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Res. 27316-2022 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 18/11/2022
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber granted the amparo against the Municipality of Nandayure and the MOPT, ordering them to execute all necessary works within twelve months to definitively resolve Río Nandayure flooding affecting the San Pablo community; the resource was denied as to the CNE.La Sala declaró con lugar el amparo contra la Municipalidad de Nandayure y el MOPT, ordenándoles ejecutar todas las obras necesarias en doce meses para solucionar definitivamente las inundaciones del Río Nandayure en San Pablo; el recurso fue declarado sin lugar respecto a la CNE.
SummaryResumen
The Costa Rican Constitutional Chamber resolved an amparo resource filed by a resident of San Pablo de Nandayure affected by recurring floods from the Río Nandayure. Despite a prior 2019 ruling ordering hydrological and hydraulic studies, and despite palliative dredging and channeling works by the Municipality of Nandayure and the MOPT's River Works Directorate, the problem persisted without a comprehensive solution. Applying the precautionary principle and recognizing the State's constitutional duty to prevent disasters and protect residents' rights, the Court partially granted the amparo against the Municipality and the MOPT, giving them 12 months to execute all works needed to definitively resolve the flooding. The CNE was absolved, having fulfilled its coordinating role and issued the relevant technical recommendations. Magistrate Garro Vargas filed a partial dissent on the execution forum, arguing the matter should proceed before the Administrative Court.La Sala Constitucional resolvió un recurso de amparo interpuesto por un vecino de San Pablo de Nandayure afectado por las inundaciones recurrentes del Río Nandayure. La Sala constató que, pese a una sentencia previa de 2019 que ordenó estudios hidrológicos e hidráulicos, y pese a trabajos paliativos de dragado y canalización realizados por la Municipalidad de Nandayure y la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT, el problema persistía sin solución integral. Aplicando el principio precautorio y reconociendo la responsabilidad constitucional del Estado en la prevención de desastres, la Sala declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso contra la Municipalidad y el MOPT, otorgándoles doce meses para ejecutar todas las obras necesarias que resuelvan definitivamente las inundaciones. Respecto a la CNE, el recurso fue declarado sin lugar, pues esa entidad cumplió su rol coordinador y emitió las recomendaciones técnicas pertinentes. La magistrada Garro Vargas salvó el voto en cuanto al foro de ejecución, propugnando el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Although the Municipality of Nandayure and the MOPT's River Works Directorate have carried out various palliative works such as dredging and other cleaning and channeling operations, those actions have nonetheless proved insufficient. In this regard, the defendant municipality itself acknowledges that greater efforts are needed to execute lasting works that resolve the reported problem. "The lack of absolute scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to postpone the adoption of cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation." In keeping with the foregoing, it must be stressed that observance of a principle may be rational or irrational, and the case of prudent avoidance is no exception. Therefore, by virtue of the above and in application of the precautionary principle, the appropriate course is to grant the resource on this point. The resource is declared partially granted, solely with respect to the Municipality of Nandayure and the Ministry of Public Works and Transport. The director a.i. of the River Works Directorate and the mayor of Nandayure, or whoever holds those positions respectively, are ordered to coordinate, issue the pertinent instructions, and carry out all actions within their respective competencies so that, within a maximum period of TWELVE MONTHS from notification of this judgment, all relevant steps and works are executed to comprehensively and definitively resolve the flooding problem of the Río Nandayure affecting the community of San Pablo de Nandayure.si bien la Municipalidad de Nandayure y la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT han realizado distintas obras paliativas como dragados y otros trabajos de limpieza y canalización, no menos cierto es que tales acciones han resultado insuficientes. Al respecto, la propia municipalidad accionada reconoce que es necesario ejecutar mayores esfuerzos para ejecutar obras duraderas que solventen el problema acusado. "la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces en función de los costos para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente". Acorde con lo anterior, es necesario insistir en que la observancia de un principio puede ser racional o irracional, y el caso de la evitación prudente no es excepción. Así, en virtud de lo expuesto, y en aplicación del principio precautorio, lo procedente es acoger el recurso, únicamente en cuanto a este extremo. Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto a la Municipalidad de Nandayure y al Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes. Se ordena a Jenaro Ruiz Chacón y a Giovanni Jiménez Gómez, por su orden, director a.i. de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y alcalde de Nandayure, o a quienes respectivamente ocupen tales cargos, que coordinen lo correspondiente, giren las órdenes pertinentes y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus respectivas competencias para que, dentro del plazo máximo de DOCE MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se realicen todas las gestiones y obras pertinentes para solucionar de manera integral y definitiva el problema de inundaciones del Río Nandayure, que afecta a la comunidad de San Pablo de Nandayure.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"ninguna Administración Pública puede evitar que una calamidad pública se produzca, pero sí puede imputársele responsabilidad por no prever las consecuencias que esa calamidad pueda generar."
"No Public Administration can prevent a public calamity from occurring, but it can be held liable for failing to foresee the consequences that such a calamity may generate."
Informe CNE — Responsabilidad del Estado costarricense en la prevención de desastres
"ninguna Administración Pública puede evitar que una calamidad pública se produzca, pero sí puede imputársele responsabilidad por no prever las consecuencias que esa calamidad pueda generar."
Informe CNE — Responsabilidad del Estado costarricense en la prevención de desastres
"Es deber del gobierno municipal garantizar mediante el planeamiento, y el ejercicio de la potestad de policía, que el desarrollo urbanístico atienda a criterios de seguridad, salubridad, y sostenibilidad ambiental."
"It is the duty of the municipal government to ensure, through planning and the exercise of its police power, that urban development meets criteria of safety, health, and environmental sustainability."
Informe CNE — Potestades de los gobiernos locales en la prevención de riesgos
"Es deber del gobierno municipal garantizar mediante el planeamiento, y el ejercicio de la potestad de policía, que el desarrollo urbanístico atienda a criterios de seguridad, salubridad, y sostenibilidad ambiental."
Informe CNE — Potestades de los gobiernos locales en la prevención de riesgos
"pese a que desde al menos hace 3 años las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Nandayure y de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT conocen el problema de marras y han realizado determinados trabajos paliativos, no han ejecutado lo pertinente para alcanzar una solución integral y definitiva garantice la seguridad de la comunidad de San Pablo de Nandayure."
"Despite the fact that for at least 3 years the authorities of the Municipality of Nandayure and the MOPT's River Works Directorate have known of this problem and have carried out certain palliative works, they have not executed what is necessary to achieve a comprehensive and definitive solution that guarantees the safety of the community of San Pablo de Nandayure."
Considerando III
"pese a que desde al menos hace 3 años las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Nandayure y de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT conocen el problema de marras y han realizado determinados trabajos paliativos, no han ejecutado lo pertinente para alcanzar una solución integral y definitiva garantice la seguridad de la comunidad de San Pablo de Nandayure."
Considerando III
"lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc."
"The provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure on enforcement (Articles 155 et seq.) offer clear advantages, such as the ability to require schedules, impose fines, assign liability, and supervise compliance stages."
Voto salvado parcial — Magistrada Garro Vargas
"lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc."
Voto salvado parcial — Magistrada Garro Vargas
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Decision No. 2022027316 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and twenty minutes on the eighteenth of November, two thousand twenty-two.
Writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) processed under case file no. 22-019540-0007-CO, filed by Nombre01, national identification number CED01, against THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR RISK PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE (CNE), THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION (MOPT), AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF NANDAYURE.
Findings of Fact:
Regarding Article 46 bis of the National Emergencies and Risk Prevention Law: Through Article 1° of Law N° 9907 of October twenty-seventh, two thousand and twenty, Article 46 bis was added to Law N° 8488, dedicated to the application of the three percent that was previously required to be transferred to the Commission by the municipal regime. This article states that municipalities and district municipal councils shall calculate three percent (3%) of the free budgetary surplus (superávit presupuestario libre) provided for in Article 46, based on the budgetary settlement as of June 30 of the current year, having concluded the commitments effectively acquired from the prior period in accordance with what is permitted by Article 116 of Ley 7794, Código Municipal, of April thirtieth, nineteen ninety-eight. These resources shall be executed by each municipal entity and shall be allocated exclusively to strengthening technical capacity and municipal processes in risk management, to the prevention and response to emergencies, including those not covered by an emergency decree. Municipalities shall create their own fund for these same purposes, and the resources of this fund shall be governed by the principles of multi-year budgeting (presupuestación plurianual); therefore, any amounts not executed at the end of each fiscal year shall not constitute a surplus.
The Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) is the lead public institution with respect to coordinating preventive efforts in situations of imminent risk, mitigation, and response to emergency situations. It is a body of maximum deconcentration (desconcentración máxima) attached to the Office of the President, with instrumental legal standing (personería jurídica instrumental) for the management and administration of its budget and for the investment of its resources, with its own assets and budget. Its domicile is in the capital of the Republic, where its principal office is located. CNE's actions must be guided in accordance with the principles established by Law N° 8488 in Article 3, among them: the state of necessity and urgency (estado de necesidad y urgencia), understood as a situation of danger to a legally protected interest that can only be resolved by violating another legally protected interest, with the least possible harm to the latter and subject to subsequently rendering the accounts required by the laws of economic, legal, and fiscal oversight; protection of life, considering that those present in the national territory must be protected in their lives, their physical integrity, their property, and the environment, against disasters or dangerous events that may occur; and finally prevention, as anticipatory action to reduce vulnerability, as well as measures taken to avoid or mitigate the impacts of dangerous events or disasters — by their very nature, these actions or measures are matters of public interest and mandatory compliance.
Both ordinary and extraordinary actions have as a fundamental principle the protection of life, not only of Costa Ricans but of every inhabitant or resident of the country. Indeed, Article 3 of the Law establishes that protection of life as a fundamental principle. However, the statement of the principle does not limit protection to the life and physical integrity of the person present in the national territory. On the contrary, protection of life encompasses protection of the environment and of the property of resident persons, regardless of their nationality. Protection of life, physical integrity, assets, and security underpins other principles established for the purpose of responding to emergencies and risk situations, as is the case with the principle of solidarity.
Among its ordinary competencies under Law N° 8488 is the obligation set forth in:
Article 14°— Ordinary Prevention Competencies of the Commission. The Commission shall be the lead entity with respect to risk prevention and preparedness for responding to emergency situations. It shall fulfill the following competencies: (…) c) Issue binding resolutions on situations of risk, disaster, and imminent danger, based on technical and scientific criteria, aimed at guiding regulatory and control actions for their effective prevention and management, which shall regulate or direct their effective compliance by State institutions, the private sector, and the general public. Officials of the bodies and entities competent to execute or implement such binding resolutions shall in no case be permitted to disapply them. Physical or legal persons, public or private, who build upon or improperly use areas restricted by these binding resolutions shall be subject to the obligation to demolish or eliminate the work, in accordance with Article 36 of this Law. (…) g) Promote and encourage the monitoring and management of risk situations, through the study or implementation of observation, monitoring, and alert measures that allow for the anticipation, reduction, and avoidance of the impact and damage of possible disaster events. Furthermore, where necessary, coordinate the monitoring and management of such situations. (…)
Likewise, its extraordinary competencies are defined in Article 15, which expressly states: "Once the state of emergency established in Article 29 of this Law has been declared, it shall fall to the Commission to plan, coordinate, direct, and control the actions aimed at resolving urgent needs, and to execute protection, rescue, and rehabilitation programs and activities. To that end, it shall execute, at a minimum, the following actions: a) The coordination, direction, and control of the response to emergencies declared as such by the Executive Branch shall be carried out in accordance with the phases defined in Article 30 of this Law; for this purpose the Commission, through the Executive Directorate, shall prepare the General Emergency Plan, pursuant to the terms set forth in Chapter VI of this Law. b) It must coordinate damage assessment, for which the institutions of the Central Administration, the Decentralized Public Administration of the State, Local Governments, and state-owned enterprises shall be responsible for assessing damages and coordinating their assessment with the Commission. c) Plan, coordinate, organize, and supervise the execution of rescue actions by public and private, national and international bodies. d) Coordinate the scientific and technical investigations required for the Plan, as well as the physical and economic recovery programs, and provide the necessary follow-up. e) Appoint as executing units the public institutions that, within their sphere of competency, are responsible for carrying out the works defined in the General Emergency Plan, and supervise their execution. f) Hire the special personnel it requires for defined periods and in accordance with the emergency declaration.
Except as provided in the foregoing paragraphs, the Commission shall attend, without the intervention of an emergency declaration by the Executive Branch, local and minor emergencies that, due to the high frequency with which they occur and the serious impact they cause in communities, demand the provision of a humanitarian first-impact (primer impacto) service consisting of the delivery of blankets, food, and mattresses and, if necessary, the acquisition of materials to rehabilitate basic services and enable shelters, as well as the contracting of a maximum of one hundred machine-hours for the cleanup of the most affected area of the zone." (underlining not in the original)
Law N° 8488, as part of the extraordinary competencies, empowers CNE to attend to local and minor emergencies through the mechanism of "First Impacts" (Primeros Impactos), given that the final paragraph of Article 15 states: "(…) Except as provided in the foregoing paragraphs, the Commission shall attend, without the intervention of an emergency declaration by the Executive Branch, local and minor emergencies that, due to the high frequency with which they occur and the serious impact they cause in communities, demand the provision of a humanitarian first-impact service consisting of the delivery of blankets, food, and mattresses and, if necessary, the acquisition of materials to rehabilitate basic services and enable shelters, as well as the contracting of a maximum of one hundred machine-hours for the cleanup of the most affected area of the zone." (underlining not in the original) Now, the final paragraph of Article 15 refers to a humanitarian first-impact service.
The Law uses the term "primer impacto" to refer to the first phase of response to a declared emergency. Indeed, Article 30 of the Law, which divides such response into the phases of response, rehabilitation, and finally reconstruction, establishes that the response phase is immediate upon the occurrence of the event. This phase includes urgent first-impact measures aimed at safeguarding lives, the infrastructure of vital public services, property, and the environment. It also includes mitigation works directed at protecting the population, infrastructure, and the environment. Article 4 defines response (respuesta) as the actions taken immediately upon the occurrence of an emergency; they seek to bring a situation under control in order to safeguard works and lives, prevent further damage, and stabilize the area of the region directly affected by the emergency.
In this regard, without the intervention of an emergency declaration, the Commission may attend to local and minor emergencies, for which the contracting of a maximum of 100 machine-hours for the cleanup of the affected area is permitted. Likewise, Article 30, paragraph a) of the same law establishes that in the response phase, which is an operational phase immediate upon the occurrence of the event, urgent first-impact measures are included that are aimed at safeguarding lives, the infrastructure of vital public services, and the production of goods and services through alert, alarm, evacuation, and relocation actions, among others.
With respect to the Emergency Regime (Régimen de Excepción), this arises from a Declaration of a State of Emergency, which is issued by the Executive Branch, as provided in Article 29 of Law N° 8488. The Emergency Declaration allows for exceptional treatment in the face of budgetary rigidity, by virtue of Article 180 of the Political Constitution, so that the Government may swiftly obtain sufficient economic, material, or other resources to attend to the persons, property, and services affected or at risk (Art. 31 Law N° 8488); depending on the need at the various stages of the emergency as established by Article 30 of the aforementioned law. In order to invoke the emergency regime, there must UNEQUIVOCALLY exist a causal nexus (nexo de causalidad) between the event giving rise to the state of necessity and urgency and the damages actually caused. In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber in Voto número 3410-92, reiterated in Voto número 1369-2001 of fourteen hours thirty minutes of the fourteenth of February of two thousand and one, stated: "the existence of a causal nexus is required for CNE's intervention between the event that occurred and the investment being made, duly supported by an emergency decree issued by the Executive Branch and a General Emergency Plan, understood as a definition of functions and responsibilities and general reaction procedures and institutional alerts (…)." When the Executive Branch has issued the decree declaring a state of emergency, the Commission shall immediately, through its Executive Directorate and in consultation with its Presidency, convene the institutions with competence and any other it deems necessary by virtue of being within the emergency-affected area, for the preparation of the General Emergency Plan (Plan General de la Emergencia), an instrument that will allow the rational, efficient, and systematic planning and channeling of the actions to be taken, the necessary oversight, and the allocation of required resources.
For this purpose, within a maximum period of two months, the convened institutions must submit an official report of the damage sustained within the area under their competence, along with an estimate of the costs and needs to be addressed. The damage report must unequivocally establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Based on the submitted reports and any additional documentation that the Commission verifies, the General Emergency Plan shall be prepared. The General Emergency Plan is the planning instrument that establishes the causal connection between the event that occurred, the actions taken, and the investment made to address the emergency. It consists of a description of the causal event, an assessment of the damage and an estimate of the resulting losses, broken down by canton and sector; likewise, it includes the delineation of the actions that each institution must carry out, including those of the Commission itself; as well as a detailed breakdown of the investment required for each phase of emergency response, from the Response Phase through the reconstruction of the affected area.
With reference to the specific case, it must be clarified that the interventions carried out by CNE through "Primer Impacto" (First Impact) procurements, whether for declared or undeclared emergencies, respond to the on-site need to protect the population, infrastructure, and vital lifelines (líneas vitales) in the first instance, the purpose of these being to safeguard human life, agricultural activities, and properties near the riverbank. These interventions carried out by the Commission, referred to as Primeros Impactos (First Impacts), consist of equipment rentals for a maximum of three hundred hours, for emergency response during the Response Phase of an extraordinary event or for the handling of local emergencies, these being urgent and necessary works to clear landslides (deslizamientos) and restore passage, channel rivers, and restore vital public services; works that protect life and provide security to residents and their property. These procurements provide a palliative measure in response to damage caused by a local event.
Upon consulting the Strategic Development Unit of CNE — which is the unit responsible for advising on and planning the development of the National Risk Management System (Sistema Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo), comprehensively evaluating outcomes, and accordingly, preparing Emergency Plans — it was confirmed that the canton of Nandayure falls within the emergency declarations for Tropical Storm Nate (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 40677-MP) and Hurricane Eta (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 42705-MP); however, for neither of the two events does there exist an official damage and loss report for the General Emergency Plan regarding the river in question, submitted by the Municipality of Nandayure or by the River Works Directorate (Dirección de Obras Fluviales) of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport within the time period established by law. This is an indispensable requirement for CNE to act within its extraordinary competencies. What was indeed confirmed is that the Commission, from 2018 to the present, has processed the following requests submitted by the Municipality of Nandayure:
It is important to note that the procurement processes referred to in the preceding paragraph were undertaken in response to requests submitted by the Municipality of Nandayure, and that these were addressed in a timely and proper manner, under the framework of undeclared emergency procurements. As can be seen from the foregoing, CNE has carried out proactive work within its legal framework, providing prompt and complete responses to the requests submitted by the Municipality of Nandayure. It must also be noted that riverbed maintenance work as a preventive measure must be carried out by either the local government (gobierno local) or the River Works Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, since the construction of a rock retaining wall (muro de contención) — as requested by the appellant — cannot and must not be undertaken by CNE as an ordinary action; for if it were, this would amount to substituting ordinary-channel responses with an emergency exception regime, which is manifestly improper in accordance with the legal provisions cited throughout this report.
5. By a written submission filed in the case record at 12:03 on September 15, 2022, Giovanni Jiménez Gómez, mayor of Nandayure, provides the following sworn statement: "the Río Nandayure has two potential flood zones that directly affect the community of Carmona, a population center, and the community of Puerto San Pablo; the river flows from a high point toward a very flat area, a situation that causes the channel (cauce) to overflow and thereby directly affects the adjacent properties. The channel of the Río Nandayure has changed its fluvial morphology (morfología fluvial) over the last 10 years; due to the river's mobility, the adjacent areas have no stability or permanence — they shift and change more than one might typically imagine. This fluvial mobility poses a danger to the engineering works located on and in the vicinity of the riverbed, which by their very nature must be stable. In other words, the magnitude of the problem cannot be solved by dredging (dragado) the channel alone; we must go further. What has been done in recent years has been justified as channeling works (obras de encauzamiento) consisting of parallel levees (diques), and when water flows are sufficiently large, they destroy the works built with materials from the channel; the river overflows due to its sinuosity, directly attacking the defenses created by specialized equipment.
• Assessment of the Situation and Municipal Action. We understand the concern of all communities bordering the Río Nandayure, which has led the municipality to commit to seeking more lasting solutions, properly coordinated with the competent institutions CNE and MOPT. We do not omit to note that we have worked on this problem in coordination with these institutions, but the synergy has not been sufficient to provide a lasting, comprehensive solution; we continue to use the same dredging techniques and machine-hour work that only provide solutions for the rainy season — and most of the time not even for that period — and work is carried out only at the critical erosion points, without considering other aspects of fluvial morphology management and development. By this we mean to acknowledge and highlight the individual efforts we have made in the search for solutions; however, it is necessary that CNE and MOPT — the latter as the lead agency (rector) in fluvial matters — participate more actively with their professionals, machinery, and equipment in the various hydrological and hydraulic studies needed to provide solutions that will endure over time and contribute to the regeneration of the area's native environment.
CNE has conducted countless visits over time to the channel of the Río Nandayure, for which we are grateful, but we feel that what is stated on paper — the technical report INFORME TÉCNICO CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021, a risk assessment of the banks of the Río Nandayure in the locality of San Pablo Viejo due to lateral erosion and waterlogging (anegamiento) — is not sufficient. Its assessment is of paramount importance, but we require more support and resources for the emergencies that have arisen. In fact, through the initial impact reports prepared and covered under the Decreto Nate, we have requested that the inclusion of major preventive and corrective works be considered to minimize the latent risk that the communities of Carmona and Puerto San Pablo face every rainy season. We therefore appeal to the three institutions to work as a team, not only with regard to basic preventive solutions, but rather to (sic) form a professional inter-institutional working group to contribute lasting and efficient hydraulic solutions for the benefit of the affected communities.
• Municipal Proposal. In June 2020, work was carried out jointly with MOPT; the scope of the work was dredging of the channel in the community of San Pablo, both upstream and downstream of the referenced point. MOPT contributed specialized equipment — an excavator and a crawler tractor — for the construction of lateral containment levees or protective barriers for the adjacent properties. However, because the sandy material from the river itself was used, the runoff (escorrentías) from prior periods affected the parallel containment structures (…) Work carried out in 2020: protection with parallel levees for adjacent properties to prevent the Río Nandayure from overflowing. Subsequently, in July 2022, the Municipalidad de Nandayure carried out dredging works on the channel at the site known as San Pablo, in order to improve the hydraulic cross-section of the channel, since at this point the river overflows and cuts off the cantonal road connecting to Puerto San Pablo.
In this way, we have worked in coordination with MINAE's water directorate (sic) in order to obtain the corresponding authorization and thereby address the most critical points; however, we insist that the works carried out are not sufficient to contain and dissipate the energy of the water (…) Recently, on August 18, 2022, coordination was arranged with technical staff from CNE for a visit to each of the critical points of the Río Nandayure channel, primarily in the community of Puerto San Pablo; this visit produced a series of technical recommendations to prevent the river from overflowing. These recommendations (sic) require the development of a work plan supported by the technical and financial resources of MOPT and CNE, as well as those of this municipality.
• Municipal Technical Proposal to Minimize the Risk of Flooding (sic). The Municipality (sic) has been analyzing the technical and financial (sic) feasibility of implementing (sic) a structure called a prismatic textile structural geocontainer (sic) hydroblock (sic) of high weather resistance (sic), which is filled with material from the channel using mechanical or hydraulic means with gravel-type on-site soil, to obtain large-volume mass units that can be placed on the terrain in a versatile manner. Due to their shape and size, they are used in the construction of gravity structures, in wall facings in reinforced soil, in hydraulic control structures, bank erosion control, rehabilitation of eroded banks, lining of levees, embankments (terraplenes), channel slopes (taludes), bank raising, crown raising in hydraulic control structures, and pipe protection (…) This solution is viable for reinforcing the channel sections that exhibit severe erosion of the natural slopes bordering yards and residential homes that have been affected by the flooding of the Río Nandayure; its cost is significant and an extraordinary budget is required. The advantage of this structure is that its cost as an input/element is offset by the use of on-site material, as we would not need to purchase large quantities of oversized granular material that would exponentially increase the project costs.
• Current Condition of the Channel in the Community of San Pablo (…) The 2022 rainy-season condition can be observed, where the parallel levees that were built have eroded, affecting the adjacent properties.
• Technical Proposal: Institutional Support from CNE–MOPT–MINAE–MUNICIPALIDAD. We require inter-institutional support with the following responsibilities in order to address the critical points through short- and medium-term planning, according to each institution's resource availability. Requirements to be requested from MOPT: • Hydrological Studies • Hydraulic Studies • Availability of Machinery and Equipment • Professional Technical Support. Requirements to be requested from CNE: • Financial resources for the purchase of a prismatic textile structural geocontainer (sic) hydroblock. • Continuation of the vulnerability study and risk assessment of the banks of the Río Nandayure for the missing sector between Puente Carmona and the community of San Pablo. • Professional Technical Support • Availability of Machinery and Equipment (machine hours). • Follow-up on the commitments generated under the Decreto Nate, which is still (sic) active and through which the necessary resources could be managed to contribute to the proposed solution.
Requirements to be requested from MINAE: • Conduct the studies needed to carry out works in the public-domain channel. • Professional Technical Support. Requirements to be requested from the Municipalidad Nandayure: • Financial resources for the purchase of a prismatic textile structural geocontainer hydroblock. • Availability of Machinery and Equipment • Professional Technical Support • Liaison coordination (sic) among the indicated institutions.
Regarding Implementation Timelines. As the municipality, we have begun the preliminary design study (anteproyecto) for the points to be addressed in order to estimate the costs of each sub-project, which will take us approximately three months, given that current channel conditions make on-site inspections difficult; this will help to later assess the damage caused and thereby quantify and develop an intervention work plan in which each of the institutions involved will express their commitment or contribution toward improving hydraulic control of the channel. We reiterate that as the municipality we do not have all the necessary resources, which is why we insist that a working commission must be created to plan and execute the works within an appropriate timeframe in order to prevent further tragedies for the citizens of Carmona, San Pablo, and Puerto San Pablo." 6. The legal requirements have been observed in the proceedings followed.
Written by Justice Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
The appellant states that he is a resident of San Pablo de Nandayure, an area affected by the flooding caused by the Río Nandayure. He alleges that he has requested assistance from the respondent authorities to carry out the works necessary to resolve the flooding problem; however, the situation remains unchanged. He adds that, in the current year, the aforementioned river destroyed trees, fences, posts, and crops.
For purposes of deciding this matter, the following facts are deemed duly established, either because they have been substantiated or because the respondent authority omitted to address them, as required in the initial order:
The evaluated area is situated within what corresponds to the channel and alluvial plain (planicie aluvial), at the edges of the alluvial terraces (terrazas aluvionales) formed by the accretion of sediments deposited following extraordinary flood events. C. The evaluated area in the village of San Pablo Viejo de Nandayure has a flat to gently rolling topography; it is located at the point where the channel transitions from its confined condition within the river canyon and opens toward the alluvial plain. It features varied cover with scattered trees and some residential structures built within areas that have previously been affected by waterlogging; additionally, a rural road runs parallel to the channel and is impacted when overflow events occur. D. In the evaluated sector running parallel to the Río Nandayure channel, severe lateral erosion is observed on the banks, as the flow strikes those areas with great force.
Throughout the lower section of the river, high sedimentation and silting up (colmatación) of materials that have completely filled it is observed, causing a significant loss of hydraulic capacity (capacidad hidráulica) and promoting overflow events during heavy rainfall. E. Through the aerial survey (sobrevuelo) conducted with an unmanned aerial vehicle (equipo aéreo no tripulado) (drone), evidence of overflow events, waterlogging, and debris deposition on the banks in the flatland is observed, where several homes are located. Evidence is observed of the current's drag force and the debris carried within the flow as it crosses the municipal road leading to San Pablo Viejo and continues onto adjacent properties. F. In the Quebrada Pozas, which crosses the road leading to San Pablo Viejo, problems are observed at the crossing bridge, which becomes obstructed by debris drag and causes the stream to overflow.
This problem interrupts passage, leaves the village isolated with no way out, since this is the only road providing access to the community (…) Recommendations. A. The Municipality of Nandayure must coordinate with MOPT's River Works Division (Obras Fluviales) and MINAE on the possibility of carrying out adequate channeling (canalización) of the Río Nandayure channel at the evaluated sites presenting problems, in order to remove the accumulated material that reduces the hydraulic capacity of the sections, and also to carry out protective works to reduce lateral erosion on the banks and to construct protective levees. B. The Municipality of Nandayure must construct adequate protective and retaining works on the banks of the Río Nandayure, using materials that will not be eroded by extraordinary floods and that will protect the affected sectors. C. The Municipality of Nandayure must restrict land use (uso de suelo) for residential or commercial purposes in the protection zones of the Río Nandayure, pursuant to Article 33 of the Ley Forestal 7575, as well as in the areas identified as having potential flood impact, according to CNE's natural hazard maps.
D. The protective works implemented on the affected banks must be supervised by a professional affiliated with the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, based on the standards established by the Seismic Code (Código Sísmico), the Foundations Code (Código de Cimentaciones), the Building Regulations (Reglamento de Construcciones), the Municipal Code (Código Municipal), and other applicable legislation. E. The Municipality of Nandayure must periodically carry out adequate channeling — depending on the conditions of material accumulation in the channel of the Río Nandayure and all other waterways draining the canton — in order to help restore the hydraulic capacity of the channel and reduce the flood threat in each sector. F. The Municipality of Nandayure must remain vigilant over high-risk areas susceptible to flooding and landslides, and must not grant construction permits or allow the development of informal residential settlements within them.
G. Any anomaly regarding construction techniques or failure to comply with the recommendations set forth herein FALLS UNDER THE FULL RESPONSIBILITY of the institutions that grant the permits, the engineer or person in charge of the works, and the respective Municipality for failing to request the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections." (Documentary evidence).
In the sub lite, the appellant (recurrente) states that he is a resident of San Pablo de Nandayure, an area affected by the flooding caused by the Río Nandayure. He alleges that he has requested assistance from the respondent authorities to carry out the necessary works to resolve the flooding problem; however, the situation remains unchanged. He further states that, in the current year, the aforementioned river destroyed trees, fences, utility poles, and crops.
From the review of the case file, it is established that the respondent municipality reports that the Río Nandayure presents two flood zones affecting the communities of Carmona and San Pablo. In March 2020, the Directorate of Fluvial Works (Dirección de Obras Fluviales) of MOPT carried out cleaning and channeling (canalización) works on the Río Nandayure as part of measures to mitigate the effects of rainfall. The president of CNE reports: "this Commission, from the year 2018 to the present, processed the following requests submitted by the Municipalidad de Nandayure: 1) 2019PI-000008-0006500001 'Rental of Machinery to address the emergency in the community of San Pablo, río Nandayure, Nandayure, 5th Occasion,' in which, on January 23, 2019, the award was made to the company Hermanos Herrera Barrantes Constructora, Sociedad Anónima, for 150 effective hours of an excavator and 150 effective hours of a bulldozer, the purpose of which was the cleaning and re-dredging (recava) of the Río Nandayure, piling of material on the riverbanks in the form of a levee in order to avoid or mitigate overflows and further damage in the sector of the community of San Pablo; and 2) 2020PI-000374-0006500001 'Rental of Machinery to address damage in San Pablo, Río Nandayure overflow,' in which, on December 11, 2020, the award was made to Constructora Meco, Sociedad Anónima, for 150 effective hours of a bulldozer and 150 effective hours of an excavator, for the purpose of attending to the undeclared emergency, the aim of which was to clean and re-dredge the channel (cauce) of the Río Nandayure in the community of San Pablo, Nandayure, in order to prevent new overflows of the river from causing damage to communities and infrastructure." Technical report no. CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021 of September 2022, issued by CNE's Risk Research and Analysis Unit (Unidad de Investigación y Análisis de Riesgo), recorded the following: "Risk assessment (valoración de riesgo) on the banks of the Río Nandayure in the locality of San Pablo Viejo, due to problems of lateral erosion and waterlogging (anegamiento) of the sector (…) Conclusions: A. According to CNE's Map of Potential Natural Hazards, the evaluated areas fall within the zone of direct impact from potential flooding (inundaciones potenciales) when overflow events occur in the discharge volume of the Río Nandayure and its tributaries in the flatland zone, generally occurring when intense rainfall takes place in the upper reaches of the micro-watersheds (microcuencas) due to the influence of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena.
B. The sector evaluated in the locality of San Pablo Viejo is located within the micro-watershed of the Río Nandayure, on the left bank. The evaluated area falls within what corresponds to the river channel and alluvial plain (planicie aluvial), at the edges of the alluvial terraces (terrazas aluvionales) formed by the accretion of sediments deposited following extraordinary flood events. C. The area evaluated in the town of San Pablo Viejo de Nandayure presents a gently rolling flat topography; it is situated at the point where the channel transitions from its confined condition within the river canyon and opens onto the alluvial plain; it has varied cover (cobertura) with scattered trees and some residential structures built within zones that have been affected by waterlogging in the past; furthermore, running parallel to the channel is a local road that is impacted when overflow events occur.
D. In the evaluated sector running parallel to the channel of the Río Nandayure, severe lateral erosion is observed along the banks, owing to the discharge striking those zones with great force. Throughout the lower section of the river, high sedimentation and silting (colmatación) of materials is observed, having completely filled it in, generating a significant loss of hydraulic capacity (capacidad hidráulica) and promoting overflow events when heavy rainfall occurs. E. By means of an overflight conducted with an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), evidence of overflow events, waterlogging, and debris deposits on the banks in the flatland are observed, where several dwellings are located. Evidence is also observed of material being carried by the current and of the debris contained in the flow as it crosses the municipal road leading to San Pablo Viejo and continues onto adjacent properties.
F. In quebrada Pozas, which crosses the road leading to San Pablo Viejo, problems are observed at the crossing bridge, which becomes obstructed by dragged debris and causes overflow of the discharge volume. This problem interrupts passage, leaves the town isolated with no means of egress, given that this is the only road providing access to the community (…) Recommendations. A. The Municipalidad de Nandayure shall coordinate with MOPT's Obras Fluviales and MINAE to explore the possibility of carrying out adequate channeling of the Río Nandayure channel at the evaluated sites presenting problems, in order to remove the quantity of accumulated material that reduces the hydraulic capacity of the sections; additionally, protection works shall be carried out to reduce lateral erosion of the banks and to build protective levees (diques de protección). B. The Municipalidad de Nandayure shall construct adequate protection and containment works (obras de protección y contención) on the banks of the Río Nandayure, using materials that will not be eroded by extraordinary flood events and that will protect the affected sectors.
C. The Municipalidad de Nandayure shall restrict land use (uso de suelo) for residential or commercial purposes in the protection zones (zonas de protección) of the Río Nandayure, pursuant to article 33 of the Ley Forestal 7575, as well as in areas identified as having potential flood impact, according to CNE's natural hazard maps. D. The protection works implemented on the affected banks must be supervised by a professional registered with the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, in accordance with the standards established by the Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones, Reglamento de Construcciones, Código Municipal, and other applicable legislation. E. The Municipalidad de Nandayure shall periodically carry out, based on the conditions of material accumulation in the channel of the Río Nandayure and all watercourses draining the canton, adequate channeling to help restore the hydraulic capacity of the channel and reduce the flood threat in each sector.
F. The Municipalidad de Nandayure shall remain vigilant over high-risk zones, flood zones, and zones susceptible to landslide (deslizamiento), and shall not grant construction permits or allow the development of informal housing settlements therein. G. Any anomaly with respect to construction techniques or failure to comply with the recommendations set forth herein SHALL REMAIN THE FULL RESPONSIBILITY of the institutions granting the permits, the engineer or person responsible for the work, and the respective municipality if it fails to request the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections." The mayor of the Municipalidad de Nandayure notes that dredging (dragado) techniques and other works have been carried out to counteract flooding (inundaciones) in the rainy season; however, such actions are insufficient and a lasting comprehensive solution has not been achieved. On August 18, 2022, the Municipalidad de Nandayure and CNE conducted a site visit to each of the critical points in the community of San Pablo.
The respondent municipality reports that it has begun studying a preliminary project (anteproyecto) for intervention in the river; however, it requires the participation of the other respondent agencies in order to plan and execute the corresponding works and resolve the problem at issue.
On this matter, it is noteworthy that in judgment no. 2019018960 of 9:20 a.m. on October 4, 2019, this Tribunal resolved an amparo petition filed by the petitioner concerning the problems of the Río Nandayure. In that ruling, it was stated:
"I.- Subject matter of the petition. The petitioners allege that they have submitted various requests for the dredging of the Río Nandayure in the sector of San Pablo, and that to date they have received no response nor have the corresponding actions been taken (…)
IV.On the merits. The Administration, in light of article 41 of the Constitución Política, has the obligation to guarantee citizens the right to prompt and effective justice (justicia pronta y cumplida), without denial, which implies, in the sphere of administrative justice, its obligation to resolve with diligence and expediency the claims submitted by citizens, such that its resolution is consistent with the matters alleged, and to communicate the disposition to the interested parties, all within a reasonable period of time. In the case under study, the Sala finds a violation of the provisions of article 41 of the Constitución Política, inasmuch as the respondent party had not resolved the requests submitted by the petitioners and other residents since November 6, 2018, and reiterated on April 26 and June 13, both of 2019, which evidences a violation of the fundamental right to prompt and effective justice. Furthermore, it was only upon notification of this amparo petition that the respondent authority proceeded to resolve the request made by the petitioners. Consequently, the petition is granted as to this point.
V.Furthermore, while as of this date there is no established record that dredging of the Río Nandayure is required in the sector requested by the petitioners — as technical studies by the competent authorities would be necessary to confirm this — it is nonetheless true that, in the face of uncertainty, and given that flooding occurred the previous year causing damage to works already completed, the 'principle of prudent avoidance or precaution' (principio de evitación prudente o precautorio) must be applied with respect to the potential damage that could result from overflow of the river channel, to the health and physical integrity of persons residing in that community as well as to their dwellings, the disruption of ecosystems, erosion, the destruction of roads and crops, the impact on the health and welfare of wildlife and livestock, among others. Therefore, in application of said principle, and given evidence that a risk of serious or irreversible harm may exist, the correct course of action is to act by minimizing as much as possible the risk situations that such a scenario may produce.
Furthermore, the petitioners seek the cleaning and deepening of the river in question in the San Pablo zone, as well as the removal of rocks and sediment in order to increase depth; thus, translating that request into constitutional terms, the appropriate course of action is for the Sala to grant the petition and order the Municipal Mayor, in coordination with the competent entities of MOPT's Directorate of Fluvial Works and of the Region, to carry out the technical studies indicated by those authorities, namely a hydrological study and a two-dimensional hydraulic modeling study, in order to determine with certainty the type of hydraulic works to be built and to identify whether existing infrastructure falls within the river's protection zone, as a solution to the problem. The foregoing is grounded in the provisions of article 15 of the 'Declaración de Río,' adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992, which reads:
'In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.'" In accordance with the foregoing, it is necessary to emphasize that observance of a principle may be rational or irrational, and the case of prudent avoidance is no exception. Indeed, it is clear that the principle in question, as "prudent avoidance," is merely a recommendation of transitional force, intended for the application of certain preventive measures. Therefore, in light of the above, and in application of the precautionary principle, the appropriate course of action is to grant the writ, solely with respect to this point.
Por tanto:
The writ is granted. Giovanni Jiménez Gómez, in his capacity as Mayor of the Municipality of Nandayure, or whoever holds that position, is ordered that within a period of EIGHT MONTHS from notification of this judgment, acting in coordination with the authorities of the Dirección de Obras Fluviales and the Macro Región de Guanacaste, both belonging to the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, they shall carry out and obtain the results of the hydrological study and corresponding hydraulic modeling, in order to determine with certainty the type of hydraulic works to be constructed and to identify whether the existing infrastructure falls within the protection zone of the Río Nandayure, with the purpose of resolving the flooding problem occurring in the area of San Pablo. This is issued under the warning that failure to comply may constitute the offense set forth in article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
The Municipality of Nandayure is condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, which shall be assessed in the execution of judgment before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. This resolution shall be notified to the respondent party, as well as to Jenaro Ruiz Chacón and Alonso Mora Arroyo, respectively Acting Director of the Dirección de Obras Fluviales and Director of the Macro Región de Guanacaste, both of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, or to whoever holds those positions, in person.
It should be noted that, as can be seen, the precedent quoted above ordered the performance of certain studies that were pending at the time and that would serve to address the flooding problem in the river in question. However, approximately three years later, it is evident that the flooding situation persists and that the necessary works to achieve a comprehensive and definitive solution have not been carried out.
In this regard, while the Municipality of Nandayure and the Dirección de Obras Fluviales of MOPT have undertaken various palliative works such as dredging and other cleaning and channeling efforts, it is equally true that such actions have proven insufficient. In this connection, the respondent municipality itself acknowledges that greater efforts are necessary to carry out lasting works that resolve the reported problem. Likewise, technical report CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021 of September 2022, issued by the Risk Research and Analysis Unit of CNE, indicated that greater interventions and actions were needed on the part of the respondent municipality.
In light of all the above, despite the fact that for at least three years the authorities of the Municipality of Nandayure and of the Dirección de Obras Fluviales of MOPT have been aware of the problem in question and have undertaken certain palliative works, they have failed to carry out what is necessary to achieve a comprehensive and definitive solution that guarantees the safety of the community of San Pablo de Nandayure.
Accordingly, the appropriate course of action is to grant the writ with respect to those entities, in order to ensure a comprehensive solution within a reasonable timeframe.
IV.On the other hand, with respect to the Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, any omission warranting declaration in these summary proceedings is prima facie ruled out.
In this regard, it was reported under oath that the requests for assistance submitted by the Municipality of Nandayure were duly addressed, and the contracts requested in proceedings 2019PI-000008-0006500001 and 2020PI-000374-0006500001 were executed. Likewise, the corresponding inspection was carried out and, by means of report CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021 of September 2022, the relevant recommendations regarding the works to be executed by the aforementioned municipality were detailed.
Consequently, the appropriate course of action is to deny the writ in this respect. However, the president of the Comisión Nacional de Prevención del Riesgo y Atención de Emergencias shall take note so that, if called upon, and within the framework of its competencies, it may assist the Municipality of Nandayure and the Dirección de Obras Fluviales of MOPT in resolving the problem that is the subject of this writ.
While I agree with the majority of the Court that the writ should be granted, I differ as to where the enforcement phase of this matter should be lodged, given the absence of adequate mechanisms provided by the rules governing this constitutional jurisdiction for monitoring a judgment that involves aspects of great technical complexity — specifically, carrying out the works necessary to definitively resolve the flooding problem suffered by the community of San Pablo as a result of the Río Nandayure. By contrast, the provisions of the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo on enforcement (article 155 et seq.) offer clear advantages, such as the possibility of requesting timetables, imposing fines, establishing accountability, supervising stages of compliance, and so forth. Therefore, pursuant to article 56 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, I am of the view that the enforcement phase should be conducted before the Enforcement Division of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the enforcement-of-judgment rules of that Code.
The parties are hereby notified that, if any document in paper form, or any objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, digital, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device have been submitted, these must be retrieved from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by Corte Plena at session N°27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI, and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial at session N°43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The writ is partially granted, solely with respect to the Municipality of Nandayure and the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes. Jenaro Ruiz Chacón and Giovanni Jiménez Gómez, respectively Acting Director of the Dirección de Obras Fluviales of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes and Mayor of Nandayure, or whoever respectively holds those positions, are ordered to coordinate as necessary, issue the relevant instructions, and carry out all actions within the scope of their respective competencies so that, within a maximum period of TWELVE MONTHS from notification of this judgment, all relevant steps and works are undertaken to comprehensively and definitively resolve the flooding problem of the Río Nandayure affecting the community of San Pablo de Nandayure. Notice is hereby given that, pursuant to article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on any person who receives an order that they must comply with or enforce, issued in an amparo writ proceeding, and fails to comply with or enforce it, provided the offense is not more severely penalized under another provision.
The State and the Municipality of Nandayure are condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that served as the basis for this declaration, which shall be assessed in the execution of judgment before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. In all other respects, the writ is denied. The Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias shall take note of what is set forth at the end of considerando IV of this judgment. Magistrate Garro Vargas dissents with respect to the enforcement of this judgment and, pursuant to article 56 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, provides that enforcement shall be conducted before the Enforcement Division of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the enforcement rules established in articles 155 et seq. of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. She further orders that a copy of the judgment be forwarded to that Division so that the enforcement proceedings for this ruling may be initiated. Notify the parties.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
Telephone numbers: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: Telf02 / Telf03. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección02, Dirección03, 100 mts. South of the Iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro). Reception of matters involving vulnerable groups: Dirección04, San José, Distrito Catedral, Dirección05, calles 19 y 21, Dirección06
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del dieciocho de noviembre de dos mil veintidos .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente n.° 22-019540-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, contra LA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE PREVENCIÓN DE RIESGOS Y ATENCIÓN DE EMERGENCIAS, EL MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTES Y LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE NANDAYURE.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente manifiesta que es vecino de San Pablo de Nandayure, zona afectada por las inundaciones que provoca el Río Nandayure. Alega que ha solicitado ayuda a las autoridades recurridas para que se realicen las obras necesarias para solucionar el problema de las inundaciones; empero, aún la situación es la misma. Añade que, en el año en curso, el río aludido destruyó árboles, cercas, postes y cosechas.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
C. La zona evaluada en el poblado de San Pablo Viejo de Nandayure presenta una topografía plana ondulada, se ubica en el punto donde el cauce cambia su condición encajonada en el cañón del río y se abre hacia la llanura aluvial, posee cobertura variada con árboles dispersos y algunas infraestructuras habitacionales construidas dentro de las zonas que se ha visto afectadas por anegamientos en el pasado, además, paralelo al cauce corre un camino vecinal que se ve impactado cuando ocurren los eventos de desbordamiento. D. En el sector evaluado que va paralelo al cauce del río Nandayure se observa una fuerte erosión lateral sobre las márgenes, debido a que el caudal impacta con gran fuerza las zonas. Se observa en toda la sección baja del río una alta sedimentación y colmatación de materiales que lo han rellenado por completo, generando una pérdida importante de la capacidad hidráulica y favoreciendo los eventos de desbordamiento cuando se dan lluvias fuertes.
E. Mediante el sobrevuelo realizado con un equipo aéreo no tripulado (drone), se observan evidencias de eventos de desbordamientos, anegamientos y depósito de escombros sobre las márgenes en la planicie, donde se ubican varias viviendas. Se observan evidencias del arrastre de la corriente y los escombros que contenía el flujo cuando atraviesa el camino municipal que lleva a San Pablo Viejo, y que continua hacia terrenos aledaños. F. En la quebrada Pozas, la cual atraviesa el camino que lleva a San Pablo Viejo, se observan problemas en el puente de paso, el cual se obstruye por arrastre de escombros y provoca el desbordamiento del caudal. Esta problemática interrumpe el paso, deja incomunicado al poblado y sin opción de salir debido a que solo existe esta vía para ingresar a la comunidad (…) Recomendaciones. A. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá coordinar con Obras Fluviales del MOPT y el MINAE la posibilidad de realizar una adecuada canalización sobre el cauce del río Nandayure en los sitios evaluados que presentan problemas, para remover la cantidad de material acumulado que disminuye la capacidad hidráulica de las secciones, además, realizar obras de protección para disminuir la erosión lateral sobre las márgenes y los diques de protección.
B. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá realizar la construcción de adecuadas obras de protección y contención en las márgenes del río Nandayure, con materiales que no sean erosionados por las crecidas extraordinarias y protejan los sectores. C. Restringir por parte de la Municipalidad de Nandayure el uso de suelo con fines habitacionales o de comercio en las zonas de protección del río Nandayure, según el artículo 33 de la ley forestal 7575, así como en las áreas identificadas con potencial afectación por inundaciones; según los mapas de amenazas naturales de la CNE. D. Las obras de protección que se implementen sobre las márgenes afectadas deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, con base en las normas establecidas por el Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones y Reglamento de Construcciones, Código Municipal y otra legislación vigente.
E. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá realizar periódicamente, según las condiciones de acumulación de materiales en el cauce del río Nandayure y todos aquellos que drenan el cantón, una adecuada canalización que ayude a recuperar la capacidad hidráulica del cauce y disminuya la amenaza de inundación en cada sector. F. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá permanecer vigilante de las zonas de alto riesgo, inundación y susceptibles al deslizamiento, no otorgar permisos constructivos o desarrollo de asentamientos informales de viviendas en ellos. G. Cualquier anomalía en cuanto a técnicas de construcción u omisión a las recomendaciones aquí descritas, QUEDA BAJO TOTAL RESPONSABILIDAD de las instituciones que otorgan los permisos, del ingeniero o responsable de la obra y de la Municipalidad respectiva de no solicitar los informes, inspecciones y correcciones correspondientes.”. (Prueba documental).
En el sub lite, el recurrente manifiesta que es vecino de San Pablo de Nandayure, zona afectada por las inundaciones que provoca el Río Nandayure. Alega que ha solicitado ayuda a las autoridades recurridas para que se realicen las obras necesarias para solucionar el problema de las inundaciones; empero, aún la situación es la misma. Añade que, en el año en curso, el río aludido destruyó árboles, cercas, postes y cosechas.
Del estudio de los autos se tiene demostrado, que la municipalidad accionada informa que el Río Nandayure presenta dos áreas de inundación, que afectan a las comunidades de Carmona y San Pablo. En marzo de 2020, la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT realizó trabajos de limpieza y canalización en el Río Nandayure, como parte de las medidas para mitigar los efectos de las lluvias. El presidente de la CNE informa: “esta Comisión desde el año 2018 a la fecha tramitó las siguientes solicitudes por parte de la Municipalidad de Nandayure: 1) 2019PI-000008-0006500001 “Alquiler de Maquinaria para atender la emergencia en la comunidad de San Pablo, río Nandayure, Nandayure 5ta Ocasión”, donde se adjudicó en fecha 23 de enero de 2019 a la Empresa Hermanos Herrera Barrantes Constructora, Sociedad Anónima, 150 horas efectivas de una excavadora y 150 horas efectivas de un Tractor, cuyo fin era la limpieza, recava del río Nandayure, apilación de material a los costados, tipo dique con el fin de evitar o mitigar desbordamientos y mayor afectación en el sector de la comunidad de San Pablo y 2) 2020PI-000374-0006500001 “Alquiler de Maquinaria para atender afectaciones en San Pablo, desbordamiento río Nandayure”, donde en fecha 11 de diciembre de 2020, se adjudicó a la Constructora Meco, Sociedad Anónima, 150 horas efectivas de un tractor y 150 horas efectivas de una excavadora, con el fin de atender la emergencia no declarada cuya finalidad era la limpieza y recavar el cauce del río Nandayure en la comunidad de San Pablo, Nandayure, con el fin de evitar nuevos desbordamientos del río, que ocasionen afectaciones a la comunidades e infraestructura.”.
En el informe técnico nro. CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021 de septiembre de 2022 de la Unidad de Investigación y Análisis de Riesgo de la CNE, se consignó: “Valoración de riesgo en las márgenes del río Nandayure en la localidad de San Pablo Viejo, por problemas erosión lateral y anegamiento del sector (…) Conclusiones: A. Según el Mapa de Amenazas Naturales Potenciales de la CNE, las zonas evaluadas se encuentran dentro del área con afectación directa por inundaciones potenciales cuando ocurren desbordamientos del caudal del río Nandayure y sus afluentes en la zona de planicie, generalmente ocurridos cuando se dan lluvias intensas en la zona alta de las microcuencas por influencia de fenómenos hidrometereológicos extremos. B. El sector evaluado en la localidad de San Pablo Viejo se localiza dentro de la microcuenca del río Nandayure, sobre la margen izquierda. La zona evaluada se ubica dentro de lo que corresponde con el área del cauce del río y planicie aluvial, en los bordes de las terrazas aluvionales construidas por la acreción de sedimentos depositados luego de eventos de crecidas extraordinarias.
C. La zona evaluada en el poblado de San Pablo Viejo de Nandayure presenta una topografía plana ondulada, se ubica en el punto donde el cauce cambia su condición encajonada en el cañón del río y se abre hacia la llanura aluvial, posee cobertura variada con árboles dispersos y algunas infraestructuras habitacionales construidas dentro de las zonas que se ha visto afectadas por anegamientos en el pasado, además, paralelo al cauce corre un camino vecinal que se ve impactado cuando ocurren los eventos de desbordamiento. D. En el sector evaluado que va paralelo al cauce del río Nandayure se observa una fuerte erosión lateral sobre las márgenes, debido a que el caudal impacta con gran fuerza las zonas. Se observa en toda la sección baja del río una alta sedimentación y colmatación de materiales que lo han rellenado por completo, generando una pérdida importante de la capacidad hidráulica y favoreciendo los eventos de desbordamiento cuando se dan lluvias fuertes.
E. Mediante el sobrevuelo realizado con un equipo aéreo no tripulado (drone), se observan evidencias de eventos de desbordamientos, anegamientos y depósito de escombros sobre las márgenes en la planicie, donde se ubican varias viviendas. Se observan evidencias del arrastre de la corriente y los escombros que contenía el flujo cuando atraviesa el camino municipal que lleva a San Pablo Viejo, y que continua hacia terrenos aledaños. F. En la quebrada Pozas, la cual atraviesa el camino que lleva a San Pablo Viejo, se observan problemas en el puente de paso, el cual se obstruye por arrastre de escombros y provoca el desbordamiento del caudal. Esta problemática interrumpe el paso, deja incomunicado al poblado y sin opción de salir debido a que solo existe esta vía para ingresar a la comunidad (…) Recomendaciones. A. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá coordinar con Obras Fluviales del MOPT y el MINAE la posibilidad de realizar una adecuada canalización sobre el cauce del río Nandayure en los sitios evaluados que presentan problemas, para remover la cantidad de material acumulado que disminuye la capacidad hidráulica de las secciones, además, realizar obras de protección para disminuir la erosión lateral sobre las márgenes y los diques de protección.
B. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá realizar la construcción de adecuadas obras de protección y contención en las márgenes del río Nandayure, con materiales que no sean erosionados por las crecidas extraordinarias y protejan los sectores. C. Restringir por parte de la Municipalidad de Nandayure el uso de suelo con fines habitacionales o de comercio en las zonas de protección del río Nandayure, según el artículo 33 de la ley forestal 7575, así como en las áreas identificadas con potencial afectación por inundaciones; según los mapas de amenazas naturales de la CNE. D. Las obras de protección que se implementen sobre las márgenes afectadas deben ser supervisadas por un profesional agremiado al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, con base en las normas establecidas por el Código Sísmico, Código de Cimentaciones y Reglamento de Construcciones, Código Municipal y otra legislación vigente.
E. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá realizar periódicamente, según las condiciones de acumulación de materiales en el cauce del río Nandayure y todos aquellos que drenan el cantón, una adecuada canalización que ayude a recuperar la capacidad hidráulica del cauce y disminuya la amenaza de inundación en cada sector. F. La Municipalidad de Nandayure deberá permanecer vigilante de las zonas de alto riesgo, inundación y susceptibles al deslizamiento, no otorgar permisos constructivos o desarrollo de asentamientos informales de viviendas en ellos. G. Cualquier anomalía en cuanto a técnicas de construcción u omisión a las recomendaciones aquí descritas, QUEDA BAJO TOTAL RESPONSABILIDAD de las instituciones que otorgan los permisos, del ingeniero o responsable de la obra y de la Municipalidad respectiva de no solicitar los informes, inspecciones y correcciones correspondientes.”. El alcalde de la Municipalidad de Nandayure señala que se han realizado técnicas de dragado y otros trabajos para contrarrestar las inundaciones en época de invierno; empero, tales acciones resultan insuficientes y no se ha podido alcanzar una solución integral duradera.
El 18 de agosto de 2022, la Municipalidad de Nandayure y la CNE efectuaron una visita a cada uno de los puntos críticos en la comunidad de San Pablo. La municipalidad accionada informa que ha iniciado con el estudio de un anteproyecto para la intervención del río; empero, requiere la participación de las demás dependencias accionadas para planear y ejecutar las obras respectivas, a fin de solucionar el problema acusado.
Sobre el particular, interesa resaltar que, en la sentencia nro. 2019018960 de las 9:20 horas de 4 de octubre de 2019, este Tribunal resolvió un recurso de amparo interpuesto por el recurrente, atinente a la problemática del Río Nandayure. En esa resolución, se indicó:
“I.- Objeto del recurso. Los recurrentes alegan, que han presentado varias gestiones solicitando el dragado del río Nandayure, en el sector de San Pablo, y a la fecha, no han recibido respuesta ni se han realizado los actos correspondientes (…)
IV.Sobre el fondo. La Administración, a la luz del artículo 41, de la Constitución Política, tiene la obligación de garantizarle a la ciudadanía el cumplimiento de la justicia pronta y cumplida, sin denegación, lo que implica, en el ámbito de la justicia administrativa, su obligación de decidir con diligencia y celeridad los reclamos planteados por los administrados, de tal manera que su resolución sea congruente con los extremos alegados, así como de comunicarles a los interesados lo dispuesto, todo ello dentro de un plazo razonable. En el caso bajo estudio, la Sala acredita una infracción a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41, de la Constitución Política, toda vez que la parte recurrida no había resuelto las gestiones interpuestas por los recurrentes y demás vecinos, desde el 6 de noviembre de 2018, y reiteradas, el 26 de abril y el 13 de junio, ambos del 2019, lo que evidencia una lesión al derecho fundamental a la justicia pronta y cumplida. Además, fue con la notificación del presente recurso de amparo, que la autoridad recurrida procedió a resolver la gestión a lo solicitado por los gestionantes. En consecuencia, en cuanto este extremo se declara con lugar el recurso.
V.Por otra parte, si bien a la fecha, no consta que se requiera hacer el dragado del río Nandayure en el sector solicitado por los recurrentes, pues para tener certeza de ello, se requiere realizar los estudios técnicos, por parte de la autoridades competentes; lo cierto es que, ante la duda, y dado que el año pasado se produjeron inundaciones que dañaron los trabajos ya realizados, se debe aplicar el "principio de evitación prudente o precautorio", con respecto a la posible afectación que podría causar el desbordamiento del cauce del río, a la salud e integridad de las personas que habitan dicha comunidad así como a sus viviendas, la alteración de ecosistemas, erosión, la destrucción de caminos, cultivos, la afectación de la salud y el bienestar de la vida silvestre y el ganado, entre otros. De manera, que en aplicación a dicho principio, y dada la evidencia de que se podría estar en presencia de un peligro de daño grave o irreversible, lo correcto es actuar minimizando en lo posible las situaciones de riesgo que pueda provocar dicha situación.
Además, la pretensión de los recurrentes es que se realice una limpieza y ahondamiento del río en cuestión, en la zona de San Pablo, así como la remoción de rocas y sedimentos, para aumentar la profundidad, por lo que traduciendo dicha petición al terreno de lo constitucional, lo procedente es que la Sala acoja el recurso y ordene al Alcalde Municipal en coordinación con los entes competentes de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales y de la Región, del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, que se realicen los estudios técnicos, señalados por dichas autoridades, a saber, un estudio hidrológico y una modelación hidráulica en dos dimensiones para saber con certeza el tipo de obra hidráulica a construir e identificar, si la infraestructura existente, se encuentra dentro de la zona de protección del río para la solución del problema. Lo anterior se fundamenta en lo dispuesto en el artículo 15, de la "Declaración de Río", adoptada por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, en junio de 1992, que reza:
"Con el fin de proteger el medio ambiente, los Estados deberán aplicar ampliamente el criterio de precaución conforme a sus capacidades. Cuando haya peligro de daño grave o irreversible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces en función de los costos para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente" .
Acorde con lo anterior, es necesario insistir en que la observancia de un principio puede ser racional o irracional, y el caso de la evitación prudente no es excepción. De hecho, está claro que el principio en cuestión, como "evitación prudente" es únicamente una recomendación, de vigencia transitoria, para que se apliquen determinadas medidas preventivas. Así, en virtud de lo expuesto, y en aplicación del principio precautorio, lo procedente es acoger el recurso, únicamente en cuanto a este extremo.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a Giovanni Jiménez Gómez, en su condición de Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Nandayure, o a quien ocupe dicho cargo, que en el plazo de OCHO MESES, a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, deberá, de manera coordinada con las autoridades de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales y de la Macro Región de Guanacaste, ambos del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, deberán realizar y obtener los resultados del estudio hidrológico y de la modelación hidráulica, que corresponda, para saber con certeza el tipo de obra hidráulica a construir e identificar, si la infraestructura existente se encuentra dentro de la zona de protección del río Nadanyure, con el fin de solucionar el problema de desbordamiento que se presenta en la zona de San Pablo. Lo anterior, bajo la advertencia de incurrir en el delito previsto por el artículo 71, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en caso de no hacerlo.
Se condena a la Municipalidad de Nandayure, al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Notifíquese esta resolución a la parte recurrida, así como a Jenaro Ruiz Chacón y a Alonso Mora Arroyo, por su orden Director a.i. de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales y Director Macro Región de Guanacaste, ambos del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, o a quienes ocupen dichos cargos, en forma personal”.
Ahora bien, como se aprecia, en el precedente transcrito supra se ordenó la realización de determinados estudios que en ese momento estaban pendientes y que servirían para atender el problema de las inundaciones en el río de marras. No obstante, aproximadamente 3 años después, se aprecia que aún persiste la situación de las inundaciones, y que no se han ejecutado las obras necesarias para alcanzar una solución integral y definitiva.
En tal sentido, si bien la Municipalidad de Nandayure y la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT han realizado distintas obras paliativas como dragados y otros trabajos de limpieza y canalización, no menos cierto es que tales acciones han resultado insuficientes. Al respecto, la propia municipalidad accionada reconoce que es necesario ejecutar mayores esfuerzos para ejecutar obras duraderas que solventen el problema acusado. Asimismo, en el informe técnico CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021 de septiembre de 2022 de la Unidad de Investigación y Análisis de Riesgo de la CNE se consignó que mayores intervenciones y acciones eran necesarias por parte de la municipalidad accionada.
Así las cosas, pese a que desde al menos hace 3 años las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Nandayure y de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT conocen el problema de marras y han realizado determinados trabajos paliativos, no han ejecutado lo pertinente para alcanzar una solución integral y definitiva garantice la seguridad de la comunidad de San Pablo de Nandayure.
De tal manera, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso en cuanto a tales dependencias, a fin de garantizar una solución integral dentro de un plazo razonable.
IV- Por otra parte, en relación con la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, a priori se descarta alguna omisión que amerite ser declarada en esta vía sumaria.
En tal sentido, se informó bajo juramento que las solicitudes de ayuda tramitadas por la Municipalidad de Nandayure fueron debidamente atendidas, y se ejecutaron las contrataciones solicitadas en las gestiones 2019PI-000008-0006500001 y 2020PI-000374-0006500001. Asimismo, se efectuó la respectiva inspección y mediante el informe CNE-UIAR-INF-1193-2021 de septiembre de 2022 se detallaron las recomendaciones atinentes a las obras que la referida municipalidad debe ejecutar.
En consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso en cuanto a este extremo. Sin embargo, deberá tomar nota el presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Prevención del Riesgo y Atención de Emergencias, a fin de que, en caso de ser requerido, dentro del marco de sus competencias se coadyuve con la Municipalidad de Nandayure y con la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del MOPT en la solución del problema objeto de este recurso.
Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad, como es en este caso llevar a cabo las obras necesarias para solucionar en definitiva la problemática de inundaciones que sufre la comunidad de San Pablo por parte del río Nandayure. En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc. Por ello, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 56 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, estimo que la fase de ejecución debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución de sentencia de dicho Código.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N°27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N°43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto a la Municipalidad de Nandayure y al Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes. Se ordena a Jenaro Ruiz Chacón y a Giovanni Jiménez Gómez, por su orden, director a.i. de la Dirección de Obras Fluviales del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y alcalde de Nandayure, o a quienes respectivamente ocupen tales cargos, que coordinen lo correspondiente, giren las órdenes pertinentes y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus respectivas competencias para que, dentro del plazo máximo de DOCE MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se realicen todas las gestiones y obras pertinentes para solucionar de manera integral y definitiva el problema de inundaciones del Río Nandayure, que afecta a la comunidad de San Pablo de Nandayure. Se advierte que, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 71, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado y a la Municipalidad de Nandayure al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirvieron de base a la presente declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso-administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. Tome nota la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias de lo consignado in fine del considerando IV de esta sentencia. La magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
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