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Res. 92243-2022 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 08/12/2022
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber admitted the action of unconstitutionality against Decree 42404-MINAE for possible violation of the legal reserve, lack of technical studies and compensation, and ordered the proceedings with a hearing for the parties.La Sala Constitucional admitió la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto 42404-MINAE por posible violación de la reserva de ley, falta de estudios técnicos y compensación, y ordenó sustanciar el proceso con audiencia a las partes.
SummaryResumen
The Attorney General's Office filed a constitutional challenge against Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE, which reduced the Tivives Protective Zone by approximately 81.9 hectares. The Constitutional Chamber admitted the action for processing, finding it meets legal requirements and that the plaintiff has standing under Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law. The Chamber notes that reducing a protected wild area requires a formal law, technical studies, and compensation per settled case law, and the challenged decree may violate Articles 11, 50, and 121(14) of the Constitution, the principle of legal reserve, and effective environmental protection. Publication of notices is ordered and a hearing is granted to the respondent authorities.La Procuraduría General de la República interpuso una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 42404-MINAE, que redujo el área de la Zona Protectora de Tivives en aproximadamente 81.9 hectáreas. La Sala Constitucional admitió la acción para su trámite, considerando que la impugnación reúne los requisitos legales y que la legitimación de la accionante deriva del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. La Sala señala que la reducción de un área silvestre protegida requiere ley formal, estudios técnicos y compensación, según reiterada jurisprudencia, y que el decreto impugnado podría vulnerar los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso 14 de la Constitución, el principio de reserva de ley y la tutela efectiva del ambiente. Se ordena la publicación de avisos y se confiere audiencia a las autoridades recurridas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The action of unconstitutionality filed by (Name 001), identity card No. (Value 001), in their capacity as DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC, is admitted, seeking to declare unconstitutional Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE of April 6, 2020, entitled "Rectification of boundaries of the Tivives protective zone and the management plan of the Tivives protective zone", published in Supplement No. 161 to Gazette No. 157 of June 30, 2020, on the grounds that it is contrary to Articles 11, 50 and 121(14) of the Political Constitution and the constitutional principles of legal reserve, compensation, progressivity or non-regression, objectification of environmental protection or linkage to science and technology, and effective protection of the environment by the State. A hearing is granted for fifteen days to the Minister of the Presidency and the Minister of Environment and Energy. The norm is challenged to the extent that Decree No. 42404-MINAE contravenes the text of Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law, No. 7554 of October 4, 1995, and Articles 13 and 15 of the Forestry Law, No. 7575 of February 5, 1996; however, these are not merely violations of legal norms, but also of constitutional Articles 11, 50 and 121(14), this Chamber's case law and principles.Se da curso a la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por (Nombre 001), cédula de identidad n.° (Valor 001), en su condición de PROCURADORA GENERAL ADJUNTA DE LA REPÚBLICA, para que se declare inconstitucional el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE del 6 de abril de 2020, denominado "Rectificación de linderos de la zona protectora Tivives y del plan de manejo de la zona protectora Tivives", publicado en el Alcance n.° 161 a la Gaceta n.° 157 del 30 de junio de 2020, por estimarlo contrario a los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política y los principios constitucionales de reserva legal, compensación, progresividad o no regresión, objetivación de la tutela ambiental o vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica y tutela efectiva del ambiente a cargo del Estado. Se confiere audiencia por quince días a la ministra de la Presidencia y el ministro de Ambiente y Energía. La norma se impugna en cuanto el Decreto n.° 42404-MINAE contraría el texto del artículo 38 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, n.° 7554 del 4 de octubre de 1995 y de los numerales 13 y 15 de la Ley Forestal, n.° 7575 del 5 de febrero de 1996; sin embargo, no se trata solamente de infracciones de normas legales, sino también de los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso 14) constitucionales, la jurisprudencia y principios de esa sede.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se da curso a la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por (Nombre 001) (...) para que se declare inconstitucional el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE (...) por estimarlo contrario a los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política y los principios constitucionales de reserva legal, compensación, progresividad o no regresión, objetivación de la tutela ambiental o vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica y tutela efectiva del ambiente a cargo del Estado."
"The action of unconstitutionality filed by (Name 001) (...) is admitted to declare unconstitutional Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE (...) on the grounds that it is contrary to Articles 11, 50 and 121(14) of the Political Constitution and the constitutional principles of legal reserve, compensation, progressivity or non-regression, objectification of environmental protection or linkage to science and technology, and effective protection of the environment by the State."
Admisión de la acción
"Se da curso a la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por (Nombre 001) (...) para que se declare inconstitucional el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE (...) por estimarlo contrario a los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política y los principios constitucionales de reserva legal, compensación, progresividad o no regresión, objetivación de la tutela ambiental o vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica y tutela efectiva del ambiente a cargo del Estado."
Admisión de la acción
"Siguiendo la jurisprudencia constitucional, cuando la infracción de un decreto a textos de ley afecta a la vez derechos fundamentales, como el derecho a un medio ambiente adecuado, el vicio trasciende a la esfera constitucional y adquiere esa connotación."
"Following constitutional case law, when a decree's violation of statutory provisions also affects fundamental rights, such as the right to an adequate environment, the defect transcends into the constitutional sphere and acquires that connotation."
Considerandos
"Siguiendo la jurisprudencia constitucional, cuando la infracción de un decreto a textos de ley afecta a la vez derechos fundamentales, como el derecho a un medio ambiente adecuado, el vicio trasciende a la esfera constitucional y adquiere esa connotación."
Considerandos
"Para la reducción de un área silvestre protegida, deben cumplirse tres requisitos esenciales: norma legal, estudios técnicos suficientes que justifiquen la medida y compensación del área suprimida con otra de igual tamaño."
"For the reduction of a protected wild area, three essential requirements must be met: a legal norm, sufficient technical studies justifying the measure, and compensation of the suppressed area with another of equal size."
Resumen de jurisprudencia
"Para la reducción de un área silvestre protegida, deben cumplirse tres requisitos esenciales: norma legal, estudios técnicos suficientes que justifiquen la medida y compensación del área suprimida con otra de igual tamaño."
Resumen de jurisprudencia
"El artículo 38 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente es una norma protectora, establece una garantía a favor de las áreas silvestres protegidas y del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado reconocido en el artículo 50 constitucional."
"Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law is a protective norm; it establishes a guarantee in favor of protected wild areas and the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment recognized in Article 50 of the Constitution."
Fundamento del requisito técnico
"El artículo 38 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente es una norma protectora, establece una garantía a favor de las áreas silvestres protegidas y del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado reconocido en el artículo 50 constitucional."
Fundamento del requisito técnico
Full documentDocumento completo
ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD (Name 001) CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at seven thirty-five on the eighth of December, two thousand twenty-two.
The action of unconstitutionality filed by (Name 001), identity card number (Value 001), in her capacity as DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC, is admitted for processing, so that Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE of April 6, 2020, entitled "Rectification of boundaries of the Tivives protective zone and the management plan of the Tivives protective zone", published in Supplement No. 161 to La Gaceta No. 157 of June 30, 2020, be declared unconstitutional, on the grounds that it is contrary to Articles 11, 50, and 121(14) of the Political Constitution and the constitutional principles of legal reserve, compensation, progressivity or non-regression, objectivization of environmental protection or linkage to science and technology, and effective protection of the environment by the State. The Minister of the Presidency and the Minister of Environment and Energy are granted a fifteen-day hearing.
The rule is challenged insofar as Decree No. 42404-MINAE contradicts the text of Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law, No. 7554 of October 4, 1995, and numerals 13 and 15 of the Forestry Law, No. 7575 of February 5, 1996; however, these are not merely violations of legal norms, but also of Articles 11, 50, and 121(14) of the Constitution, the jurisprudence and principles of this venue. Following constitutional jurisprudence, when a decree’s violation of legal texts simultaneously affects fundamental rights, such as the right to an adequate environment, the defect transcends to the constitutional sphere and acquires that connotation (Constitutional Chamber, judgments numbers 459-1991, 4702-1993, 2074-2001, and 12716-2012, among others). She alleges that this is the case for Decree No. 42404-MINAE. She points out that there is a solid jurisprudential line to the effect that, for the reduction of a protected wilderness area (área silvestre protegida), three essential requirements must be met: a legal norm, sufficient technical studies justifying the measure, and compensation for the suppressed area with another of equal size (Constitutional Chamber, votes numbers 7294-1998, 3480-2003, 5975-2006, 2063-2007, 2410-2007, 1056-2009, 13099-2010, 14772-2010, 13367-2012, 10158-2013, 12887-2014, 2375-2017, 673-2019, 12745-2019, 16793-2019, and 17783-2021, among others).
Requirements that were not met in the reduction ordered by Executive Decree No. 42404-MINAE, which allows the assertion that said reduction directly harms the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The Legislative Assembly is co-holder, along with the Executive Power, of the competence to create protected wilderness areas; however, it is the "exclusive holder of the power to reduce their surface area" (constitutional vote No. 7294-1998). The principle of legal reserve for reducing the surface area of a protected wilderness area, enshrined in Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law, has been widely supported by constitutional jurisprudence (citing votes numbers 2410-2007, 1056-2009, and 14772-2010). Furthermore, the legal reserve for the reduction of a protected wilderness area derives from Article 121(14) of the Magna Carta, as developed by the jurisprudence of this Court (citing votes numbers 3480-2003 and 11346-2006).
Decree No. 42404-MINAE, according to the text of its Articles 1 and 2, "rectifies the boundary, use, and public domain" of the Tivives Protective Zone, eliminating from that protected wilderness area lands comprised in plans 6-1823326-2015 (Article 1) and 6-1824697-2015 (Article 2). According to the attached official communication SINAC-SE-IRT-151-2020, the excluded area is approximately 81.9 hectares, with an evident breach of Article 121(14) of the Constitution and the principle of legal reserve enshrined in Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law, a corollary of the principle of legality (Article 11 of the Constitution), since a requirement considered by the jurisprudence of this venue as a constitutional requirement for the reduction of protected wilderness areas is missing. Plan 6-1823326-2015 (Article 1 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE), according to its title block, has the purpose of reuniting the properties of the Puntarenas District numbers 8693, 40727, 43787, 43635, 45308, and 42463, and according to its notes, the lands are "FOR THE PORT DEVELOPMENT OF PUERTO CALDERA IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW 7915, OF OCTOBER 15, 1999".
Plan 6-1824697-2015 (Article 2 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE), describes, according to its notes: "LANDS ACQUIRED FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF A QUARRY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUERTO CALDERA THROUGH EXPROPRIATION PROCEEDINGS 2943-76 AND 2944-76 OF THE FIRST ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TREASURY COURT. In this regard, the recitals of Decree No. 42404-MINAE indicate: «6. That Article 157 of the General Law of Public Administration, Law No. 6227, establishes that: \"The Administration may at any time rectify material or factual errors and arithmetic errors.\", therefore, this being a rectification of boundaries and directions of properties that, due to a material error, were included within the Tivives Protective Zone, when by Law these were destined to be part of a reserved port zone.» (…) 30. That based on official communication SINAC-DE-787, of June 1, 2018, issued by the Executive Director of SINAC, Mr.
Mario Coto, where it is stated that: \"... the Conservation Areas attest that there is no file indicating that the requirements demanded by the laws and regulations in force at the time of its creation were met, and that the information probably existed in the Forestry Directorate. Due to the foregoing, we are permitted to indicate that SINAC currently does not have any physical file corresponding to the creation of the protective zones based on laws 4465, 7174, and 7575.\". With which the obligation remains on the part of the Administration to verify the precision with which the boundaries of the properties were initially measured, to be subjected to the regime of the Tivives Protective Zone, the Administration determining that this was erroneously done based on the technical studies carried out. 31. That the properties all of the province of Puntarenas with real property registration numbers 6-008693-000, 6-040727-000, 6-043787-000, 6-043635-000, 6-045308-000, and 6-042463-000, were duly expropriated and fully paid for by the State through the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT) and are duly registered in favor of the Costa Rican State as part of the loans approved by Law No. 5582 of October 11, 1974, Law No. 6309 of January 4, 1979, and Law No. 7915 of September 21, 1999. 32.
That similarly, the properties in the name of Mr. José Antonio Chávez García were duly expropriated and paid for, under administrative file No. 18,968 of the Maritime and Port Division, Infrastructure Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), which was published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 33 of February 18, 1976, for a total area of 190,032.06 m2. 33. That similarly, the properties in the name of Mr. Víctor Antonio Chávez Solera were duly expropriated and paid for, under administrative file No. 18,966 of the Maritime and Port Division, Infrastructure Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), which was published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 70 of April 10, 1976, for a total area of 82,614.23 m2.” (The underlining is by the claimant). She indicates that, however, as evidenced by the underlined text of recital 30 transcribed above, the inclusion of approximately 81.9 hectares corresponding to these lands, in the demarcation of the Tivives Protective Zone, carried out by Decree No. 17023-MAG of May 6, 1986, is not a material, factual, or arithmetic error: "In accordance with the doctrine, a factual, material, or arithmetic error is one that can be easily detected...
It is characterized by being ostensible, manifest, and indisputable. That is, it is evident by itself, without the need for further reasoning and is manifested by its mere contemplation." (First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, vote No. 927-2018 at 11:25 a.m. on October 25, 2018). On the other hand, the recitals of the questioned Decree refer to an aspect of normative hierarchy, by way of justification: “2. That Article 6 of the General Law of Public Administration, Law No. 6227, establishes the hierarchy of the sources of the legal system, stating that laws possess a higher hierarchy than decrees issued by the Executive Power. (…) 34. That since the Port Reserve Zone was created by norms with the rank of law, therefore, with a higher rank than Decree No. 17023 … and considering that the lands that were reserved for a specific purpose by Law, which is to allocate them for port activity, an activity incompatible with the purposes for which the Tivives Protective Zone was created, we therefore proceed to rectify the boundaries of the same, in which properties destined and reserved by specific law for port development were included.” She explains that Law No. 5582 of October 11, 1974, approved the loan contract signed between the Export-Import Bank of Japan and the Costa Rican Government, intended to build the port of Caldera, and in its Article 2, delimited a geographical area calling it a "Reserved Port Zone" (Zona Portuaria Reservada), declaring the expropriation of privately owned properties located there for the construction of the Caldera port infrastructure to be of public utility and interest.
That port reserve zone was expanded by Article 8 of Law No. 6309 of October 4, 1979, and later reduced by Article 1 of Law No. 7915 of September 21, 1999, laws that introduced reforms to Law No. 5582. The currently valid limits are those established by this last law. She points out that legislative file No. 12017, in which the bill that gave rise to Law No. 7915 was discussed, shows that the lands needed for the development of the Puerto Caldera were fewer than those that had been reserved at that time through laws numbers 5582 and 6309, since only those on which the port was installed and another smaller area for its eventual development were necessary. For that reason, it was decided to significantly reduce the reserve zone, leaving sufficient land for eventual port growth, considering the infrastructure development plans and stages that were reported by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (folios 3-4, 20-25, and 53-57 of legislative file No. 12017).
Notwithstanding said reduction of the Port, plans 6-1823326-2015 and 6-1824697-2015, which refer to the Tivives protection area, are located within the "reserved port zone" delimited by Law No. 7915 of September 21, 1999, by 34% and 70% respectively, according to official communications DIG-TOT-0455-2020 and DIG-TOT-0519-2020. That is, 66% of plan 6-1823326-2015 and 30% of plan 6-1824697-2015 are outside the zone reserved for port purposes by Law No. 7915, so the exclusion intended by the decree cannot be considered supported by that legal norm. Moreover, regarding what is set forth in recitals 2 and 34 transcribed above, she highlights the constitutional jurisprudence that supports the declaration of the Tivives Protective Zone, based on numeral 50 of the Magna Carta: «… even when Decree No. 17023-MAG was partially based on the text of Law No. 4465, Forestry Law of November 25, 1969, a regulation of legal rank in force that at the time supported the creation of the Tivives Protective Zone, the repeal of said ordinance does not imply the automatic repeal of the referenced decree.
It should not be forgotten that, ultimately, both Law No. 4465 -now repealed- and Decree No. 17023-MAG are nothing more than the development of the content of Article 50 of the Constitution, so that, even when the immediate regulation that gave basis to the decree has been substituted by another, it subsists both because it was promulgated under the protection of the regulation in force at the time, and because its ultimate basis lies in the cited constitutional article... Likewise, the figure called \"protective zone\" is recognized in other texts of the legal system, which serve as a sufficient regulatory framework for Decree No. 17023-MAG, despite the repeal of Law No. 4465, Forestry Law of November 25, 1969, or the declaration of unconstitutionality of numeral 71 of Law No. 7575, Forestry Law of February 13, 1996. Among the provisions referred to is numeral 32 of Law No. 7554, Organic Environmental Law of October 4, 1995, transcribed in Recital IV.
There are also norms contained in international conventions that regulate the type of conservation zones to which reference is made, among them the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat \"Ramsar Convention\", signed on February 2, 1971, approved by the Legislative Assembly through Law No. 7224 of April 2, 1991, and the Convention for the Protection of Flora, Fauna, and Natural Scenic Beauties of the Countries of the Americas, approved through Law No. 3763 of October 19, 1976.» (Vote No. 7294-1998). What was expressed in said judgment regarding the constitutional basis of executive decrees that establish protected wilderness areas has been reiterated in other pronouncements, according to which their establishment by means of a decree cannot give rise to a breach of the principle of normative hierarchy, in relation to norms of legal rank, since the legal regime of said areas is not established by the decree, but by norms that also have legal rank, but which, in addition, develop the constitutional principle of environmental protection that the Constitution sets forth in its Article 50 (citing vote No. 8928-2004).
That constitutional basis prevails over the Law establishing the Caldera port zone and, on the contrary, supports the creation and extension of the Tivives Protective Zone. The Constitutional Chamber has reiterated the importance of protective zones in the realization of the constitutional right to an ecologically balanced environment, due to their purposes of regulating the hydrological regime and protecting the soil and watersheds (Article 83 of Forestry Law No. 4465 of November 25, 1969, and numeral 70 of the Regulation to the Biodiversity Law, Executive Decree No. 34433 of March 11, 2008). (Citing votes numbers 2988-1999, 5975-2006, 2063-2007, and 17397-2019). Specifically, and as relevant to this action, the Tivives Protective Zone was declared to conserve a forest of 532.50 hectares, considered the last representative remnant of the tropical dry forest existing in the Central Pacific region; to protect the drainage network and maintain the flows and water quality of the Jesús María River, the Cambalache Stream, the Corralillo Stream, various springs (nacientes) and springs used by the inhabitants of the region, and two wells “used by the Caldera Project and INCOP”; to safeguard hills with slopes greater than 45% from erosion and to prevent the extinction of flora and fauna species (recitals two through five of Decree No. 17023).
Note that its relationship with Article 50 of the Constitution is even closer with its current wording, which includes the human right of access to potable water. There is another precedent of the Chamber that is relevant, both due to the similarity of the violation (reduction of the surface area of a protected wilderness area, by means of a "rectification" of limits via decree), and due to the discussion regarding the issue of the normative hierarchy of the decree creating a protected wilderness area in relation to laws that assign the territory a different purpose than conservation, following the same rule according to which it is possible to establish protected wilderness areas that include lands affected by law to a different purpose, destination, and public use than that which the legal regime of the protected wilderness area entails (citing vote No. 13099-2010). Furthermore, the reduction of the surface area of the Tivives Protective Zone implies, in this case, the transfer of State lands to the Costa Rican Institute of Pacific Ports (INCOP), for purposes far removed from environmental protection (Articles 3 and 4 and Transitory Provisions I and II of the questioned Decree).
Recital 28 reads as follows: “28. That based on the technical studies presented by the Costa Rican Institute of Pacific Ports (INCOP), based on the crown cover per hectare for each evaluated sector, it was determined that the general average is 39.73%, in addition, no sector exceeded the minimum of 70%, which establishes the definition of forest in Forestry Law 7575. Additionally, with the field verification, it was determined with data from the sampling plots carried out in the area of the boundaries to be rectified, that the same is free of forest, considering for the classification of the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) only the areas FSL (Forest Suitability Lands), which represent 24.49% (17.62 ha) of the evaluated area and the remaining 75.51% (54.32 ha) are classified as non-forest.” This demonstrates a breach of Article 15 of the Forestry Law, because the competent entity to qualify or classify lands before their disposal or transfer from the State to INCOP and to determine if forest exists is MINAE-SINAC, and not INCOP itself (see the text of the cited Article 15 and official communications SINAC-SE-IRT-061-2020 and SINAC-SE-IRT-151-2020).
The foregoing cannot simply be seen as a problem of legal competence. On the contrary, it acquires constitutional relevance because it casts doubt on the technical basis for the reduction, required by Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law and the constitutional principle of objectivization of environmental protection or linkage to science and technology: «Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law is a protective norm; it establishes a guarantee in favor of protected wilderness areas and the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment recognized in Article 50 of the Constitution. From the norm, it is inferred, first, that the technical study indicated in the norm is an unavoidable and essential requirement for the approval of the legislative measure reducing the protected area, which follows from the phrase "may only" and "after", the breach of which entails the declaration of invalidity of the measure.
Second, it is a technical study -that is, in accordance with the sciences and techniques that have the environment and ecosystems as their object of study- in order to determine the impact of the legislative measure on them. Third, the study must be specific and cover the reduction area and its context, in order to evaluate the impact and issue recommendations to avoid risks, prevent negative or adverse effects, or else propose the corresponding mitigation, conservation, or repair measures. Fourth, the purpose of the study is to scientifically justify the measure. Finally, the study must conform to the substantive requirements of Article 50 of the Constitution and must demonstrate how the measure being taken continues to satisfy the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment within the framework of sustainable development policy… Within the framework of the Constitution, the legislator has the power and competence to reduce the physical dimensions of environmentally protected areas.
However, based on Article 50 of the Constitution, legislative decisions in this matter must respect the univocal rules of science and technology, in order to guarantee a "healthy" and "ecologically balanced" environment and the "greater well-being of all inhabitants". The technical study required by Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law must respond to these purposes, for which purpose a formal compliance is not sufficient because it is a material requirement, which means it must materially demonstrate, through a technical and individualized analysis, the degree of impact of the corresponding measure on the environment, propose recommendations aimed at reducing the negative impact on it, and demonstrate how such a measure implies a development that satisfies the needs of the present without endangering the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.» (Vote No. 13367-2012).
“… this Chamber has established a solid doctrine that points to the need for technical studies that justify the decision to declassify a zone that was previously declared a protected zone (votes numbers 7294-1998, 1999-02988, and 2008-008075, among others).” (Vote No. 17783-2021). In relation to what was set forth in vote No. 17783-2021 just transcribed, regarding declassification (desafectación), the claimant indicates that numerals 1 and 2 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE state they rectify the "use and public domain of the area subject to the State Natural Heritage (PNE) regime, created by Executive Decree No. 17023-MAG Tivives Protective Zone", and that numeral 4 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE foresees the signing of a cooperation agreement between SINAC and INCOP for the care and protection of forest suitability lands, thereby contradicting Article 13 of the Forestry Law, since its administration by MINAE-SINAC is by legal mandate: "In summary, it is clear that the legal regime created by Articles 13 and 14 of the Forestry Law has a protective purpose, for, according to the text of said norm, its objective is to give demanial protection to State-owned lands with forest or forest lands, which would be under the administration of the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
That heritage is classified by Article 14 of the Forestry Law as a public domain asset, which according to Articles 13 of the Forestry Law and 22 of the Biodiversity Law, must be administered by the National System of Conservation Areas. Thus, competence in this matter is held by the Ministry of Environment and Energy, through the National System of Conservation Areas, a competence that is exclusive, this being a matter of national interest.” (Constitutional vote No. 17397-2019). When the declaration of the Tivives Protective Zone was made, the "forest" classification of the lands is presumed, resulting in an automatic transfer to the State Natural Heritage (formerly Forest Heritage) and, therefore, that transfer has consequences regarding competencies, particularly of SINAC. She points out that this Chamber so understood it in vote No. 1763-94 at 4:45 p.m. on April 13, 1994, Recital IV.
Moreover, official communications SINAC-SE-IRT-061-2020 and SINAC-SE-IRT-151-2020, state: “When analyzing the forest cover (cobertura forestal) according to the 2013 forest inventory, in the two plans that were excluded from the limit of the Protective Zone, plan 6-1823326-2015 has 95% forest cover and cadastral plan 6-1824697-2015 has 66%”. (Without prejudice to field verification). These percentages contrast with those determined by INCOP, according to recital 28 of Decree No. 42404-MINAE: 24.49% forest suitability in the total evaluated area, generating doubts about its technical basis. Everything stated in this section evidences the breach of the constitutional principle of effective protection of the environment by the State and of constitutional numeral 50 that enshrines it (citing votes numbers 7294-1998, 1056-2009, 13367-2012, and 16793-2019). She alleges that these jurisprudential citations demonstrate the importance of conducting technical studies in the adoption of decisions related to the reduction of a protected area and the impact that their absence can have on the lack of environmental protection.
The State has the obligation to guarantee, defend, and protect the right to a healthy environment (principle of environmental protection by the State), as developed by the Chamber (citing votes numbers 644-99, 9193-2000, 13426-2008, 494-2009, 9604-2009, 9966-2010, 4480-94, 1220-2002, and 15777-2010, among others). The duty to protect and preserve the integrity of the environment includes protected wilderness areas, environmental assets that the Public Powers must protect in their physical and legal integrity. Endangering the integrity of these zones violates Article 50 of the Political Constitution, by placing the environment at imminent risk of deterioration. Likewise, she alleges that another constitutional principle developed around Article 38 of the Organic Environmental Law, and breached by Decree No. 42404-MINAE, is that of compensation: «3. Compensation Measures: A protected area can only be reduced if it is done by law, if there are technical and scientific studies that rule out environmental damage, and if compensation of the suppressed area with another of equal size is provided.
There is no doubt that all those norms in which there is a reduction of protected areas without the support of technical studies or any compensation, are unconstitutional” (votes Nos. 12887-2014, 2773-2014, and 2009-1056)». (Vote No. 673-2019). She also cites votes numbers 13836-2020 and 17783-2021. She charges that this compensation is not proposed by Decree No. 42404-MINAE. Indeed, the extension of the protected zone is reduced, but no compensatory environmental compensation (compensación) is established. That principle goes hand in hand with the principle of progressivity, in guarantee of Article 50 of the Constitution: "The principle stands as a substantive guarantee of rights, in this case, of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, by virtue of which the State is obliged not to adopt measures, policies, or approve legal norms that worsen, without reasonable and proportionate justification, the situation of the rights achieved until then." (Vote No. 13367-2012).
In this case, by omitting to compensate the suppressed area with another of equal size and ecological value according to the purposes of creating the Tivives Protective Zone, there is a regression in the protection of the right, achieved with the decree creating that protected wilderness area, and a violation of the principle of progressivity.
Consequently, it requests that this action of unconstitutionality be granted, and that the challenged decree be declared unconstitutional, for being contrary to the legal and physical integrity of the Tivives Protective Zone and for disregarding the principle of legal reserve and the constitutional obligation of the State to protect, preserve, and conserve that asset, for the benefit of present and future generations, in breach of Articles 11, 50, and 121(14) of the Constitution. This action is admitted because it meets the requirements referred to in the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction in its Articles 73 to 79. The petitioner's standing derives from Article 75, second and third paragraphs, of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction. Publish a notice three consecutive times in the Judicial Bulletin regarding the filing of the action, so that in proceedings or procedures in which the application of the challenged matter is discussed, no final ruling shall be issued while the Chamber has not rendered its decision in the case.
This notice only affects pending judicial proceedings in which the application of the impugned matter is discussed, and it is warned that the only thing that may not be done in said proceedings is to issue a judgment or the act in which the challenged matter is to be applied in the sense in which it has been. Likewise, the only thing the action suspends in administrative proceedings is the issuance of the final resolution in procedures intended to exhaust that avenue, which are those initiated with and from the appeal or motion for reversal filed against the final act, except, of course, when it concerns norms that must be applied during the processing, in which case the suspension operates immediately. Within fifteen days following the first publication of said notice, those who are parties in matters pending as of the date of filing this action, in which the application of the impugned matter is discussed, or those with a legitimate interest, may appear in order to assist regarding its appropriateness or inappropriateness, or to expand, as the case may be, the grounds for unconstitutionality in relation to the matter that concerns them.
It is further made known that, in accordance with Articles 81 and 82 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction and as the Chamber has repeatedly resolved (resolutions 0536-91, 0537-91, 0554-91, and 0881-91), this publication does not suspend the validity of the norm in general, but only its application in the cases and conditions indicated. The response to the hearing granted in this resolution must be submitted only once, using only one of the following means: physical documentation presented directly at the Secretariat of the Chamber; the fax system; electronic documentation through the Online Management System (Sistema de GESTIÓN EN LÍNEA); or to the email address [email protected], which is an exclusive mailbox dedicated to receiving reports. In any case, the response and other documents must expressly indicate the case file number to which they are addressed. The response rendered by electronic means must include the signature of the responsible person who subscribes it, either by scanning the physical document containing their signature, or by means of a digital signature, in accordance with the provisions established in the Law of Certificates, Digital Signatures and Electronic Documents, No. 8454, in order to certify the authenticity of the filing. It is warned that electronically generated or scanned documents submitted through the Online Management System or the indicated email must not exceed 3 Megabytes. Notify.
Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro Church). Reception of matters from vulnerable groups: Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Distrito Catedral, Barrio González Lahmann, calles 19 and 21, avenidas 8 and 6 Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial. Reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
Is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 17:21:13.
Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 5. ACCIONES CURSADAS Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
ACCIÓN VOTADA.
AMBIENTE. REDUCCIÓN DE LA ZONA PROTECTORA DE TIVIVES Sentencia: 036952-24 del 11 de diciembre del 2024 Tipo de asunto: Acción de inconstitucionalidad Norma impugnada: Decreto Ejecutivo No. 42404-MINAE de 06 de abril de 2020. Reducción del área de la Zona Protectora de Tivives Parte dispositiva: Se declara con lugar la acción, en consecuencia, se anula el Decreto No. 42404-MINAE de 6 de abril de 2020, publicado en el Alcance No. 161 a La Gaceta No. 157 de 30 de junio de 2020 mediante el cual se hizo una reducción del área de la Zona Protectora de Tivives sin cumplir con los requisitos. En virtud de lo anterior, se ordena a la Procuraduría General de la República que proceda, dentro del plazo de doce meses contado a partir de la publicación íntegra de este pronunciamiento en el Boletín Judicial, a ejercer las acciones legales correspondientes en defensa del patrimonio público, lo cual se traduce en la restitución del área de la Zona Protectora de Tivives a su extensión original previa al citado decreto, sin perjuicio de la posible responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado que se derivare de esta anulación.
El magistrado Cruz Castro consigna nota. El magistrado Rueda Leal emite voto particular con respecto al efecto declarativo y retroactivo de la declaración de inconstitucionalidad del decreto impugnado, en el sentido de que es jurídicamente inviable que existan derechos adquiridos "de buena fe" derivados de este. Reséñese este pronunciamiento en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta y publíquese íntegramente en el Boletín Judicial. Notifíquese. - CO12/24 ... Ver más ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD (Nombre 001) SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las siete horas treinta y cinco minutos del ocho de diciembre de dos mil veintidós.
Se da curso a la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por (Nombre 001), cédula de identidad n.° (Valor 001), en su condición de PROCURADORA GENERAL ADJUNTA DE LA REPÚBLICA, para que se declare inconstitucional el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 42404-MINAE del 6 de abril de 2020, denominado "Rectificación de linderos de la zona protectora Tivives y del plan de manejo de la zona protectora Tivives", publicado en el Alcance n.° 161 a la Gaceta n.° 157 del 30 de junio de 2020, por estimarlo contrario a los artículos 11, 50 y 121 inciso
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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