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Res. 92243-2022 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 08/12/2022
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber admitted the unconstitutionality action against Decree 42404-MINAE and gave the Ministers of the Presidency and Environment and Energy 15 days to respond; the action suspends the issuance of final rulings in pending judicial and administrative proceedings where the decree's application is at issue.La Sala dio curso a la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto 42404-MINAE y confirió audiencia de quince días a los ministros de Presidencia y de Ambiente y Energía; la acción suspende el dictado de resoluciones finales en los procesos judiciales y administrativos pendientes donde se discuta la aplicación del decreto impugnado.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber admits an unconstitutionality action filed by the Deputy Attorney General against Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE (April 6, 2020), which, disguised as a 'boundary rectification,' removed approximately 81.9 hectares from the Tivives Protected Zone —the last remnant of Central Pacific tropical dry forest— to transfer them to INCOP for port development at Puerto Caldera. The petitioner argues that the reduction violates the Chamber's settled jurisprudence requiring three constitutional prerequisites for any reduction of a protected area: a formal law (legal reserve, Arts. 38 LOA and 121 inc. 14 CP), independent and sufficient technical studies, and compensation with land of equal size and ecological value. The petition further alleges that INCOP itself —the interested party— conducted the technical studies in contradiction with SINAC's forest-cover data, that no compensatory land was offered (violating the non-regression principle, Art. 50 CP), and that the decree usurps SINAC's exclusive authority over State Natural Heritage. The Chamber admits the action and gives both ministers 15 days to respond.La Sala Constitucional admite la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por la Procuradora General Adjunta contra el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE del 6 de abril de 2020, que, bajo la figura de una 'rectificación de linderos', suprimió aproximadamente 81,9 hectáreas de la Zona Protectora Tivives —último reducto del bosque seco tropical del Pacífico Central— para trasladarlas al INCOP con fines portuarios en Puerto Caldera. La accionante argumenta que la reducción infringe la línea jurisprudencial consolidada de la Sala que exige tres requisitos constitucionales: ley formal (reserva de ley, arts. 38 LOA y 121 inc. 14 CP), estudios técnicos independientes y suficientes, y compensación con área de igual tamaño y valor ecológico. Denuncia además que los estudios técnicos los realizó el propio INCOP —contradiciéndose con los datos de cobertura forestal del SINAC—, que no hubo compensación (violando el principio de progresividad y no regresión, art. 50 CP), y que el decreto desnaturaliza la competencia exclusiva del SINAC sobre el Patrimonio Natural del Estado. La Sala da curso a la acción y confiere audiencia a los ministros de Presidencia y de Ambiente y Energía.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It notes that there is a solid line of jurisprudence holding that, for the reduction of a protected wildlife area, three essential requirements must be met: a legal norm, sufficient technical studies justifying the measure, and compensation of the suppressed area with another of equal size (Constitutional Chamber, votes 7294-1998, 3480-2003, 5975-2006, 2063-2007, 2410-2007, 1056-2009, 13099-2010, 14772-2010, 13367-2012, 10158-2013, 12887-2014, 2375-2017, 673-2019, 12745-2019, 16793-2019, and 17783-2021, among others). Requirements that are not met in the reduction ordered by Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE, which permits the conclusion that said reduction directly injures the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The Legislative Assembly is co-holder, together with the Executive Branch, of the power to create protected wildlife areas; however, it is the 'exclusive holder of the power to reduce their area' (constitutional vote No. 7294-1998). The legal reserve principle for reducing the area of a protected wildlife zone, enshrined in Article 38 of the Environmental Organic Law, has been broadly upheld by constitutional jurisprudence. «3. Compensation measures: A protected area can only be reduced if it is done by law, if there are technical and scientific studies ruling out environmental harm, and if compensation of the suppressed area with another of equal size is provided. There is no doubt that all norms reducing protected areas without technical studies or any compensation whatsoever are unconstitutional» (votes 12887-2014, 2773-2014, and 2009-1056). (Vote No. 673-2019).Señala que hay una sólida línea jurisprudencial en el sentido de que, para la reducción de un área silvestre protegida, deben cumplirse tres requisitos esenciales: norma legal, estudios técnicos suficientes que justifiquen la medida y compensación del área suprimida con otra de igual tamaño (Sala Constitucional, votos números 7294-1998, 3480-2003, 5975-2006, 2063-2007, 2410-2007, 1056-2009, 13099-2010, 14772-2010, 13367-2012, 10158-2013, 12887-2014, 2375-2017, 673-2019, 12745-2019, 16793-2019 y 17783-2021, entre otros). Requisitos que no se cumplen en la reducción que ordena el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE, lo que permite afirmar que dicha reducción lesiona en forma directa el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. La Asamblea Legislativa es cotitular, junto con el Poder Ejecutivo, de la competencia para crear áreas silvestres protegidas; sin embargo, es "detentadora exclusiva de la potestad de reducir su superficie" (voto constitucional n.° 7294-1998). El principio de reserva legal para la reducción de la superficie de un área silvestre protegida, consagrado en el artículo 38 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, ha sido ampliamente respaldado por la jurisprudencia constitucional. «3. Medidas de compensación: Un área protegida solo se puede reducir si se hace mediante ley, si hay estudios técnicos y científicos que descarten el daño ambiental y si se da una compensación del área suprimida con otra de igual tamaño. No cabe duda que todas aquellas normas en los cuales hay reducción de las áreas protegidas sin el respaldo de estudios técnicos ni compensación alguna, son inconstitucionales» (votos Nos. 12887-2014, 2773-2014 y 2009-1056). (Voto n.° 673-2019).
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El principio se erige como garantía sustantiva de los derechos, en este caso, del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en virtud del cual el Estado se ve obligado a no adoptar medidas, políticas, ni aprobar normas jurídicas que empeoren, sin justificación razonable y proporcionada, la situación de los derechos alcanzada hasta entonces."
"The principle stands as a substantive guarantee of rights — in this case, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment — by virtue of which the State is obligated not to adopt measures, policies, or legal norms that worsen, without reasonable and proportionate justification, the situation of rights already achieved."
Principio de progresividad / no regresión — Voto n.° 13367-2012 citado
"El principio se erige como garantía sustantiva de los derechos, en este caso, del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en virtud del cual el Estado se ve obligado a no adoptar medidas, políticas, ni aprobar normas jurídicas que empeoren, sin justificación razonable y proporcionada, la situación de los derechos alcanzada hasta entonces."
Principio de progresividad / no regresión — Voto n.° 13367-2012 citado
"tanto la Ley No.4465 -hoy derogada- como el Decreto No. 17023-MAG no son sino desarrollo del contenido del artículo 50 constitucional, de modo que, aún cuando la normativa inmediata que dio fundamento al decreto haya sido sustituida por otra, éste subsiste tanto por haber sido promulgado al amparo de la normativa vigente en su momento, como por tener su último fundamento en el citado artículo constitucional"
"both Law No. 4465 —today repealed— and Decree No. 17023-MAG are nothing other than development of the content of constitutional Article 50, so that even when the immediate legislation that grounded the decree has been replaced by another, the decree subsists both because it was promulgated under the law in force at the time and because its ultimate foundation lies in said constitutional article."
Fundamento constitucional del decreto creador de la Zona Protectora — Voto n.° 7294-1998 citado
"tanto la Ley No.4465 -hoy derogada- como el Decreto No. 17023-MAG no son sino desarrollo del contenido del artículo 50 constitucional, de modo que, aún cuando la normativa inmediata que dio fundamento al decreto haya sido sustituida por otra, éste subsiste tanto por haber sido promulgado al amparo de la normativa vigente en su momento, como por tener su último fundamento en el citado artículo constitucional"
Fundamento constitucional del decreto creador de la Zona Protectora — Voto n.° 7294-1998 citado
"la competencia en esta materia la ostenta el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, a través del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, competencia que es exclusiva, siendo este un asunto de interés nacional."
"jurisdiction over this matter belongs to the Ministry of Environment and Energy, through the National System of Conservation Areas, and that jurisdiction is exclusive, this being a matter of national interest."
Competencia exclusiva del SINAC — Voto constitucional n.° 17397-2019 citado
"la competencia en esta materia la ostenta el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, a través del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, competencia que es exclusiva, siendo este un asunto de interés nacional."
Competencia exclusiva del SINAC — Voto constitucional n.° 17397-2019 citado
"De conformidad con la doctrina, el error de hecho, material o aritmético es aquel que se puede detectar fácilmente... Se caracteriza por ser ostensible, manifiesto e indiscutible. Es decir, se evidencia por sí solo, sin necesidad de mayores razonamientos y se manifiesta por su sola contemplación."
"According to doctrine, a factual, material, or arithmetic error is one that can be easily detected… It is characterized by being patent, manifest, and indisputable — that is, it is self-evident, requiring no further reasoning, and is apparent upon mere contemplation."
Impugnación del argumento de 'error material' — Sala Primera, voto n.° 927-2018 citado
"De conformidad con la doctrina, el error de hecho, material o aritmético es aquel que se puede detectar fácilmente... Se caracteriza por ser ostensible, manifiesto e indiscutible. Es decir, se evidencia por sí solo, sin necesidad de mayores razonamientos y se manifiesta por su sola contemplación."
Impugnación del argumento de 'error material' — Sala Primera, voto n.° 927-2018 citado
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
ACTION OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY PETITIONER:
(Nombre01 001) CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at seven hours and thirty-five minutes on the eighth of December of two thousand twenty-two.
The constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed by (Nombre01 001), identity card CED01.° (Valor CED02), in her capacity as DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC, is hereby admitted for processing. The petition seeks a declaration that Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE of April 6, 2020, entitled "Rectification of the boundaries of the Tivives protected zone and of the management plan of the Tivives protected zone," published in Supplement No. 161 to Gazette No. 157 of June 30, 2020, is unconstitutional, on the ground that it is contrary to Articles 11, 50, and 121(14) of the Political Constitution and the constitutional principles of statutory reservation (reserva legal), compensation, progressivity or non-regression, objectification of environmental protection or binding adherence to science and technology, and effective environmental stewardship by the State. A fifteen-day hearing is granted to the Minister of the Presidency and the Minister of Environment and Energy.
The challenged provision is Decree No. 42404-MINAE, which the petitioner contends conflicts with the text of Article 38 of the Organic Law of the Environment, No. 7554 of October 4, 1995, and with Articles 13 and 15 of the Ley Forestal, No. 7575 of February 5, 1996; however, the alleged defects are not limited to violations of statutory norms but also extend to Articles 11, 50, and 121(14) of the Constitution, as well as the case law and principles of that court. Following constitutional case law, when a decree's violation of statutory texts simultaneously infringes fundamental rights—such as the right to an adequate environment—the defect transcends to the constitutional sphere and takes on that character (Constitutional Chamber, judgments Nos. 459-1991, 4702-1993, 2074-2001, and 12716-2012, among others). The petitioner contends that this is the situation with Decree No. 42404-MINAE. She notes that there is a solid line of case law to the effect that, for the reduction of a protected wildlife area (área silvestre protegida), three essential requirements must be met: a statutory norm, sufficient technical studies justifying the measure, and compensation of the eliminated area with another of equal size (Constitutional Chamber, votes Nos. 7294-1998, 3480-2003, 5975-2006, 2063-2007, 2410-2007, 1056-2009, 13099-2010, 14772-2010, 13367-2012, 10158-2013, 12887-2014, 2375-2017, 673-2019, 12745-2019, 16793-2019, and 17783-2021, among others).
These requirements are not met by the reduction ordered by Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE, which leads to the conclusion that said reduction directly infringes the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The Legislative Assembly is a co-holder, together with the Executive Branch, of the authority to create protected wildlife areas; however, it is the "exclusive holder of the power to reduce their surface area" (constitutional vote No. 7294-1998). The principle of statutory reservation for the reduction of the surface area of a protected wildlife area, enshrined in Article 38 of the Organic Law of the Environment, has been broadly upheld by constitutional case law (citing votes Nos. 2410-2007, 1056-2009, and 14772-2010). Furthermore, statutory reservation for the reduction of a protected wildlife area derives from Article 121(14) of the Constitution, as developed by the case law of that Tribunal (citing votes Nos. 3480-2003 and 11346-2006).
Decree No. 42404-MINAE, according to the text of its Articles 1 and 2, "rectifies the boundary, use, and public domain" of the Tivives Protected Zone, removing from that protected wildlife area the parcels covered by survey plans 6-1823326-2015 (Article 1) and 6-1824697-2015 (Article 2). According to memorandum SINAC-SE-IRT-151-2020, the excluded area is approximately 81.9 hectares, in clear violation of Article 121(14) of the Constitution and the principle of statutory reservation enshrined in Article 38 of the Organic Law of the Environment—a corollary of the principle of legality (Article 11 of the Constitution)—since a requirement that this court's case law regards as a constitutional prerequisite for the reduction of protected wildlife areas is absent. Survey plan 6-1823326-2015 (Article 1 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE), according to its title block, has as its purpose the consolidation of the Puntarenas Party properties numbered 8693, 40727, 43787, 43635, 45308, and 42463, and its notes state that the parcels are "FOR THE PORT DEVELOPMENT OF PUERTO CALDERA PURSUANT TO LAW 7915 OF OCTOBER 15, 1999." Survey plan 6-1824697-2015 (Article 2 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE), according to its notes, describes: "PARCELS ACQUIRED FOR QUARRY EXPLOITATION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUERTO CALDERA THROUGH EXPROPRIATION PROCEEDINGS 2943-76 AND 2944-76 OF THE FIRST COURT OF ADMINISTRATIVE LITIGATION AND CIVIL TREASURY MATTERS." In this regard, the recitals (considerandos) of Decree No. 42404-MINAE state:
"6. Whereas Article 157 of the General Law of Public Administration, Law No. 6227, provides that: 'At any time the Administration may correct material, factual, or arithmetic errors,' and therefore, as this involves a rectification of the boundaries and courses of real properties that were included within the Tivives Protected Zone through a material error, given that by Law they were designated to form part of a reserved port zone." (…) 30. Whereas, based on memorandum SINAC-DE-787 of June 1, 2018, issued by the Executive Director of SINAC, Mr. Mario Coto, which states that: '...it is hereby certified by the Conservation Areas that there is no file on record indicating that the requirements imposed by the laws and regulations in force at the time of their creation were met, and that the information probably existed in the Forestry Directorate. For the foregoing reason, we note that SINAC currently has no physical file corresponding to the creation of the protected zones on the basis of Laws 4465, 7174, and 7575.' This gives rise to the Administration's obligation to verify the accuracy with which the boundaries of the properties were originally surveyed before being subjected to the regime of the Tivives Protected Zone, with the Administration determining that this was done erroneously on the basis of the technical studies conducted. 31.
Whereas all the real properties in the province of Puntarenas with registry folio numbers [numbers omitted], [numbers omitted], [numbers omitted], [numbers omitted], [numbers omitted], and [numbers omitted], were duly expropriated and fully paid for by the State through the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT) and are duly registered in the name of the Costa Rican State as part of the loans approved by Laws No. 5582 of October 11, 1974, Law No. 6309 of January 4, 1979, and Law No. 7915 of September 21, 1999. 32. Whereas, likewise, the properties belonging to Mr. Nombre02 were duly expropriated and paid for under administrative file No. 18,968 of the Maritime Port Division, Infrastructure Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), which was published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 33 of February 18, 1976, for a total area of 190,032.06 m². 33. Whereas, likewise, the properties belonging to Mr.
Nombre03 were duly expropriated and paid for under administrative file No. 18,966 of the Maritime Port Division, Infrastructure Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), which was published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 70 of April 10, 1976, for a total area of 82,614.23 m²." (Underscoring by the petitioner.)
The petitioner explains that, however, as evidenced by the underscored text of recital 30 quoted above, the inclusion of approximately 81.9 hectares corresponding to these parcels within the demarcation of the Tivives Protected Zone, as carried out by Decree No. 17023-MAG of May 6, 1986, does not constitute a material, factual, or arithmetic error: "In accordance with legal doctrine, a factual, material, or arithmetic error is one that can be detected easily… It is characterized by being obvious, manifest, and indisputable. That is, it is self-evident, requiring no further reasoning, and becomes apparent upon mere inspection." (First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, vote No. 927-2018 of 11:25 a.m. of October 25, 2018). Furthermore, the recitals of the challenged Decree make reference to a matter of normative hierarchy as a justification:
"2. Whereas Article 6 of the General Law of Public Administration, Law No. 6227, establishes the hierarchy of sources of the legal order, indicating that statutes hold a rank superior to decrees issued by the Executive Branch. (…) 34. Whereas, since the Port Reserve Zone was created by statutory norms—and therefore norms of higher rank than Decree No. 17023—and taking into account that the lands were reserved with a specific purpose established by Law, namely to be devoted to port activity, which is incompatible with the purposes for which the Tivives Protected Zone was created, the rectification of its boundaries is therefore undertaken with respect to those in which properties designated and reserved by specific statute for port development were included." The petitioner explains that Law No. 5582 of October 11, 1974, approved the loan agreement entered into between the Export-Import Bank of Japan and the Costa Rican Government for the construction of the Port of Caldera, and in its Article 2 delimited a geographic area designated as the "Reserved Port Zone," declaring the expropriation of privately owned real properties located therein to be of public utility and public interest, for the construction of the Caldera port infrastructure.
That port reserve zone was expanded by Article 8 of Law No. 6309 of October 4, 1979, and subsequently reduced by Article 1 of Law No. 7915 of September 21, 1999, laws that introduced amendments to Law No. 5582. The currently applicable boundaries are those established by this last-mentioned law. The petitioner notes that the legislative file No. 12017, in which the bill that gave rise to Law No. 7915 was debated, reflects that the parcels needed for the development of the Port of Caldera were smaller than those that had at that time been reserved under Laws Nos. 5582 and 6309, since only those on which the port was already installed and an additional smaller area for its eventual development were necessary. For that reason, it was decided to significantly reduce the reserve zone, leaving sufficient land for potential port growth, taking into account the infrastructure development plans and phases reported by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (folios 3–4, 20–25, and 53–57 of legislative file No. 12017).
Notwithstanding that reduction of the Port zone, survey plans 6-1823326-2015 and 6-1824697-2015, which relate to the Tivives protection area, fall within the "reserved port zone" delimited by Law No. 7915 of September 21, 1999, at 34% and 70%, respectively, according to memoranda DIG-TOT-0455-2020 and DIG-TOT-0519-2020. That is, 66% of survey plan 6-1823326-2015 and 30% of survey plan 6-1824697-2015 lie outside the zone reserved for port purposes under Law No. 7915, meaning that the exclusion sought by the decree cannot be regarded as grounded in that statutory provision. Furthermore, with respect to what is set forth in recitals 2 and 34 quoted above, the petitioner highlights the constitutional case law that upholds, on the basis of Article 50 of the Constitution, the declaration of the Tivives Protected Zone: "…even though Decree No. 17023-MAG is based in part on the text of Law No. 4465, the Forestry Law of November 25, 1969—statutory legislation that was in force at the time and that served as the legal basis for the creation of the Tivives Protected Zone—the repeal of that body of law does not entail the automatic repeal of said decree.
It must not be forgotten that, ultimately, both Law No. 4465 — today repealed — and Decree No. 17023-MAG are nothing more than expressions of the content of constitutional article 50, so that, even when the immediate legislation that provided the basis for the decree has been replaced by other legislation, the decree remains in force both because it was promulgated under the rules then in effect and because its ultimate basis lies in that constitutional article… Likewise, the figure known as the "zona protectora" (protected zone) is recognized in other texts of the legal order, which provide sufficient normative framework for Decree No. 17023-MAG, notwithstanding the repeal of Law No. 4465, Ley Forestal of November 25, 1969, or the declaration of unconstitutionality of article 71 of Law No. 7575, Ley Forestal of February 13, 1996. Among the provisions referred to is article 32 of Law No. 7554, Ley Orgánica del Ambiente of October 4, 1995, quoted in Considerando IV.
There are also norms contained in international conventions that regulate the type of conservation zones referred to, among them the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat — "Convención de Ramsar" — signed on February 2, 1971, approved by the Legislative Assembly by Law No. 7224 of April 2, 1991, and the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, approved by Law No. 3763 of October 19, 1976.» (Voto n.° 7294-1998). What that ruling stated regarding the constitutional foundation of executive decrees establishing protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) has been reiterated in other decisions, according to which their establishment by decree cannot give rise to a breach of the principle of normative hierarchy in relation to statutory norms, since the legal regime of such areas is not established by the decree but rather by norms that also have statutory rank and that, furthermore, give effect to the constitutional principle of environmental protection set out in article 50 of the Constitution (citing Voto n.° 8928-2004).
That constitutional foundation prevails over the law establishing the port zone of Caldera and instead supports the creation and extension of the Zona Protectora de Tivives. The Constitutional Chamber has reiterated the importance of protected zones in the realization of the constitutional right to an ecologically balanced environment, given their purposes of regulating the hydrological regime (régimen hidrológico) and protecting soil and watersheds (cuencas hidrográficas) (article 83 of Ley Forestal n.° 4465 of November 25, 1969, and article 70 of the Regulations to the Biodiversity Law, Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 34433 of March 11, 2008). (Citing Votos números 2988-1999, 5975-2006, 2063-2007, and 17397-2019). Specifically, and as is relevant to this action, the Zona Protectora Tivives was declared in order to conserve a forest of 532.50 hectares, considered the last representative remnant of tropical dry forest (bosque seco tropical) existing in the Central Pacific region; to protect the drainage network and to maintain the flows and water quality of the río Jesús María, the quebrada Cambalache, the quebrada Corralillo, several springs (nacientes) and water sources used by the inhabitants of the region, and two wells "used by the Caldera Project and INCOP"; to protect from erosion the hills with slopes greater than 45%; and to prevent the extinction of flora and fauna species (considerandos second through fifth of Decreto n.° 17023).
It should be noted that its relationship with constitutional article 50 is even closer under that article's current wording, which includes the human right of access to drinking water. There is another precedent of the Chamber that is pertinent, both because of the similarity of the infringement (reduction of the surface area of a protected wilderness area through a "rectification" of boundaries by decree) and because of the debate surrounding the issue of the normative hierarchy of the decree creating a protected wilderness area in relation to laws that assign the territory a purpose different from conservation, following the same rule according to which it is possible to establish protected wilderness areas that include land already legally committed, by law, to a purpose, a use, and a public destination different from that entailed by the legal regime of the protected wilderness area (citing Voto n.° 13099-2010).
Furthermore, the reduction of the surface area of the Zona Protectora Tivives entails, in this case, the transfer of State lands to the Instituto Costarricense de Puertos del Pacífico for purposes far removed from environmental protection (articles 3 and 4 and transitional provisions I and II of the challenged Decree). Considerando 28 reads as follows: "28. Que con base en los estudios técnicos presentados por el Instituto Costarricense de Puertos del Pacífico (INCOP), con base en la cobertura de copa por hectárea para cada sector evaluado, se determinó que el promedio general es de 39.73%, además ningún sector superó el mínimo de 70%, que establece la definición de bosque de la Ley Forestal 7575. Adicionalmente, con la verificación en campo, se determinó con los datos de las parcelas de muestreo realizadas en el área de los linderos a rectificar, que la misma se encuentra libre de bosque, considerando para la clasificación del Patrimonio Natural del Estado únicamente las áreas TAF (Terrenos de Aptitud Forestal), las cuales representan 24.49% (17.62ha) del área evaluada y el restante 75.51% (54.32ha) se clasifican como no bosque." This reveals a breach of article 15 of Ley Forestal, because the authority competent to classify lands prior to their alienation or transfer from the State to INCOP and to determine whether forest exists is MINAE-SINAC, and not INCOP itself (see the text of the aforementioned article 15 and official communications SINAC-SE-IRT-061-2020 and SINACSE-IRT-151-2020).
This cannot be viewed simply as a matter of statutory competence. On the contrary, it acquires constitutional significance because it calls into question the technical basis for the reduction, as required by article 38 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and by the constitutional principle of the objectivization of environmental protection (objetivación de la tutela ambiental), or adherence to science and technical standards: «Article 38 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente is a protective norm; it establishes a guarantee in favor of protected wilderness areas and of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment recognized in constitutional article 50. From this norm it may be inferred, first, that the technical study referred to in the norm is an unavoidable and essential requirement for the approval of the legislative measure reducing the protected area, as follows from the phrases "sólo podrá" and "después," non-compliance with which entails a declaration of invalidity of the measure.
Second, it must be a technical study — that is, one conforming to the sciences and techniques whose object of study is the environment and ecosystems — for the purpose of determining the impact of the legislative measure on those ecosystems. Third, the study must be specific and must address the area of reduction and its context, in order to evaluate the impact and to issue recommendations to avoid risks, prevent negative or adverse effects, or propose corresponding mitigation, conservation, or remediation measures. Fourth, the purpose of the study is to provide scientific justification for the measure. Finally, the study must conform to the substantive requirements of constitutional article 50 and must demonstrate how the measure adopted continues to satisfy the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment within the framework of a sustainable development policy… Within the framework of the Constitution, the legislature has the authority and competence to reduce the physical dimensions of environmentally protected areas.
However, on the basis of constitutional article 50, legislative decisions in this area must respect the unequivocal rules of science and technology, in order to guarantee an environment that is "healthy" and "ecologically balanced" and that serves "the greatest well-being of all inhabitants." The technical study required by article 38 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente must respond to these purposes; a purely formal compliance does not suffice, because this is a substantive requirement — that is, it must materially demonstrate, through a technical and individualized analysis, the degree of impact of the relevant measure on the environment, set out recommendations aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment, and demonstrate how such a measure entails development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs.» (Voto n.° 13367-2012).
"… this Chamber has established a solid body of doctrine pointing to the need to have technical studies that justify the decision to decommission (desafectar) an area that was previously declared a protected zone (votos números 7294-1998, 1999-02988, and 2008-008075, among others)." (Voto n.° 17783-2021). In relation to what was stated in Voto n.° 17783-2021, just quoted, with respect to decommissioning, the petitioner indicates that articles 1 and 2 of Decreto n.° 42404-MINAE purport to rectify the "use and public domain of the area subject to the regime of Patrimonio Natural del Estado (PNE), created by Decreto Ejecutivo N° 17023-MAG Zona Protectora Tivives," and that article 4 of Decreto n.° 42404-MINAE provides for the signing of a cooperation agreement between SINAC and INCOP for the care and protection of forestry-aptitude areas, thereby contravening article 13 of Ley Forestal, since their administration by MINAE-SINAC is mandated by law: "In summary, it is clear that the legal regime created by articles 13 and 14 of Ley Forestal has a protective purpose, since, according to the text of that norm, its objective is to confer public-domain (demanial) protection on State-owned land with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) or forest land (terrenos forestales), which would remain under the administration of the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
That patrimony is classified by article 14 of Ley Forestal as a public-domain asset which, pursuant to article 13 of Ley Forestal and article 22 of the Biodiversity Law, must be administered by SINAC. Thus, competence in this area belongs exclusively to the Ministry of Environment and Energy, through SINAC, this being a matter of national interest." (Constitutional Voto n.° 17397-2019). Upon the declaration of the Zona Protectora Tivives, the "forestry" classification of the lands is presumed, and an automatic transfer to the Patrimonio Natural del Estado (formerly the Patrimonio Forestal) takes place; consequently, that transfer has implications for competences, particularly those of SINAC. The petitioner notes that the Chamber so understood it in Voto n.° 1763-94 of 4:45 p.m. on April 13, 1994, Considerando IV. Furthermore, official communications SINAC-SE-IRT-061-2020 and SINAC-SE-IRT-151-2020 state: "Upon analyzing the forest cover (cobertura forestal) according to the 2013 forest inventory, in the two cadastral plans excluded from the boundary of the protected zone, plan 6-1823326-2015 shows 95% forest cover and cadastral plan 6-1824697-2015 shows 66%." (Without prejudice to field verification).
Those percentages contrast sharply with those determined by INCOP, as set out in Considerando 28 of Decreto n.° 42404-MINAE: 24.49% forestry aptitude across the entire evaluated area, raising doubts about its technical basis.
All of the foregoing in this section demonstrates the violation of the constitutional principle of effective environmental protection incumbent upon the State, and of Article 50 of the Constitution, which enshrines that principle (citing votes numbers 7294-1998, 1056-2009, 13367-2012, and 16793-2019). The petitioner argues that these jurisprudential citations evidence the importance of conducting technical studies when adopting decisions related to the reduction of a protected area, and the impact that the absence of such studies can have on the degradation of environmental protection. The State has the obligation to guarantee, defend, and safeguard the right to a healthy environment (principle of State environmental stewardship), as developed by the Court (citing votes numbers 644-99, 9193-2000, 13426-2008, 494-2009, 9604-2009, 9966-2010, 4480-94, 1220-2002, and 15777-2010, among others).
The duty to protect and preserve the integrity of the environment encompasses protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), which are environmental assets that the Public Authorities must protect in their physical and legal integrity. Endangering the integrity of these zones violates Article 50 of the Constitution by placing the environment at imminent risk of deterioration. The petitioner likewise argues that another constitutional principle developed around Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), and violated by Decreto n.° 42404-MINAE, is the compensation principle: "3. Compensation measures: A protected area may only be reduced if this is done by statute, if there are technical and scientific studies ruling out environmental harm, and if the area that is removed is offset by another area of equal size. There is no doubt that all those provisions under which protected areas are reduced without the backing of technical studies or any form of compensation are unconstitutional" (votes Nos. 12887-2014, 2773-2014, and 2009-1056)».
(Vote n.° 673-2019). The petitioner also cites votes numbers 13836-2020 and 17783-2021. She contends that no such compensation is provided for by Decreto n.° 42404-MINAE. Indeed, the extent of the protected zone is reduced, yet no compensatory environmental consideration is established. That principle goes hand in hand with the principle of progressivity, in guarantee of Article 50 of the Constitution: "The principle stands as a substantive guarantee of rights—in this case, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment—by virtue of which the State is obligated not to adopt measures, policies, or approve legal norms that worsen, without reasonable and proportionate justification, the level of rights protection achieved up to that point." (Vote n.° 13367-2012). In the present case, by failing to offset the removed area with another of equal size and ecological value consistent with the purposes for which the Zona Protectora Tivives was established, there is a regression in the protection of the right that had been achieved through the decree creating that protected wildlife area, constituting a violation of the principle of progressivity.
Consequently, the petitioner requests that this action of unconstitutionality be upheld and that the challenged decree be declared unconstitutional, on the grounds that it is contrary to the legal and physical integrity of the Zona Protectora Tivives and disregards the principle of statutory reservation (reserva de ley) and the constitutional obligation of the State to protect, preserve, and conserve that asset for the benefit of present and future generations, in breach of Articles 11, 50, and 121, subparagraph 14) of the Constitution.
This action is admitted as it satisfies the requirements set forth in Articles 73 through 79 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). The petitioner's standing derives from Article 75, second and third paragraphs, of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction. A notice of the filing of this action shall be published three consecutive times in the Boletín Judicial, so that in any proceedings or procedures in which the application of the challenged provision is at issue, no final resolution shall be issued until the Court has rendered its ruling in the matter. This notice affects only pending judicial proceedings in which the application of the challenged provision is at issue, and the only thing that may not be done in such proceedings is to render judgment or, as the case may be, the act in which the challenged provision would be applied in the manner in which it has been challenged.
Likewise, the only thing the action suspends in the administrative sphere is the issuance of the final resolution in proceedings aimed at exhausting that administrative channel—namely, those initiated with and following the filing of an appeal (recurso de alzada) or a motion for reconsideration (recurso de reposición) against the final act—unless, of course, the provisions at issue must be applied during the course of the proceedings, in which case the suspension takes effect immediately. Within fifteen days following the first publication of the aforementioned notice, any persons appearing as parties in matters pending at the date of filing of this action in which the application of the challenged provision is at issue, or any persons with a legitimate interest, may appear before the Court in order to support or oppose its admissibility, or to expand, as applicable, the grounds of unconstitutionality with respect to the matter of concern to them.
It is further noted that, in accordance with Articles 81 and 82 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction and as the Court has consistently held (resolutions 0536-91, 0537-91, 0554-91, and 0881-91), this publication does not suspend the general validity of the norm, but only its application in the cases and under the conditions specified. The response to the hearing granted by this resolution must be submitted only once, using only one of the following means: physical documentation submitted directly to the Court's Secretariat; the fax system; electronic documentation through the GESTIÓN EN LÍNEA system; or to the email address ...01, which is an exclusive inbox dedicated to receiving reports. In any of these cases, the response and any accompanying documents must expressly indicate the case file number to which they are directed. Responses submitted by electronic means must bear the signature of the responsible person signing the document, either by scanning the physical document containing that person's signature or by means of a digital signature, in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Certificates, Digital Signatures, and Electronic Documents, No. 8454, for the purpose of certifying the authenticity of the submission. It is noted that electronically generated or digitized documents submitted through the Gestión en Línea system or through the designated email address must not exceed 3 megabytes. Notify.
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Revisión del Documento ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD (Nombre01 001) SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las siete horas treinta y cinco minutos del ocho de diciembre de dos mil veintidós.
Se da curso a la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por (Nombre01 001), cédula de identidad CED01.° (Valor CED02), en su condición de PROCURADORA GENERAL ADJUNTA DE LA REPÚBLICA, para que se declare inconstitucional el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE del 6 de abril de 2020, denominado "Rectificación de linderos de la zona protectora Tivives y del plan de manejo de la zona protectora Tivives", publicado en el Alcance n.° 161 a la Gaceta n.° 157 del 30 de junio de 2020, por estimarlo contrario a los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso
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