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Res. 26656-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/11/2021
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber granted the appeal for violation of the right to petition and access to information, but without awarding costs or damages per the majority, as the claim was satisfied during the proceedings.La Sala declaró con lugar el recurso por violación del derecho de petición y acceso a la información, pero sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios según la mayoría, al considerar satisfecha la pretensión durante el proceso.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviewed an amparo appeal filed by an individual against the Municipality of San José for failing to respond to a request for information on cleanup programs and actions addressing pollution of the Río Torres. The claimant submitted his request on October 7, 2021, and had received no response by the time he filed the appeal. The Chamber found that the Municipality had not replied for nearly a month, without justification or prior communication about the processing. Although the Municipality eventually provided the information during the proceedings, the Chamber granted the appeal due to violation of the right to petition and access to information, but the majority ruled without awarding costs or damages, considering the claim had been satisfied. Dissenting and partially dissenting votes argued that the proven violation should automatically trigger economic liability under Articles 50 and 51 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.La Sala Constitucional conoció un recurso de amparo interpuesto por un particular contra la Municipalidad de San José por la falta de respuesta a una solicitud de información sobre programas de limpieza y acciones contra la contaminación del río Torres. El recurrente alegó que presentó su gestión el 7 de octubre de 2021 y que, al momento de interponer el amparo, no había recibido respuesta ni la información requerida. La Sala constató que la Municipalidad no había atendido la solicitud en casi un mes, sin justificación ni comunicación previa al gestionante sobre el trámite. Aunque durante el proceso la Municipalidad remitió la información solicitada, la Sala declaró con lugar el recurso por violación del derecho de petición y acceso a la información, pero sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios según la mayoría, al estimar que la pretensión fue satisfecha en el curso del amparo. Los votos salvados y parciales discreparon sobre la procedencia de la condenatoria económica, argumentando que la lesión constatada debía acarrear la indemnización automática conforme a los artículos 50 y 51 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Key excerptExtracto clave
These omissions clearly constitute a violation of the right to petition, in relation to the appellant's right of access to information. Note that by the time this process was filed and since the submission of the aforementioned request, nearly a month had passed, without any situation justifying the lack of response and delivery of what was requested. It is true that the Mayor's office was obliged to request opinions and information from various departments of the same municipal corporation, but it is also true that it had the obligation to inform the petitioner about the processing of his request, also indicating a possible date within a reasonable timeframe to provide the corresponding response and deliver the requested information, actions that evidently did not occur.Tales omisiones, a todas luces, constituyen una lesión del derecho de petición, en relación con el derecho de acceso a la información del recurrente. Nótese que a la fecha de interposición de este proceso y desde la presentación de la gestión supra citada, había transcurrido cerca de un mes, sin que consta alguna situación que justificara la falta de respuesta y la entrega de lo peticionado. Es cierto que el despacho del Alcalde se vio en la obligación de solicitar criterios e información de varios departamentos de la misma corporación municipal, pero también es cierto que tenía la obligación de indicarle al tutelado sobre el trámite que se le daría a su gestión, señalando además, una fecha posible y en plazo razonable para darle la respuesta correspondiente y entregarle la información solicitada, actuaciones que evidentemente no sucedieron.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Tales omisiones, a todas luces, constituyen una lesión del derecho de petición, en relación con el derecho de acceso a la información del recurrente."
"These omissions clearly constitute a violation of the right to petition, in relation to the appellant's right of access to information."
Considerando III
"Tales omisiones, a todas luces, constituyen una lesión del derecho de petición, en relación con el derecho de acceso a la información del recurrente."
Considerando III
"Si bien hay un texto expreso en la ley que obliga a que la parte dispositiva del fallo indique que se declara con lugar el recurso, cuando estando en curso del amparo se resuelva el agravio, no menos cierto es que ese mismo párrafo in fine refiere que la estimatoria se dicta “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”. Se subraya que la Ley indica “si fueren procedentes”, lo cual significa que la procedencia o improcedencia de la indemnización y costas depende de una valoración, apreciación o ponderación del Tribunal."
"Although there is an express provision in the law requiring the operative part of the judgment to state that the appeal is granted when the grievance is resolved during the amparo proceedings, it is no less true that the same final paragraph states that the granting is 'solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if they are applicable.' It is emphasized that the Law states 'if they are applicable,' which means that the applicability of compensation and costs depends on an assessment, appreciation, or weighing by the Court."
Considerando IV
"Si bien hay un texto expreso en la ley que obliga a que la parte dispositiva del fallo indique que se declara con lugar el recurso, cuando estando en curso del amparo se resuelva el agravio, no menos cierto es que ese mismo párrafo in fine refiere que la estimatoria se dicta “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”. Se subraya que la Ley indica “si fueren procedentes”, lo cual significa que la procedencia o improcedencia de la indemnización y costas depende de una valoración, apreciación o ponderación del Tribunal."
Considerando IV
"La jurisdicción constitucional a cargo de este Tribunal en materia de amparo y hábeas corpus -la jurisdicción de la libertad como se le denomina- es especial porque su finalidad no es la del juez tradicional que dirime un conflicto entre dos partes, enfrentadas por una disputa legal. Su materia es de orden público, y su objetivo es brindar protección judicial a las personas en el ejercicio de sus derechos fundamentales de manera tal que no se perturbe su disfrute por actos de quien, de hecho o de derecho, realiza ejercicios concretos de autoridad, capaces de vulnerarlos."
"The constitutional jurisdiction entrusted to this Court in amparo and habeas corpus matters – the jurisdiction of freedom as it is called – is special because its purpose is not that of the traditional judge who resolves a dispute between two parties in a legal conflict. Its subject matter is of public order, and its objective is to provide judicial protection to individuals in the exercise of their fundamental rights so that their enjoyment is not disturbed by acts of those who, de facto or de jure, exercise concrete acts of authority capable of violating them."
Voto salvado de la Magistrada Hernández López
"La jurisdicción constitucional a cargo de este Tribunal en materia de amparo y hábeas corpus -la jurisdicción de la libertad como se le denomina- es especial porque su finalidad no es la del juez tradicional que dirime un conflicto entre dos partes, enfrentadas por una disputa legal. Su materia es de orden público, y su objetivo es brindar protección judicial a las personas en el ejercicio de sus derechos fundamentales de manera tal que no se perturbe su disfrute por actos de quien, de hecho o de derecho, realiza ejercicios concretos de autoridad, capaces de vulnerarlos."
Voto salvado de la Magistrada Hernández López
Full documentDocumento completo
File: 21-022398-0007-CO CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and fifteen minutes on the twenty-sixth of November of two thousand twenty-one.
Amparo remedy processed in expediente number 21-022398-0007-CO, filed by [Name 001], passport [Value 001], against the MUNICIPALITY OF SAN JOSÉ.
Whereas:
Drafted by Magistrate Araya García; and,
Considering:
The petitioner alleges that on October 7, 2021, she filed a request before the Municipality of San José, requesting information of her interest, but as of the filing date of this amparo remedy, she has not received any response and consequently, neither was the requested information provided.
For the importance in deciding this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been so accredited or because the respondent has failed to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
Regarding the reproach brought in this amparo process, based on the account of proven facts, it appears that the petitioner, through a brief filed on October 7, 2021, filed a request before the Municipal Mayor of San José, in the following terms: "(…) I request that you send me the administrative information related to the programs to clean the Torres River and the schedule of the monthly cleaning campaigns to raise awareness among the population about the problem of pollution, since there is great environmental pollution due to bad odors and fecal coliforms in its waters, which affects the community and a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Also, send me the administrative information of the actions carried out regarding the problem that arises in relation to the wastewater, of domestic, industrial and hospital origin, which is discharged into said river without any treatment (…)." However, as of the filing date of this remedy, the Mayor of San José had not given a response to the petitioner, so the requested information had also not been delivered to him.
Likewise, there is no record that, prior to this, any action had been taken with the purpose of providing a prompt response to the protected person. Such omissions clearly constitute an injury to the right to petition, in relation to the petitioner's right of access to information. Note that by the date this process was filed, and since the presentation of the aforementioned request, nearly a month had elapsed, with no record of any situation that justified the lack of response and delivery of what was petitioned. It is true that the Mayor's Office was obliged to request criteria and information from various departments within the same municipal corporation, but it is also true that it was obligated to inform the protected person about the processing that his request would be given, also indicating a possible date and a reasonable timeframe for providing the corresponding response and delivering the requested information, actions that evidently did not occur. Consequently, upon verification of the injury to the right to petition, in relation to the petitioner's right of access to information, this amparo remedy is granted.
Notwithstanding the above, this declaration is issued without a special award of costs, damages, and losses, since the satisfaction of the protected person's claim, on the occasion of this summary process, is deemed accredited. In this regard, it is verified that by official letter ALCALDIA-02691-2021 of November 17, 2021, which was notified to the petitioner that same day by email sent to the address indicated by him, the Acting Mayor of the Municipality of San José responded in the following terms: "(…) In response to your request for information related to cleaning programs for the Torres River, and the schedule of monthly cleaning campaigns to raise awareness among the population about the problem of pollution of said riverbed, received on October 7 of the current year, I respond as follows: Through official letter ALCALDIA-02366-2021, this Mayoral Office requested criteria and a report from the Service Provision Management (Gerencia Provisión de Servicios) as it is part of its functional competence.
Subsequently, through official letter GPS-0641-2021, the Service Provision Management (Gerencia Provisión de Servicios) requested said report from the Storm Drain Network Construction and Maintenance Section (Sección Construcción y Mantenimiento de la Red Pluvial), and from the Urban Cleaning Section (Sección de Limpieza Urbana). Later, through official letter SCMRP-508-2021, the Storm Drain Network Construction and Maintenance Section (Sección de Construcción y Mantenimiento de la Red Pluvial) issues its report. Through this means, the report provided by the competent departments regarding the request is sent to you (…)." Additionally, the reports from the departments indicated by the respondent were attached to the email. Furthermore, the protected person was sent the aforementioned official letter ALCALDIA-02691-2021 of November 17, 2021, accompanied by official letter SCRMRP-508-2021 of October 12, 2021, which indicated: "(…) part of the preventive work consists of cleaning on the slopes of the Torres River at least 2 times a year, we clarify that as a Municipality the scope of our management is limited to the area of the central canton of San José.
Regarding the type of material dumped, we inform you that in our case we only assess the stormwater (aguas pluviales) that are part of our network; if any person dumps any type of contaminating substance, this would be the competence of the Ministry of Health (…)." On this topic, in addition, documentation on the Corredor Biológico Interurbano Río Torres Reserva de la Biosfera was sent to the protected person, as well as a matrix of environmental education talks and cantonal diagnosis for the periods 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020. Also, the respondent sent the protected person official letter GPS-0641-2021 of 2021, regarding the cleaning programs for the Torres River. Based on the foregoing, it is determined that on the occasion of this amparo process, the petitioner's claim was satisfied by the respondent authority; hence, this declaration is issued without a special award of costs, damages, and losses.
IV.ON THE AWARD OF COSTS, DAMAGES AND LOSSES PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 52 OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION LAW (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Under a better consideration, the majority of the Chamber considers that, in the sub examine, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law ("If, while the amparo is underway, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, stops, or suspends the challenged action, the remedy shall be granted solely for the purposes of compensation and costs, if applicable"), the grant must be without a special award of costs, damages, and losses, based on the following considerations. While there is an express text in the law that obliges the operative part of the ruling to indicate that the remedy is granted, when the grievance is resolved while the amparo is underway, no less true is that this same paragraph in fine refers that the grant is issued "solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if applicable." It is emphasized that the Law indicates "if applicable," which means that the applicability or inapplicability of compensation and costs depends on an assessment, appreciation, or consideration by the Court.
In cases like this, the content of the protected person's claim and the respondent authority's conduct in acknowledging it suggest that the alleged detriments, injuries, or alterations are not directly referred to a repercussion on a constitutional right of an evident patrimonial nature (as would occur, for example, with an affectation of the right to salary). To dispel any doubt in this regard, it is important to highlight the provisions of article 51 of the same Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, when it provides that: "every resolution that grants the remedy shall order in abstracto the compensation for the damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the remedy, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the judgment", where the possibility of assessing whether the awarding of compensation and costs is appropriate or not is not foreseen. The principles of Constitutional Law, those of Public and General Procedural Law or, where applicable, those of International or Community Law and, furthermore, in their order, the General Public Administration Law (Ley General de la Administración Pública) and the Contentious Administrative Procedural Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) and other procedural codes, are a supplementary source for the application and interpretation of the norms of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law -cfr. article 14-.
For the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the legislator established a precept fully applicable to the case by analogy, in article 197 of the Contentious Administrative Procedural Code, which responds to procedural logic in any matter. In any case, the affected party in the sub lite preserves the possibility of resorting, if he sees fit, to a plenary proceeding to demonstrate that he has suffered some type of detriment. Based on the foregoing, it is the majority criterion to resolve this remedy without an award of costs, damages, and losses.
I agree with the majority of the Chamber on the decision taken regarding the existence of an injury to fundamental rights in this case, which has been corrected on the occasion of the Chamber's intervention; however, I separate myself from their decision concerning the issue of the economic consequences of said declaration.
The constitutional jurisdiction under this Court's charge in matters of amparo and habeas corpus - the jurisdiction of freedom as it is called - is special because its purpose is not that of a traditional judge who resolves a conflict between two parties, opposed by a legal dispute. Its matter is of public order, and its objective is to provide judicial protection to individuals in the exercise of their fundamental rights, in such a way that their enjoyment is not disturbed by acts of those who, de facto or de jure, carry out concrete exercises of authority capable of violating them.
This protective vocation of the constitutional jurisdiction is realized in a procedural design that is also peculiar, swift, and free of charge, where the respondent public authority is simply required to render "a report" on what was done in the reported case (articles 43, 44, 45, and 46 of the LJC). So, it is not technically a litigation, and accordingly, the Constitutional Chamber is given broad powers to guide the course of the amparo or habeas corpus process, both regarding the possibility of requesting information from other authorities on what happened, and regarding the broad management of evidence that may serve to clarify what happened. Such a procedural framework of the jurisdiction of freedom, where there are no two antagonistic parties opposed in such a way that what one gains the other loses, imposes moving away from the solutions that have been foreseen for these latter matters in procedural systems such as civil, contentious, or labor.
Regarding what now interests us, the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law regulates in its articles 46 and following, three special aspects of the exercise of the jurisdictional function in the protection of fundamental rights, under the Chamber's charge: a) the first aspect is the one concerning the declaration that must be made regarding the existence or non-existence of the violation (articles 46 and 47 LJC); b) the second carefully regulates the powers that the Court has to reverse the legal effects of the infringement of fundamental rights and to restore, in the most effective way, their exercise (articles 49 and 50 LJC); c) the third aspect (article 51 LJC) provides rules on the economic consequences of such amparo and habeas corpus processes, so that – upon the Chamber's verification of an injury – there is a restoration of the enjoyment of such rights and, additionally, an effective compensation for the damages caused and costs incurred, as part of the right to effective justice regarding the reparation of the harmful consequences generated by the infringing authorities. These are not only for the purposes of effective judicial protection for the claimant but also as a dissuasive measure so that the State does not incur, in the future, the actions that gave rise to the grant of the remedy, a topic regulated in article 50 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
In this last aspect, the Law in its article 51 orders the Chamber that "every resolution that grants the remedy shall order in abstracto the compensation for the damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the remedy…". This is the general system that regulates the issues of the compensatory sphere, for the cases that the majority identifies as the "natural or normal form of termination of the process, where there is a ruling on the merits of the matter and acknowledgment of the facts that have violated fundamental rights…"; in such cases, among which the one now decided is included, the Chamber has deemed the grievance as proven and hence the need for an award of costs, damages, and losses, which is supported by the aforementioned concept of effective protection of individuals' rights and the notion that the Administration must be held responsible for the damages and costs occasioned by its unconstitutional conduct. This conclusion does not change at all due to the fact that upon hearing and resolving the amparo, "the effects of the challenged act have ceased" (article 50), as such a case forms an integral part of the general system of automatic award of costs, damages, and losses, on the understanding that the process has ended in a normal manner and the violation has been verified.
Within this simple and clear general framework - and devoid of deficiencies or gaps as the majority claims - the provision of article 52 of the Law fits perfectly as an exceptional case, applicable only in cases where the Chamber has not heard, nor ruled on, the merits of the claim, that is - as the majority states - in those situations of "abnormal termination of the process." But the conditions and scope for decreeing that form of conclusion are precisely delimited by the legislator; firstly, the factual prerequisites for the application of this norm are clearly described, so that the Chamber must verify:
In this case, the foregoing exercise obliges concluding that article 52 of the LJC is inapplicable, because, on the one hand, the Court has ruled on the merits of the matter, has recognized with its declaration an injury to fundamental rights, and has determined who its author was; the foregoing bears no resemblance to an "abnormal termination of the process." On the other hand, the requirements of the recently cited article 52 are also not met, as there is no formally issued "administrative or judicial resolution" which expressly revokes, stops, or suspends the act originating the violation of constitutional rights. For all these reasons, it is appropriate to apply the provisions of articles 50 and 51 of the LJC and to order - as a consequence of the violation having been proven - the award of damages, losses, and costs caused, in their capacity as economic consequences of the process.
But even if we were to set aside the automatic award of damages, losses, and costs, disregarding the previous reasoning, the truth is that the proven facts of this case have led the Chamber to declare the existence of an affectation in the exercise of the protected person's fundamental rights, which, as a harmful action, carries with it a presumption of the emergence of economic damages and losses - whose specific determination is not for the Chamber -, and no merit is appreciated in the expediente that persuasively exonerates the respondent authority from covering the effective reparation of the harmful consequences of its acts, according to the general principle expressly provided in the law.
VI.PARTIAL DISSENTING VOTE BY MAGISTRATE SALAZAR ALVARADO, ONLY IN RELATION TO THE NON-AWARD OF COSTS, DAMAGES AND LOSSES AGAINST THE RESPONDENT PARTY. While I agree with the rest of the Chamber in granting the remedy, I separate myself from the majority criterion insofar as it exempts the respondent party from being ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses derived from the injury caused to the fundamental rights of the protected party.
The Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, in article 52, provides that: "If, while the amparo is underway, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, stops, or suspends the challenged action, the remedy shall be granted solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if applicable." On the other hand, article 51 ibidem establishes that: "...every resolution that grants the remedy shall order in abstracto the compensation for the damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the remedy, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the judgment." This last rule establishes the general system regulating matters related to compensation and the payment of costs, which the majority calls the "natural or normal form of process termination, where there is a ruling on the merits of the matter and acknowledgment of the facts that have violated fundamental rights…".
In the majority's criterion, the cited article 51 regulates the assumptions in which the Chamber has deemed the grievance as proven; and, consequently, the need arises for an award of costs, damages, and losses. However, in the undersigned's judgment, from the systematic interpretation of both norms, it is concluded that, both in cases where this Constitutional Court verifies an injury to any fundamental right and, therefore, grants the remedy, as well as in those where the Administration, by its own decision, restores the aggrieved person in the enjoyment of their fundamental rights, once it becomes aware of the amparo - an assumption contemplated in the referred article 52 -, by mandate of articles 50 and 51 of the cited law, the necessary and unavoidable consequence is the award against the infringer for the compensation of the damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the remedy.
This rule is nothing more than the recognition, to the party that has suffered a violation of their fundamental rights, of the right to effective judicial protection regarding the reparation of the harmful consequences derived from the actions or omissions of the infringing authorities; and, as a dissuasive measure, so that the State does not incur again in the actions that gave rise to the grant of the remedy, a topic regulated in article 50 of the law governing this jurisdiction. Thus, whether the Chamber has deemed the grievance as proven and has proceeded to hear the merits of the matter, or whether the violation has ceased by the decision of the respondent authority itself, once it became aware of the processing of the amparo, with restoration in the enjoyment of fundamental rights in favor of the aggrieved person (article 52), always, in any of those assumptions, the imperative need arises for an award of costs, damages, and losses against the infringer, whose foundation lies in the principles of protection of individuals' rights and that the Administration must be held responsible for the damages and losses caused by its unconstitutional conduct.
Thus, the fact that at the time of hearing and granting the amparo, the effects of the challenged act have ceased, under the terms of the provisions of articles 50 and 52 of the cited law, does not vitiate the appropriateness of the award of costs, damages, and losses, since such a case forms an integral part of the general system of necessary award of those items contained in the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
On the other hand, it is clear that the aforementioned article 52 applies only in cases where the Chamber, even when it has not heard, nor ruled on, the merits of the claim, has verified the violation of fundamental rights suffered by the protected party, by virtue of the restoration, in the enjoyment of those rights, that the Administration has agreed in their favor; a situation which, as affirmed by the majority of the Chamber, implies an "abnormal termination of the process." The legislator established and delimited, in a precise manner, the conditions under which this Chamber can decree that form of abnormal conclusion of the amparo process, as well as its scope, namely: 1) that the amparo is underway, which means that the Administration has been duly notified of the resolution that gave course to the amparo; and, 2) that there is an administrative or judicial resolution that indisputably orders the revocation, cessation, or suspension of the challenged action violating fundamental rights.
Certainly, the norm in question contemplates an exception to the general system of awarding costs, damages, and losses, despite the grant of the remedy, by providing that, in the cases regulated there, the remedy shall be granted "solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if applicable." As an exception that it is, it must be interpreted restrictively; that is, it only applies in the assumptions strictly contemplated in the norm, not only due to the rule that exceptions in law must be interpreted restrictively, but also because the consequences of applying such an exception imply, without a doubt, a detriment to the fundamental right of individuals to obtain effective judicial protection against the damages and losses suffered due to the injury to their constitutional rights.
In my judgment, such an exception must be interpreted in the sense that, in accordance with the general system of automatic award of costs, damages, and losses in the face of a violation of fundamental rights, such an award is always appropriate, even in the event that the respondent party issues an administrative or judicial resolution that revokes, stops, or suspends the challenged action, unless it is indisputably and clearly evident that in the specific case no damage capable of being compensated was caused. Only and solely in such assumptions could the respondent Administration be exempted from the payment of said items.
As in this case, there is no element whatsoever to rebut the presumption of the emergence, for the protected party, of economic damages (daños y perjuicios) derived from the challenged actions—whose concrete determination does not fall to this jurisdiction—the granting of this remedy must necessarily entail an award of costs (costas), damages (daños), and losses (perjuicios), and I so declare.
Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC) states: “If, while the amparo is pending, an administrative or judicial decision is issued that revokes, stops, or suspends the challenged action, the remedy shall be granted solely for purposes of indemnification and costs (costas), should they be appropriate.” My interpretation of that provision is as follows: That “decision” is any valid and effective act by which the competent authority restores the enjoyment of the violated right. The phrase “should they be appropriate” refers to costs (costas). Moreover, Article 197 of the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, cited by the majority, on the basis of Article 14 of the LJC, refers precisely only to these: to costs (costas).
Certainly, pursuant to Article 48 of the Constitución Política (CP), the essential content of the right to the amparo remedy is not compensatory but restorative; however, Article 51 of the LJC states: “Any decision that grants the remedy shall award in the abstract the indemnification of damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) caused and the payment of the remedy’s costs (costas), and shall reserve their liquidation for the execution of the judgment.” If a right has been violated and the Chamber so finds, even if it has been restored, damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) may have arisen. For this reason, an award in the abstract for these is appropriate. If this were not done, if such an award were not made, and damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) did in fact occur, there would be no title—derived from this process—to claim them, which could violate Article 41 of the CP. If, despite an award in the abstract, no damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) have occurred, the judge in the ordinary courts will so declare, as it is for that judge alone to find proven the actual existence and magnitude of the same.
With the thesis defended by the majority, I consider that, contrary to what is sought, it would incentivize the Administration to respect rights only in the face of an amparo remedy. It remains to be said that Article 52 of the LJC provides for the possibility that, if it is deemed just, the Chamber may award costs (costas), even when the right has been restored.
By reason of the foregoing, I partially dissent from the vote regarding the operative part and order the award of damages and losses (daños y perjuicios), but not the award of costs (costas). VIII.- DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED TO THE CASE FILE. The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology-produced device, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The remedy is granted in accordance with the provisions of Article 52, paragraph 1, of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, without a special award of costs (costas), damages (daños), or losses (perjuicios). Magistrate Hernández López partially dissents from the vote and orders the award of damages (daños), losses (perjuicios), and costs (costas) in accordance with Articles 50 and 51 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado partially dissents from the vote and orders the award of damages (daños), losses (perjuicios), and costs (costas), in accordance with Articles 50, 51, and 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Magistrate Garro Vargas partially dissents from the vote and orders the award of damages and losses (daños y perjuicios), but not costs (costas). Notify.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Alicia Salas T.
*XSR2TXTQ7I461* 1
Sentencias del mismo expediente Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente *210223980007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del veintiseis de noviembre de dos mil veintiuno .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 21-022398-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], pasaporte [Valor 001], contra MUNICIPALIDAD DE SAN JOSÉ.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Araya García ; y,
Considerando:
La recurrente alega que el 7 de octubre de 2021 interpuso una gestión ante la Municipalidad de San José, solicitando información de su interés, pero a la fecha de interposición de este recurso de amparo, no ha recibido respuesta alguna y por consiguiente, tampoco lo requerido. II.- HECHOS PROBADOS. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
VI.VOTO SALVADO PARCIAL DEL MAGISTRADO SALAZAR ALVARADO, ÚNICAMENTE EN RELACIÓN CON LA NO CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS A LA PARTE RECURRIDA. Si bien coincido con el resto de la Sala en declarar con lugar el recurso, me separo del criterio de mayoría en cuanto exime de condenar a la parte recurrida al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios derivados de la lesión producida a los derechos fundamentales de la parte tutelada.
La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el artículo 52, dispone que: “Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Por otra parte, en el artículo 51 ibídem, se establece que: “...toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia” .
Esta última norma establece el sistema general que regula lo relativo al tema de la indemnización y el pago de las costas, y que la mayoría denomina “forma natural o normal de terminación del proceso, donde hay pronunciamiento sobre el fondo del asunto y reconocimiento de los hechos que han vulnerado los derechos fundamentales…”.
En criterio de la mayoría, el artículo 51, de cita, regula los supuestos en los que la Sala ha tenido por comprobado el agravio; y, como consecuencia, surge la necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, a juicio del suscrito, de la interpretación sistemática de ambas normas, se concluye que, tanto en los casos en que este Tribunal Constitucional constate una lesión a algún derecho fundamental; y, por ende, declare con lugar el recurso, como en aquellos en los que la Administración, por decisión propia, restituya a la persona agraviada en el goce de sus derechos fundamentales, una vez que tenga conocimiento del amparo -supuesto contemplado en el artículo 52, referido-, por imperio de los artículos 50 y 51, de la ley citada, la consecuencia necesaria e ineludible es la condenatoria al infractor a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y del pago de las costas del recurso.
Esta regla no es más que el reconocimiento, a la parte que ha sufrido una vulneración en sus derechos fundamentales, del derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva en torno a la reparación de las consecuencias dañosas derivadas de las actuaciones u omisiones de las autoridades infractoras; y, como medio disuasivo, a fin de que el Estado no incurra nuevamente en las acciones que dieron base a la estimatoria del recurso, tema regulado en el artículo 50, de la ley que rige esta jurisdicción. De modo, que ya sea que la Sala haya tenido por comprobado el agravio y haya entrado a conocer el fondo del asunto, o que la violación haya cesado por decisión de la propia autoridad recurrida, una vez que tuvo conocimiento de la tramitación del amparo, con restitución en el goce de los derechos fundamentales a favor del agraviado (artículo 52), siempre, en cualesquiera de esos supuestos, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios al infractor, cuyo fundamento se encuentra en los principios de tutela de los derechos de las personas y en el de que la Administración debe hacerse responsable por los daños y perjuicios que ocasione con su actuar inconstitucional.
Así, el hecho de que al momento de conocerse y resolverse con lugar el amparo, los efectos del acto impugnado ya hubieren cesado, en los términos de lo dispuesto en los artículos 50 y 52, de la ley de cita, no enerva la procedencia de la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, pues tal caso forma parte integral del sistema general de condenatoria necesaria en esos extremos, que contiene la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Por otra parte, es claro que el artículo 52, mencionado, se aplica únicamente en los casos en que la Sala, aun cuando no ha conocido, ni se ha pronunciado sobre el fondo del reclamo, ha constatado la vulneración que en sus derechos fundamentales ha sufrido la parte amparada, en virtud de la restitución, que, en el goce de esos derechos, ha acordado a su favor la Administración; situación que, tal y como la afirma la mayoría de la Sala, implica una “terminación anormal del proceso” .
El legislador estableció y delimitó, de forma precisa, las condiciones en las cuales esta Sala puede decretar esa forma de conclusión anormal del proceso de amparo, así como sus alcances, a saber: 1) que el amparo esté en curso, es decir, que la Administración haya sido debidamente notificada de la resolución que dio curso al amparo; y, 2) que exista una resolución administrativa o judicial que disponga, de forma indubitable, la revocación, detención o suspensión de la actuación impugnada violatoria de derechos fundamentales. Ciertamente, la norma en cuestión contempla una excepción al sistema general de condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, no obstante la estimatoria del recurso, al disponer que, en los casos allí regulados, se declarará con lugar el recurso “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”. Como excepción que es, debe ser interpretada restrictivamente; es decir, que solo procede en los supuestos estrictamente contemplados en la norma, no solo por la regla de que las excepciones en derecho deben interpretarse de forma restrictiva, sino también porque las consecuencias de aplicar tal excepción implican, sin lugar a dudas, un menoscabo en el derecho fundamental de las personas a obtener una efectiva tutela judicial frente a los daños y perjuicios sufridos con la lesión a sus derechos constitucionales.
En mi criterio, tal excepción se debe interpretar en el sentido de que, de conformidad con el sistema general de condenatoria automática en costas, daños y perjuicios ante una violación a derechos fundamentales, esa condenatoria es siempre procedente, aún en el caso de que la parte recurrida dicte una resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, a menos que conste de manera indubitable y clara que en el caso concreto no se causó perjuicio alguno capaz de ser indemnizado. Solo y únicamente en tales supuestos podría eximirse a la Administración recurrida del pago de dichos extremos. Como en este caso, no existe elemento alguno que desvirtúe la presunción del surgimiento, para la parte amparada, de daños y perjuicios económicos derivados de las actuaciones impugnadas -cuya determinación concreta no le corresponde a esta jurisdicción-, la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, y así lo declaro.
Dice el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC): “Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Mi interpretación sobre esa norma es la siguiente: Esa “resolución” es todo acto válido y eficaz por el cual la autoridad competente restituye en el goce del derecho conculcado. La frase “si fueren procedentes” se refiere a las costas. Es más, el artículo 197 del Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, citado por la mayoría, sobre la base del artículo 14 de la LJC, justamente se refiere sólo a estas: a las costas.
Ciertamente, a tenor del artículo 48 de la Constitución Política (CP), el contenido esencial del derecho al recurso de amparo no es indemnizatorio sino restitutorio; sin embargo, el artículo 51 de la LJC señala: “Toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”.
Si el derecho ha sido violado y la Sala así lo constata, aún en caso de que haya sido restituido, podrían haber surgido daños y perjuicios. Por tal motivo, cabe la condenatoria en abstracto de éstos. Si no se hiciera así, si no se diera tal condenatoria, en el caso de que sí se hubieren dado, no habría título –derivado de este proceso– para reclamarlos, con lo que se podría violar el artículo 41 de la CP. Si a pesar de que se haya condenatoria en abstracto, no se han dado los daños y perjuicios, el juez en la vía ordinaria así lo declarará, pues sólo a él corresponde tener por probado la existencia real y la magnitud de los mismos.
Con la tesis defendida por la mayoría estimo que, contrario a lo que se busca, se estaría incentivando que la Administración respete los derechos sólo ante la existencia de un recurso de amparo. Resta decir que el artículo 52 de la LJC prevé la posibilidad de que, si se estima que es lo justo, la Sala condene en costas, aún cuando el derecho haya sido restituido.
En razón de lo anterior, salvo parcialmente el voto respecto de la parte dispositiva y ordeno la condenatoria en daños y perjuicios, pero no la condenatoria en costas. VIII.- DOCUMENTACIÓN APORTADA AL EXPEDIENTE . Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 52, párrafo 1º, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. La Magistrada Hernández López salva parcialmente el voto y dispone la condenatoria en daños, perjuicios y costas de conformidad con los artículos 50 y 51 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado salva parcialmente el voto y dispone la condenatoria en daños, perjuicios y costas, de conformidad con los artículos 50, 51 y 52, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. La Magistrada Garro Vargas salva parcialmente el voto y ordena la condenatoria en daños y perjuicios, pero no en costas. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Alicia Salas T.
*XSR2TXTQ7I461* 1
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