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Res. 11994-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/05/2021
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denies the unconstitutionality action for lack of standing, finding that the plaintiff invoked diffuse interests to protect an individual situation and did not prove a pending prior case.La Sala Constitucional rechaza la acción de inconstitucionalidad por falta de legitimación de la accionante, al considerar que invocó intereses difusos para proteger una situación individual y no acreditó un asunto previo pendiente.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber rejects an action of unconstitutionality against Article 44 ter of the Consumer Protection and Competition Law, which establishes an untouchable minimum wage that cannot be subject to wage deductions for credit payments and penalizes lenders who violate it. The plaintiff, a low-income worker, argued that the rule violates her rights by blocking access to housing credit and harming the diffuse interests of salaried workers. The majority of the court finds that she lacks standing: although she invokes diffuse interests, she is actually seeking to protect her individual situation, as the rule has a concrete, non-diffuse impact on the community. She did not demonstrate a pending case where the unconstitutionality was invoked. Justice Rueda Leal writes separately, agreeing with the dismissal but noting that while some diffuse interests (like the environment) can materialize in individual cases, here the impact is not sufficiently widespread.La Sala Constitucional rechaza una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el artículo 44 ter de la Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, que establece un salario mínimo intangible no susceptible de retenciones para el pago de créditos y sanciona a quien otorgue créditos que lo irrespeten. La accionante, una trabajadora de bajos ingresos, alegó que la norma vulnera sus derechos al impedirle acceder a crédito para vivienda y lesionar los intereses difusos de los trabajadores asalariados. La mayoría del tribunal considera que la accionante carece de legitimación activa: aunque invocó la defensa de intereses difusos, en realidad busca proteger su situación individual, pues la norma impacta de manera concreta y no difuminada en la colectividad. No acreditó la existencia de un asunto pendiente donde se hubiera invocado la inconstitucionalidad. El magistrado Rueda Leal emite razones diferentes, coincidiendo en desestimar la acción pero precisando que, aunque ciertos intereses difusos (como el ambiente) pueden concretarse en casos individuales, en este caso la afectación no es suficientemente difundida.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In the sub examine, as stated above, the plaintiff considers she has direct standing based on diffuse interests, since, in her condition as a consumer and in a kind of defense of any person whose income does not exceed the legal minimum, the challenged regulation prevents them, due to their income, from being considered credit subjects and thus being able to acquire decent housing. However, according to the cited precedents, such assumption does not occur in the sub iudice. Although, as the plaintiff states, there could be a group of people whose income does not exceed the legal minimum, thereby failing to be considered credit subjects or eventually accessing some type of housing credit, it is no less true that it cannot be affirmed that the plaintiff comes in protection of that group for necessarily sharing its interests, since it is not demonstrated or evidenced that the challenged rule produces a socially diluted affectation, given that not every member of the group alluded to by the plaintiff inexorably has an effective own will aimed at accessing credits of this type and requiring payroll deductions for a housing credit. Thus, it is considered that the applicant is actually acting in protection of an individual interest, clearly delimited in her particular situation, given her own need to access credit and, consequently, to acquire her own housing, so that the challenged rule is indeed susceptible to individual application, that is, in a particular situation, such as the processing of a credit, in which any applicant could eventually claim injury to some right through an amparo action, where, at the proper procedural moment, the Chamber would decide whether there is indeed an impact of constitutional relevance. It is reiterated that a diffuse interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to watch over constitutional legality (which would imply the tacit establishment of a popular action not contemplated by the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law); but neither can it be so concrete as to permit individual claim, since in such a case, standing would derive from that claim. Therefore, this Chamber considers that the plaintiff lacks standing to bring this proceeding in the terms alleged; moreover, she did not refer to the existence of a pending matter to be resolved in which the intended unconstitutionality had been invoked. Consequently, the proper action is to dismiss this action, without need for further consideration on this point.En el sub examine, tal como se expuso supra, la parte accionante considera que le asiste legitimación directa por intereses difusos, por cuanto, en su condición de consumidora y en una especie de defensa a toda persona cuyos ingresos no superen el mínimo legal, la regulación impugnada les impide, merced a sus ingresos, ser considerados sujetos de crédito y poder así adquirir una vivienda digna. No obstante, según los precedentes señalados, tal supuesto no se configura en el sub iudice. Si bien, como refiere la accionante, podría existir un grupo de personas cuyos ingresos no superaran el mínimo legal, merced a lo cual no pudieran ser considerados sujetos de crédito ni eventualmente acceder a algún tipo de crédito para una vivienda, no menos cierto es que no se puede afirmar que la accionante acuda en protección de ese grupo por compartir necesariamente sus intereses, ya que no se demuestra ni evidencia que la norma impugnada produzca una afectación socialmente difuminada, toda vez que no todo integrante del grupo aludido por la parte accionante inexorablemente se encuentra en un estado de efectiva voluntad propia dirigida a acceder a créditos de este tipo y requerir deducciones de planilla a los efectos de un crédito para vivienda. De esta manera, se considera que la gestionante, en realidad, está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, claramente delimitado en su situación particular, ante la necesidad propia de acceder a un crédito y, consecuentemente, de adquirir una vivienda propia, de manera que la norma impugnada sí es susceptible de ser objeto de aplicación individual, esto es, en una situación en particular, tal como la tramitación de un crédito, en la que cualquier gestionante eventualmente podría reclamar la lesión a algún derecho por la vía del amparo, en el que, en el momento procesal oportuno, la Sala resolvería si en efecto se da o no una afectación de relevancia constitucional. Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo. Por consiguiente, esta Sala considera que la accionante carece de legitimación para plantear este proceso en los términos invocados; además, no refirió la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver en el que hubiera sido invocada la inconstitucionalidad pretendida. En consecuencia, lo procedente es desestimar esta acción, sin necesidad de emitir mayor consideración al respecto.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo."
"It is reiterated that a diffuse interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to watch over constitutional legality (which would imply the tacit establishment of a popular action not contemplated by the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law); but neither can it be so concrete as to permit individual claim, since in such a case, standing would derive from that claim."
Considerando II
"Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo."
Considerando II
"En el sub examine, tal como se expuso supra, la parte accionante considera que le asiste legitimación directa por intereses difusos... no se demuestra ni evidencia que la norma impugnada produzca una afectación socialmente difuminada..."
"In the sub examine... it is not demonstrated or evidenced that the challenged rule produces a socially diluted affectation..."
Considerando II
"En el sub examine, tal como se expuso supra, la parte accionante considera que le asiste legitimación directa por intereses difusos... no se demuestra ni evidencia que la norma impugnada produzca una afectación socialmente difuminada..."
Considerando II
"En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la norma impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, pues podría ocurrir que dentro de ese grupo exista un sector de trabajadores que no desea acceder a créditos por voluntad propia..."
"In the plaintiff's case, as the Majority states, the challenged rule does not produce a socially diluted affectation, since it could happen that within that group there is a sector of workers who do not wish to access credit by their own will..."
Considerando IV (Razones diferentes del Magistrado Rueda Leal)
"En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la norma impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, pues podría ocurrir que dentro de ese grupo exista un sector de trabajadores que no desea acceder a créditos por voluntad propia..."
Considerando IV (Razones diferentes del Magistrado Rueda Leal)
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Case File: 20-015448-0007-CO Type of Matter: Unconstitutionality action Constitutional Control: Dismissing judgment Judgment with separate note Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Related Judgments Judgments from the same case file Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL Topic: COMMERCE Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
Topic: UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ACTION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
011994-21. COMMERCE. USURY LAW. ACCESS TO CREDIT FOR LOW-INCOME PERSONS. Unconstitutionality action against Article 44 ter of Law No. 7472, "Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense," of December 20, 1994, amended by Law No. 9859, published in Supplement No. 150 to La Gaceta No. 147 of June 20, 2020. The action is dismissed. Magistrate Rueda Leal provides different reasons.
"…this Chamber considers that the plaintiff lacks standing to bring this proceeding under the terms invoked; furthermore, she did not refer to the existence of a pending matter to be resolved in which the intended unconstitutionality had been invoked. Consequently, it is appropriate to dismiss this action, without the need to issue further consideration on the matter…" CO07/21 ... See more Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of content: Separate note Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL Topic: CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
IV.Different reasons of Magistrate Rueda Leal. As I have expressed in other cases, I consider that a quality of the diffuse interest consists precisely in that its impact is general—that is, it affects an entire population or broad sectors thereof—within a context where it is not necessary for the harmed subjects to know each other (they could even lack any connection or legal relations among them), but it does require the presence of a same situation of damage or danger to a constitutional right that, equally and without any need for individualization, encompasses and brings together an entire society in the abstract. Its defense aims to satisfy a need of society as such; therefore, it transcends that of a human being considered individually or collectively. In judgment No. 2019-17397 of 12:54 hours on September 11, 2019, this Court reiterated the following:
“(...) Secondly, the possibility of resorting in defense of 'diffuse interests' is provided for; this concept, whose content has been gradually delineated by the Chamber, could be summarized in the terms used in this court's judgment number 3750-93, of fifteen hours on July thirtieth, nineteen ninety-three)
\"… Diffuse interests, although difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot be in our law—as this Chamber has already stated—merely collective interests; nor so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that, vis-à-vis them, determined or easily identifiable persons, or personalized groups, are identified, whose standing would derive not from diffuse interests, but from the corporate ones that concern a community as a whole. This involves, then, individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, suffer a harm, actual or potential, more or less equal for all, which is why it is rightly said that these are equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them.
That is, diffuse interests share a dual nature, as they are simultaneously collective—for being common to a generality—and individual, for which they can be claimed in such capacity.\" In summary, diffuse interests are those whose ownership belongs to groups of people not formally organized, but united based on a specific social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a certain personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a specific product, etc. The interest, in these cases, is blurred, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of subjects. In these cases, of course, the challenge that a member of one of these sectors could make under paragraph 2 of Article 75 must necessarily refer to provisions that affect them as such. This Chamber has listed various rights to which it has given the qualifier \"diffuse,\" such as the environment, cultural heritage, the defense of the country's territorial integrity, and the proper management of public spending, among others.
In this regard, two clarifications must be made: on one hand, the referred goods transcend the sphere traditionally recognized for diffuse interests, since they refer in principle to aspects that affect the national community and not particular groups within it; environmental damage does not affect just the residents of a region or the consumers of a product, but rather injures or seriously endangers the natural heritage of the entire country and even of Humanity; likewise, defending the proper management of public funds authorized in the Republic's Budget is an interest of all inhabitants of Costa Rica, not just any group of them. On the other hand, the enumeration made by the Constitutional Chamber is no more than a simple description inherent to its obligation—as a jurisdictional body—to limit itself to hearing the cases submitted to it, without it being possible in any way to be understood that only those rights expressly recognized as such by the Chamber can be considered diffuse rights; the foregoing would imply an undesirable reversal in the scope of the Rule of Law, and its correlative 'State of rights,' which—as in the case of the Costa Rican model—starts from the premise that what must be express are the limits on freedoms, since these underlie the human condition itself and therefore do not require official recognition.
Finally, when paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law speaks of interests \"that concern the community as a whole,\" it refers to the legal rights explained in the preceding lines, that is, those whose ownership rests in the holders of sovereignty themselves, in each of the inhabitants of the Republic. It is therefore not the case that any person can come to the Constitutional Chamber in protection of any interests (actio popularis), but rather that any individual can act in defense of those rights that affect the entire national community, without it being valid in this field to attempt any exhaustive enumeration either\" (see judgment No. 2007-01145).” In line with what has been set forth and sustained by this Court in its jurisprudence, this involves, then, individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, suffer a harm, actual or potential, more or less equal for all, which is why it is rightly said that these are equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them.
It is for this reason, precisely, that, starting from judgment No. 2021-2185 of 12:51 hours on February 3, 2021, I consider, unlike the Majority of this Court, that some of these interests can be embodied in a particular specific case, without thereby losing their condition as a diffuse interest, as occurs with the protection of the environment, whose impact affects a person and everyone in general; and such impact can be individualized in a particular situation, such as, for example, the construction of a factory in a determined neighboring sector, without the respective environmental studies, whose negative effects impact the planet's ozone layer. Undoubtedly, the result of a claim or proceeding that a neighbor may bring against that factory will not only affect their own interests but also those of the rest of the community. For this reason, it constitutes a diffuse interest; and yet, it is also the object of an individualized particular situation.
Now, this does not mean, in any way, that the existence of a diffuse interest can be alleged in every situation invoked, even though it may be the object of a particular situation. Let us remember that for an interest to be considered \"diffuse,\" it must not only affect a community but must also be blurred, spread throughout that community. If it does not produce such an effect, it cannot be considered a diffuse interest. In the plaintiff's case, as the Majority states, the challenged rule does not produce a socially diffused impact, as it could happen that within that group there exists a sector of workers who do not wish to access credit by their own will, request payroll deductions, or simply are not interested in acquiring housing or a subsidy for such purposes. In this case, what is glimpsed is a particular situation of the plaintiff which, although it may be shared by some group of people, that effect is not of such magnitude as to consider it a diffuse interest. For the reason set forth, I concur with the Majority in dismissing this action; however, with the reasoning set forth.
CO07/21 ... See more CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at sixteen hours and thirty minutes on May twenty-sixth, two thousand twenty-one.
Unconstitutionality action filed by Lidieth Mena Rojas, with identity card number 2-0539-0361, against Article 44 ter, amended by ordinal 4 of Law No. 9859, called "Addition of Articles 36 bis, 36 ter, 36 quater, 44 ter and clauses g) and h) to Article 53 and amendment of Articles 44 bis and 63 of Law 7472, Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense, of December 20, 1994."
Whereas:
Nonetheless, when setting the respective limits; they should be guided by two interrelated objectives: first, as suggested in paragraph 1 of the Recommendation, in all cases, the net amount of the wage received by the worker must be sufficient to provide an income that guarantees a decent standard of living for workers and their families; second, said net remuneration must not be reduced through deductions that render meaningless the principle enshrined in Article 6 of the Convention relating to the worker's freedom to dispose of his or her wage. Consequently, the Committee considers that, in addition to setting specific limits for each type of deduction, it is important to establish a general maximum limit beyond which wage reductions may not be made, in order to protect workers' incomes when various deductions are made." It argues that this Chamber has also established that a portion of a worker's wage cannot be withheld by the employer for the payment of their obligations.
Thus, on one occasion, the Cooperativa de Servidores Públicos R.L. challenged the decision taken by the Instituto Costarricense de Puertos del Pacífico (INCOP), by which it agreed not to apply deductions to its workers' wages when such deductions prevented the worker from receiving at least the minimum wage established by law. On that occasion, in judgment No. 2000-07563 of 10:40 a.m. on August 25, 2000, it was ordered that the worker may freely authorize deductions from their wage, provided they receive what the law has established as the minimum amount with which basic maintenance needs can be met. In our country, for many years, there have been limitations on assigning, selling, or encumbering wages. Such limitations follow the rules of unattachability provided for in Article 172 of the Labor Code, as stipulated in the first paragraph of section 174 of the same code. Note that, while the transcribed first paragraph of section 174 prohibits assigning the unattachable portion of the wage, the second paragraph of that same article contains an exception, as it allows assigning even the unattachable portion, in the case of "...legal transactions made with cooperatives or with legally constituted credit institutions governed by the same principles as those." It indicates that the Procuraduría, acting as an advisory body to the Public Administration, addressed a consultation from the Municipalidad de San José, in which they were asked to define whether the second paragraph of Article 174 of the Labor Code allowed an employer to make deductions from its workers' wages, to the point of encompassing the entirety of their remuneration.
On that occasion, they indicated that, although that second paragraph of section 174 of the Labor Code establishes an exception to the rule prohibiting the assignment of the portion of the wage that is unattachable, such exception cannot go so far as to encompass the entirety of the wage, since the worker must receive at least the equivalent of the "...lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree..." referred to in the first paragraph of section 172 of the Labor Code. (Opinion No. C-104-2019, of April 8, 2019, reiterated in C-113-2019, of April 29, 2019, and in C-078-2020, of March 3, 2020). Opinion No. C-104-2019 mentioned above analyzed the background of Law No. 4418 of December 22, 1969, which reformed subsections 69(k), 172, and 174 of the Labor Code, as well as Article 984, subsection 1, of the Civil Code, and reached the conclusion that the objectives of that reform were: 1) to protect the worker's wage, guaranteeing an "untouchable minimum wage"; and, 2) to promote that workers obtain loans from State institutions, or from cooperatives, for the construction of their own homes, while always respecting the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree.
The challenged section 44 bis ratified in this action confirms the existence of an untouchable minimum wage, and expressly provides that this wage is that established in Article 172, first paragraph, of the Labor Code; that is, the lowest monthly wage set in the minimum wage decree. It considers that the existence of this untouchable minimum wage—not subject to deductions of any kind by the employer (except in the case of alimony)—is constitutionally valid, as it responds to an obligation contracted by our country upon signing ILO Convention 95, whose Article 10.2 regulates that the wage must be protected in the proportion necessary to guarantee the maintenance of the worker and their family. By virtue of that obligation, the legislator is not free to establish or not establish an intangible or untouchable minimum wage. What it can decide is the proportion of the wage that must be protected, as that particular aspect is indeed left to the legislative discretion of the ILO Member States that signed and ratified Convention 95.
Furthermore, it is reasonable that the protected portion of the wage be equivalent to the lowest monthly wage contemplated in the minimum wage decree, as it is presumed to be the amount necessary for the maintenance of the worker and their family. In summary, it considers that the second paragraph of Article 44 bis of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense, insofar as it establishes an intangible minimum wage equivalent to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree, does not present any problem of constitutionality. On the contrary, a guarantee of this type is in accordance with the constitutional principles of social solidarity and worker protection, as well as the international commitments assumed by Costa Rica regarding wage protection. 3. On the prohibition of granting loans that disrespect the untouchable minimum wage (Article 44 bis, third paragraph, of Law 7472).
The third paragraph provides: "Any natural or legal person that grants a loan that disrespects the untouchable minimum wage referred to in the first paragraph of Article 172 of the Labor Code shall be subject to the sanction considered a very serious infraction, in accordance with subsection a) of Article 155 of Law 7558, Organic Law of the Central Bank of Costa Rica, of November 3, 1995." The plaintiff questions the validity of the provision just transcribed, as it interprets that it prohibits granting loans against the lowest monthly wage stipulated in the minimum wage decree, as well as taking that portion of the wage into account to define the payment capacity of someone seeking a loan. In this regard, it points out that the challenged third paragraph of Article 44 bis does not indicate that credit institutions cannot grant loans against the sum equivalent to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree.
Nor does it establish that this portion of the wage may not be taken into account to define each person's payment capacity. What it provides is that loans that disrespect the untouchable minimum wage may not be granted, which implies, in the context of the complete section 44 bis, that it is not possible to amortize a loan through deductions made directly by the employer from the lowest monthly wage set in the minimum wage decree. It is not logical to interpret that the section 44 bis under analysis, entitled "Rights of the Worker as a Financial Consumer," has the objective of denying access to credit to lower-income workers, or of subtracting from their payment capacity the sum representing the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree, since these restrictions could not be considered workers' rights. Even though the drafting of the third paragraph of this provision is confusing, it is understood that its intention is to ensure compliance with what is provided in the preceding paragraph, in the sense that the employer may not make deductions from the worker's wage that affect the intangible minimum wage, equivalent to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree.
From the review of legislative file No. 20861, which culminated in the approval of Law No. 9859 of June 16, 2020, by which section 44 bis was added to the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense, it cannot be deduced that among the objectives of such provision was that of prohibiting the granting of credit to lower-income workers, or subtracting the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree from their payment capacity. As stated in that file, the mentioned section 44 bis was not part of the original proposal. It was included in the text of the law as a consequence of a substantive motion presented by deputy Wagner Jiménez Zúñiga (folio 2111), a motion that was dispensed from reading (folio 2135) and approved unanimously in extraordinary session No. 39 on April 27, 2020, without changes or comments relevant to what is at issue here (folios 2138 and 2139).
It considers that the existence of an intangible minimum wage, not subject to deductions by the employer, does not imply that this wage must be excluded from the payment capacity of the person who receives it, because nothing prevents a person, after receiving their wage from their employer, from paying the installments of a loan with that income. What is not possible is for the loan installment to be directly deducted by the employer from the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree, since there is a protection on that sum that the parties signing the loan contract, and the employer themselves, are obliged to respect. Indeed, housing loans have the particularity that the property acquired through the loan can serve as collateral—and generally does—so, in those cases, as well as in the case of secured loans, for example, there is no additional reason for the loan amortization to necessarily have to be made through payroll deductions carried out by the employer.
Along these same lines, it should be pointed out that the fact that a loan is not directly deducted from the wage does not mean that the debtor does not have to pay it, since the obligation to satisfy the agreed amortization exists independently of the payment method agreed upon. As this Chamber has well indicated, "...payroll deduction is only a mechanism for payment, which does not alter in any way the contractual conditions that support it, nor is it the source of liability towards the financial entity that receives the transfer for the concept of the deduction, so that, not applying it does not, in any way, release the debtor from the contractual obligations they may have acquired" (judgment No. 2000-07563). The difference in access to credit, according to each person's salary income, is a situation that has always existed and that will probably continue to exist; however, it is an issue that originates more in economic aspects than legal ones.
It is not possible to affirm that the intention of the third paragraph of Article 44 bis of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense was to increase that difference, or to completely suppress access to credit for those who receive less salary income. Nor are arguments evident to affirm that the intention of this provision was to eliminate the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree from the worker's payment capacity. An interpretation of that type is inconsistent with the purposes of that regulation and those of the law in which it is inserted, which tends to promote the "effective defense of the consumer," a category within which the worker as a financial consumer is found. If credit institutions decide to exclude people with lower salary income from access to credit, basing this on the third paragraph of Article 44 bis under review, such conduct could be discriminatory and, therefore, incompatible with the constitutional principle of equality, since such provision does not order such a thing, nor is it possible to deduce from it a mandate from the legislator in that sense.
Based on the foregoing, it considers that the third paragraph of section 44 bis of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense does not present the unconstitutionality problems alleged by the plaintiff. It points out that, in the event that this Chamber considers that the provision in question could be interpreted as prohibiting the granting of loans to people whose wage is equal to or less than the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree, it respectfully suggests preparing an interpretation in accordance with the Political Constitution, in which it is provided that the third paragraph of section 44 bis of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense is constitutional, provided that it is interpreted that the objective of this provision is to guarantee that the intangible minimum wage, that is, that which is equal to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum wage decree, cannot be subject to deductions by the employer to address loan payments.
It states that the foregoing should be integrated into the statement of motives so as not to lose sight of the protected object of the norm that is the subject of this action, in the sense that it was necessary to protect consumer rights, but also to establish parameters so that the weaker party in that contractual relationship has the tools to fully exercise their rights, without their constitutional rights being affected. In that sense, the regulation of the parameters for the application of usury is integrated with international conventions on worker protection, the constitutional right to a legal minimum wage, and the provisions of numeral 177 of the Labor Code, which precisely seeks to protect the minimum normal needs of households in the material, moral, and cultural order: “Article 177: Every worker has the right to earn a minimum wage that covers the normal needs of their household in the material, moral, and cultural order, which shall be set periodically, taking into account the modalities of each job, the particular conditions of each region and of each intellectual, industrial, commercial, livestock, or agricultural activity.” For the reasons stated, it considers that the modifications included in Law No. 9859, which reforms and adds to Law No. 7472, including ordinal 44 ter, are grounded in seeking the protection of citizens in their sphere as consumers, and therefore the legislators considered it pertinent to include a sanction for the financial operator to guarantee workers' rights in the financial market. It requests that the unconstitutionality action be dismissed.
This situation makes the reform disproportionate, because the originally pursued goal (preventing abuses in the charging of interest rates) will not be achieved, from the moment that businesses disappear due to zero profitability and clients have nowhere to go to request the money they need, provoking dissatisfaction with the community's common legal sense. Finally, they make clear to the honorable members of this Constitutional Court that buy-sell operations and pawnshops have come to solve a problem that has always been present: fast access to credit for those people who, for one reason or another, cannot access the banking system to obtain it. There is a client market (lower-lower middle class) that constantly needs some type of economic assistance that does not require major requirements or waiting time (as in banks). It is a constant, and therefore, also a constant source of income for the business of buy-sell operations and pawnshops.
For both the consumers of this service and the providers, it represents a reliable means of subsistence. They argue that they provide evidence that the losses for the stores are real and quantifiable, forcing their owners, as is the case of their represented party, to carry out a deep restructuring of the business, generating more unemployment (expense cuts) and making the business itself less efficient, since employees have had to be dismissed, violating the security of the commercial establishment and, in addition to not providing adequate customer service, in the specific case of the two stores of their represented party, 3 employees have had to be dismissed. According to the evidence provided, in October 2019, the two stores owned by their represented party had profits of ¢6,326,315.00; for the month of October 2020 (applying the reforms), income dropped to ¢2,648,674.26, experiencing a decrease of 41.86%.
In the short term, the commercial activity will be completely unviable from its cost-benefit perspective, not only because of the decrease in income already described and demonstrated, but because each store must assume, in addition to the operating expenses already indicated, the cost of a compliance officer (or liaison person) as required by SUGEF, who must remain on the premises while they are open to the public (Regulation for the Prevention of the Risk of Money Laundering, Financing of Terrorism, Financing of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, applicable to obligated subjects under Articles 15 and 15 bis of Law 7786, SUGEF Agreement 13-19) and, the same premises will be obligated to accept payment from clients via credit card (Articles 32, 34 and 44-Bis of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense, Law No. 7472, in relation to the topic of Credit and Debit Cards and the Regulation of Credit and Debit Cards), in which case the financial entities will charge commissions—for its use—to the stores.
These expenses are not included in the calculations, since they are not currently assumed; however, in the coming months they must be assumed, further aggravating the situation of the businesses. They point out that the Law on Security Interests (Ley de Garantías Mobiliarias), considering the business activity carried out by the stores and their operability, does expressly allow the inclusion, within the costs charged to clients, of the operating expenses originating from the commercial activity, with the sole aim of not affecting the operability of the business. They do not know why the analysis that was made at the time when the Law on Security Interests was created was not taken into account when those reforms to the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense were devised and approved, specifically the reform to Article 36 bis. They state that Article 5, subsection 21) of the Law establishes that the obligations secured under the security interest (garantía mobiliaria) figure will cover, in addition to the principal sum of the loan due: (a) current and default interest; (b) commissions that must be paid to the secured creditor according to the security agreement; (c) expenses incurred by the secured creditor for the guard and custody of the secured assets; (d) expenses incurred by the secured creditor for the acts necessary to carry out the enforcement of the security interest (typical cost of appraisal); (e) damages caused by the breach of the secured obligation and/or the security agreement; and (f) the conventional liquidation of damages when it has been agreed upon.
Additionally, Article 15 of the same establishes the obligation for the debtor to (1) contract adequate insurance on the secured assets against destruction, loss, or damage in favor of the secured creditor, failing such agreement, the guaranteeing debtor assumes the risk of loss or damage to the assets given as security; and (2) pay all costs, expenses, and taxes related to the assets given as security, among other obligations. In the case of buy-sell operations and pawnshops, storage (bodegaje) is a typical expense incurred by the creditor to safeguard the articles given as security, so the law expressly authorizes charging for it. Insurance, for its part, is a cost that must also be assumed by the person pawning, according to the same law, and the appraisal is also a cost of the operation, so these items are clearly authorized to be charged to the debtor under the Law on Security Interests.
With the foregoing, it is intended to show that, in that law, the nature and operation of the commercial activity that their represented party carries out was recognized and protected, and at the time the aim was to expand credit possibilities for those who could not access conventional options, without undermining or ignoring the content of the right to freedom of enterprise (libertad de empresa) of the store owners, a situation that does occur with the reform challenged here for unconstitutionality. The goal was to respond to an existing need without undermining the rights of others, carrying out a respectful exercise of protecting the rights, freedoms, and interests of each party. Based on all the foregoing, they conclude that Article 36 bis added to Law 7472, Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Defense, of December 20, 1994, through Law No. 9859, is unconstitutional for violating the entrepreneurial freedom (libertad empresarial) contained in Article 46 of our Political Constitution, insofar as it affects the essential core of the right, by minimizing the profit obtainable from it to the point of making the commercial activity unviable.
Likewise, it violates the constitutional guarantees of private property and freedom to work (libertad al trabajo), for the reasons indicated. Finally, it is unconstitutional because it violates the principles of proportionality and rationality.
Authored by Judge Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
I.Regarding the formal requirements for the admissibility of the action. The unconstitutionality action is a process with certain formalities that must be satisfied so that the Chamber can validly hear the merits of the challenge. In that sense, Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction regulates the admissibility requirements of the unconstitutionality action. In the first place, the existence of a prior pending matter to be resolved is required, either through judicial channels, or in the procedure to exhaust the administrative route, in which unconstitutionality has been invoked as a reasonable means to protect the right or interest considered harmed. In the second and third paragraphs, the law exceptionally contemplates requirements in which the prior matter is not required when, due to the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct harm, or it involves the defense of diffuse or collective interests, or when it is formulated directly by the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contralor (a) General de la República), the Attorney General of the Republic (Procurador (a) General de la República), the Prosecutor General of the Republic (Fiscal (a) General de la República), and the Ombudsman (Defensor (a) de los Habitantes).
Now, regarding the need for a prior pending matter to be resolved in administrative proceedings, it is necessary that it be the procedure that exhausts the administrative route, which, according to Article 126 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), is from the moment the ordinary appeals are filed before the hierarchical superior of the body that issued the final act, otherwise the action would be inadmissible. Likewise, there are other formalities that must be satisfied, namely, the explicit determination of the challenged regulations, duly substantiated, with specific citation of the constitutional norms and principles considered infringed, authentication by a lawyer of the brief in which the action is filed, accreditation of the conditions of legal standing (powers of attorney and certifications), as well as the literal certification of the brief in which the unconstitutionality of the norms was invoked in the underlying matter, all requirements that, if not provided by the plaintiff, may be required for compliance by the Presidency of the Chamber.
II.Regarding the legal standing of the plaintiff. The plaintiff bases her legal standing to directly file this process on the existence of diffuse interests in her condition as a consumer, since she considers her rights and those of every person whose income does not exceed the legal minimum to be harmed, the rights to be considered as credit subjects based on their income, and to acquire decent housing. On this topic, the Chamber has specified the following:
"ON THE PLAINTIFF'S STANDING AND ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE ACTION.- The unconstitutionality action is a procedure with certain formalities, which, if not met, prevent the Chamber from hearing the challenge made. In this case, the plaintiff argues that her standing comes from the defense of diffuse interests and corporate interests, a situation contemplated in the second paragraph of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction. Regarding standing, the Constitutional Chamber has stated that it can be defined as that cause-effect relationship between what is sought (object of the action/lawsuit) and the person seeking it (plaintiff/complainant), which the Law demands as a requirement to be able to examine the merits of a matter. The scenario contained in the first paragraph of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction refers to what we can call indirect standing, that is, that which derives from the prior matter where the norm or norms that are later challenged in the action are being applied.
For this reason, it is said that the unconstitutionality action has an incidental nature, and must constitute a reasonable means to protect the right considered harmed in the main matter. The second paragraph of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes another type of standing, which has been called direct. It is that which does not require a prior matter where the challenged norm is being applied and which translates into three specific scenarios: that due to the nature of the matter there is no possibility of individual and direct harm, that it involves the defense of diffuse interests, or interests that concern the community as a whole. In these cases, the special circumstances of the matter (which must be examined in each specific case) make the cause-effect relationship between the plaintiff and the object of their claim more tenuous, which authorizes them to file the action directly, without the need for a pending matter to be resolved.
In this case, the action suffers from a formal requirement, namely the payment of the Bar Association (Colegio de Abogados) stamp corresponding to the authentication of the plaintiff's signature. However, for reasons of procedural economy, the warning provided for in Articles 78 and 80 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction is not made.
…III.- ON DIFFUSE INTERESTS AND THOSE THAT CONCERN THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE. Secondly, as a basis for standing, the plaintiff alleges the defense of diffuse interests. From reading the brief filing the action, it is evident that the plaintiff confuses what diffuse interests and collective interests are, since at one point in the filing brief, she indicates that she has standing for the defense of the former and, later, refers to those interests as collective. On diffuse interest, it has been understood as that personal interest related to a right or legal situation of a special and particular nature, which may be shared by other persons, with all those interested forming a specific group or category. Thus, the violation of that right can affect everyone in general and/or each one in particular, hence any member of that grouping can file the action to protect the right considered harmed. Judgment No. 03705-93, of 3:00 p.m. on July 30, 1993, illustrates what has been understood as diffuse interests, as does judgment No. 360-99 of 3:51 p.m. on January 20, 1999:
"It has been pointed out that it is a special type of interest, whose manifestation is less concrete and individualizable than that of the collective interest just defined in the preceding whereas clause, but which cannot become so broad and generic that it is confused with the right recognized to all members of society to ensure constitutional legality, since the latter -as has been repeatedly stated- is excluded from the current constitutional review system. It is thus an interest distributed among each of the administered parties, mediate if you will, and diluted, but no less verifiable for the defense, before this Chamber, of certain constitutional rights of singular relevance for the adequate and harmonious development of society. It is the special characteristics of these rights themselves and not the particular situation of the subjects who may hold them that are the key to the distinction and determination of the presence of so-called diffuse interests as has been stated in various resolutions such as 03705-93 of fifteen hundred hours on July thirtieth for the right to the environment, number 05753-93 of fourteen forty-five hours on November ninth of that same year for the defense of historical heritage, and number 00980-91 of thirteen thirty hours on May twenty-fourth, nineteen ninety-one for electoral matters." In this sense, just as it has been said that this interest cannot be so broad and generic that it is confused with the right to ensure constitutional legality (which would entail the tacit establishment of a popular action not contemplated by the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction).
Nor can it be so concrete that it allows for an individual claim, since in such a case, standing would derive from that claim. Although there is no exhaustive list, the Constitutional Chamber has identified various rights that enjoy such characteristics, such as the right to a healthy and harmonious environment, the defense of historical heritage, electoral matters, the defense of the right to health, and the oversight of public funds. It is evident that the right claimed by the plaintiff in this case does not fit within the mentioned scenarios..." (Judgment No. 2020-20839 of 9:20 a.m. on October 28, 2020).
[Emphasis not in original.]
Regarding consumer protection, the Chamber has also clarified when one is faced with the existence of a diffuse interest or not:
"III.- OF THE INADMISSIBILITY OF THE ACTION DUE TO THE PLAINTIFF'S LACK OF DIRECT LEGAL STANDING. The plaintiff also alleges, for the purpose of substantiating the legal standing she holds to bring this acción de inconstitucionalidad, the defense of diffuse interests, in particular, in protection of the rights and interests of consumers or users.
The foregoing requires separating the different rules challenged in the present action, given that several normative provisions of very diverse content are questioned. It is questioned, first, Article 44, subsection u), of the Internal Regulations of Organization and Functions of the ARESEP, because, it is alleged, the principle of legal reserve is infringed by delegating, through a rule of regulatory rank, a sanctioning sovereign power to the Director General de Mercados of the SUTEL. Also challenged is numeral 67 of the General Telecommunications Law, in its subsection a), sub-subsection 7), and in its subsection b), sub-subsections 3) and 11), which establish very serious or serious infractions in telecommunications matters, for considering that the principles of specificity (tipicidad) and proportionality of sanctions are violated. Regarding such specific normative provisions, the plaintiff formulates no argument or objection whatsoever for alleged infringement of the rights or interests of consumers or users.
It is evident that such rules are challenged only insofar as they may be applicable in the administrative sanctioning procedure processed against the plaintiff for alleged breach of her obligations as an operator of telecommunications services, that is, action is being taken in protection of a notoriously individual interest, clearly circumscribed to the specific or singular case of the plaintiff, who seeks to question the normative basis of the administrative procedure processed against her and of an eventual or possible sanction. In fact, by reason of the content of the challenged regulations and the rights alleged as infringed, it is patent that such regulations could give rise to individual impacts capable of generating concrete claims, regarding a bounded group of persons easily determinable and identifiable, that is, regarding those operators or providers of telecommunications services against whom a formal sanctioning procedure is processed for alleged non-compliance with their obligations in violation of the telecommunications regulation. Therefore, it cannot be considered that in the sub lite case one is in the presence of a scenario of defense of diffuse interests.
Furthermore, the plaintiff also challenges ordinal 43 of the Regulation on the Regime of Protection of the End User of Telecommunications Services, which establishes the obligation of operators or providers of prepaid telecommunications services to keep a registry with the basic information of their clients. Regarding such numeral, the plaintiff makes a series of arguments to the effect that such client information registry for prepaid services, instead of protecting the end user of the telecommunications service, could eventually limit access to telecommunications services by the generality of users and consumers. As to this extreme of the action, this Chamber considers that action is also not being taken in defense of diffuse interests. In the sub judice case, from the comprehensive reading of the filing brief, it is clearly verified that what motivates the formulation of this action is the initiation of a sanctioning procedure against the plaintiff.
That is, at bottom, far from seeking a supposed defense of diffuse interests, in protection of the rights or interests of an unidentified group of possible consumers or users, action is being taken in protection of an individual, personal, and specific interest, as is the specific interest of the plaintiff herself, against whom a sanctioning procedure has been initiated precisely for alleged breach of the rules she questions—even, in eventual opposition or conflict with the interests or rights of consumers or users. That is, one is not acting in defense of an interest diffused among a non-determinable group of persons, but rather, action is being taken in protection of an individual interest, clearly delimited to the particular case of the plaintiff, as a product of the concrete application of the questioned rule in her specific case. From there, she seeks to question the sanctioning procedure initiated against her." (Judgment No. 2019-19588 of 9:20 a.m. on October 9, 2019). Emphasis not in original. See in a similar sense judgments 2019-9192 of 9:30 a.m. on May 22, 2019 and 2006-15489 of 5:10 p.m. on October 25, 2006.
In the sub examine case, as stated supra, the plaintiff believes she has direct legal standing for diffuse interests, since, in her condition as a consumer and in a kind of defense of every person whose income does not exceed the legal minimum, the challenged regulation prevents them, by virtue of their income, from being considered credit subjects and thus being able to acquire decent housing. However, according to the cited precedents, such a scenario is not configured in the sub iudice case. Although, as the plaintiff refers, there could exist a group of persons whose income does not exceed the legal minimum, by virtue of which they could not be considered credit subjects nor eventually access some type of housing credit, it is no less true that one cannot affirm that the plaintiff comes in protection of that group for necessarily sharing their interests, since it is not demonstrated nor evidenced that the challenged rule produces a socially diffused impact, given that not every member of the group alluded to by the plaintiff inexorably finds itself in a state of effective own will directed at accessing credits of this type and requiring payroll deductions for the purposes of a housing credit.
In this way, it is considered that the petitioner, in reality, is acting in protection of an individual interest, clearly delimited in her particular situation, given her own need to access credit and, consequently, to acquire her own housing, such that the challenged rule is susceptible to being the object of individual application, that is, in a particular situation, such as the processing of a credit, in which any petitioner could eventually claim injury to some right through the recurso de amparo, in which, at the appropriate procedural moment, the Chamber would resolve whether or not there is indeed an impact of constitutional relevance.
In that sense, it is reiterated how the Constitutional Chamber has pronounced:
"… Based on the foregoing, since the rules challenged here could give rise to claims by persons easily determinable and identifiable within a criminal proceeding, it cannot be considered that one is in the presence of a scenario of defense of diffuse interests. In fact, if the possibility of the plaintiff to file an acción de inconstitucionalidad in this matter were admitted, under the conditions sought by her, it would entail recognizing the existence of a popular action (acción popular), which, as the Constitutional Chamber has indicated in its reiterated jurisprudence (see judgment No. 2016-000787 of 9:05 a.m. on January 20, 2016), does not fit within the framework of the procedural competencies that this Constitutional Court has for that purpose, in its functions as ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. Consequently, by verifying that the plaintiff has not grounded her legal standing on the existence of a matter pending resolution in which the unconstitutionality of the rules challenged here was invoked, nor, likewise, has legal standing to exercise the direct action in defense of diffuse interests, this action is inadmissible." (Judgment No. 2020-4490 of 9:20 a.m. on March 4, 2020) "…Note that, certainly, as clearly indicated by the Procuraduría General de la República and emphatically stated by the Minister of Environment and Energy, the regulation questioned is totally susceptible to individual application and to directly impacting the legal sphere of singular and identifiable persons, who exercise a determined activity, subject to the regulation set forth in the Wildlife Conservation Law and its regulation.
In this way, it is clear that contrary to the alleged defense of diffuse interests, what is at stake is some degree of non-conformity with the subjection to which they must submit for the regulation of the activity they exercise or intend to exercise; note that as the report of the Minister of Environment and Energy well states, the claimants are directly related as founders, managers, or servants of various companies related to the exhibition of wildlife or its tourist promotion. Thus, it is unfeasible to adduce alleged conservation and environmental education problems, to use the figure of diffuse interests and thereby promote a direct acción de inconstitucionalidad by bypassing the strict admissibility requirements set forth in the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, as indicated in considerandos II and III of this resolution…" (Judgment No. 2021-2185 of 12:51 p.m. on February 3, 2021) Emphasis not in original. To the same effect, see judgment No. 2021-3852 of 1:16 p.m. on February 24, 2021.
It is reiterated that the diffuse interest cannot be so broad and generic that it is confused with the right to ensure constitutional legality (which would entail the tacit establishment of a popular action (acción popular) not contemplated by the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction); but neither can it be so concrete that it allows individual claims, since, in such a case, the legal standing would derive from that claim. Consequently, this Chamber considers that the plaintiff lacks legal standing to file this process in the terms invoked; furthermore, she did not refer to the existence of a matter pending resolution in which the intended unconstitutionality had been invoked. Consequently, the appropriate course is to dismiss this action, without the need to issue further consideration in this regard.
III.Regarding the joinders. As stated in the record, Javier Losada Romero Polo, Henry Zamora Vega and Lina Giraldo Soto, in their capacity as legal representative of Registro Cinco S.A., requested this Court to be admitted as active coadjuvants in this process. By resolution at 8:47 a.m. on December 4, 2020, the Interim Presidency of this Chamber resolved to accept them as active coadjuvants within this matter, having fulfilled the respective requirements.
IV.Dissenting reasons of Judge Rueda Leal. As I have expressed in other cases, I consider that a quality of the diffuse interest consists precisely in that its impact is general—that is, it affects an entire population or broad sectors of it—within a context where it is not necessary for the injured subjects to know each other (they could even lack nexus or legal relations among them), but the presence of a common situation of damage or danger to a constitutional good is required, which, equally and without the need for any individualization, encompasses and agglomerates an entire society in the abstract. Its defense has the purpose of satisfying a need of society as such, therefore, it is transcendent to that of a human being individually or collectively considered. In judgment No. 2019-17397 of 12:54 p.m. on September 11, 2019, this Court reiterated the following:
"(…) Secondly, the possibility of appearing in defense of 'diffuse interests' is foreseen; this concept, whose content has been gradually outlined by the Chamber, could be summarized in the terms employed in the judgment of this court number 3750-93, at three o'clock on July thirtieth, nineteen hundred ninety-three) '… Diffuse interests, although difficult to define and more difficult to identify, cannot be in our law—as this Chamber has already stated—merely collective interests; nor so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that against them, determined or easily identifiable persons, or personalized groups, result identified, whose legal standing would derive not from diffuse interests, but from corporate ones that concern a community as a whole. It therefore concerns individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous sets of persons who share an interest and, therefore, receive an injury, actual or potential, more or less the same for all, for which reason it is rightly said that they are equal interests of the groups that find themselves in determined circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them.
That is, diffuse interests partake of a double nature, since they are at once collective—because they are common to a generality—and individual, for which reason they can be claimed in such character.' In synthesis, diffuse interests are those whose ownership belongs to groups of persons not formally organized, but united based on a determined social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a determined personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a certain product, etc. The interest, in these cases, is found blurred, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of subjects. In these cases, of course, the challenge that a member of one of these sectors could carry out relying on paragraph 2 of Article 75, must necessarily refer to provisions that affect them as such. This Chamber has listed various rights to which it has given the qualification of 'diffuse,' such as the environment, cultural heritage, defense of the country's territorial integrity, and proper management of public expenditure, among others.
In this regard, two clarifications must be made: on the one hand, the referred goods transcend the sphere traditionally recognized for diffuse interests, since they refer in principle to aspects that affect the national collectivity and not particular groups thereof; an environmental harm does not merely affect the residents of a region or the consumers of a product, but rather injures or puts at serious risk the natural heritage of the entire country and even of Humanity; likewise, the defense of proper management of public funds authorized in the National Budget is an interest of all inhabitants of Costa Rica, not just of any group of them. On the other hand, the listing made by the Constitutional Chamber is a simple description, proper to its obligation—as a jurisdictional body—of limiting itself to hearing the cases submitted to it, without it being possible in any way to understand that only those rights that the Chamber has expressly recognized as such can be considered diffuse rights; the foregoing would imply an undesirable upheaval in the scope of the Rule of Law, and of its correlative 'State of rights,' which—as in the case of the Costa Rican model—starts from the premise that what must be express are the limits to freedoms, since these underlie the human condition itself and therefore do not require official recognition.
Finally, when paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction speaks of interests 'that concern the collectivity as a whole,' it refers to the legal goods explained in the preceding lines, that is, those whose ownership rests in the very holders of sovereignty, in each one of the inhabitants of the Republic. It is therefore not a matter of any person being able to come before the Constitutional Chamber in protection of any interests (popular action), but rather that every individual can act in defense of those goods that affect the entire national collectivity, without it being valid in this field either to attempt any exhaustive listing" (see Judgment No. 2007-01145)." In consonance with what has been stated and upheld by this Court in its jurisprudence, it therefore concerns individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous sets of persons who share an interest and, therefore, receive an injury, actual or potential, more or less the same for all, for which reason it is rightly said that they are equal interests of the groups that find themselves in determined circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them.
It is for this reason, precisely, that, from judgment No. 2021-2185 of 12:51 p.m. on February 3, 2021, I consider, unlike the Majority of this Court, that some of these interests can be embodied in a particular case in concrete, without thereby losing their condition as a diffuse interest, as occurs with environmental protection, whose impact affects one person and everyone in general; and such impact can be individualized in a particular situation, as for example, the construction of a factory in a specific neighboring sector, without the respective environmental studies, whose negative effects impact the planet's ozone layer. Undoubtedly, the result of a claim or process that a neighbor might bring against that factory will not only impact their own interests, but also the rest of the collectivity. Therefore, it constitutes a diffuse interest; and, nonetheless, it is also the object of a particular individualized situation.
Now, this does not mean, in any way, that in every invoked situation, the existence of a diffuse interest can be alleged, even if it can be the object of a particular situation. Let us remember that for an interest to be considered 'diffuse,' it must not only affect a collectivity, but must also be blurred, diffused in that collectivity. If it does not produce such an effect, it cannot be considered a diffuse interest. In the case of the plaintiff, as the Majority states, the challenged rule does not produce a socially diffused impact, as it could happen that within that group there exists a sector of workers who do not wish to access credits of their own will, request payroll deductions, or simply are not interested in acquiring housing or a subsidy for such purposes. In this case, what is discerned is a particular situation of the plaintiff that, while it may be shared by some group of persons, that effect is not of such magnitude as to consider it a diffuse interest. For the reason stated, I concur with the Majority in dismissing this action; however, with the reasoning expressed.
V.Documentation contributed to the file. The parties are warned that, if they have contributed any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The action is declared without merit. Judge Rueda Leal gives dissenting reasons.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Observations of SALA CONSTITUCIONAL voted by ballot Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial. Reproduction and/or distribution in an onerous form is prohibited. It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-09-2026 09:24:51.
Control constitucional: Sentencia desestimatoria Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias Relacionadas Sentencias del mismo expediente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: COMERCIO Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
Tema: ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
011994-21. COMERCIO. LEY DE USURA. ACCESO AL CRÉDITO PARA PERSONAS DE BAJOS RECURSOS. Acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el artículo 44 ter de la ley n.° 7472, “Ley de promoción de la competencia y defensa efectiva del consumidor”, de 20 de diciembre de 1994, reformada por la ley n.° 9859, publicada en el alcance número 150 de La Gaceta número 147 del 20 de junio de 2020. Se declara sin lugar la acción. El Magistrado Rueda Leal da razones diferentes.
“…esta Sala considera que la accionante carece de legitimación para plantear este proceso en los términos invocados; además, no refirió la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver en el que hubiera sido invocada la inconstitucionalidad pretendida. En consecuencia, lo procedente es desestimar esta acción, sin necesidad de emitir mayor consideración al respecto…” CO07/21 ... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
IV.Razones diferentes del Magistrado Rueda Leal. Tal como lo he expresado en otros casos, estimo que una cualidad del interés difuso consiste precisamente, en que su afectación es general -esto es, incide en toda una población o en amplios sectores de ella- dentro de un contexto, donde no se precisa que los sujetos perjudicados se conozcan entre sí (incluso podrían carecer de nexo o relaciones jurídicas entre ellos), pero sí se requiere de la presencia de una misma situación de daño o peligro a un bien constitucional que, por igual y sin necesidad de individualización alguna, comprende y aglomera a toda una sociedad en abstracto. Su defensa tiene como finalidad satisfacer una necesidad de la sociedad como tal, por ello, es trascendente a la de un ser humano individual o colectivamente considerado. En sentencia n.° 2019-17397 de las 12:54 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, este Tribunal reiteró lo siguiente:
“(…) En segundo lugar, se prevé la posibilidad de acudir en defensa de "intereses difusos"; este concepto, cuyo contenido ha ido siendo delineado paulatinamente por parte de la Sala, podría ser resumido en los términos empleados en la sentencia de este tribunal número 3750-93, de las quince horas del treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) "… Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala- los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificados o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter".
En síntesis, los intereses difusos son aquellos cuya titularidad pertenece a grupos de personas no organizadas formalmente, pero unidas a partir de una determinada necesidad social, una característica física, su origen étnico, una determinada orientación personal o ideológica, el consumo de un cierto producto, etc. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. En estos casos, claro, la impugnación que el miembro de uno de estos sectores podría efectuar amparado en el párrafo 2° del artículo 75, deberá estar referida necesariamente a disposiciones que lo afecten en cuanto tal. Esta Sala ha enumerado diversos derechos a los que les ha dado el calificativo de "difusos", tales como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y del buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
Al respecto deben ser efectuadas dos precisiones: por un lado, los referidos bienes trascienden la esfera tradicionalmente reconocida a los intereses difusos, ya que se refieren en principio a aspectos que afectan a la colectividad nacional y no a grupos particulares de ésta; un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad; del mismo modo, la defensa del buen manejo que se haga de los fondos públicos autorizados en el Presupuesto de la República es un interés de todos los habitantes de Costa Rica, no tan solo de un grupo cualquiera de ellos. Por otra parte, la enumeración que ha hecho la Sala Constitucional no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación –como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales; lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que –como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.
Finalmente, cuando el párrafo 2° del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional habla de intereses "que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto", se refiere a los bienes jurídicos explicados en las líneas anteriores, es decir, aquellos cuya titularidad reposa en los mismos detentadores de la soberanía, en cada uno de los habitantes de la República. No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional, sin que tampoco en este campo sea válido ensayar cualquier intento de enumeración taxativa” (véase la sentencia No. 2007-01145).” En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es por ello, precisamente, que, a partir de la sentencia n.° 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021, considero, a diferencia de la Mayoría de este Tribunal, que algunos de estos intereses pueden estar plasmados en un caso particular en concreto, sin perder por ello su condición de interés difuso, tal como ocurre con la protección al ambiente, cuyo impacto afecta a una persona y a todos en general; y puede ser individualizada tal afectación en una situación en particular, como por ejemplo, la construcción de una fábrica en un sector vecino determinado, sin los estudios ambientales respectivos, cuyos efectos negativos incidan en la capa de ozono del planeta. Indudablemente el resultado de un reclamo o proceso que pueda plantear un vecino contra esa fábrica, no solo incidirá en sus intereses propios, sino también en el resto de la colectividad. Por ello, constituye un interés difuso; y, sin embargo, también es objeto de una situación particular individualizada.
Ahora bien, ello no quiere decir, en modo alguno, que en toda situación invocada se pueda alegar la existencia de un interés difuso, aunque este pueda ser objeto de una situación particular. Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso. En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la norma impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, pues podría ocurrir que dentro de ese grupo exista un sector de trabajadores que no desea acceder a créditos por voluntad propia, solicitar deducciones de planilla, o simplemente no estén interesados en adquirir una vivienda o un subsidio para tales efectos. En este caso, lo que se vislumbra es una situación particular de la accionante que, si bien puede ser compartida por algún grupo de personas, ese efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso. Por el motivo expuesto coincido con la Mayoría en desestimar esta acción; empero, con la fundamentación expuesta.
CO07/21 ... Ver más SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las dieciséis horas y treinta minutos del veintiséis de mayo de dos mil veintiuno.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por Lidieth Mena Rojas, con cédula de identidad 2-0539-0361, contra el artículo 44 ter, reformado por el ordinal 4 de la ley n.º 9859, denominada “Adición de los artículos 36 bis, 36 ter, 36 quater, 44 ter y de los incisos g) y h) al artículo 53 y reforma de los artículos 44 bis y 63 de la Ley 7472, Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, de 20 de diciembre de 1994”.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre los presupuestos formales de admisibilidad de la acción. La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que deben ser satisfechas a los efectos de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación. En ese sentido, el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional regula los presupuestos de admisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad. En un primer término, se exige la existencia de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, sea en vía judicial, o bien, en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa, en que se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado. En los párrafos segundo y tercero, de manera excepcional contempla la ley presupuestos, en los que no se exige el asunto previo, cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista una lesión individual y directa, o se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o colectivos, o bien, cuando sea formulada en forma directa por el Contralor (a) General de la República, el Procurador (a) General de la República, el Fiscal (a) General de la República y el Defensor (a) de los Habitantes.
Ahora bien, en cuanto a la necesidad de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver en sede administrativa, es necesario que se trate del procedimiento que agote la vía administrativa, que, de acuerdo con el artículo 126 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, es a partir del momento en que se interponen los recursos ordinarios ante el superior jerarca del órgano que dictó el acto final, pues de lo contrario, la acción resultaría inadmisible. Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser satisfechas, a saber, la determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de las normas y principios constitucionales que se consideren infringidos, la autenticación por abogado del escrito en el que se plantea la acción, la acreditación de las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), así como la certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas en el asunto base, requisitos todos que en caso de no ser aportados por la parte accionante, pueden ser prevenidos para su cumplimiento por la Presidencia de la Sala.
II.Sobre la legitimación de la accionante. La parte accionante fundamenta su legitimación para acudir de forma directa a interponer este proceso en la existencia de intereses difusos en su condición de consumidora, toda vez que considera lesionados sus derechos y los de toda persona cuyos ingresos no superen el mínimo legal, de poder ser considerados como sujetos de crédito por sus ingresos, y de poder adquirir una vivienda digna. Sobre este tema, la Sala ha precisado lo siguiente:
“SOBRE LA LEGITIMACIÓN DEL ACCIONANTE Y SOBRE LA ADMISIBILIDAD DE LA ACCIÓN.- La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un procedimiento con determinadas formalidades, que si no se reúnen, imposibilitan a la Sala conocer de la impugnación que se hace. En este caso, el accionante aduce que su legitimación proviene de la defensa de intereses difusos e intereses corporativos, situación contemplada en el párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. En relación con la legitimación, la Sala Constitucional ha manifestado que puede definirse como aquella relación de causa-efecto entre lo que se pretende (objeto de la acción/juicio) y quien lo pretende (accionante/demandante), que la Ley exige como requisito para poder examinar el fondo de un asunto. El supuesto contenido en el párrafo primero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se refiere a la legitimación que podemos llamar indirecta, es decir, aquella que deriva del asunto previo donde se está aplicando la o las normas que luego se impugnan en la acción.
Por ello se dice que la acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene naturaleza incidental, y debe constituir medio razonable para amparar el derecho que se estima lesionado en el asunto principal. El párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece otro tipo de legitimación, que se ha llamado directa. Es aquella que no requiere de un asunto previo donde se esté aplicando la norma impugnada y que se traduce en tres supuestos concretos: que por la naturaleza del asunto no exista posibilidad de lesión individual y directa, que se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o de intereses que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto. En estos supuestos, las circunstancias especiales del asunto (que deberán examinarse en cada caso concreto) hacen que la relación causa-efecto entre el accionante y el objeto de su pretensión sea más tenue, lo que lo autoriza a interponer la acción directamente, sin necesidad del asunto pendiente de resolución.
En este caso, la acción adolece de un requisito formal, cuál es el pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados correspondiente a la autenticación de la firma del accionante. No obstante, por razones de economía procesal, no se hace la prevención que disponen los artículos 78 y 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
…III.- SOBRE LOS INTERESES LOS INTERESES DIFUSOS Y LOS QUE ATAÑEN A LA COLECTIVIDAD EN SU CONJUNTO. En segundo término, como sustento de la legitimación, el actor alega la defensa de intereses difusos. De la lectura del memorial de interposición de la acción, es evidente que al actor confunde lo que son intereses difusos e intereses colectivos, pues en un punto del escrito de interposición, señala que le asiste legitimación por defensa de los primeros y, más adelante, se refiere a esos intereses como colectivos. Sobre el interés difuso, se ha sido entendido como aquel interés personal relacionado con un derecho o situación jurídica de naturaleza especial y particular, que puede ser compartido por otras personas, formando todos los interesados un grupo o categoría determinada. Así, la vulneración de ese derecho puede afectar a todos en general y/o a cada uno en particular, de ahí que cualquier miembro de esa agrupación puede interponer la acción para proteger el derecho que se estima lesionado. La sentencia No. 03705-93, de las 15:00 horas del 30 de julio de 1993, ilustra lo que se ha entendido como intereses difusos, así como la sentencia No. 360-99 de las 15:51 horas del 20 de enero de 1999:
"Se ha señalado que se trata un tipo especial de interés, cuya manifestación es menos concreta e individualizable que la del colectivo recién definido en el considerando anterior, pero que no puede llegar a ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el reconocido a todos los miembros de la sociedad de velar por la legalidad constitucional, ya que éste último -como se ha dicho reiteradamente- está excluido del actual sistema de revisión constitucional. Se trata pues de un interés distribuido en cada uno de los administrados, mediato si se quiere, y diluido, pero no por ello menos constatable, para la defensa, en esta Sala, de ciertos derechos constitucionales de una singular relevancia para el adecuado y armónico desarrollo de la sociedad. Son las especiales características de éstos derechos por sí mismas y no la particular situación frente a ellos de los sujetos que puedan ostentarlos, la clave para la distinción y determinación de la presencia de los llamados intereses difusos tal y como se manifestado en distintas resoluciones como la 03705-93 de las quince horas del treinta de julio para el derecho al ambiente, la número 05753-93 de las catorce horas cuarenta y cinco del nueve de noviembre de ese mismo año para la defensa del patrimonio histórico y la número 00980-91 de las trece y treinta del veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno para la materia electoral." En este sentido, así como se ha dicho que ese interés no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
Tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo. Si bien no hay una lista taxativa, la Sala Constitucional ha identificado diversos derechos que gozan de tales características, como el derecho a un ambiente sano y armonioso, la defensa del patrimonio histórico, la materia electoral, la defensa del derecho a la salud y la fiscalización de los fondos públicos. Es evidente que el derecho que reclama el accionante en este caso, no encuadra dentro de los supuestos mencionados...” (Sentencia n.° 2020-20839 de las 9:20 horas del 28 de octubre de 2020). El énfasis no es del original.
En materia de protección al consumidor, la Sala también ha aclarado cuándo se está frente a la existencia de un interés difuso o no:
“III.- DE LA INADMISIBILIDAD DE LA ACCIÓN POR FALTA DE LEGITIMACIÓN DIRECTA DE LA ACCIONANTE. La parte accionante también alega, para efectos de fundamentar la legitimación que ostenta para promover esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, la defensa de intereses difusos, en particular, en protección de los derechos e intereses de los consumidores o usuarios.
Lo anterior exige disgregar las distintas normas impugnadas en la presente acción, en tanto que se cuestionan varias disposiciones normativas de muy diverso contendido. Se cuestiona, en primer lugar, el artículo 44, inciso u), del Reglamento Interno de Organización y Funciones de la ARESEP, por cuanto, se alega que se infringe el principio de reserva de ley al delegarse, mediante una norma de rango reglamentario, una potestad de imperio sancionatoria en el Director General de Mercados de la SUTEL. Se impugna, también, el numeral 67 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, en su inciso a), subinciso 7), y en su inciso b), subincisos 3) y 11), en que se establecen las infracción muy graves o graves en materia de telecomunicaciones, por estimar que se conculcan los principios de tipicidad y de proporcionalidad de las sanciones. Respecto de tales disposiciones normativas en específico, la parte accionante no formula alegato o reparo alguno por presunta infracción a los derechos o intereses de los consumidores o usuarios.
Es evidente que tales normas se impugnan únicamente en cuanto pueden resultar de aplicación en el procedimiento administrativo sancionatorio tramitado en contra de la parte accionante por presunta infracción a sus obligaciones como operadora de servicios de telecomunicaciones, sea, se está accionando en resguardo de un interés notoriamente individual, claramente circunscrito al caso específico o singular de la parte accionante, quien pretende cuestionar el sustento normativo del procedimiento administrativo tramitado en su contra y de una eventual o posible sanción. De hecho, en razón del contenido de la normativa cuestionada y de los derechos que se acusan como infringidos, es patente que tal normativa podría dar origen a afectaciones individuales susceptibles de generar reclamos concretos, respecto de un grupo acotado de personas fácilmente determinables e identificables, esto es, respecto de aquellos operadores o prestadores de los servicios de telecomunicaciones a quienes se les tramite formal procedimiento sancionatorio por presunto incumplimiento de sus obligaciones en infracción de la normativa de telecomunicaciones. Por lo que no puede estimarse que el sub lite se esté en presencia de un supuesto de defensa de intereses difusos.
Por lo demás, la parte accionante también impugna el ordinal 43 del Reglamento sobre el Régimen de Protección al Usuario Final de los Servicios de Telecomunicaciones, que establece la obligación de los operadores o prestadores de servicios de telecomunicaciones en modalidad prepago de llevar un registro con la información básica de sus clientes. Respecto de tal numeral, la parte accionante realiza una serie de alegatos en el sentido que tal registro de información del cliente en servicios prepago en lugar de proteger al usuario final del servicio de telecomunicaciones podría, eventualmente, limitar el acceso a los servicios de telecomunicaciones por parte de la generalidad de los usuarios y consumidores. En cuanto a este extremo de la acción, considera esta Sala que tampoco se está accionando en defensa de intereses difusos. En el sub judice, de la lectura integral del escrito de interposición se constata de forma diáfana que lo que motiva la formulación de esta acción es el inicio de un procedimiento sancionatorio en contra de la parte accionante.
Sea, en el fondo, lejos de pretenderse una supuesta defensa de intereses difusos, en tutela de los derechos o intereses de un grupo no identificado de posibles consumidores o usuarios, se está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, personal y específico, como lo es el interés de la propia parte accionante en concreto, a quien se le ha iniciado un procedimiento sancionatorio justamente por presunta infracción de las normas que cuestiona -incluso, en eventual contraposición o conflicto con los intereses o derechos de los consumidores o usuarios-. Esto es, no se actúa en defensa de un interés difuminado entre un grupo no determinable de personas, sino que se está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, claramente delimitado al caso particular de la parte accionante, como producto de la aplicación concreta de la norma cuestionada en su caso específico. De allí que pretenda cuestionar el procedimiento sancionatorio iniciado en su contra.” (Sentencia n.° 2019-19588 de las 9:20 horas del 9 de octubre de 2019). El énfasis no es del original. Véanse en sentido similar las sentencias 2019-9192 de las 9:30 horas del 22 de mayo de 2019 y 2006-15489 de las 17:10 horas del 25 de octubre de 2006.
En el sub examine, tal como se expuso supra, la parte accionante considera que le asiste legitimación directa por intereses difusos, por cuanto, en su condición de consumidora y en una especie de defensa a toda persona cuyos ingresos no superen el mínimo legal, la regulación impugnada les impide, merced a sus ingresos, ser considerados sujetos de crédito y poder así adquirir una vivienda digna. No obstante, según los precedentes señalados, tal supuesto no se configura en el sub iudice. Si bien, como refiere la accionante, podría existir un grupo de personas cuyos ingresos no superaran el mínimo legal, merced a lo cual no pudieran ser considerados sujetos de crédito ni eventualmente acceder a algún tipo de crédito para una vivienda, no menos cierto es que no se puede afirmar que la accionante acuda en protección de ese grupo por compartir necesariamente sus intereses, ya que no se demuestra ni evidencia que la norma impugnada produzca una afectación socialmente difuminada, toda vez que no todo integrante del grupo aludido por la parte accionante inexorablemente se encuentra en un estado de efectiva voluntad propia dirigida a acceder a créditos de este tipo y requerir deducciones de planilla a los efectos de un crédito para vivienda.
De esta manera, se considera que la gestionante, en realidad, está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, claramente delimitado en su situación particular, ante la necesidad propia de acceder a un crédito y, consecuentemente, de adquirir una vivienda propia, de manera que la norma impugnada sí es susceptible de ser objeto de aplicación individual, esto es, en una situación en particular, tal como la tramitación de un crédito, en la que cualquier gestionante eventualmente podría reclamar la lesión a algún derecho por la vía del amparo, en el que, en el momento procesal oportuno, la Sala resolvería si en efecto se da o no una afectación de relevancia constitucional.
En ese sentido, se reitera cómo la Sala Constitucional se ha pronunciado:
“… A partir de lo anterior, toda vez que las normas aquí impugnadas podrían originar el reclamo de personas fácilmente determinables e identificables dentro de un proceso penal, no puede estimarse que se esté en presencia de un supuesto de defensa de intereses difusos. De hecho, de admitirse la posibilidad de la accionante de plantear una acción de inconstitucionalidad en esta materia, en las condiciones pretendidas por ella, supondría reconocer la existencia de una acción popular, la cual, como lo ha indicado la Sala Constitucional en su reiterada jurisprudencia (véase la sentencia n°. 2016-000787 de las 9:05 horas del 20 de enero de 2016), no se adecua al marco de las competencias procesales que al efecto tiene este Tribunal Constitucional, en sus funciones de intérprete último y guardián de la Constitución. En consecuencia, al constatarse que la accionante no ha sustentado su legitimación en la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver en que se invocara la inconstitucionalidad de las normas aquí impugnadas ni, tampoco, tiene legitimación para ejercer la acción directa en defensa de intereses difusos, esta acción es inadmisible.” (Sentencia n.° 2020-4490 de las 9:20 horas del 4 de marzo de 2020) “…Nótese que, ciertamente, tal como lo señala claramente la Procuraduría General de la República y de manera enfática lo refiere el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, la normativa que se cuestiona sí es totalmente susceptible de aplicación individual y de incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas singulares e identificables, que ejercen una determinada actividad, sujeta a la regulación señalada en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y su reglamento.
De tal manera, es claro que contrario a la aducida defensa de intereses difusos, lo que se encuentra de por medio es algún grado de inconformidad con la sujeción a que deben someterse para la regulación de la actividad que ejercen o pretenden ejercer; véase que como bien refiere el informe del Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, los accionantes se encuentran directamente relacionados como fundadores, gerentes o servidores de diversas empresas relacionadas con la exhibición de fauna silvestre o su promoción turística. Así, resulta inviable aducir presuntos problemas de conservación y de educación ambiental, para utilizar la figura de los intereses difusos y promover con ello una acción de inconstitucionalidad directa obviando los estrictos requisitos de admisibilidad señalados en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, tal como se indicó en los considerandos II y III de esta resolución…” (Sentencia n.° 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021) El énfasis no es del original. En igual sentido, ver la sentencia n.° 2021-3852 de las 13:16 horas del 24 de febrero de 2021.
Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo. Por consiguiente, esta Sala considera que la accionante carece de legitimación para plantear este proceso en los términos invocados; además, no refirió la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver en el que hubiera sido invocada la inconstitucionalidad pretendida. En consecuencia, lo procedente es desestimar esta acción, sin necesidad de emitir mayor consideración al respecto.
III.Sobre las coadyuvancias. Según consta en autos, Javier Losada Romero Polo, Henry Zamora Vega y Lina Giraldo Soto, en su condición de representante legal de Registro Cinco S.A., solicitaron a este Tribunal que se les tuviera como coadyuvantes activos en este proceso. Mediante resolución de las 8:47 horas del 4 de diciembre de 2020, la Presidencia a.i. de esta Sala resolvió aceptarlos como coadyuvantes activos dentro de este asunto, por haber cumplido los requisitos respectivos.
IV.Razones diferentes del Magistrado Rueda Leal. Tal como lo he expresado en otros casos, estimo que una cualidad del interés difuso consiste precisamente, en que su afectación es general -esto es, incide en toda una población o en amplios sectores de ella- dentro de un contexto, donde no se precisa que los sujetos perjudicados se conozcan entre sí (incluso podrían carecer de nexo o relaciones jurídicas entre ellos), pero sí se requiere de la presencia de una misma situación de daño o peligro a un bien constitucional que, por igual y sin necesidad de individualización alguna, comprende y aglomera a toda una sociedad en abstracto. Su defensa tiene como finalidad satisfacer una necesidad de la sociedad como tal, por ello, es trascendente a la de un ser humano individual o colectivamente considerado. En sentencia n.° 2019-17397 de las 12:54 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, este Tribunal reiteró lo siguiente:
“(…) En segundo lugar, se prevé la posibilidad de acudir en defensa de "intereses difusos"; este concepto, cuyo contenido ha ido siendo delineado paulatinamente por parte de la Sala, podría ser resumido en los términos empleados en la sentencia de este tribunal número 3750-93, de las quince horas del treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) "… Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala- los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificados o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter".
En síntesis, los intereses difusos son aquellos cuya titularidad pertenece a grupos de personas no organizadas formalmente, pero unidas a partir de una determinada necesidad social, una característica física, su origen étnico, una determinada orientación personal o ideológica, el consumo de un cierto producto, etc. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. En estos casos, claro, la impugnación que el miembro de uno de estos sectores podría efectuar amparado en el párrafo 2° del artículo 75, deberá estar referida necesariamente a disposiciones que lo afecten en cuanto tal. Esta Sala ha enumerado diversos derechos a los que les ha dado el calificativo de "difusos", tales como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y del buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
Al respecto deben ser efectuadas dos precisiones: por un lado, los referidos bienes trascienden la esfera tradicionalmente reconocida a los intereses difusos, ya que se refieren en principio a aspectos que afectan a la colectividad nacional y no a grupos particulares de ésta; un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad; del mismo modo, la defensa del buen manejo que se haga de los fondos públicos autorizados en el Presupuesto de la República es un interés de todos los habitantes de Costa Rica, no tan solo de un grupo cualquiera de ellos. Por otra parte, la enumeración que ha hecho la Sala Constitucional no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación –como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales; lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que –como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.
Finalmente, cuando el párrafo 2° del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional habla de intereses "que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto", se refiere a los bienes jurídicos explicados en las líneas anteriores, es decir, aquellos cuya titularidad reposa en los mismos detentadores de la soberanía, en cada uno de los habitantes de la República. No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional, sin que tampoco en este campo sea válido ensayar cualquier intento de enumeración taxativa” (véase la sentencia No. 2007-01145).” En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es por ello, precisamente, que, a partir de la sentencia n.° 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021, considero, a diferencia de la Mayoría de este Tribunal, que algunos de estos intereses pueden estar plasmados en un caso particular en concreto, sin perder por ello su condición de interés difuso, tal como ocurre con la protección al ambiente, cuyo impacto afecta a una persona y a todos en general; y puede ser individualizada tal afectación en una situación en particular, como por ejemplo, la construcción de una fábrica en un sector vecino determinado, sin los estudios ambientales respectivos, cuyos efectos negativos incidan en la capa de ozono del planeta. Indudablemente el resultado de un reclamo o proceso que pueda plantear un vecino contra esa fábrica, no solo incidirá en sus intereses propios, sino también en el resto de la colectividad. Por ello, constituye un interés difuso; y, sin embargo, también es objeto de una situación particular individualizada.
Ahora bien, ello no quiere decir, en modo alguno, que en toda situación invocada se pueda alegar la existencia de un interés difuso, aunque este pueda ser objeto de una situación particular. Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso. En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la norma impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, pues podría ocurrir que dentro de ese grupo exista un sector de trabajadores que no desea acceder a créditos por voluntad propia, solicitar deducciones de planilla, o simplemente no estén interesados en adquirir una vivienda o un subsidio para tales efectos. En este caso, lo que se vislumbra es una situación particular de la accionante que, si bien puede ser compartida por algún grupo de personas, ese efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso. Por el motivo expuesto coincido con la Mayoría en desestimar esta acción; empero, con la fundamentación expuesta.
V.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar la acción. El Magistrado Rueda Leal da razones diferentes.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL votado con boleta Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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