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Res. 11994-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/05/2021
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the action without reaching the merits because the petitioner established neither a diffuse interest nor a pending underlying case supporting her standing.La Sala desestimó la acción sin resolver el fondo porque la accionante no acreditó un interés difuso ni la existencia de un asunto previo pendiente que sustentara su legitimación.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denied the challenge to Article 44 ter of the Competition Promotion and Effective Consumer Protection Law, which shields an untouchable minimum wage from deductions and prohibits loans that disregard it. The petitioner argued that the rule discriminatorily restricted access to credit and adequate housing for low- and middle-income workers. The Chamber did not decide those substantive claims because it found that the petitioner lacked standing to bring the constitutional action directly: any potential harm concerned the particular circumstances of salaried workers seeking credit rather than a diffuse interest affecting the community generally and indistinctly. Nor was there a pending underlying case in which the alleged unconstitutionality had been raised. Justice Rueda Leal agreed that the action should be denied but offered separate reasoning, explaining that an interest may arise in an individualized case while remaining diffuse—as environmental protection may—provided that its effects genuinely spread throughout the broader community.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar la acción contra el artículo 44 ter de la Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, que protege un salario mínimo intangible frente a deducciones y prohíbe otorgar créditos que lo irrespeten. La accionante sostuvo que esa regulación restringía de manera discriminatoria el acceso de trabajadores de ingresos bajos y medios al crédito y a una vivienda digna. La Sala no examinó el fondo de esos cuestionamientos porque concluyó que la actora carecía de legitimación para promover directamente la acción: el eventual perjuicio afectaría situaciones particulares de asalariados interesados en solicitar crédito, no un interés difuso extendido de forma general e indiferenciada en la colectividad. Tampoco existía un asunto previo pendiente en el que se hubiera invocado la inconstitucionalidad. El magistrado Rueda Leal coincidió con la desestimación, aunque explicó separadamente que un interés puede manifestarse en casos individuales y conservar carácter difuso, como ocurre con la protección ambiental, siempre que su afectación se difumine realmente en la colectividad.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Consistent with the foregoing and with this Court’s jurisprudence, these are individual interests that are also diluted among more or less extensive and amorphous groups of persons who share an interest and therefore sustain an actual or potential harm that is more or less equal for all; they are thus properly described as interests belonging both to the groups situated in particular circumstances and to each of their members. In the petitioner’s case, as the Majority states, the challenged provision does not produce a socially diffused harm, because the group may include workers who voluntarily do not wish to obtain credit, request payroll deductions, or simply have no interest in acquiring a home or a subsidy for that purpose. What appears here is a particular situation of the petitioner which, although it may be shared by some group of persons, does not have an effect of sufficient magnitude to qualify as a diffuse interest. The action is denied. Justice Rueda Leal gives different reasons.En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas. En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la norma impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, pues podría ocurrir que dentro de ese grupo exista un sector de trabajadores que no desea acceder a créditos por voluntad propia, solicitar deducciones de planilla, o simplemente no estén interesados en adquirir una vivienda o un subsidio para tales efectos. En este caso, lo que se vislumbra es una situación particular de la accionante que, si bien puede ser compartida por algún grupo de personas, ese efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso. Se declara sin lugar la acción. El Magistrado Rueda Leal da razones diferentes.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter."
"Diffuse interests have a dual nature: they are collective because they are shared by a broad group, yet also individual, and may therefore be asserted in that capacity."
Considerando IV, jurisprudencia citada
"Los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter."
Considerando IV, jurisprudencia citada
"Un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad."
"Environmental harm does not affect only the residents of a region or the consumers of a product; it damages or gravely endangers the natural heritage of the entire country and even of humanity."
Considerando IV, jurisprudencia citada
"Un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad."
Considerando IV, jurisprudencia citada
"No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional."
"This does not mean that anyone may petition the Constitutional Chamber to protect any interest whatsoever as a popular action; rather, every individual may defend those interests that affect the entire national community."
Considerando IV, jurisprudencia citada
"No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional."
Considerando IV, jurisprudencia citada
"Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso."
"For an interest to be considered “diffuse,” it must not only affect a community but must also be dispersed throughout that community. If it does not have that effect, it cannot be regarded as a diffuse interest."
Considerando IV, razones diferentes del magistrado Rueda Leal
"Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso."
Considerando IV, razones diferentes del magistrado Rueda Leal
Full documentDocumento completo
Decision No. 2021011994 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at sixteen hours and thirty minutes on veintiséis de mayo de dos mil veintiuno.
Action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed by Lidieth Mena Rojas, identity card number 2-0539-0361, against Article 44 ter, amended by section 4 of Law No. 9859, entitled “Addition of Articles 36 bis, 36 ter, 36 quater, and 44 ter and subsections g) and h) to Article 53, and Amendment of Articles 44 bis and 63 of Ley 7472, Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, of 20 de diciembre de 1994.” Background:
In the aforementioned opinion No. C-104-2019, the legislative history of Law No. 4418 of 22 de diciembre de 1969 was analyzed. That law amended sections 69(k), 172, and 174 of the Labor Code, as well as Article 984(1) of the Civil Code. It was concluded that the objectives of that reform were: 1) to protect workers’ wages by guaranteeing an “untouchable minimum wage” (salario mínimo intocable); and 2) to encourage workers to obtain loans from State institutions or cooperatives for the construction of their own homes, while always preserving the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree. Section 44 ter, challenged in this action, confirms the existence of an untouchable minimum wage and expressly provides that this wage is the one established in the first paragraph of Article 172 of the Labor Code; that is, the lowest monthly wage set in the minimum-wage decree. It considers the existence of that untouchable minimum wage—which is not subject to withholding (retenciones) of any kind by the employer, except in the case of support obligations (pensión alimentaria)—to be constitutionally valid because it fulfills an obligation undertaken by our country upon signing ILO Convention 95, Article 10.2 of which provides that wages must be protected to the extent necessary to ensure the maintenance of the worker and the worker’s family.
By virtue of that obligation, the legislature is not free to decide whether or not to establish an intangible or untouchable minimum wage. What it may decide is the proportion of wages that must be protected, since that particular matter is left to the legislative discretion of the ILO Member States that signed and ratified Convention 95. Moreover, it is reasonable for the protected portion of wages to be equivalent to the lowest monthly wage provided for in the minimum-wage decree, because that amount is presumed to be necessary for the maintenance of the worker and the worker’s family. In summary, it considers that the second paragraph of Article 44 ter of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Protection (Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor), insofar as it establishes an intangible minimum wage (salario mínimo intangible) equivalent to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree, presents no constitutional issue whatsoever.
On the contrary, a guarantee of this kind is consistent with the constitutional principles of social solidarity and worker protection, as well as with the international commitments undertaken by Costa Rica regarding wage protection. 3. Regarding the prohibition on granting loans that violate the untouchable minimum wage (third paragraph of Article 44 ter of Ley 7472). The third paragraph provides: “Any natural or legal person that grants a loan in violation of the untouchable minimum wage referred to in the first paragraph of Article 172 of the Labor Code shall be subject to the penalty classified as a very serious violation, pursuant to subsection (a) of Article 155 of Ley 7558, Organic Law of the Central Bank of Costa Rica, of 3 de noviembre de 1995.” The petitioner challenges the validity of the provision just quoted because she interprets it as prohibiting the granting of loans against the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree, as well as consideration of that portion of wages when determining the repayment capacity (capacidad de pago) of a person seeking a loan.
In that regard, it notes that the challenged third paragraph of Article 44 ter does not state that lending institutions may not grant loans against an amount equivalent to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree. Nor does it provide that this portion of wages may not be considered in determining each person’s repayment capacity. What it provides is that loans may not be granted in violation of the untouchable minimum wage. In the context of Article 44 ter as a whole, this means that a loan may not be repaid through withholdings made directly by the employer from the lowest monthly wage set in the minimum-wage decree. It would not be logical to interpret Article 44 ter under review, entitled “Rights of the Worker as a Financial Consumer,” as seeking to deny access to credit to the lowest-income workers or to exclude from their repayment capacity the amount representing the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree, because such restrictions could not be regarded as workers’ rights.
Although the wording of the third paragraph of that provision is unclear, its intent is understood to be to ensure compliance with the preceding paragraph, meaning that the employer must not make withholdings from the worker’s wages that affect the intangible minimum wage, which is equivalent to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree. A review of legislative file No. 20861, which culminated in the enactment of Law No. 9859 of 16 de junio de 2020, whereby Article 44 ter was added to the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Protection, does not indicate that one of the objectives of that provision was to prohibit the granting of credit to the lowest-income workers or to subtract the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree from their repayment capacity. As reflected in that file, the aforementioned Article 44 ter was not part of the original proposal.
It was included in the text of the law as a result of a substantive motion (moción de fondo) submitted by Deputy Wagner Jiménez Zúñiga (folio 2111). The reading of that motion was waived (folio 2135), and it was unanimously approved at extraordinary session No. 39 of 27 de abril de 2020, without changes or comments relevant to the matter at issue here (folios 2138 and 2139). It considers that the existence of an intangible minimum wage that is not subject to employer withholding does not mean that this wage must be excluded from the repayment capacity of its recipient, because nothing prevents a person, after receiving wages from the employer, from paying loan installments with that income. What is not permissible is for the loan installment to be deducted directly by the employer from the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree, because that amount is subject to a protection that the parties entering into the loan agreement, as well as the employer, are required to respect.
Moreover, housing loans have the particular feature that the property acquired through the loan may serve as collateral—and this is generally the case—so that, in such cases, as with secured loans over movable property (créditos prendarios), for example, there is no additional reason why repayment of the loan must necessarily be made through payroll deductions (rebajos salariales) carried out by the employer. Along the same lines, it must be emphasized that the fact that a loan payment is not deducted directly from wages does not mean that the debtor is not required to pay it, because the obligation to make the agreed repayment exists regardless of the agreed method of payment. As the Chamber has correctly stated, “… payroll deduction is merely a payment mechanism that does not alter in any way the contractual terms underlying it, nor is it the source of liability toward the financial institution receiving the transfer arising from the deduction; consequently, failure to apply it does not in any way release the debtor from any contractual obligations that the debtor may have undertaken” (Judgment No. 2000-07563).
Differences in access to credit based on each person’s wage income have always existed and will probably continue to exist; however, this issue arises more from economic than legal considerations. It cannot be asserted that the intent of the third paragraph of Article 44 ter of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Protection was to increase that disparity or to eliminate entirely access to credit for those receiving lower wages. Nor are there grounds for asserting that the intent of that provision was to exclude the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree from the worker’s repayment capacity. Such an interpretation is inconsistent with the purposes of that regulation and of the law in which it appears, which seeks to promote the “effective protection of consumers,” a category that includes workers as financial consumers. If lending institutions decide to exclude lower-wage individuals from access to credit on the basis of the third paragraph of Article 44 ter under review, that conduct could be discriminatory and therefore incompatible with the constitutional principle of equality, because the provision does not require such exclusion, nor can any legislative mandate to that effect be inferred from it.
Based on the foregoing, it considers that the third paragraph of Article 44 ter of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Protection does not present the constitutional defects alleged by the petitioner. It notes that, if this Chamber were to find that the provision at issue could be interpreted as prohibiting the granting of loans to persons whose wages are equal to or lower than the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree, it respectfully suggests adopting a constitutionally conforming interpretation (interpretación conforme a la Constitución Política) providing that the third paragraph of Article 44 ter of the Law for the Promotion of Competition and Effective Consumer Protection is constitutional, provided it is interpreted as seeking to ensure that the intangible minimum wage—that is, wages equal to the lowest monthly wage established in the minimum-wage decree—may not be subject to employer withholding for the repayment of loans.
There is a consistent thread between the considerations of the proponents of the original text and the legislative intent (espíritu del legislador) behind adding section 44 ter to Ley n.° 7472: the need to establish limits on usury (usura), as well as to protect the most vulnerable consumers because of the types of credit agreements they are compelled to enter into and their repayment capacity within the credit system. In that consultation, the Constitutional Court made clear that the legislative initiative fulfilled the constitutional duty to impose a limit in order to fill a regulatory gap (vacío normativo) that was preventing enforcement of the criminal offense of usury; consequently, establishing a maximum interest rate could neither strip freedom of contract (libertad de contratación) of its essential content nor violate the principle of freedom of enterprise (principio de libertad de empresa), since that freedom may be regulated, provided that this is done reasonably, as is the case with Ley n.° 9859, and responds to a compelling social need that justifies government intervention.
It emphasizes that the State may intervene in specific situations of compelling necessity to regulate market activities, including within the framework of banking activity, when the purpose is to protect consumers. One useful consideration as a benchmark for analyzing the petitioner’s arguments is the Chamber’s statement that the legislature’s power of initiative cannot be restricted on the basis of hypothetical arguments, because doing so would undermine Parliament’s independence. It considers this to be a sound approach when assessing an enacted legislative proposal, since the arguments are unreasonable in claiming that rights established in provisions that are not being amended are being affected; moreover, the legislature has a constitutionally supported margin of discretion and made clear in the bill’s explanatory statement (exposición de motivos) that its objective is to protect consumers.
The petitioner’s arguments lie within the realm of hypothesis, since no law having direct effects on access to housing, for example, is being amended in any respect; instead, within the framework of consumer protection, the legislature deemed it necessary to enact rules for the protection of consumers in their capacity as financial consumers. In that regard, it may reasonably be inferred that the addition of Article 44 ter to Ley 7472 is intended to protect workers’ minimum wage (salario mínimo), by providing that payroll deductions (rebajos salariales) may be made only with the worker’s consent and that such deductions may not be taken from the statutory minimum wage (salario mínimo legal), which constitutes a constitutional right intended to support the worker’s family. For its part, the Procuraduría General de la República, in opinion n.º C-104 2019 of 8 de abril de 2019—among others—refers to the statutory minimum wage, as provided in section 10 of ILO Convention 95, and concludes that under no circumstances may deductions be made from the “untouchable minimum wage” (“salario mínimo intocable”) referred to in section 172 of the Código de Trabajo.
In that regard, the enacted provision reinforces the existing legal system (ordenamiento jurídico), which establishes protection for every worker’s statutory minimum wage within the framework of workers’ rights as consumers and their individual exercise of access to credit, so that such access occurs in accordance with the parameters of legality, thereby preventing abusive conduct by financial credit providers; these matters are set forth in the explanatory statement to bill n.° 20.861, from which the challenged provision originated. For those reasons, it rejects the argument that the provision is contrary to the principle of equality (principio de igualdad), because it protects a right shared by all workers, namely the statutory minimum wage; nor does it “place those with a lower repayment capacity at a disadvantage relative to those who are able to repay loans,” as the petitioner asserts, because the State has an obligation to define and reinforce the parameters of legality governing workers’ rights in relation to the financial market.
It states that the foregoing must be read together with the explanatory statement so as not to lose sight of the protective purpose of the provision challenged in this constitutional action (acción de inconstitucionalidad): namely, that it was necessary to protect consumer rights while also establishing parameters so that the weaker party to that contractual relationship would have the means to exercise its rights fully without its constitutional rights being adversely affected. Accordingly, the regulation of the parameters for applying usury rules is integrated with international conventions concerning worker protection, the constitutional right to a statutory minimum wage, and the provisions of section 177 of the Código de Trabajo, which specifically seek to safeguard households’ normal minimum material, moral, and cultural needs: “Article 177: Every worker has the right to earn a minimum wage sufficient to meet the normal material, moral, and cultural needs of the worker’s household; that wage shall be set periodically, taking into account the characteristics of each type of work and the particular conditions of each region and of each intellectual, industrial, commercial, livestock-farming, or agricultural activity.” For the reasons stated, it considers that the amendments included in Ley n.° 9859, which amends and supplements Ley n.º 7472, including section 44 ter, are grounded in the objective of protecting citizens in their capacity as consumers; accordingly, the legislators deemed it appropriate to include a penalty for financial providers to guarantee workers’ rights in the financial market. It requests that the constitutional challenge be dismissed.
For its part, under the pro persona principle, a fundamental right must always be interpreted and applied in the manner most favorable to the individual. This principle is incorporated into several international human rights treaties, namely: Article 29(b) of the American Convention on Human Rights; Article 5.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Article 5 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and Article 1.1 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, among others. They add that the pro homine principle constitutes a general rule of human rights law through which, by means of interpretation or normative adaptation, every decision seeks to achieve the outcome that best protects the individual.
In the short term, the commercial activity will become completely unviable from a cost-benefit standpoint, not only because of the already described and demonstrated decrease in revenue, but also because each establishment will have to bear, in addition to the operating expenses already indicated, the cost of a compliance officer (oficial de cumplimiento) (or liaison person), as required by SUGEF, who must remain on the premises while they are open to the public (Regulation for the Prevention of the Risk of Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Financing of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, applicable to the regulated entities under Articles 15 and 15 bis of Ley 7786, SUGEF Agreement 13-19); and those establishments will be required to accept payments from customers by credit card (Articles 32, 34, and 44-Bis of the Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, Ley n.° 7472, in relation to credit and debit cards and the Credit and Debit Card Regulations), in which case financial institutions will charge the establishments fees for their use.
These expenses are not included in the calculations because they are not currently being incurred; however, they will have to be incurred in the coming months, further aggravating the businesses’ situation. He states that the Ley de Garantías Mobiliarias, taking into account the business activity conducted by the establishments and their operations, expressly permits the operating expenses arising from the commercial activity to be included among the costs charged to customers, solely to avoid impairing the operation of the business. He does not know why the analysis conducted when the Ley de Garantías Mobiliarias was enacted was not taken into account when those amendments to the Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor—and specifically Article 36 bis—were devised and approved. He notes that Article 5, subsection 21), of the Law provides that obligations secured through a security interest (garantía mobiliaria) shall cover, in addition to the principal amount of the outstanding loan, (a) ordinary and default interest (intereses corrientes y moratorios), (b) fees payable to the secured creditor (acreedor garantizado) under the security agreement (contrato de garantía), (c) expenses incurred by the secured creditor for the safekeeping and custody of the collateral (bienes en garantía), (d) expenses incurred by the secured creditor in connection with the acts necessary to enforce the security interest (ejecución de la garantía) (a typical cost being the appraisal (avalúo)), (c) damages (daños y perjuicios) caused by breach of the secured obligation (obligación garantizada) and/or the security agreement, and (d) liquidated damages (liquidación convencional de daños y perjuicios), when agreed upon.
Additionally, Article 15 thereof establishes the debtor’s obligation to (1) obtain adequate insurance covering the collateral against destruction, loss, or damage in favor of the secured creditor; if no such agreement exists, the pledging debtor (deudor garante) assumes the risk of loss of or damage to the collateral; and (2) pay all costs, expenses, and taxes related to the collateral, among other obligations. In the case of secondhand dealers and pawnshops (compraventas y casas de empeño), storage (bodegaje) is a typical expense incurred by the creditor in safeguarding pledged items, and the law therefore expressly authorizes charging for it. Insurance, for its part, is also a cost that must be borne by the person pawning the item, pursuant to the same law, and the appraisal is likewise a transaction cost; those charges are therefore clearly authorized under the Ley de Garantías Mobiliarias to be imposed on the debtor.
The foregoing is intended to demonstrate that the law recognized and protected the nature and operation of the commercial activity conducted by the party he represents and that, at the time, it sought to broaden credit opportunities for those unable to access conventional options, without impairing or disregarding the substance of the establishment owners’ right to freedom of enterprise (libertad de empresa), which is precisely what occurs with the amendment challenged here as unconstitutional. The aim was to respond to an existing need without undermining the rights of others, through an exercise that respected and protected the rights, freedoms, and interests of all parties. Based on all of the foregoing, he concludes that Article 36 bis, added to Ley 7472, Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, of 20 de diciembre de 1994, by Ley n.° 9859, is unconstitutional because it infringes the freedom of enterprise enshrined in Article 46 of our Constitution, insofar as it affects the essential core of that right by reducing the profit to be derived from the activity to the point of making the commercial activity unviable.
It likewise infringes the constitutional guarantees of private property and freedom to work (libertad al trabajo), for the reasons stated. Finally, it is unconstitutional because it violates the principles of proportionality and rationality.
It is necessary that the interest-rate caps on interest charged by companies in their commercial activities be calculated according to their own operating costs and the risk involved in carrying out each particular activity. It requests that the intervention as a supporting party (coadyuvancia) be admitted and that the second, third, fifth, seventh, eighth, and ninth paragraphs of Article 36 bis; the fifth and sixth paragraphs of Article 36 Ter; and subsection g) of Article 53—all provisions of Ley 7472, Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor of 20 de diciembre de 1994, as amended by law number 9859, published in supplement number 150 to La Gaceta number 147 of sábado 20 de junio de 2020—be declared null and unconstitutional. As alternative relief, should the intervention not be admitted for consideration, it requests that the financial information submitted to the case file (expediente) herein be admitted as evidence to assist adjudication (prueba para mejor resolver).
Justice Castillo Víquez authors the opinion; and,
Considerations:
I.Regarding the formal requirements for admissibility of the action. A constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) is a proceeding subject to certain formalities, which must be satisfied in order for the Chamber validly to consider the merits of the challenge. In this regard, Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional governs the admissibility requirements (presupuestos de admisibilidad) for a constitutional challenge. First, there must be a prior matter pending resolution, either through judicial channels or in the procedure for exhausting administrative remedies (agotar la vía administrativa), in which unconstitutionality has been invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest considered to have been infringed. By way of exception, the second and third paragraphs of the law provide for circumstances in which no prior matter is required: when, due to the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct injury; when the defense of diffuse or collective interests (intereses difusos o colectivos) is involved; or when the challenge is filed directly by the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Attorney General of the Republic, the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Republic, or the Ombudsperson.
As to the need for a prior matter pending resolution before an administrative body, it must be the proceeding that exhausts administrative remedies, which, pursuant to Article 126 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, occurs upon the filing of ordinary appeals (recursos ordinarios) before the superior authority of the body that issued the final act; otherwise, the action would be inadmissible. Other formalities must also be satisfied, namely: explicit identification of the challenged provisions, supported by proper grounds and specific citation to the constitutional provisions and principles considered to have been violated; authentication by an attorney of the pleading in which the action is brought; proof of the conditions establishing standing (legitimación), through powers of attorney and certifications; and a literal certification of the pleading in which the unconstitutionality of the provisions was invoked in the underlying matter. If the petitioner fails to submit any of these requirements, the Office of the President of the Chamber may order that they be satisfied.
II.Regarding the petitioner’s standing. The petitioner bases her standing to bring this proceeding directly on the existence of diffuse interests arising from her status as a consumer, because she considers that her rights—and those of every person whose income does not exceed the statutory minimum—to be regarded as creditworthy based on their income and to acquire adequate housing have been infringed. On this issue, the Chamber has stated the following:
“REGARDING THE PETITIONER’S STANDING AND THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE ACTION.- A constitutional challenge is a proceeding subject to certain formalities, the absence of which prevents the Chamber from considering the challenge brought before it. In this case, the petitioner asserts that his standing derives from the defense of diffuse interests and corporate interests (intereses corporativos), a situation contemplated in the second paragraph of Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. With respect to standing, the Constitutional Chamber has stated that it may be defined as the causal relationship between the relief sought—the subject matter of the action or proceeding—and the person seeking it—the petitioner or claimant—which the law requires as a prerequisite for examining the merits of a matter. The circumstance set forth in the first paragraph of Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional concerns what may be called indirect standing (legitimación indirecta), meaning standing derived from the prior matter in which the provision or provisions subsequently challenged in the action are being applied.
For this reason, a constitutional challenge is said to be incidental in nature and must constitute a reasonable means of protecting the right alleged to have been infringed in the principal matter. The second paragraph of Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establishes another type of standing, known as direct standing (legitimación directa). This type does not require a prior matter in which the challenged provision is being applied and takes the form of three specific circumstances: when, due to the nature of the matter, there is no possibility of individual and direct injury; when the defense of diffuse interests is involved; or when the interests involved concern the community as a whole. In these circumstances, the special features of the matter—which must be examined in each individual case—make the causal relationship between the petitioner and the subject matter of the claim more attenuated, thereby authorizing the petitioner to bring the action directly, without a matter pending resolution.
In this case, the action lacks a formal requirement: payment of the Colegio de Abogados revenue stamp (timbre) corresponding to the authentication of the petitioner’s signature. Nevertheless, for reasons of procedural economy (economía procesal), the corrective order provided for in Articles 78 and 80 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional will not be issued.
…III.- REGARDING DIFFUSE INTERESTS AND INTERESTS CONCERNING THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE. Second, as grounds for standing, the petitioner invokes the defense of diffuse interests. A reading of the pleading initiating the action makes clear that the petitioner confuses diffuse interests with collective interests, because at one point in the initial pleading he states that he has standing to defend the former, while later referring to those interests as collective. A diffuse interest has been understood as a personal interest connected with a right or legal situation of a special and particular nature that may be shared by other persons, with all interested parties forming a specific group or category. Thus, infringement of that right may affect everyone generally and/or each person individually, and consequently any member of that group may bring the action to protect the right considered to have been infringed. Judgment No. 03705-93, issued at 15:00 hours on 30 de julio de 1993, illustrates what has been understood as diffuse interests, as does Judgment No. 360-99 of 15:51 hours on 20 de enero de 1999:
‘It has been stated that this is a special type of interest whose manifestation is less concrete and individually identifiable than that of the collective interest defined in the preceding consideration, but which cannot be so broad and general that it becomes indistinguishable from the right recognized in all members of society to safeguard constitutional legality, since the latter—as has repeatedly been stated—is excluded from the current system of constitutional review. It is therefore an interest distributed among each of the governed, indirect if you will, and diffuse, but no less ascertainable for that reason, for purposes of defending before this Chamber certain constitutional rights of singular importance to the proper and harmonious development of society. The key to distinguishing and determining the existence of so-called diffuse interests lies in the special characteristics of those rights themselves, rather than in the particular position of the persons who may hold them in relation thereto, as has been stated in various decisions, including 03705-93 of fifteen hours on treinta de julio concerning the right to the environment; 05753-93 of fourteen hours forty-five minutes on nueve de noviembre of that same year concerning the defense of historical heritage; and 00980-91 of thirteen hours thirty minutes on veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno concerning electoral matters.’ In this regard, just as it has been stated that such an interest cannot be so broad and general that it becomes indistinguishable from the right to safeguard constitutional legality—which would entail the tacit establishment of a citizen action (acción popular) not contemplated by the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional—it likewise cannot be so specific as to permit an individual claim, because standing would then derive from that claim.
Although there is no exhaustive list, the Constitutional Chamber has identified various rights possessing such characteristics, including the right to a healthy and harmonious environment, the defense of historical heritage, electoral matters, the defense of the right to health, and oversight of public funds. It is evident that the right asserted by the petitioner in this case does not fall within the circumstances mentioned…” (Judgment n.° 2020-20839 of 9:20 hours on 28 de octubre de 2020). Emphasis not in the original.
With respect to consumer protection, the Chamber has also clarified when a diffuse interest exists and when it does not:
“III.- REGARDING THE INADMISSIBILITY OF THE ACTION DUE TO THE PETITIONER’S LACK OF DIRECT STANDING. For purposes of establishing her standing to bring this constitutional challenge, the petitioner also invokes the defense of diffuse interests, specifically the protection of the rights and interests of consumers or users.
The foregoing requires separating the various provisions challenged in this action, insofar as several regulatory provisions with widely differing content are being challenged. First, Article 44, subsection u), of the Reglamento Interno de Organización y Funciones de la ARESEP is challenged on the grounds that the principle of statutory reservation (principio de reserva de ley) is infringed by delegating, through a regulation, punitive governmental authority (potestad de imperio sancionatoria) to the Director General de Mercados de la SUTEL. Also challenged is section 67 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, subsection a), subparagraph 7), and subsection b), subparagraphs 3) and 11), which establish very serious or serious telecommunications violations, on the grounds that they violate the principles of specificity (tipicidad) and proportionality of sanctions. With respect specifically to those regulatory provisions, the applicant raises no allegation or objection concerning any purported infringement of the rights or interests of consumers or users.
It is evident that those provisions are challenged solely insofar as they may apply in the administrative sanctioning proceeding (procedimiento administrativo sancionatorio) conducted against the applicant for an alleged breach of its obligations as a telecommunications service operator; that is, the action seeks to protect an unmistakably individual interest, clearly confined to the applicant’s specific or particular case, as the applicant seeks to challenge the legal basis for the administrative proceeding conducted against it and for any eventual or possible sanction. Indeed, given the content of the challenged regulations and the rights allegedly infringed, it is clear that those regulations could give rise to individual harm capable of generating specific claims by a limited group of readily ascertainable and identifiable persons, namely, those telecommunications service operators or providers against whom formal sanctioning proceedings are conducted for alleged noncompliance with their obligations in violation of telecommunications regulations. Therefore, the case at bar (sub lite) cannot be deemed to involve the defense of diffuse interests (intereses difusos).
Furthermore, the applicant also challenges section 43 of the Reglamento sobre el Régimen de Protección al Usuario Final de los Servicios de Telecomunicaciones, which establishes the obligation of operators or providers of prepaid telecommunications services to maintain a register containing their customers’ basic information. With respect to that section, the applicant raises a series of arguments to the effect that such registration of customer information for prepaid services, rather than protecting the end user of the telecommunications service, could potentially restrict access to telecommunications services for users and consumers generally. Regarding this aspect of the action, this Chamber finds that the action likewise does not seek to defend diffuse interests. In the matter under consideration (sub judice), a comprehensive reading of the initiating pleading clearly establishes that the action was prompted by the commencement of a sanctioning proceeding against the applicant.
That is, fundamentally, far from seeking the purported defense of diffuse interests to safeguard the rights or interests of an unidentified group of potential consumers or users, the action seeks to protect an individual, personal, and specific interest: the particular interest of the applicant itself, against which a sanctioning proceeding has been commenced precisely for an alleged violation of the provisions it challenges—even potentially in opposition or conflict with the interests or rights of consumers or users. In other words, the action is not brought in defense of an interest dispersed among an indeterminate group of persons; rather, it seeks to protect an individual interest clearly confined to the applicant’s particular case, as a result of the specific application of the challenged provision to that case. Hence its attempt to challenge the sanctioning proceeding commenced against it.” (Judgment no. 2019-19588 at 9:20 hours on 9 de octubre de 2019). Emphasis not in the original. See, to similar effect, judgments 2019-9192 at 9:30 hours on 22 de mayo de 2019 and 2006-15489 at 17:10 hours on 25 de octubre de 2006.
In the matter under examination (sub examine), as explained above (supra), the applicant considers that she has direct standing (legitimación directa) based on diffuse interests because, in her capacity as a consumer and in a form of defense of all persons whose income does not exceed the statutory minimum, the challenged regulation prevents them, by reason of their income, from being regarded as creditworthy and thus from acquiring decent housing. Nevertheless, according to the precedents cited, such circumstances are not present in the case under consideration (sub iudice). Although, as the applicant states, there could be a group of persons whose income does not exceed the statutory minimum and who, for that reason, could not be regarded as creditworthy or potentially obtain any type of housing loan, it is no less true that it cannot be asserted that the applicant appears to protect that group because she necessarily shares its interests, since it has neither been demonstrated nor shown that the challenged provision causes socially diffuse harm.
This is because not every member of the group identified by the applicant is inevitably in a state of actual personal willingness to obtain loans of this kind and require payroll deductions for purposes of a housing loan. Accordingly, it is considered that the petitioner is, in fact, bringing the action to protect an individual interest clearly confined to her particular circumstances, arising from her own need to obtain a loan and, consequently, to acquire a home of her own. The challenged provision is therefore susceptible to individual application—that is, application in a particular situation, such as the processing of a loan—in which any petitioner could potentially claim the violation of a right through an amparo proceeding (amparo), in which, at the appropriate procedural stage, the Chamber would determine whether a constitutionally significant infringement has in fact occurred.
In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber has reiterated:
“… Based on the foregoing, since the provisions challenged here could give rise to claims by persons who are readily ascertainable and identifiable within a criminal proceeding, this cannot be deemed a situation involving the defense of diffuse interests. Indeed, allowing the applicant to bring an action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) in this area under the conditions she seeks would entail recognizing the existence of a popular action (acción popular), which, as the Constitutional Chamber has stated in its consistent case law (see judgment no. 2016-000787 at 9:05 hours on 20 de enero de 2016), is incompatible with the framework of procedural jurisdiction vested in this Constitutional Court in its role as the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. Consequently, because it has been established that the applicant has not based her standing on the existence of a pending matter in which the unconstitutionality of the provisions challenged here was invoked, nor does she have standing to bring a direct action in defense of diffuse interests, this action is inadmissible.” (Judgment no. 2020-4490 at 9:20 hours on 4 de marzo de 2020) “…Note that, as the Procuraduría General de la República clearly states and the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía emphatically emphasizes, the regulations being challenged are indeed fully susceptible to individual application and to directly affecting the legal sphere of particular, identifiable persons who engage in a specific activity subject to the regulation set forth in the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre and its regulations.
Thus, it is clear that, contrary to the asserted defense of diffuse interests, what is at issue is some degree of dissatisfaction with the regulatory constraints to which they must submit in connection with the activity they conduct or intend to conduct; note that, as the report of the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía correctly states, the applicants are directly involved as founders, managers, or employees of various companies associated with the exhibition of wildlife or its promotion for tourism. Accordingly, it is untenable to allege purported conservation and environmental-education problems in order to invoke the concept of diffuse interests and thereby bring a direct action of unconstitutionality while circumventing the strict admissibility requirements (requisitos de admisibilidad) established in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, as stated in recitals II and III (considerandos II y III) of this decision…” (Judgment no. 2021-2185 at 12:51 hours on 3 de febrero de 2021) Emphasis not in the original. To the same effect, see judgment no. 2021-3852 at 13:16 hours on 24 de febrero de 2021.
It is reiterated that a diffuse interest cannot be so broad and general that it becomes indistinguishable from the right to safeguard constitutional legality—which would amount to the tacit establishment of a popular action not provided for by the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional—but neither can it be so specific as to permit an individual claim, since, in that event, standing would derive from that claim. Consequently, this Chamber finds that the applicant lacks standing to bring this proceeding on the grounds invoked; moreover, she did not identify any pending matter in which the alleged unconstitutionality had been invoked. Accordingly, the proper course is to dismiss this action without any need for further consideration.
III.Regarding the interventions in support (coadyuvancias). As shown by the record, Javier Losada Romero Polo, Henry Zamora Vega, and Lina Giraldo Soto, in her capacity as legal representative of Registro Cinco S.A., requested that this Court recognize them as supporting intervenors (coadyuvantes activos) in this proceeding. By decision issued at 8:47 hours on 4 de diciembre de 2020, the Acting President (Presidencia a.i.) of this Chamber accepted them as supporting intervenors in this matter because they had satisfied the applicable requirements.
IV.Separate reasoning of Justice Rueda Leal. As I have stated in other cases, I consider that a defining characteristic of a diffuse interest is precisely that its impairment is general—that is, it affects an entire population or broad sectors thereof—within a context in which the affected persons need not know one another and may even have no connection or legal relationships among themselves, although there must be a shared situation involving harm or danger to a constitutional interest that, equally and without any need for individual identification, encompasses and brings together society as a whole in the abstract. Its defense is intended to satisfy a need of society as such and therefore transcends the needs of a human being considered individually or collectively. In judgment no. 2019-17397 at 12:54 hours on 11 de setiembre de 2019, this Court reiterated the following:
“(…) Second, provision is made for the possibility of appearing in defense of ‘diffuse interests’; this concept, the content of which has gradually been delineated by the Chamber, could be summarized in the terms used in judgment number 3750-93 of this Court, at fifteen hours on treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) “… Diffuse interests (intereses difusos), although difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot be understood under our law—as this Chamber has already stated—as merely collective interests; nor can they be so diffuse that their ownership merges with that of the national community as a whole, or so concrete that specific or readily identifiable persons or organized groups can be identified in relation to them, whose standing (legitimación) would derive not from diffuse interests but from the corporate interests that concern a community as a whole.
They are therefore individual interests, yet at the same time dispersed among more or less extensive and amorphous groups of persons who share an interest and, consequently, suffer actual or potential harm that is more or less equal for all. Thus, it is rightly said that these are equal interests belonging to groups situated in particular circumstances and, at the same time, to each member thereof. In other words, diffuse interests have a dual nature, since they are both collective—because they are common to a broad population—and individual, and may therefore be asserted as such.” In summary, diffuse interests are those held by groups of persons who are not formally organized but are united by a particular social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a particular personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a particular product, etc. In such cases, the interest is spread out, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of persons.
In these cases, of course, any challenge brought by a member of one of these sectors pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 75 must necessarily concern provisions that affect that person in that capacity. This Chamber has listed various rights that it has characterized as “diffuse,” including the environment, cultural heritage, the protection of the country’s territorial integrity, and the proper management of public expenditure, among others. Two clarifications must be made in this regard: first, the aforementioned interests extend beyond the sphere traditionally recognized as encompassing diffuse interests, since they relate, in principle, to matters affecting the national community rather than particular groups within it; environmental harm does not affect only the residents of a region or the consumers of a product, but damages or seriously endangers the natural heritage of the entire country and even of Humanity.
Similarly, safeguarding the proper management of public funds authorized in the National Budget is an interest shared by all inhabitants of Costa Rica, not merely by any one group among them. Second, the list provided by the Constitutional Chamber is nothing more than a description arising from its obligation—as a judicial body—to confine itself to hearing the cases submitted to it; it cannot in any way be understood to mean that only those rights expressly recognized as diffuse by the Chamber may be regarded as such. Such an interpretation would entail an undesirable reversal in the scope of the Rule of Law and its corresponding “State of rights,” which—as in the Costa Rican model—is premised on the proposition that restrictions on freedoms must be expressly stated, since those freedoms are inherent in the human condition itself and therefore require no official recognition. Finally, when paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law refers to interests “that concern the community as a whole,” it means the legally protected interests (bienes jurídicos) explained above, namely, those vested in the holders of sovereignty themselves: each of the Republic’s inhabitants.
It does not therefore mean that any person may apply to the Constitutional Chamber to protect any interest whatsoever through a citizen action (acción popular); rather, every individual may act in defense of those interests that affect the entire national community, and in this area as well, no attempt to establish an exhaustive list would be valid” (see judgment No. 2007-01145).” Consistent with the foregoing and with this Court’s case law, these are therefore individual interests, yet at the same time dispersed among more or less extensive and amorphous groups of persons who share an interest and, consequently, suffer actual or potential harm that is more or less equal for all. Thus, it is rightly said that these are equal interests belonging to groups situated in particular circumstances and, at the same time, to each member thereof. It is precisely for this reason that, beginning with judgment n.° 2021-2185 of 12:51 on February 3, 2021, I have taken the view, unlike the Majority of this Court, that some of these interests may arise in a specific individual case without thereby losing their status as diffuse interests.
This occurs, for example, with environmental protection, whose impact affects one person and everyone generally; that impact may be individualized in a particular situation, such as the construction of a factory in a specific neighboring area without the corresponding environmental studies, where its adverse effects affect the planet’s ozone layer. Undoubtedly, the outcome of a claim or proceeding that a resident may bring against that factory will affect not only that resident’s own interests, but also the rest of the community. It therefore constitutes a diffuse interest, while also being the subject of a particular individualized situation. This in no way means, however, that the existence of a diffuse interest may be alleged in every situation invoked, even though such an interest may arise in a particular situation. Let us recall that for an interest to be considered “diffuse,” it must not only affect a community, but must also be dispersed or spread throughout that community.
If it does not produce such an effect, it cannot be regarded as a diffuse interest. In the petitioner’s case, as the Majority states, the challenged provision does not produce a socially dispersed impact, since that group might include a segment of workers who, of their own volition, do not wish to obtain credit, request payroll deductions, or simply have no interest in acquiring a home or a subsidy for that purpose. What is apparent in this case is a situation particular to the petitioner which, although it may be shared by some group of persons, does not have an effect of sufficient magnitude to be regarded as a diffuse interest. For the foregoing reason, I agree with the Majority that this action should be dismissed; however, I do so on the grounds stated above.
V.Documentation submitted to the case file (expediente). The parties are advised that if they submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computing, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, they must retrieve them from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from service of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within that period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the “Regulation on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court at session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore (Por tanto):
The action is dismissed. Justice Rueda Leal relies on different grounds.
Fernando Castillo V.
Chief Justice Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las dieciséis horas y treinta minutos del veintiséis de mayo de dos mil veintiuno.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por Lidieth Mena Rojas, con cédula de identidad 2-0539-0361, contra el artículo 44 ter, reformado por el ordinal 4 de la ley n.º 9859, denominada “Adición de los artículos 36 bis, 36 ter, 36 quater, 44 ter y de los incisos g) y h) al artículo 53 y reforma de los artículos 44 bis y 63 de la Ley 7472, Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor, de 20 de diciembre de 1994”.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre los presupuestos formales de admisibilidad de la acción. La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que deben ser satisfechas a los efectos de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación. En ese sentido, el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional regula los presupuestos de admisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad. En un primer término, se exige la existencia de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, sea en vía judicial, o bien, en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa, en que se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado. En los párrafos segundo y tercero, de manera excepcional contempla la ley presupuestos, en los que no se exige el asunto previo, cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista una lesión individual y directa, o se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o colectivos, o bien, cuando sea formulada en forma directa por el Contralor (a) General de la República, el Procurador (a) General de la República, el Fiscal (a) General de la República y el Defensor (a) de los Habitantes.
Ahora bien, en cuanto a la necesidad de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver en sede administrativa, es necesario que se trate del procedimiento que agote la vía administrativa, que, de acuerdo con el artículo 126 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, es a partir del momento en que se interponen los recursos ordinarios ante el superior jerarca del órgano que dictó el acto final, pues de lo contrario, la acción resultaría inadmisible. Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser satisfechas, a saber, la determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de las normas y principios constitucionales que se consideren infringidos, la autenticación por abogado del escrito en el que se plantea la acción, la acreditación de las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), así como la certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas en el asunto base, requisitos todos que en caso de no ser aportados por la parte accionante, pueden ser prevenidos para su cumplimiento por la Presidencia de la Sala.
II.Sobre la legitimación de la accionante. La parte accionante fundamenta su legitimación para acudir de forma directa a interponer este proceso en la existencia de intereses difusos en su condición de consumidora, toda vez que considera lesionados sus derechos y los de toda persona cuyos ingresos no superen el mínimo legal, de poder ser considerados como sujetos de crédito por sus ingresos, y de poder adquirir una vivienda digna. Sobre este tema, la Sala ha precisado lo siguiente:
“SOBRE LA LEGITIMACIÓN DEL ACCIONANTE Y SOBRE LA ADMISIBILIDAD DE LA ACCIÓN.- La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un procedimiento con determinadas formalidades, que si no se reúnen, imposibilitan a la Sala conocer de la impugnación que se hace. En este caso, el accionante aduce que su legitimación proviene de la defensa de intereses difusos e intereses corporativos, situación contemplada en el párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. En relación con la legitimación, la Sala Constitucional ha manifestado que puede definirse como aquella relación de causa-efecto entre lo que se pretende (objeto de la acción/juicio) y quien lo pretende (accionante/demandante), que la Ley exige como requisito para poder examinar el fondo de un asunto. El supuesto contenido en el párrafo primero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se refiere a la legitimación que podemos llamar indirecta, es decir, aquella que deriva del asunto previo donde se está aplicando la o las normas que luego se impugnan en la acción.
Por ello se dice que la acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene naturaleza incidental, y debe constituir medio razonable para amparar el derecho que se estima lesionado en el asunto principal. El párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece otro tipo de legitimación, que se ha llamado directa. Es aquella que no requiere de un asunto previo donde se esté aplicando la norma impugnada y que se traduce en tres supuestos concretos: que por la naturaleza del asunto no exista posibilidad de lesión individual y directa, que se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o de intereses que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto. En estos supuestos, las circunstancias especiales del asunto (que deberán examinarse en cada caso concreto) hacen que la relación causa-efecto entre el accionante y el objeto de su pretensión sea más tenue, lo que lo autoriza a interponer la acción directamente, sin necesidad del asunto pendiente de resolución.
En este caso, la acción adolece de un requisito formal, cuál es el pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados correspondiente a la autenticación de la firma del accionante. No obstante, por razones de economía procesal, no se hace la prevención que disponen los artículos 78 y 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
…III.- SOBRE LOS INTERESES LOS INTERESES DIFUSOS Y LOS QUE ATAÑEN A LA COLECTIVIDAD EN SU CONJUNTO. En segundo término, como sustento de la legitimación, el actor alega la defensa de intereses difusos. De la lectura del memorial de interposición de la acción, es evidente que al actor confunde lo que son intereses difusos e intereses colectivos, pues en un punto del escrito de interposición, señala que le asiste legitimación por defensa de los primeros y, más adelante, se refiere a esos intereses como colectivos. Sobre el interés difuso, se ha sido entendido como aquel interés personal relacionado con un derecho o situación jurídica de naturaleza especial y particular, que puede ser compartido por otras personas, formando todos los interesados un grupo o categoría determinada. Así, la vulneración de ese derecho puede afectar a todos en general y/o a cada uno en particular, de ahí que cualquier miembro de esa agrupación puede interponer la acción para proteger el derecho que se estima lesionado. La sentencia No. 03705-93, de las 15:00 horas del 30 de julio de 1993, ilustra lo que se ha entendido como intereses difusos, así como la sentencia No. 360-99 de las 15:51 horas del 20 de enero de 1999:
"Se ha señalado que se trata un tipo especial de interés, cuya manifestación es menos concreta e individualizable que la del colectivo recién definido en el considerando anterior, pero que no puede llegar a ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el reconocido a todos los miembros de la sociedad de velar por la legalidad constitucional, ya que éste último -como se ha dicho reiteradamente- está excluido del actual sistema de revisión constitucional. Se trata pues de un interés distribuido en cada uno de los administrados, mediato si se quiere, y diluido, pero no por ello menos constatable, para la defensa, en esta Sala, de ciertos derechos constitucionales de una singular relevancia para el adecuado y armónico desarrollo de la sociedad. Son las especiales características de éstos derechos por sí mismas y no la particular situación frente a ellos de los sujetos que puedan ostentarlos, la clave para la distinción y determinación de la presencia de los llamados intereses difusos tal y como se manifestado en distintas resoluciones como la 03705-93 de las quince horas del treinta de julio para el derecho al ambiente, la número 05753-93 de las catorce horas cuarenta y cinco del nueve de noviembre de ese mismo año para la defensa del patrimonio histórico y la número 00980-91 de las trece y treinta del veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno para la materia electoral." En este sentido, así como se ha dicho que ese interés no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
Tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo. Si bien no hay una lista taxativa, la Sala Constitucional ha identificado diversos derechos que gozan de tales características, como el derecho a un ambiente sano y armonioso, la defensa del patrimonio histórico, la materia electoral, la defensa del derecho a la salud y la fiscalización de los fondos públicos. Es evidente que el derecho que reclama el accionante en este caso, no encuadra dentro de los supuestos mencionados...” (Sentencia n.° 2020-20839 de las 9:20 horas del 28 de octubre de 2020). El énfasis no es del original.
En materia de protección al consumidor, la Sala también ha aclarado cuándo se está frente a la existencia de un interés difuso o no:
“III.- DE LA INADMISIBILIDAD DE LA ACCIÓN POR FALTA DE LEGITIMACIÓN DIRECTA DE LA ACCIONANTE. La parte accionante también alega, para efectos de fundamentar la legitimación que ostenta para promover esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, la defensa de intereses difusos, en particular, en protección de los derechos e intereses de los consumidores o usuarios.
Lo anterior exige disgregar las distintas normas impugnadas en la presente acción, en tanto que se cuestionan varias disposiciones normativas de muy diverso contendido. Se cuestiona, en primer lugar, el artículo 44, inciso u), del Reglamento Interno de Organización y Funciones de la ARESEP, por cuanto, se alega que se infringe el principio de reserva de ley al delegarse, mediante una norma de rango reglamentario, una potestad de imperio sancionatoria en el Director General de Mercados de la SUTEL. Se impugna, también, el numeral 67 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, en su inciso a), subinciso 7), y en su inciso b), subincisos 3) y 11), en que se establecen las infracción muy graves o graves en materia de telecomunicaciones, por estimar que se conculcan los principios de tipicidad y de proporcionalidad de las sanciones. Respecto de tales disposiciones normativas en específico, la parte accionante no formula alegato o reparo alguno por presunta infracción a los derechos o intereses de los consumidores o usuarios.
Es evidente que tales normas se impugnan únicamente en cuanto pueden resultar de aplicación en el procedimiento administrativo sancionatorio tramitado en contra de la parte accionante por presunta infracción a sus obligaciones como operadora de servicios de telecomunicaciones, sea, se está accionando en resguardo de un interés notoriamente individual, claramente circunscrito al caso específico o singular de la parte accionante, quien pretende cuestionar el sustento normativo del procedimiento administrativo tramitado en su contra y de una eventual o posible sanción. De hecho, en razón del contenido de la normativa cuestionada y de los derechos que se acusan como infringidos, es patente que tal normativa podría dar origen a afectaciones individuales susceptibles de generar reclamos concretos, respecto de un grupo acotado de personas fácilmente determinables e identificables, esto es, respecto de aquellos operadores o prestadores de los servicios de telecomunicaciones a quienes se les tramite formal procedimiento sancionatorio por presunto incumplimiento de sus obligaciones en infracción de la normativa de telecomunicaciones. Por lo que no puede estimarse que el sub lite se esté en presencia de un supuesto de defensa de intereses difusos.
Por lo demás, la parte accionante también impugna el ordinal 43 del Reglamento sobre el Régimen de Protección al Usuario Final de los Servicios de Telecomunicaciones, que establece la obligación de los operadores o prestadores de servicios de telecomunicaciones en modalidad prepago de llevar un registro con la información básica de sus clientes. Respecto de tal numeral, la parte accionante realiza una serie de alegatos en el sentido que tal registro de información del cliente en servicios prepago en lugar de proteger al usuario final del servicio de telecomunicaciones podría, eventualmente, limitar el acceso a los servicios de telecomunicaciones por parte de la generalidad de los usuarios y consumidores. En cuanto a este extremo de la acción, considera esta Sala que tampoco se está accionando en defensa de intereses difusos. En el sub judice, de la lectura integral del escrito de interposición se constata de forma diáfana que lo que motiva la formulación de esta acción es el inicio de un procedimiento sancionatorio en contra de la parte accionante.
Sea, en el fondo, lejos de pretenderse una supuesta defensa de intereses difusos, en tutela de los derechos o intereses de un grupo no identificado de posibles consumidores o usuarios, se está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, personal y específico, como lo es el interés de la propia parte accionante en concreto, a quien se le ha iniciado un procedimiento sancionatorio justamente por presunta infracción de las normas que cuestiona -incluso, en eventual contraposición o conflicto con los intereses o derechos de los consumidores o usuarios-. Esto es, no se actúa en defensa de un interés difuminado entre un grupo no determinable de personas, sino que se está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, claramente delimitado al caso particular de la parte accionante, como producto de la aplicación concreta de la norma cuestionada en su caso específico. De allí que pretenda cuestionar el procedimiento sancionatorio iniciado en su contra.” (Sentencia n.° 2019-19588 de las 9:20 horas del 9 de octubre de 2019). El énfasis no es del original. Véanse en sentido similar las sentencias 2019-9192 de las 9:30 horas del 22 de mayo de 2019 y 2006-15489 de las 17:10 horas del 25 de octubre de 2006.
En el sub examine, tal como se expuso supra, la parte accionante considera que le asiste legitimación directa por intereses difusos, por cuanto, en su condición de consumidora y en una especie de defensa a toda persona cuyos ingresos no superen el mínimo legal, la regulación impugnada les impide, merced a sus ingresos, ser considerados sujetos de crédito y poder así adquirir una vivienda digna. No obstante, según los precedentes señalados, tal supuesto no se configura en el sub iudice. Si bien, como refiere la accionante, podría existir un grupo de personas cuyos ingresos no superaran el mínimo legal, merced a lo cual no pudieran ser considerados sujetos de crédito ni eventualmente acceder a algún tipo de crédito para una vivienda, no menos cierto es que no se puede afirmar que la accionante acuda en protección de ese grupo por compartir necesariamente sus intereses, ya que no se demuestra ni evidencia que la norma impugnada produzca una afectación socialmente difuminada, toda vez que no todo integrante del grupo aludido por la parte accionante inexorablemente se encuentra en un estado de efectiva voluntad propia dirigida a acceder a créditos de este tipo y requerir deducciones de planilla a los efectos de un crédito para vivienda.
De esta manera, se considera que la gestionante, en realidad, está accionando en resguardo de un interés individual, claramente delimitado en su situación particular, ante la necesidad propia de acceder a un crédito y, consecuentemente, de adquirir una vivienda propia, de manera que la norma impugnada sí es susceptible de ser objeto de aplicación individual, esto es, en una situación en particular, tal como la tramitación de un crédito, en la que cualquier gestionante eventualmente podría reclamar la lesión a algún derecho por la vía del amparo, en el que, en el momento procesal oportuno, la Sala resolvería si en efecto se da o no una afectación de relevancia constitucional.
En ese sentido, se reitera cómo la Sala Constitucional se ha pronunciado:
“… A partir de lo anterior, toda vez que las normas aquí impugnadas podrían originar el reclamo de personas fácilmente determinables e identificables dentro de un proceso penal, no puede estimarse que se esté en presencia de un supuesto de defensa de intereses difusos. De hecho, de admitirse la posibilidad de la accionante de plantear una acción de inconstitucionalidad en esta materia, en las condiciones pretendidas por ella, supondría reconocer la existencia de una acción popular, la cual, como lo ha indicado la Sala Constitucional en su reiterada jurisprudencia (véase la sentencia n°. 2016-000787 de las 9:05 horas del 20 de enero de 2016), no se adecua al marco de las competencias procesales que al efecto tiene este Tribunal Constitucional, en sus funciones de intérprete último y guardián de la Constitución. En consecuencia, al constatarse que la accionante no ha sustentado su legitimación en la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver en que se invocara la inconstitucionalidad de las normas aquí impugnadas ni, tampoco, tiene legitimación para ejercer la acción directa en defensa de intereses difusos, esta acción es inadmisible.” (Sentencia n.° 2020-4490 de las 9:20 horas del 4 de marzo de 2020) “…Nótese que, ciertamente, tal como lo señala claramente la Procuraduría General de la República y de manera enfática lo refiere el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, la normativa que se cuestiona sí es totalmente susceptible de aplicación individual y de incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas singulares e identificables, que ejercen una determinada actividad, sujeta a la regulación señalada en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y su reglamento.
De tal manera, es claro que contrario a la aducida defensa de intereses difusos, lo que se encuentra de por medio es algún grado de inconformidad con la sujeción a que deben someterse para la regulación de la actividad que ejercen o pretenden ejercer; véase que como bien refiere el informe del Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, los accionantes se encuentran directamente relacionados como fundadores, gerentes o servidores de diversas empresas relacionadas con la exhibición de fauna silvestre o su promoción turística. Así, resulta inviable aducir presuntos problemas de conservación y de educación ambiental, para utilizar la figura de los intereses difusos y promover con ello una acción de inconstitucionalidad directa obviando los estrictos requisitos de admisibilidad señalados en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, tal como se indicó en los considerandos II y III de esta resolución…” (Sentencia n.° 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021) El énfasis no es del original. En igual sentido, ver la sentencia n.° 2021-3852 de las 13:16 horas del 24 de febrero de 2021.
Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo. Por consiguiente, esta Sala considera que la accionante carece de legitimación para plantear este proceso en los términos invocados; además, no refirió la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver en el que hubiera sido invocada la inconstitucionalidad pretendida. En consecuencia, lo procedente es desestimar esta acción, sin necesidad de emitir mayor consideración al respecto.
III.Sobre las coadyuvancias. Según consta en autos, Javier Losada Romero Polo, Henry Zamora Vega y Lina Giraldo Soto, en su condición de representante legal de Registro Cinco S.A., solicitaron a este Tribunal que se les tuviera como coadyuvantes activos en este proceso. Mediante resolución de las 8:47 horas del 4 de diciembre de 2020, la Presidencia a.i. de esta Sala resolvió aceptarlos como coadyuvantes activos dentro de este asunto, por haber cumplido los requisitos respectivos.
IV.Razones diferentes del Magistrado Rueda Leal. Tal como lo he expresado en otros casos, estimo que una cualidad del interés difuso consiste precisamente, en que su afectación es general -esto es, incide en toda una población o en amplios sectores de ella- dentro de un contexto, donde no se precisa que los sujetos perjudicados se conozcan entre sí (incluso podrían carecer de nexo o relaciones jurídicas entre ellos), pero sí se requiere de la presencia de una misma situación de daño o peligro a un bien constitucional que, por igual y sin necesidad de individualización alguna, comprende y aglomera a toda una sociedad en abstracto. Su defensa tiene como finalidad satisfacer una necesidad de la sociedad como tal, por ello, es trascendente a la de un ser humano individual o colectivamente considerado. En sentencia n.° 2019-17397 de las 12:54 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, este Tribunal reiteró lo siguiente:
“(…) En segundo lugar, se prevé la posibilidad de acudir en defensa de "intereses difusos"; este concepto, cuyo contenido ha ido siendo delineado paulatinamente por parte de la Sala, podría ser resumido en los términos empleados en la sentencia de este tribunal número 3750-93, de las quince horas del treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) "… Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala- los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificados o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter".
En síntesis, los intereses difusos son aquellos cuya titularidad pertenece a grupos de personas no organizadas formalmente, pero unidas a partir de una determinada necesidad social, una característica física, su origen étnico, una determinada orientación personal o ideológica, el consumo de un cierto producto, etc. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. En estos casos, claro, la impugnación que el miembro de uno de estos sectores podría efectuar amparado en el párrafo 2° del artículo 75, deberá estar referida necesariamente a disposiciones que lo afecten en cuanto tal. Esta Sala ha enumerado diversos derechos a los que les ha dado el calificativo de "difusos", tales como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y del buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
Al respecto deben ser efectuadas dos precisiones: por un lado, los referidos bienes trascienden la esfera tradicionalmente reconocida a los intereses difusos, ya que se refieren en principio a aspectos que afectan a la colectividad nacional y no a grupos particulares de ésta; un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad; del mismo modo, la defensa del buen manejo que se haga de los fondos públicos autorizados en el Presupuesto de la República es un interés de todos los habitantes de Costa Rica, no tan solo de un grupo cualquiera de ellos. Por otra parte, la enumeración que ha hecho la Sala Constitucional no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación –como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales; lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que –como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.
Finalmente, cuando el párrafo 2° del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional habla de intereses "que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto", se refiere a los bienes jurídicos explicados en las líneas anteriores, es decir, aquellos cuya titularidad reposa en los mismos detentadores de la soberanía, en cada uno de los habitantes de la República. No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional, sin que tampoco en este campo sea válido ensayar cualquier intento de enumeración taxativa” (véase la sentencia No. 2007-01145).” En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es por ello, precisamente, que, a partir de la sentencia n.° 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021, considero, a diferencia de la Mayoría de este Tribunal, que algunos de estos intereses pueden estar plasmados en un caso particular en concreto, sin perder por ello su condición de interés difuso, tal como ocurre con la protección al ambiente, cuyo impacto afecta a una persona y a todos en general; y puede ser individualizada tal afectación en una situación en particular, como por ejemplo, la construcción de una fábrica en un sector vecino determinado, sin los estudios ambientales respectivos, cuyos efectos negativos incidan en la capa de ozono del planeta. Indudablemente el resultado de un reclamo o proceso que pueda plantear un vecino contra esa fábrica, no solo incidirá en sus intereses propios, sino también en el resto de la colectividad. Por ello, constituye un interés difuso; y, sin embargo, también es objeto de una situación particular individualizada.
Ahora bien, ello no quiere decir, en modo alguno, que en toda situación invocada se pueda alegar la existencia de un interés difuso, aunque este pueda ser objeto de una situación particular. Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso. En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la norma impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, pues podría ocurrir que dentro de ese grupo exista un sector de trabajadores que no desea acceder a créditos por voluntad propia, solicitar deducciones de planilla, o simplemente no estén interesados en adquirir una vivienda o un subsidio para tales efectos. En este caso, lo que se vislumbra es una situación particular de la accionante que, si bien puede ser compartida por algún grupo de personas, ese efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso. Por el motivo expuesto coincido con la Mayoría en desestimar esta acción; empero, con la fundamentación expuesta.
V.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar la acción. El Magistrado Rueda Leal da razones diferentes.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
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