilidad de realizar un estudio hidrológico de la quebrada Rivera para determinar las características hidráulicas del cauce, y delimitar las zonas de inundación y erosión severa que afectan la zona.
G. A los responsables de la propiedad evaluada consultar los servicios de un ingeniero forestal para determinar si es necesario desramar, cortar y sembrar algún tipo de planta que promueva la conservación del suelo en las zonas más vulnerables para disminuir el riesgo de que sucedan más desprendimientos de tierra. H. A los representares de la propiedad evaluada realizar los trámites necesarios ante el MINAET para implementar las correspondientes obras de estabilización de la margen derecha de la quebrada Rivera. Estas obras deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, con base en las normas establecidas por el Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones, Reglamento de Construcciones y otra legislación vigente, contar con el aval de un laboratorio de geotecnia y diseñarse con base en los parámetros emitidos por los estudios técnicos que el profesional a cargo considere necesarios.
I. A la Municipalidad correspondiente incluir en su Plan Regulador un apartado para el mantenimiento de las quebradas y ríos del cantón, especialmente, considerar el cauce de la quebrada Rivera. Esto tramitado de acuerdo a los procedimientos establecidos por las instancias competentes (…)” (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida y prueba aportada al expediente).
A la fecha, la UE PAPS cuenta con recursos limitados para realizar estudios de suelos que corresponden al componente I del PAPS (Proyecto de Mejoramiento Ambiental del Área Metropolitana de San José). Sin embargo, la UE PAPS analizará la factibilidad de realizar los estudios geotécnicos requeridos cerca del pozo 2-60D y el análisis de estabilidad correspondiente. Coordinar con DI. 4. La contratación por demanda de la UE PAPS, NO aplica para solicitar diseños de estructuras de contención. 5. Los planos constructivos de la Licitación Pública Internacional Nº. 2016LI000008-PRI “Construcción del Sistema de Colectores Sanitarios del Sector Norte, Cuencas Rivera y Torres, Proyecto de Mejoramiento Ambiental del Área Metropolitana de San José. Quebrada Jesús, Quebrada Manzana y Desvíos”, no hacían referencia al muro de gaviones existente, ni mostraba ningún detalle del mismo. Durante la ejecución de la obra, específicamente del pozo de microtuneleo 2-60 D, se conoció la existencia del muro de gaviones, sin embargo, la UE PAPS no detectó ninguna anomalía en el terreno que evidenciara alguna vulnerabilidad o deficiencia del muro, las condiciones del terreno y el muro de gaviones se mantuvieron estables antes y después de ejecutada la obra.
Estas obras se construyeron a finales del año 2018, durante la época lluviosa no se percibió ninguna amenaza del río producto de crecidas o desbordamientos. Lo anteriormente mencionado, con relación al estado del muro de gaviones y el terreno circundante, podría ser confirmado por funcionarios de DRyT, quienes tenían bajo su supervisión obras de recuperación de pozos convencionales en la Urbanización la Gacela, en particular se recuperó el pozo 2-62 que se encontraba cubierto por varios metros de relleno del parque, esto se dio en el mismo período en que se ejecutaron las obras de microtuneleo” (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida y prueba aportada al expediente).
Esta situación se le ha explicado una y otra vez al señor [Nombre 019] y al señor [Nombre 018] , ya que ambos consultan siempre lo mismo. 2. Exige que el dinero se reserve para el próximo año. Que el señor [Nombre 019], no puede• exigirle a la administración un accionar en su gestión, pues existen procesos y gestiones de índole técnico que el señor [Nombre 019] desconoce. Sin embargo, y con razón de brindar respuesta, se le informa que bajo un criterio técnico sustentado esta Administración decidió que por las dimensiones de Proyecto era necesario y posible estimarlo por etapas, ya que es un Proyecto plurianual estimado dentro de los PAOS. Por lo cual para la ejecución 2023 está el monto de [Valor 017]. 3 ¿Cuál es la solución actual dada por la Junta Vial, para solucionar el hundimiento de la única entrada de la Gacela? Como es de su conocimiento la suscrita no maneja el PAO ni gestiones de la Unidad Técnica Vial por lo cual esta pregunta no puede atendida por esta Dirección” (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida y prueba aportada al expediente).
El presupuesto durante cada ejercicio económico que irá del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre. De acuerdo a lo anterior, al no ejecutar el proyecto dentro del periodo presupuestario, se debe de realizar el proceso de liquidación presupuestaria. Se debe comprender que, al no ejecutarse los recursos, en el proceso de la liquidación estos se reflejan en el superávit especifico, fondo de Bienes Inmuebles. Sin embargo, la Dirección Urbana y el Departamento de Proyectos incluyo dentro del Plan Anual Operativo 2023 el proyecto de la Gacela el monto de #[Valor 019]0.00 en el presupuesto el cual fue aprobado mediante el acuerdo I en su Sesión Extraordinaria No. 062, celebrada el 22 de setiembre del 2022, como consta en el folio 028 del acta. En conclusión, la unidad ejecutora incluyo dentro del Plan Anual Operativo el proyecto el cual se incluyó en el Presupuesto Ordinario 2022, aprobado en el acta extraordinario No. 034, celebrada el 20 de setiembre del 2021, como consta en la meta de la Dirección Urbana.
Este proyecto se financio con fondos de Bienes Inmuebles como consta origen y aplicación de fondos (Anexo 3- Segmento del Origen y aplicación de fondos), presentado y aprobado en el acta extraordinaria No. 034, celebrada el 20 de setiembre del 2021 del Presupuesto Ordinario 2022 (…)” (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida y prueba aportada al expediente).
IV.Hecho no probado. No se estima como debidamente demostrado el siguiente hecho: Único.- Que las autoridades del Ministerio de Salud hayan recibido denuncia o solicitud de criterio alguno con relación a Urbanización La Gacela y los hechos objeto de este recurso.
V.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub lite, la parte recurrente acusa que tanto él como los amparados son vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela en Llorente de Tibás y que cuando adquirieron sus propiedades, la Municipalidad de Tibás autorizó el anteproyecto de la Urbanización La Gacela, condicionado al cumplimiento de ciertas recomendaciones del informe del arquitecto municipal, Javier Chan Won. Uno de los requisitos era que se resolviera el problema de posibles deslizamientos tanto en el sector al costado norte de la urbanización como en la colindancia del costado sur con la quebrada Rivera. Indica que, todos ellos construyeron con permiso municipal, sin saber del peligro que ocasiona la quebrada, pues, en época de lluvia lava y erosiona la ladera. En virtud de esta circunstancia, asegura que desde el año 2011 iniciaron con denuncias y gestiones ante el municipio, con el fin de que se solucione la situación que tiene en peligro a los vecinos. Incluso, asegura que, en sesión del Concejo Municipal del 12 de febrero de 2019 se reconoció la omisión municipal y se trasladó a la administración para solucionar la problemática. No obstante, reclama que, a la fecha en que presenta este recurso, la denuncia no ha sido resuelta ni se le ha indicado cómo procederá la municipalidad recurrida para atenderla, lo que estima lesivo de sus derechos fundamentales.
Al respecto, esta Sala verifica que, en el caso concreto, efectivamente, el problema en cuestión es de conocimiento del municipio recurrido desde el año 2011; sin embargo, en virtud de diversos estudios que se han realizado, se ha determinado que la responsabilidad de los posibles deslizamientos no recae de manera exclusiva en contra del municipio, sino que, en palabras del Alcalde Municipal se comprobó también que: “Los vecinos del bloque D donde se encuentra la vivienda del aquí actor, (3D) han invadido la zona de protección de la quebrada con construcciones que incluso se salen de la línea de propiedad, descargando las aguas servidas y pluviales directamente a la quebrada, lo cual crea un alto riesgo por saturación de agua y erosión de la ladera, siendo ellos los responsables de irrespetar los permisos otorgados por la Municipalidad, realizando construcciones sin permisos en total desacato del ordenamiento urbanístico, lo cual ha provocado que el terreno colindante a sus propiedades y que pertenece al urbanizador se esté lavando, irrespetando también la zona de protección de la quebrada, poniendo ellos mismos en riesgo sus viviendas, debiendo proceder a la demolición de las obras sin permiso, con el fin de respetar la zona de protección de la Quebrada” (el énfasis no es del original).
Ahora bien, no menos cierto, es que, pese a los hallazgos encontrados por el municipio, ciertamente, dicha entidad municipal tiene pleno conocimiento de que existe una problemática en la zona desde el año 2011, al punto que, mediante el informe técnico No. DPM-INF-0939-2011 del mes de enero de 2012, la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención de Riesgos realizó una serie de recomendaciones a la Municipalidad de Tibás, en torno a Urbanización La Gacela, en lo que interesa les recomendó: “(…) VIII. Recomendaciones. A. A la Municipalidad correspondiente No brindar permisos de construcción en las áreas de protección de ríos, quebradas y acequias que drenan el cantón, así como en áreas de rellenos, de fuertes pendientes o vulnerables a las amenazas naturales. B. A la Municipalidad correspondiente analizar en su gestión de ordenamiento territorial las opciones de uso para terrenos expuestos a amenazas de origen natural o antrópico y considerar la prohibición para uso habitacional.
C. A la Municipalidad correspondiente fiscalizar la distancia entre las construcciones habitacionales en las márgenes de quebradas y ríos que fluyen por el cantón para que se apliquen las medidas correctivas de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Forestal. D. Al Ministerio de Salud y la Municipalidad correspondiente valorar el impacto en la zona debido al depósito no regulado de desechos sólidos y líquidos dentro de la quebrada Rivera, para que sean tomadas las medidas correctivas correspondientes. E. A la Municipalidad correspondiente y miembros de la comunidad poner en funcionamiento un sistema adecuado para el control, la recolección y el drenaje de aguas pluviales a nivel habitacional y de infraestructura urbanística, promover la conservación de los suelos, así como un rápido y eficiente desagüe de las laderas; y disminuir los efectos de los procesos erosivos por escorrentía superficial.
Estas obras deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica. F. A los responsables de las propiedades afectadas contactar al Departamento de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad de Costa Rica para valorar la posibilidad de realizar un estudio hidrológico de la quebrada Rivera para determinar las características hidráulicas del cauce, y delimitar las zonas de inundación y erosión severa que afectan la zona. G. A los responsables de la propiedad evaluada consultar los servicios de un ingeniero forestal para determinar si es necesario desramar, cortar y sembrar algún tipo de planta que promueva la conservación del suelo en las zonas más vulnerables para disminuir el riesgo de que sucedan más desprendimientos de tierra. H. A los representares de la propiedad evaluada realizar los trámites necesarios ante el MINAET para implementar las correspondientes obras de estabilización de la margen derecha de la quebrada Rivera.
Estas obras deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, con base en las normas establecidas por el Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones, Reglamento de Construcciones y otra legislación vigente, contar con el aval de un laboratorio de geotecnia y diseñarse con base en los parámetros emitidos por los estudios técnicos que el profesional a cargo considere necesarios. I. A la Municipalidad correspondiente incluir en su Plan Regulador un apartado para el mantenimiento de las quebradas y ríos del cantón, especialmente, considerar el cauce de la quebrada Rivera. Esto tramitado de acuerdo a los procedimientos establecidos por las instancias competentes (…)”, y por esa razón, el asunto ha sido conocido ampliamente a nivel del Concejo Municipal y de la Administración Municipal.
En este sentido, resulta importante aclarar que, no sólo las autoridades del municipio han tenido conocimiento de la situación denunciada en este recurso, sino que también ha sido debidamente informado y han formado parte de las inspecciones en el lugar, las autoridades del ICAA, quienes han realizado inspecciones en Urbanización La Gacela, en las cuales, ciertamente, se ha descartado que se presenten derrames de aguas residuales en la Urbanización La Gacela provenientes de la infraestructura de alcantarillado sanitario institucional, pero, no menos cierto, es que, se pudo observar que existe un riesgo en el talud del pozo 2-60D y que la solución que plantean es la construcción de un muro de gaviones.
Nótese que, tanto las autoridades municipales como las autoridades del ICAA coinciden en que la forma de solucionar los problemas que aquejan a los vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela y que ponen en riesgo su integridad por posibles deslizamientos en la zona, es mediante la realización de licitaciones en ambas instituciones, en el caso de la Municipalidad para que se pueda efectuar un proyecto por parte de una empresa constructora, el cual consiste en cuatro etapas diferentes para realizar una obra de protección para la Quebrada Rivera en Urbanización La Gacela y por parte del ICAA, para realizar diseño y construcción para estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada. Sin embargo, en el caso del municipio, todas las licitaciones que se han pretendido realizar para ello han resultado infructuosas, lo que ha impedido que se inicien las obras requeridas para atender la situación y en el caso del ICAA se evidenció que, pese a que desde el 2022 se tenía conocimiento de que debía realizarse esta obra, no fue sino hasta diciembre de 2023 que se aprobó el cartel de licitación respectiva, con el agravante que, para la fecha de presentación de este recurso, están a la espera de la firma del contrato y la orden de inicio formal para la fase de ejecución durante este año 2024, sin precisar las autoridades del ICAA una fecha exacta para que se inicien las obras respectivas.
De conformidad con lo expuesto, de los autos no se evidencia aún que exista un proyecto concreto para poder resolver la denuncia planteada por el tutelado ni tampoco se indica de manera clara cuándo será realizada la obra, por cuanto, en el caso de la municipalidad ni siquiera se cuenta con una licitación en trámite para la fecha en que fueron rendidos los informes en este recurso y en el caso del ICAA, el cartel fue aprobado apenas en diciembre de 2023, y no se tiene certeza de cuándo será ejecutado. Adviértase que, pese al conocimiento de la situación completa por parte de la Municipalidad de Tibás y del ICAA, y a los hallazgos encontrados por sus profesionales, a la fecha de presentación de este recurso, y pese a que desde hace varios años tienen pleno entendimiento de la problemática, no se ha emitido acto administrativo contundente y que se encuentre ya en fase de ejecución, para resolver como en derecho corresponda la denuncia planteada, con base a los hallazgos identificados y el abordaje que deba darse a los mismos. Además, si bien el gobierno local de Tibás ha realizado intentos de licitación y cuenta con los estudios que señalan la forma en que deben actuar para atender la problemática y se le ha comunicado estas acciones a la parte recurrente, no se tiene claridad sobre cuándo será resuelto el problema por parte de ninguna de las autoridades competentes.
En consecuencia, estima esta Sala que el plazo que ha transcurrido para resolver la denuncia planteada por la parte tutelada es desproporcionado, por cuanto, ha transcurrido un plazo de, más de diez años, desde las primeras gestiones realizadas ante las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y de más dos años desde que se solicitó la intervención del ICAA, sin que a la fecha la situación haya sido resuelta, con el agravante que la afectación denunciada continúa vigente. Bajo esta inteligencia, considera esta Sala que el recurso debe ser declarado parcialmente con lugar, con las consideraciones que se dirán en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia y únicamente, en contra de las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
V.Finalmente, en contra de las autoridades del Ministerio de Salud y la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, se declara sin lugar el recurso, pues, pudo comprobarse que no se ha presentado denuncia ni solicitud de intervención alguna ante el Ministerio de Salud sobre la problemática planteada en el recurso y aparte de las recomendaciones solicitadas en el 2012 a la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, tampoco se ha solicitado intervención adicional de dicha autoridad, por lo que, no tienen injerencia en la denuncia objeto de este recurso.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que se reclama que la Municipalidad de Tibás, el ICAA, EL CNE y el Ministerio de Salud, no ha realizado la construcción de una serie de obras para atender la situación relacionada con el problema de posibles deslizamientos tanto en el sector al costado norte de la urbanización La Gacela en Llorente de Tibás, que colinda con la quebrada Rivera, y así evitar cualquier deslizamiento o riesgo para los vecinos de la zona.
El recurrente señala que ha denunciado lo anterior ante las autoridades recurridas; sin embargo, no le brindan una solución. La situación descrita constituye una excepción a mi posición general en esta materia, por lo que estimo necesario que este Tribunal Constitucional analizara por el fondo el asunto, con el fin de verificar o descartar los alegatos de la parte recurrente.
VIII.Voto salvado parcial respecto a la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia de la magistrada Garro Vargas. Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar parcialmente con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad, como que se promuevan, adjudiquen y ejecuten las contrataciones y obras que se estimen necesarias y se adopten las medidas y resoluciones administrativas pertinentes, para culminar con los proyectos de construcción de servicio de diseño y construcción para estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada Rivera y construcción de muro de retención de tensores, así como cualquier otra obra que se considere necesaria, en las zonas de riesgo para proteger de deslizamientos y cualquier irregularidad a los vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela.
En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc. Por ello, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 56 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, estimo que la fase de ejecución debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución de sentencia de dicho Código.
IX.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a la parte que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 de 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente, en contra de las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Tibás y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Se ordena a David Meléndez Sánchez, Ana Gabriela Madrigal Garro, Luis Araya Padilla y Maureen Mora Alpízar y Alejandro Alvarado Vega, por su orden Alcalde Municipal, Directora de Gestión Urbana, Coordinador de Obras Públicas, Encargada de Presupuesto y Presidente del Concejo Municipal, todos de la Municipalidad de Tibás y a Luis Alejandro Guillén Guardia, en su condición de Presidente Ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, o a quienes ocupen el cargo, que realicen las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y establezcan las acciones y coordinaciones necesarias dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia, para que en el plazo máximo de doce meses contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se promuevan, adjudiquen y ejecuten las contrataciones y obras que se estimen necesarias y se adopten las medidas y resoluciones administrativas pertinentes, para culminar con los proyectos de construcción de servicio de diseño y construcción para estabilización de márgenes de la quebrada Rivera y construcción de muro de retención de tensores, así como cualquier otra obra que se considere necesaria, en las zonas de riesgo para proteger de deslizamientos y cualquier irregularidad a los vecinos de Urbanización La Gacela.
Se les advierte a los recurridos que, de no acatar la orden dicha, incurrirán en el delito de desobediencia y, que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena a la Municipalidad de Tibás y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Castillo Víquez consigna nota. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna nota. La magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo. Notifíquese.- Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alejandro Delgado F.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.