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Res. 08549-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 30/04/2021
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denies the amparo and upholds MINAE's order to seal the illegally drilled well for lack of a drilling permit, finding no violation of due process or the right to water.La Sala Constitucional rechaza el recurso de amparo y confirma la orden del MINAE de sellar el pozo perforado ilegalmente por no contar con permiso de perforación, sin violación al debido proceso o al derecho al agua.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber rejects an amparo filed by the Piedras Negras de Mora ASADA and the Development Association against MINAE's order to seal a well drilled without a permit from the Water Directorate. The petitioners argued that AyA had given approval and that the order violated due process and the community's right to drinking water. The Chamber found that AyA approved a hydrogeological study but lacks authority to authorize drilling; that power belongs exclusively to MINAE. The drilling was done without the required drilling permit and within 100 meters of a stream, violating regulations. The sealing order was issued in compliance with a legal duty to protect water resources, based on the precautionary principle. The Chamber concludes there was no violation of fundamental rights, as MINAE acted legally and the petitioners can regularize the situation through administrative channels.La Sala Constitucional rechaza un recurso de amparo interpuesto por la ASADA de Piedras Negras de Mora y la Asociación de Desarrollo contra la orden del MINAE de sellar un pozo perforado sin el permiso de la Dirección de Aguas. Los recurrentes alegaban que el AyA les había dado aval y que la orden vulneraba el debido proceso y el derecho al agua potable de la comunidad. La Sala determinó que el AyA aprobó un estudio hidrogeológico, pero carece de competencia para autorizar perforaciones; esa facultad corresponde exclusivamente al MINAE. La perforación se realizó sin el permiso de perforación requerido y a menos de 100 metros de una quebrada, incumpliendo la normativa. La orden de sellado se emitió en cumplimiento de un deber legal para proteger el recurso hídrico, con base en el principio precautorio. La Sala concluye que no hubo violación de derechos fundamentales, pues la actuación del MINAE se ajustó a derecho y los recurrentes pueden regularizar la situación por la vía administrativa.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Thus, it is confirmed that the order to seal the well, issued by that Directorate, is intended to prevent an irregularly operating well from becoming contaminated and causing irreparable damage to water resources. Furthermore, the contested provision does not definitively resolve the situation, as it is clear that, given the irregular situation, the respondent granted a one-month period to submit what was requested. From the aforementioned case law and based on the cited legislation, it follows that, in order to protect water resources, whether from groundwater or surface water, MINAE has the authority to regulate, supervise, and even impose requirements on human activities carried out around this resource. Thus, this Chamber considers that the requirements or provisions issued by MINAE to protect water resources and bring irregular activities into compliance with the law are far from arbitrary; they are in accordance with the law.De esta manera, se constata que la orden de sellar el pozo, por parte de esa Dirección, tiene como fin evitar que un pozo que se encuentra funcionando en forma irregular, se contamine causando daños irreparables al recurso hídrico. Además, la disposición objetada no resuelve en definitiva la situación, pues se observa claramente, que en virtud de la situación irregular, el recurrido otorgó un plazo de un mes para presentar lo que se les está solicitando. De la jurisprudencia anteriormente citada y con base en la legislación que se cita se colige que, con el fin de proteger el recurso hídrico, sea que éste provenga del subsuelo o bien de aguas superficiales, el MINAE, tiene la competencia, de regular, fiscalizar e incluso imponer requisitos a las actividades humanas que se desarrollen en torno a este recurso. Así, esta Sala estima que los requisitos o disposiciones que emita el MINAE, con el fin de proteger el recurso del agua y poner a derecho las actividades que se ejerzan en forma irregular, lejos de ser arbitrarias, resultan acordes a derecho.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Uno de los principios rectores del Derecho Ambiental lo constituye el precautorio o de evitación prudente."
"One of the guiding principles of Environmental Law is the precautionary principle or prudent avoidance."
Considerando III
"Uno de los principios rectores del Derecho Ambiental lo constituye el precautorio o de evitación prudente."
Considerando III
"Para el caso de las aguas subterráneas... el principio precautorio o de indubio pro natura, supone que cuando no existan estudios... que permitan arribar a un estado de certeza absoluta... los entes y órganos de la administración... deben abstenerse de autorizar, aprobar o permitir toda solicitud nueva..."
"For groundwater... the precautionary principle or in dubio pro natura means that when there are no studies... that allow reaching a state of absolute certainty... the entities and organs of the administration... must refrain from authorizing, approving, or permitting any new application..."
Considerando III
"Para el caso de las aguas subterráneas... el principio precautorio o de indubio pro natura, supone que cuando no existan estudios... que permitan arribar a un estado de certeza absoluta... los entes y órganos de la administración... deben abstenerse de autorizar, aprobar o permitir toda solicitud nueva..."
Considerando III
"la orden de sellar el pozo, por parte de esa Dirección, tiene como fin evitar que un pozo que se encuentra funcionando en forma irregular, se contamine causando daños irreparables al recurso hídrico."
"The order to seal the well, issued by that Directorate, is intended to prevent an irregularly operating well from becoming contaminated and causing irreparable damage to water resources."
Considerando IV
"la orden de sellar el pozo, por parte de esa Dirección, tiene como fin evitar que un pozo que se encuentra funcionando en forma irregular, se contamine causando daños irreparables al recurso hídrico."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and fifteen minutes on the thirtieth of April of two thousand twenty-one.
An *amparo* action filed by [Name 001], adult, married, identity card No. [Value 001] and [Name 002], adult, married, identity card No. [Value 002], on behalf of the Asociación Administradora de Acueducto Rural de Piedras Negras de Mora, legal ID No. 3002299429 and the Asociación de Desarrollo de Piedras Negras, legal ID No. 3002152907, against the Director and the Coordinator of the Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles Pacífico Central, both of the Dirección de Agua of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, the Director of the UEN Gestión de Sistemas Rurales and the Head of the Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Región Metropolitana, both of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
Whereas:
All of the foregoing in accordance with the provisions of articles 20, 21, 51, and 52 of the Regulation for the Provision of Services, AyA Board of Directors Agreement No. 2019-461, published on November 28, 2019. So, you must state that among the obligations of the ASADAs is the one established in article 28, subsection c, of the ASADA Regulation, which establishes the following: "Access to Services: To grant public services in an efficient, equal, and timely manner to all users, without distinctions of any nature, provided that the requirements established for that purpose are met and understanding access to potable water and wastewater sanitation as fundamental human rights for life and health." (See ASADA Regulation). For an ASADA to be able to grant the certificate of service availability (constancia de disponibilidad de servicios), whether for single-family housing or for other developments, as indicated above, it must have: 1-water, 2-infrastructure, and 3-no environmental damage in the area where the availability is required and that it does not harm the service already provided to the system's users.
All of the foregoing based on a technical study approved by AyA that supports it, as provided in articles 34 and 43, subsection a, of the ASADA Regulation, as can be seen: "Article 34. Construction of aqueduct and/or wastewater sanitation systems. For the purposes of constructing aqueduct and/or wastewater sanitation systems in places where no ASADA exists, a Committee of neighbors interested in the construction of the works in the community may manage the construction of the systems before AyA, which will determine the technical, financial, legal, social, and environmental viability and feasibility of these, and the Institution may authorize the formation of said Committee into an Administrative Association and subsequently grant the delegation of the provision of services once the works are built." "Article 43. Construction of Potable Water and/or Wastewater Sanitation Systems. All potable water and/or wastewater systems managed or to be managed, enabled based on numeral 34 of this Regulation by ASADAs, must be designed and built in accordance with the technical standards issued by AyA, and the following provisions must be observed in this regard: a. Construction of Systems where there is no Service Provider: In places where no ASADA exists or where AyA does not provide services, a group of neighbors interested in the construction of a potable water supply and/or wastewater sanitation system in the community may manage it before AyA, which will determine the viability and feasibility of these.
In this case, the provisions of numeral 34 of this Regulation must be observed." II- Regarding the Public Potable Water Service: In principle, you must state that the State, par excellence, is responsible for safeguarding the right to health. It basically establishes the right to life as a fundamental right that is protected by the Political Constitution in its article 21; it establishes water as an essential element for life, indispensable for being able to fulfill other rights such as the right to health, thus implying that without water there would be no health, hygiene, and satisfaction of many other needs. You must be clear that the governing entity by law in matters of potable water supply and sewerage is AyA, because the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), by its Constitutive Law, in its articles 1 and 2, clearly establishes its powers and is obligated to direct, administer, and operate everything related to the supply of potable water in the national territory, and has the authority to delegate the administration, operation, and maintenance of aqueduct systems.
For the specific case, once a service availability is granted and subsequently a new service can be granted, the provisions of the AyA Regulation for the Provision of Services must be complied with, in its articles 13, 20, and 52, which establish the following: "Article 13.- Of the conditions for the provision of services. AyA will provide its services once technical feasibility is verified in properties, built or to be built, dedicated to the residence of persons or for commercial or industrial activities that comply with the authorized requirements and uses. Potable water and sanitation services will be granted by AyA on a street or public thoroughfare or on a pipe and access easement (servidumbre de tubería y de paso) registered in favor of AyA or registered in favor of third parties, as applicable in accordance with the provisions of article 15 of this regulation. The foregoing, provided that AyA networks are in operation.
If the public network does not reach the connection point, the owner or possessor may extend a branch line and/or other components of the hydraulic system, observing the technical requirements indicated by AyA, for which the respective advisory will be provided prior to a technical study and institutional convenience assessment. In highly qualified cases, especially due to socioeconomic conditions and sanitary risk, AyA will extend the branch line and/or other hydraulic components, in order to guarantee access to potable water and sanitation in its human rights dimension; and in harmony with its legal obligation to guarantee the provision of services throughout the national territory. The special qualification must be duly substantiated by the Operational Sub-Managements of Systems Management, by means of an administrative resolution, which will be issued within a term of 20 business days from the submission of the request.
In areas classified as deficit areas, services will only be approved for individual housing and individual commerce, resulting from the application of the concept of 'maximum growth development' (desarrollo máximo de crecimiento), which is defined in article 5 of this regulation." "Article 20.- Of the admissibility requirements and conditions for requesting the certificate of service availability. The request for the certificate of service availability must be made by the property owner or their legal representative before the AyA Service Platforms. For such purposes, the following requirements must be submitted physically or digitally: a. Application form provided by AyA, physically or digitally available, completed and signed by the registered owner, possessor, or legal representative or authorized agent, indicating the purpose of the availability and a detailed description of the project. b. Presentation of the identification document of the property owner or their legal representative.
If technological feasibility exists, AyA will exempt the applicant from presenting this requirement by verifying identity through the official digital platform. In the case of properties registered under undivided co-ownership rights (derechos), the request may be made by the co-owner requiring the service, without the need for authorization, nor presentation of identification documents of the other holders of the remaining rights, and Presentation of the cadastral map (plano catastrado). If the property does not have a cadastral map, a survey map (plano de agrimensura) must be submitted that complies with the stipulations in Article 2, subsection q) of the Regulation to the current National Cadastre Law and the corresponding CFIA seal in accordance with the provisions of the current Special Regulation for the Topography Project Administrator (APT) of the CFIA and its reforms or the regulations that replace them. c. When the request refers to urbanization or subdivision (fraccionamiento) projects classified in the INVU Regulation for Subdivisions and Urbanizations, the applicant must expressly indicate the number of services requested and the project typology for which the certificate of service availability is being processed.
In the case of the property being under undivided co-ownership rights, the applicant must provide the cadastral map or the survey map describing the location of the right. Requests on unregistered properties. In the case of service requests associated with unregistered properties, the possessor must sign before the platform officer an affidavit (declaración jurada) whose form will be supplied by AyA, which will be signed by the applicant and two witnesses with a description of the nature of the property, pointing out what their possessory acts consist of, the existence of buildings, the improvements made, and that the property is not registered. Territories administered by the State or its institutions with a special legal regime: In the case of requests associated with properties under the modality of territories administered by the State or its institutions with a special legal regime: maritime-terrestrial zone, border zones, indigenous territories, tourism development poles, among others; which are granted through concessions, leases, and assignments; applicants must present the express authorization of the corresponding entity, endorsing the processing request, in accordance with the regulation that governs them.
Requests for availability certificates for parcels for agricultural, livestock, forestry, or mixed purposes: In the case of requests associated with parcels for agricultural, livestock, forestry, or mixed purposes, where it is intended to build dwellings or buildings to be supplied with water for population use, the applicant must present the authorization issued by the INVU in accordance with the provisions for such purpose in the Regulation for Subdivisions and, for which the interested party must have a soil study and land-use capacity study prepared by an Authorized Certifier of Conforming Land Use (Certificador de Uso Conforme del suelo) according to the provisions established in the Regulation to the Law on Soil Use, Management, and Conservation, Executive Decree No. 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT and Executive Decree No. 30636-MAG, named Creates the Official Registry of Certifiers of Conforming Land Use (Crea el Registro Oficial de Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo) and its reforms or the regulations that replace them.
AyA may coordinate with other State Institutions the actions it deems pertinent in order to verify the nature of the parcel, as well as any other condition it considers relevant for the purpose of granting the requested availability. Requests for availability certificates for service stations: In the case of requests associated with properties where fuel stations are intended to be developed, AyA, through the UEN of Environmental Management, within a period of 10 calendar days, will verify if there is a potential impact on water sources. If an impact is detected, the respective Region will issue a Hydric Capacity Letter (Carta de Capacidad Hídrica) stating that the necessary studies must be carried out, based on the methodology of the 'Terms of Reference for Presenting Hydrogeological Studies to the Directorate of Water Research and Management (DIGH) of SENARA' (Términos de Referencia para Presentar Estudios Hidrogeológicos a la Dirección de Investigación y Gestión Hídrica (DIGH) del SENARA), published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 137 of July 19, 2017, and Regulation 510-06 of the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service, published in La Gaceta No. 6 of January 9, 2007, and its eventual regulatory and competency reforms.
If no impact is detected, it will communicate with the relevant recommendations so that the appropriateness of the availability can be resolved. Additionally, the respective analysis of the map endorsement phase by the APC Platform will proceed. (Thus amended by Board of Directors Agreement No. 2018-351 of 10/24/18, published in La Gaceta No. 220 of Tuesday, November 27, 2018). Likewise, the respective analysis of the map endorsement phase on the Construction Project Administrator (APC) platform of the Federated College of Engineers and Architects (CFIA) will proceed. For all the cases established in this article, and in accordance with the verification and correction of the necessary conditions for the approval of services indicated generally in article 14 of this Regulation, AyA will verify through the official and available virtual platforms, the following conditions: I. Registry certifications of properties.
II. Registry certifications of Cadastral Maps. III. Registry or administrative certifications of current legal entities, agents with judicial and extrajudicial representative powers or powers for that purpose, executors, guardians, curators. The admission of the request will be subject to compliance with the requirements that the applicant must provide and the information obtained by AyA on the Official Digital Platforms. For all cases provided in this regulation, AyA will verify that the owner and/or the possessor of the property is not in default with AyA. The foregoing for the purpose of the applicant normalizing the debt. Cases defined by other regulations or agreements are excepted. Operators by delegation from AyA that do not have the official digital tools and/or platforms previously indicated must require interested parties to submit all the documentation established in this numeral as required by the respective procedure as a condition for the admissibility of their request." "Article 52.- Of the requirements for requesting a new service.
For the request of a new service, the service applicant, whose concept is defined in article 5 of this regulation, must comply with the following requirements physically or in digital format: a) Present the application form, provided by AyA, completed and signed by the applicant or their legal representative. b) Present the identification document of the property applicant or their legal representative. If technological feasibility exists, AyA will exempt the petitioner from presenting this requirement by verifying identity through the official digital platform. In accordance with the verification and correction of necessary conditions for the approval of services, AyA will verify through the official and available virtual platforms, the following conditions: I. Registry certifications of properties. II. Registry certifications of Cadastral Maps. III. Registry or administrative certifications of current legal entities, agents with judicial and extrajudicial representative powers or powers for that purpose, executors, guardians, curators.
IV. c) Present a cadastral map. If no cadastral map exists for the property, or for purposes of segregation or subdivisions, a survey map must be submitted that complies with the stipulations in Article No. 2, subsection q) of the Regulation to the current National Cadastre Law with its respective filing minute and the corresponding CFIA seal in accordance with the provisions of the current Special Regulation for the Topography Project Administrator (APT) of the CFIA and its reforms or the regulations that replace them. If technological feasibility exists, AyA will exempt the applicant from presenting this requirement. d) Copy of the current municipal construction permit, or the Project Number processed before the APC duly approved, so that AyA can verify the existence of the requirement, in case it concerns a building to be developed. The permit must coincide with the initial purpose for which the availability was processed and approved.
In the case of properties with existing buildings, where the construction permit is not provided, the equivalent document from the competent entity that validates the legality of the structure on the property must be submitted. The admission of the request will be subject to compliance with the requirements that the applicant must provide and the information obtained by AyA on the Official Digital Platforms. e) Payment of the connection fee will be in accordance with the provisions of article 57 of this regulation. f) In the case of requests for new services, for activities that generate special-type wastewater, the interested party must submit an affidavit stating that the discharge into the sanitary sewer will comply with the regulation and approval note from the Ministry of Health, describing the type of activity to be developed, as well as the quantity and quality of the discharge to be poured; likewise the specification of the treatment system to comply with current environmental regulations. g) In those cases where the public service must be provided, in territories of the country with special characteristics, under the modality of territories administered by the State or its institutions with a special legal regime, maritime-terrestrial zone, border zones, indigenous territories, tourism development poles, among others, which are granted through concessions, leases, and assignments, the applicants must present the express authorization of the corresponding Entity, according to the regulations that govern them.
For all cases provided in this regulation, AyA will verify that the applicant and the property are not in default with AyA. Cases defined by other regulations or agreements are excepted. V. When the administered party appears before AyA to request sanitation and/or water service for population use on an agricultural, forestry, or livestock parcel, and for the purpose of building the dwellings or buildings authorized by the current INVU Regulation for the National Control of Subdivisions and Urbanizations, the user must comply with the basic requirements requested for that purpose in this regulation. Once the presentation of all requirements is completed, the Institution will have a period of 15 business days for the resolution of the request." Said articles establish the necessary requirements to consider granting an availability, as well as a new service, and for the specific case, in accordance with what is established in official letter No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2020-05088, AyA, by virtue of its powers, endorsed the hydrogeological study presented by the ASADA of Piedras Negras de Mora.
Regarding the well issue, as stated in said official letter: "It exceeds our powers to 'order' actions from the Water Directorate. But we consider that sealing the well would be a measure that puts the health of the families at risk. Thus, we reiterate that the ORAC is in the utmost willingness to provide the ASADA with the necessary support so that it carries out the corresponding procedures that will allow it to legalize the well." From the foregoing, you can conclude the following: 1-AyA endorsed the hydrogeological study presented by the ASADA of Piedras Negras de Mora as recorded in official letter No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2020-05088. 2-The issue of sealing the well exceeds AyA's powers. 3-AyA did respond to the requests of the ASADA of Piedras Negras de Mora. In conclusion, and for the reasons stated, it follows that your client has not incurred in omissions of its responsibilities, nor has it violated the fundamental rights of the appellants, nor has it violated the right of response, much less the right to health or life.
Based on the reasons of fact and law presented, you request that this appeal for protection (recurso de amparo) be declared without merit in all its aspects, that the file be archived, and that AyA not be ordered to pay costs, damages, and losses, since the Administration's actions have not violated the fundamental rights to health, life, and timely response of the appellants. 5.- In the procedures followed, the legal prescriptions have been observed. Drafted by Magistrate Garro Vargas; and, Considering: I.- Object of the appeal. The appellants claim that the ASADA of Piedras Negras de Mora obtained the endorsement of the UEN Rural Aqueduct Management of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage for the drilling of a well on a property belonging to that association, in order to supply potable water to the community; however, the Tárcoles-Pacífico-Central Hydric Unit of the Water Directorate of MINAE ordered them to seal the well and stop the water extraction, due to the alleged illegal drilling of the water well, according to a complaint they received.
They claim that, for these purposes, due process was not followed, as they were never given the opportunity to regularize the well, especially since the ASADA had the endorsement of the ICAA. II.- Proven facts. Of importance for the decision of this matter, the following facts are considered duly demonstrated, either because they have been thus accredited or because the respondents have omitted to refer to them as provided in the initial order:
Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente *200217380007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del treinta de abril de dos mil veintiuno . Recurso de amparo interpuesto por [Nombre 001], mayor, casado, cédula de identidad No. [Valor 001] y [Nombre 002], mayor, casado, cédula de identidad No. [Valor 002], a favor de la Asociación Administradora de Acueducto Rural de Piedras Negras de Mora, cédula jurídica No. 3002299429 y la Asociación de Desarrollo de Piedras Negras, cédula jurídica No. 3002152907, contra el Director y la Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles Pacífico Central, ambos de la Dirección de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, el Director de la UEN Gestión de Sistemas Rurales y la Encargada de la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Región Metropolitana, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
Resultando: 1.- Por escrito recibido en la Secretaría de la Sala a las 15:13 horas del 25 de noviembre de 2021, los recurrentes interponen recurso de amparo contra el Director y la Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles Pacífico Central, ambos de la Dirección de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), el Director de la UEN Gestión de Sistemas Rurales y la Encargada de la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales Región Metropolitana, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y expresan que la comunidad donde residen se ubica en la provincia de San José, cantón de Mora, distrito Piedras Negras. Agregan que se trata de un caserío rural de 72 habitantes, agrupado en 20 familias campesinas, en su gran mayoría, donde existen 11 personas adultas mayores y 10 menores de edad. Acotan que los residentes del lugar nunca han tenido acceso al agua potable, ya que en la zona no existe un acueducto que les provea del líquido, por ende, han tenido que abastecerse de quebradas y ríos aledaños a sus casas, lo que pone en riesgo su salud.
Exponen que la comunidad, preocupada por ese aspecto y debido a la escasez de agua en la zona, se ha dado a la tarea de proteger los mantos acuíferos que se encuentran alrededor de sus casas. Asimismo, se han organizado para buscar una solución definitiva a la falta de un acueducto en el lugar. Sobre el particular, aducen que durante el 2019 procuraron la construcción de un pozo en una propiedad perteneciente a la ASADA de Piedras Negras de Mora, con el fin de que la propia asociación pudiera llevar a cabo la distribución del agua potable a las viviendas de los pobladores. Comentan que, a raíz de lo anterior, la ADI Piedras Negras firmó un convenio con el Banco Nacional de Costa Rica, entidad que les donó una suma importante de dinero para la edificación del pozo, almacenamiento e instalación de tuberías. Enuncian que, mediante nota del 13 de diciembre de 2019, la ASADA obtuvo el aval de la UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales del ICAA para la perforación del pozo y su operación formal.
Adicionan que el proyecto cuenta con un estudio hidrogeológico que concluyó lo siguiente: "la propiedad en donde se desea perforar el pozo, cuenta con un adecuado potencial hídrico subterráneo, para realizar con éxito la perforación requerida". Aseguran que se emitieron una serie de recomendaciones para la perforación del pozo, las cuales fueron acatadas durante la edificación. Expresan que, en setiembre de 2020, el pozo quedó listo para la distribución de agua, momento en el cual la ASADA, al contar con el aval del ICAA, inició con el suministro de agua potable en la comunidad, lo cual significó un alivio para las personas del lugar, sobre todo por la situación de la pandemia por la COVID-19, en la que el lavado de manos e higiene es de suma importancia. No obstante, alegan que días antes de que el pozo entrara formalmente en funcionamiento, la ADI Piedras Negras recibió la visita de un representante del MINAE, quien indicó que había sido interpuesta una denuncia por la supuesta perforación ilegal del pozo de agua.
Agregan que el 5 de noviembre de 2020 recibieron el oficio DA-UTHPCOSJ-2225-2020, del 12 de octubre de 2020, suscrito por la Unidad Hídrica Tárcoles-Pacífico-Central de la Dirección de Aguas del MINAE, por medio del cual se les ordenó sellar el pozo y detener la extracción de agua. Relatan que lo anterior implica que la comunidad vuelva a carecer de agua potable y continué arriesgando su salud en época de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Arguyen que, para tales efectos, no se siguió un debido proceso, ya que nunca se les brindó la oportunidad de poner en regla el pozo, máxime que la ASADA contaba con el aval del ICAA. Manifiestan que su intención es contar con la oportunidad de regularizar la situación en un período prudencial, sin que se vea afectado el suministro de agua potable en la comunidad. Sostiene que lo expuesto conculca los derechos constitucionales de sus representadas y de la población de Piedras Negras.
Solicitan que se declare con lugar el recurso. 2.- Mediante resolución de las 11:44 horas del 26 de noviembre de 2021, la Presidencia de la Sala dio curso a este amparo y se le solicitó informe al Director de la UEN Gestión de Asadas y al Jefe de la Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales de la Región Metropolitana, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ICAA), así como al Director y la Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica-Tárcoles-Pacífico Central, ambos de la Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), sobre los hechos alegados por los recurrentes. 3.- Informan bajo juramento José Miguel Zeledón Calderón y Marilyn Mora Vega, respectivamente, en su condición de Director y de Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles Pacífico Central, ambos de la Dirección de Agua del MINAE (escrito presentado a las 11:56 horas del 02 de diciembre de 2020), que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA) es el ente responsable técnico nacional en materia de los sistemas de acueducto y alcantarillado de conformidad con el artículo 2 inciso g) de su Ley Constitutiva.
Igualmente, esa institución tiene como responsabilidad legal, el suministro de agua en calidad potable y la recolección y tratamiento de aguas residuales, a nivel nacional o bien está facultado, para delegar la administración, operación, mantenimiento y desarrollo de los acueductos y alcantarillados, así como el tratamiento y disposición de aguas residuales, en organizaciones debidamente constituidas para tales efectos. En lo que refiere a la delegación, ésta se da en las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales (ASADAS) mediante convenio de delegación que es el título habilitante que les faculta para la prestación de esos servicios públicos, siendo las ASADAS el único medio de organización comunal para la prestación del servicio público de agua potable a las comunidades; éstas se rigen por la Ley de Asociaciones No. 218 y el “Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales, aprobado mediante Decreto Ejecutivo No. 42582 del 11 de agosto del 2020”.
Por su parte, el Dictamen de la Procuraduría General de la República C-236-2008 del 7 de julio de 2008, indica lo siguiente: “un particular no está autorizado por el ordenamiento jurídico para prestar el servicio público de abastecimiento poblacional de agua potable y alcantarillado sanitario, con excepción de las ASADAS. Con fundamento en esta postura, la entidad privada que no cuente con el respectivo convenio por medio del cual el AyA les delega la prestación de este servicio y la concesión de agua que otorga el MINAE, no estaría autorizado por el ordenamiento jurídico para prestar el servicio de agua potable y alcantarillado sanitario. Es decir, en este caso, el MINAE, de previo a otorgar la concesión, estaría en la obligación legal de verificar que el particular cuenta con la autorización previa del AyA y del Ministerio de Salud para que la empresa privada preste el servicio de agua potable a la población, así como el sistema de alcantarillado sanitario.
La razón de esta postura encontraría fundamento en la Ley 2726 de 14 de abril de 1961, Ley constitutiva del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillaos y en los artículos 266 y 276 de la Ley general de salud, Ley No. 5395 de 23 de octubre de 1973. En esta dirección, se debe tener presente que esos servicios son servicios públicos esenciales (véase el dictamen C-373-03 de 26 de noviembre del 2003), lo que significa que el AyA y los entes públicos supra señalados son los únicos que tienen competencia para su prestación (prestación directa de servicios públicos) o aquellas entidades privadas con quienes el AyA ha delegado su prestación (prestación indirecta de servicios públicos) para lo cual, como se indicó atrás, se necesita de la autorización del Ministerio de Salud y del título habilitante que otorga MINAE, previa y necesaria comprobación del cumplimiento de esos dos requisitos sine qua non”.
El artículo 60 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública establece: “1- La competencia se limitará por razón del territorio, del tiempo, de la materia y del grado. 2- Se limitará también por la naturaleza de la función que corresponda a un órgano dentro del procedimiento en que participa”. La Ley Constitutiva del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, No. 2726, del 27 de agosto de 1961, establece en el artículo 2º: “Corresponde al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados: a) Dirigir y vigilar todo lo concerniente para proveer a los habitantes de la República de un servicio de agua potable, recolección y evacuación de aguas negras y residuos industriales líquidos y de aguas pluviales en las áreas urbanas”. Los entes prestadores del servicio público de sistemas de acueducto y alcantarillado facultados por ley, como las Municipalidades, la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia (ESPH), la Junta Administrativa del Servicio Eléctrico Municipal de Cartago (JASEC) y las Asociaciones de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillado Sanitario (ASADAS) por delegación, deben solicitar concesión de aprovechamiento de Agua al MINAE.
Por su parte, igualmente, deben solicitar permiso de perforación conforme al Decreto Ejecutivo No. 35884, “ Reglamento de Perforación del Subsuelo para la Exploración y Aprovechamiento de Aguas Subterráneas”, publicado en La Gaceta No. 88 del 7 de mayo de 2010. Que la Administración Pública debe actuar en apego al principio de legalidad, de conformidad con lo programado en el artículo 11 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública que establece: “Artículo 11. 1. La Administración Pública actuará sometida al ordenamiento jurídico y sólo podrá realizar aquellos actos o prestar aquellos servicios públicos que autorice dicho ordenamiento, según la escala jerárquica de sus fuentes”. Lo que implica " que los actos y comportamientos de la Administración deben estar regulados por norma escrita, lo que significa desde luego el sometimiento a la Constitución y a la ley, preferentemente, y en general a todas las normas del ordenamiento jurídico – reglamentos ejecutivos y autónomos” (Procuraduría General de la República OJ-103-2000 del 18 de setiembre de 2000).
Según informa el Técnico José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez, Técnico evaluador de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles-Pacífico Central de la Dirección de Agua, a la que por ubicación corresponde su atención, con motivo de la interposición del amparo que nos ocupa, realizó el informe DA-UHTPCOSJ-2521-2020, del 27 de noviembre de 2020, con el visto bueno de la Coordinadora de esa Unidad de esta Dirección, Ingeniera Marilyn Mora Vega, en el cual explica lo siguiente: La diligencia dio inicio debido al ingreso de una denuncia ambiental mediante el Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales (SITADA) del MINAE con el número 19713-2020 del 25 de marzo de 2020 de manera anónima, en la cual se indica sobre la perforación de un pozo profundo con maquinaria especializada sin contar con el permiso de la Dirección de Aguas del MINAE. La perforación del pozo se realizó contiguo al cauce de una quebrada.
Explica el funcionario de esa Dirección, Ricardo Hidalgo, en el citado informe que, en atención a lo denunciado, se procedió a realizar una visita de campo, con el fin de verificar las condiciones del sitio denunciado y sus derredores. Refiere que en el sitio fue atendido por el señor [Nombre 003], portador de la cédula de identidad No. [Valor 001], Presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo de la comunidad de Dantas, el cual le indicó la presencia de un pozo en las coordenadas de la proyección CRTM05 latitud 465.720, longitud 1 093.640 (502.063 Este y 208.243 Norte, Lambert Costa Rica Norte), según el levantamiento con un navegador satelital GPS, marca Garmin, modelo Montana 680, el cual tenía una precisión de +/- 4 m en el momento de la toma del dato. La perforación, según la documentación aportada por el señor [Nombre 004] , se localiza en el terreno con el número de plano catastro SJ-2154044-2019, propiedad de la ASADA de Piedras Negras (Anexo
Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Anamari Garro V.
Marta Eugenia Esquivel R.
Ronald Salazar Murillo Ileana Sánchez N.
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