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Res. 01620-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 27/01/2021
OutcomeResultado
The majority of the Constitutional Chamber ruled that the OECD accession bill contained no procedural or substantive defects, while three justices dissented and declared a defect in the approval of subparagraph vii, paragraph 1, part A, for generically accepting all substantive OECD legal instruments without providing their complete texts in Spanish.La mayoría de la Sala Constitucional declaró que el proyecto de ley de adhesión a la OCDE no contiene vicios de procedimiento o de fondo, mientras que tres magistrados salvaron el voto y declararon un vicio en la aprobación del subinciso vii, del inciso 1 del aparte A, por aceptar genéricamente todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la OCDE sin aportar el texto íntegro y traducido al español.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber, by majority, ruled that the bill for Costa Rica’s accession to the OECD did not contain constitutional defects. The majority held that the annexes listing substantive OECD decisions and recommendations were lower-ranking protocols not requiring individual legislative approval under Article 121(4) of the Constitution. It also found that OECD “international agreements” were not being approved through the accession declaration, as each had its own ratification rules. The majority distinguished this case from prior precedents, stressing that the Convention and its Protocols were complete and in Spanish in the legislative record, and that the situation was comparable to Advisory Opinion 1994-007005 on the Costa Rica–Mexico FTA. In dissent, three justices found a procedural defect, arguing that the blanket acceptance of all substantive OECD legal instruments—without providing their complete texts translated into Spanish—violated principles of publicity, legal certainty, and the constitutional powers of both the Legislative Assembly and the Chamber itself.La Sala Constitucional, por mayoría, declaró que el proyecto de ley de adhesión de Costa Rica a la OCDE no contiene vicios de inconstitucionalidad. La mayoría concluyó que los anexos al acuerdo, que enumeran decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas de la OCDE, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa individual conforme al artículo 121 inciso 4 de la Constitución. Además, los "international agreements" de la OCDE no están siendo aprobados mediante la declaración de aceptación, ya que cada uno tiene sus propias reglas de ratificación. La mayoría distinguió este caso de precedentes previos, argumentando que el Convenio y sus Protocolos estaban completos y en español en el expediente legislativo, y que la situación era similar a la consulta 1994-007005 sobre el TLC con México. En contraste, tres magistrados salvaron el voto y consideraron que había un vicio en el procedimiento legislativo, por cuanto se aceptaban genéricamente todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la OCDE sin que se hubiera aportado el texto íntegro y traducido al español de dichos instrumentos, lo que violaba los principios de publicidad, seguridad jurídica y las competencias constitucionales de la Asamblea Legislativa y de la propia Sala.
Key excerptExtracto clave
VII.- Conclusion. In accordance with the foregoing considerations, the conclusion is that the Bill for “APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON 28 MAY 2020; …” legislative file No. 22,187, is not unconstitutional, since the “international agreements” are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Accession, Section A, heading 1.vii, and the substantive OECD decisions and recommendations listed in the Annexes are lower-ranking protocols that do not require legislative approval. Operative part: By majority, the consultation submitted concerning the Bill … is answered to the effect that it contains no procedural or substantive defects. Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal and Justice Garro Vargas dissent and declare a defect in the legislative procedure for the approval of the bill. Specifically, they declare a defect in the approval of subparagraph vii, paragraph 1, part A, regarding the acceptance by the Republic of Costa Rica of the obligations as a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), when it provides that “The Republic of Costa Rica will assume, upon the deposit of its instrument of accession to the Convention, all obligations as a member of the Organisation, including but not limited to the acceptance of: (...) vii. All substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention.” The foregoing, without certainty and without providing in the legislative approval procedure the complete text of these substantive OECD legal instruments officially translated into Spanish that would be binding for the Costa Rican State.VII-. Conclusión. De conformidad con lo expuesto en los considerandos anteriores se concluye que en el Proyecto de “APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; …” expediente No 22.187, no es inconstitucional, pues los “international agreements” no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafe 1.vii y las decisiones y recomendaciones de la OCDE sustantivas citadas en los Anexos, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa. Parte dispositiva: Por mayoría se evacua la consulta formulada … en el sentido de que no contiene vicios de procedimiento o de fondo. Los Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal y la Magistrada Garro Vargas salvan el voto y declaran un vicio en el procedimiento legislativo de aprobación del proyecto de ley. Concretamente declaran que hay un vicio en la aprobación del subinciso vii, del inciso 1 del aparte A, referente a la aceptación de la República de Costa Rica de las obligaciones como miembro de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), al disponer "La República de Costa Rica asumirá, mediante el depósito de su instrumento de adhesión a la Convención, todas las obligaciones como miembro de la Organización, incluidas, entre otras, la aceptación de: (...) vii. Todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención". Lo anterior, sin tener certeza y sin aportarse al procedimiento legislativo de aprobación, el texto íntegro de dichos instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la OCDE traducidos oficialmente al idioma español que serían vinculantes para el Estado costarricense.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"De conformidad con lo expuesto en los considerandos anteriores se concluye que en el Proyecto de “APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, …” expediente No 22.187, no es inconstitucional, pues los “international agreements” no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafe 1.vii y las decisiones y recomendaciones de la OCDE sustantivas citadas en los Anexos, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa."
"In accordance with the foregoing considerations, the conclusion is that the Bill for “APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, …” legislative file No. 22,187, is not unconstitutional, since the “international agreements” are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Accession, Section A, heading 1.vii, and the substantive OECD decisions and recommendations listed in the Annexes are lower-ranking protocols that do not require legislative approval."
Conclusión
"De conformidad con lo expuesto en los considerandos anteriores se concluye que en el Proyecto de “APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, …” expediente No 22.187, no es inconstitucional, pues los “international agreements” no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafe 1.vii y las decisiones y recomendaciones de la OCDE sustantivas citadas en los Anexos, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa."
Conclusión
"En este análisis constitucional del proyecto de ley sujeto a la consulta de constitucionalidad preceptiva, la mayoría del Tribunal considera que no se vulneran los principios democráticos, publicidad, transparencia, por la elemental razón de que en la ley aprobatoria está, de manera clara y precisa, las obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público que asume el Estado de Costa Rica."
"In this constitutional analysis of the bill subject to the mandatory constitutional consultation, the majority of the Court considers that the democratic principles, publicity, and transparency are not violated, for the elementary reason that the approving law clearly and precisely contains the public international law obligations assumed by the Costa Rican State."
Considerando VI
"En este análisis constitucional del proyecto de ley sujeto a la consulta de constitucionalidad preceptiva, la mayoría del Tribunal considera que no se vulneran los principios democráticos, publicidad, transparencia, por la elemental razón de que en la ley aprobatoria está, de manera clara y precisa, las obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público que asume el Estado de Costa Rica."
Considerando VI
"Siguiendo la lógica del numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental, a partir de que el Estado de Costa Rica se incorpore como parte al Convenio internacional y sus respectivos Protocolos, la decisión que se adopten en el seno de la organización, en el tanto y cuando no tengan la condiciones de protocolos de menor rango, sino que modifican el Convenio, que establecen nuevos fines a la Organización internacional o que impliquen nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público para el Estado de Costa Rica, en el futuro, deberán ser objeto de aprobación legislativa a tenor de lo que dispone el citado artículo constitucional."
"Following the logic of Article 121(4) of the Constitution, once the Costa Rican State becomes a party to the international Convention and its respective Protocols, any decision adopted within the organization that does not qualify as a lower-ranking protocol but rather modifies the Convention, establishes new purposes for the international Organization, or entails new public international law obligations for the Costa Rican State, shall in the future be subject to legislative approval in accordance with the said constitutional article."
Considerando VI
"Siguiendo la lógica del numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental, a partir de que el Estado de Costa Rica se incorpore como parte al Convenio internacional y sus respectivos Protocolos, la decisión que se adopten en el seno de la organización, en el tanto y cuando no tengan la condiciones de protocolos de menor rango, sino que modifican el Convenio, que establecen nuevos fines a la Organización internacional o que impliquen nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público para el Estado de Costa Rica, en el futuro, deberán ser objeto de aprobación legislativa a tenor de lo que dispone el citado artículo constitucional."
Considerando VI
"Dicha omisión viola los artículos artículos 7, 10 inciso b), 121 inciso 4), 140 inciso 10) y 124 de la Constitución Política y, además, el artículo 96 inciso a) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional sobre la competencia de la Sala Constitucional de ejercer el control de constitucionalidad preceptivo en los proyectos de ley tendientes a la aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales, inclusive las reservas hechas o propuestas por unos u otros."
"This omission violates Articles 7, 10(b), 121(4), 140(10), and 124 of the Political Constitution, and also Article 96(a) of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law regarding the Constitutional Chamber’s competence to exercise mandatory constitutional review of bills aimed at approving international agreements or treaties, including the reservations made or proposed by either party."
Parte dispositiva (voto salvado)
"Dicha omisión viola los artículos artículos 7, 10 inciso b), 121 inciso 4), 140 inciso 10) y 124 de la Constitución Política y, además, el artículo 96 inciso a) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional sobre la competencia de la Sala Constitucional de ejercer el control de constitucionalidad preceptivo en los proyectos de ley tendientes a la aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales, inclusive las reservas hechas o propuestas por unos u otros."
Parte dispositiva (voto salvado)
Full documentDocumento completo
Court Judgment with Dissenting Vote Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 3. CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL MATTERS Topic: AGREEMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
Topic: MANDATORY LEGISLATIVE CONSULTATION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
01620-21. AGREEMENT. TERMS OF ADHESION OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD). Mandatory Legislative Consultation regarding the Agreement on the Terms of Adhesion of Costa Rica to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in San José, Costa Rica on 05-28-2020; the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France on 12-14-1960; Supplementary Protocol No. 1 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on 12-14-1960; and Supplementary Protocol No. 2 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on 12-14-1960, and related provisions.
ISSUES ANALYZED:
Chronology of the processing of legislative file 22.187 On the content of the project and the objectives of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
On the nature of adhesion agreements.
Object of analysis and jurisdiction of the Chamber in this mandatory consultation.
On the annexes and their scope Conclusion. In accordance with the foregoing recitals, it is concluded that the Bill for “APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF THE ADHESION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON MAY 28, 2020; THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL N°1 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL N°2 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960, AND RELATED PROVISIONS”, file No. 22.187, is not unconstitutional, since the international agreements (international agreements) are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Adhesion, Section A, heading 1.vii, and the substantive OECD decisions and recommendations cited in the Annexes are protocols of lesser rank that do not require legislative approval.
Operative part: By majority, the consultation formulated regarding the Bill for "APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF THE ADHESION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON MAY 28, 2020; THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL N°1 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL N°2 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960, AND RELATED PROVISIONS", legislative file number No. 22.187, is resolved in the sense that it contains no procedural or substantive defects. Magistrates Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal and Magistrate Garro Vargas dissent and declare a defect in the legislative procedure for the approval of the bill.
Specifically, they declare that there is a defect in the approval of sub-clause vii, of paragraph 1 of Section A, referring to the acceptance by the Republic of Costa Rica of the obligations as a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), by providing "The Republic of Costa Rica shall assume, upon the deposit of its instrument of adhesion to the Convention, all obligations as a member of the Organisation, including, among others, the acceptance of: (...) vii. All substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention". The foregoing, without having certainty and without providing to the legislative approval procedure the complete text of said substantive legal instruments of the OECD officially translated into the Spanish language that would be binding on the Costa Rican State.
Said omission violates Articles 7, paragraph 10(b), paragraph 121(4), paragraph 140(10), and 124 of the Political Constitution and, in addition, Article 96(a) of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction regarding the competence of the Constitutional Chamber to exercise mandatory constitutionality control over bills aimed at approving international agreements or treaties, including the reservations made or proposed by either party. Let it be communicated.
CO06/21 "...I.- Preliminarily. - It is necessary to bear in mind that - in accordance with what is indicated in Article 98 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction - the mandatory legislative consultation is applicable in the case of bills approving international treaties after the approval of the bill in the first debate and before final approval. When resolving it, the Chamber shall rule on any aspects or reasons it deems relevant from a constitutional point of view, but its opinion will be binding only with regard to the procedure followed. For the above purposes, first a chronological summary of the bill's processing is made, then any existing formal issues are reviewed, and finally the substance of the bill is analyzed.
II.Chronology of the processing of legislative file 22.187.- In the cited legislative file, the following sequence of actions is observed:
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (hereinafter OECD) is an international organization with 60 years of experience, which, in collaboration with governments, policymakers, and citizens, works to establish international standards and propose solutions based on empirical data to diverse social, economic, and environmental challenges. The OECD is a forum, a knowledge center for data collection and analysis, the exchange of experiences, and best practices. The OECD advises on public policies and on the establishment of global standards and norms in areas ranging from improving economic performance and job creation to promoting effective education or combating international tax evasion. By the will of the Executive Branch, our country wishes to join this organization, for which, within the acceptance process, it is necessary to approve the regulations submitted to the Legislative Assembly under the bill under analysis. As summarized in the Technical Services' AL-DEST-IJU-252-2020 from the Legislative Assembly, the bill under consultation consists of the following articles:
ARTICLE 1 - Approval of the Adhesion Agreement to the OECD.
This article notes that the adhesion to the Organization is composed of several international instruments of different categories, and together they constitute the Agreement on the Terms of Adhesion of the Republic of Costa Rica to the OECD Convention, which are the following:
Declaration of Costa Rica of its acceptance of obligations as an OECD member and five additional Annexes.
Decision of the OECD Council to invite the country to join the Organization.
Constituent Convention of the OECD, along with two Supplementary Protocols.
Regarding the Declaration of Costa Rica of its acceptance of obligations as an OECD member, it consists, in turn, of five sections: A) the generic declaration of accepting the objectives and commitments of the Organization, which includes its main convention, the derivative regulations of the Organization whether in the form of accepted resolutions, rules, or conclusions, the creation of its institutional structure, financial statements, working methods. In sub-clause vii) of paragraph 1 of Section A, it indicates that Costa Rica would be accepting “all substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic to accede to the Convention, with the observations stipulated in annexes 1 to 5, each annex forming an integral part of this Declaration. With respect to any legal instruments adopted between the date of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention and the date on which Costa Rica deposits its instrument of accession, the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council”.
In Annex 1 of the Declaration, it is indicated “the Republic of Costa Rica accepts all legal instruments of the OECD in force at the time of the adhesion of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention, with the observations on the instruments indicated below (a list included in the annex follows)”.
Section B) includes the acceptance of the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Organization in the country. On this point, the acceptance is the reiteration of a commitment already in force, since the country already approved the “Agreement with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on Privileges, Immunities, and Facilities Granted to the Organization” through Law No. 9533 of April 24, 2018, and in force since September 6 of that same year.
In Section C), the Government announces its participation in optional bodies of the OECD, in accordance with Annex 5.
Section D) contains a generic acceptance of any regulations or instruments derived from the Organization, including those produced up to the effective deposit of the instrument of adhesion.
The declaration includes the repeal of any Agreement for temporary participation in a non-member capacity of the country in OECD bodies, this as a consequence of now participating in its full member capacity.
Finally, in Section E), the country commits to delivering Reports (and contributing to cover their preparation costs) regarding the progress of implementation in the work areas expressly indicated in the Council Decision.
This Declaration is, in turn, accompanied by five annexes:
ANNEX 1 SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACCEPTANCE OF OECD LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
This annex includes deadlines for compliance with various resolutions and recommendations on matters as diverse as chemicals, competition issues, environment, waste management, financial markets, maritime transport, public governance, science and technology, tourism, and investment.
These are agreed deadlines for the implementation of certain regulations pertaining to the mentioned sectors, except in the case of investment, where what is done is to declare exceptions or reservations, and expressly refer to Annexes 2, 3, and 4, to declare these exceptions or reservations, which would be the equivalent of what are called “non-conforming measures” in free trade agreements.
ANNEX 2 LIST OF RESERVATIONS TO THE CODE OF LIBERALISATION OF CAPITAL MOVEMENTS [OECD/LEGAL/0002]
ANNEX 3 LIST OF RESERVATIONS TO THE CODE OF LIBERALISATION OF CURRENT INVISIBLE OPERATIONS [OECD/LEGAL/0001]
ANNEX 4 LIST OF EXCEPTIONS TO NATIONAL TREATMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE THIRD REVISED DECISION OF THE COUNCIL ON NATIONAL TREATMENT [OECD/LEGAL/0263] As indicated, the activities listed in these three Annexes are reservations (their compliance is excluded and they have no implementation deadline) to OECD Liberalization Codes or Decisions that constitute, in both cases, derivative regulations.
ANNEX 5. LIST OF OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES AND BODIES FOR COSTA RICA'S PARTICIPATION
In this Annex, and in accordance with Section D) of Costa Rica's Declaration, the country's participation is defined in the optional bodies of the Organization indicated therein: Development Centre, Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (with the obvious limitation that it means that the country has a tax system based exclusively on territoriality), the Programme for International Student Assessment, and the chemicals management program.
· DECISION OF THE COUNCIL TO INVITE THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO ACCEDE TO THE OECD CONVENTION This is the counterpart of the Declaration of the Government of Costa Rica, and in essence, both documents constitute what is traditionally known as an exchange of diplomatic notes (in this case, one of the Parties is an International Organization, not a State), but equally an international agreement beyond the formality employed.
The Council Decision is dated in Paris on May 18, 2020, and specifically contains the formal invitation to the country for its entry into the Organization and the concrete commitment to report progress through reports in the Committees on Chemicals, Competition, Corporate Governance, Fisheries, Environmental Policy, and Public Governance.
The commitment to render reports includes covering the cost set by the Organization.
CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
This is the fundamental Convention or instrument of adhesion, as it is its constitutive treaty consisting of 21 articles referring to the following topics:
The objective of the organization is highlighted, which is to promote economic development through technical cooperation, which consists precisely in the development of standards and best practices in all fields of political management.
The basic mode of action is through the taking of Decisions or Resolutions that may be binding for the members. However, the rule of consensus is followed, according to which, if a State abstains from voting on a specific resolution, said resolution is not binding for that State (Article 6), with the sole exception of Decisions on the admission of new members.
This condition or voting system means that a State cannot be bound by any resolution against its will.
The institutional structure of the Organization is the traditional one: a Council or deliberative body where all members are represented, which may designate an Executive Committee, and a General Secretariat is also established as an executive body. Through derivative regulations, all Committees and bodies necessary for the development of functions may also be established.
Supplementary Protocols The Convention is accompanied by two Supplementary Protocols: the first relates to regulating the composition of the representation of the European states belonging to the current European Union. It is a matter exclusively concerning said States and their relationship with the Organization.
The second Protocol is an Agreement granting privileges and immunities to the Organization and its officials, which has been subsumed into the specific Agreement that the Organization has already signed with our country and which, as stated, is already in force.
ARTICLE 2. Stewardship and Advisory Council for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
These are implementing provisions, and they underwent modifications via motion with respect to their base text, so that the “stewardship and representation of the country before the OECD” corresponds to COMEX, and therefore the national coordination of the other public entities before the Organization. Likewise, a Council is created, with an advisory nature.
ARTICLE 3 Budget, payment of membership fee, and derived obligations within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Establishes, as its title indicates, the budgets for payment of the membership fee and derived obligations.
ARTICLE 4 Delegation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Stewardship and representation on this matter are assigned to COMEX.
ARTICLE 5 Repeal of Article 5 of Law 9154.
This repeal is derived from or a related consequence of what is already established in Article 2.
IV.On the nature of adhesion agreements. In international law, the term or concept of adhesion is used to refer to the political decision of a State to become part of an existing International Organization or a multilateral Convention or international instrument already in force for other states. Generally, adhesion only requires the approval of the Constituent Convention and the subsequent ratification by the interested State to become part of the Organization or Convention. In the case of the OECD, approval of the Constituent Convention (which includes the supplementary protocols) is required, and an additional Adhesion Agreement is required that includes both the invitation from the OECD Council itself and the State's declaration of acceptance of the commitments derived from that condition. Regarding this type of adhesion commitments, the Chamber ruled in judgment 2011-001308. In this regard, it stated that adhesion is a mechanism used to approve an international instrument that was not directly negotiated by the Government of Costa Rica, but which the Government subsequently decides sovereignly to commit to its content.
According to the cited precedent, “the figure of adhesion is established in Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Law No. 7615 of July 24, 1996, by indicating, pertinently, that “’Ratification’, ‘acceptance’, ‘approval’ and ‘accession’ mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty”. Likewise, Article 11 regulates the forms of expressing the State's consent to be bound by a treaty, consent which may be established by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession. In the case of the convention for “Adhesion to the Latin American Agreement on Cinematographic Co-production and Approval of its Amending Protocol, signed in Bogotá on July 14, 2006”, the Government of Costa Rica made a reservation to the effect that the constitutional legal system of our country does not authorize any form of consent that is not subject to the approval of the Legislative Assembly.
The foregoing, of course, in light of what is indicated in Article 121 of the Political Constitution, which stipulates in paragraph 4 that it is the exclusive competence of the Legislative Assembly to approve or reject international conventions, public treaties, and concordats.”
That is, as established in the cited precedent, the consent of the Costa Rican State, in this type of Agreement, Conventions, or Treaties, is always linked to the approval of the parliamentary body.
As recorded in the legislative file, the Executive Branch has provided, within the regulations to be approved, the inclusion of some implementing provisions that define internal aspects of the Costa Rican institutional framework to address the new commitments and relations with the International Organization it intends to join. Thus, in Article 1 of the Bill, implementing provisions are additionally attached, which were modified via a motion approved by the Special OECD Commission in the Ordinary Session of September 28, 2020. They provide that the Ministry of Foreign Trade (COMEX) is responsible for the stewardship and representation of the country before the Organization, as stipulated by national legislation and the Adhesion Agreements that designate it as the point of contact with the Organization.
An Advisory Committee is created, composed of other Ministries, outlining its functions, and the Technical Secretariat of this Committee is assigned to COMEX. Likewise, the obligation of COMEX to assume the payment of the annual membership to the Organization and the operation of the country's Permanent Delegation to that body and to undertake the corresponding budgetary obligations is established.
Also, COMEX is assigned the composition of the country's Delegation to the Organization, which will form part of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and will depend on it for all purposes; additionally, it is tasked with designating an official who will represent the country before the organization.
As part of the implementing provisions, the repeal of the current Article 5 of Law 9154, which established the temporary nature of the country's representation before the OECD, is established.
These implementing provisions of an internal nature, complementary to the international obligations the country would acquire, by not forming part of the international obligations, can be modified by the legislature during the course of the discussions, through the rules applicable to the approval of internal regulations, such that the Chamber does not observe any defect in the fact that they were modified in the Ordinary Session of September 28, 2020.
Regarding the Constituent Convention of the OECD signed in Paris on December 14, 1960, and its two Supplementary Protocols, it should be noted that from reading the articles (described above), it is observed that these are regulations promoting economic development, basically through technical cooperation based on standards and best practices in all fields of political management. Regarding the OECD Constitution Convention and its two Protocols, this Chamber does not observe formal or substantive defects as long as it is interpreted in the manner to be stated.
Apart from the indicated regulations, the Declaration of Costa Rica of its acceptance of obligations as an OECD member is provided, which, as already mentioned, consists of five sections: A) the generic declaration of accepting the objectives and commitments of the Organization, which includes its main convention, the derivative regulations of the Organization whether in the form of accepted resolutions, rules, or conclusions, the creation of its institutional structure, financial statements, working methods. It is observed that sub-clause vii) of paragraph 1 of Section A indicates that Costa Rica would be accepting “all substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic to accede to the Convention, with the observations stipulated in annexes 1 to 5, each annex forming an integral part of this Declaration. With respect to any legal instruments adopted between the date of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention and the date on which Costa Rica deposits its instrument of accession, the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council”.
(the underlining is not original) To understand the scope of this provision, it is important to be clear about the types of categories of OECD regulations, to understand which of these decisions are binding and which are not. The categories are:
· Decisions: are legal instruments binding on all members, except those who abstain at the time of their adoption. They are not International Treaties, but they do bind adherents to take the necessary measures to implement them.
· Recommendations: these instruments are not binding, but they carry moral weight. Practice indicates that adherents are expected to make their best efforts to comply with them. Members who disagree may abstain at the time of the recommendation's adoption, although this is not legally required.
· Declarations: are legal instruments prepared within the Organization that are not binding. They generally establish long-term objectives or goals and have a political effect.
· International Agreements (International Agreements): are legal instruments negotiated and approved within the framework of the organization that are indeed binding on the parties.
· Arrangements, Understandings, and Others (other legal instruments): are legal instruments developed within the framework of the Organization at the instance of or within the institutional framework.
(source: https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm ) Of these legal instruments, it can be said that those of relevance to this judgment and the jurisdiction of the Chamber are those that would be binding and are already in force, to which Costa Rica automatically adheres upon joining the Organization, and which are mentioned in the text, but whose complete content in Spanish is not included in the legislative record. On this subject, following an inquiry by Deputy Villata Flores-Estrada (see folio 706 et seq. Volume III), the Department of Technical Services, in its opinion AL-DEST-CJU-075-2020, notes that while these are substantive legal instruments, it is normal that, given their context of having been issued primarily for European countries, in keeping with the nature of the organization, they do not contain regulations that could affect Costa Rican domestic law, with the exception of the treaty on mutual administrative assistance in tax matters (Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters), which was already approved by Costa Rica through Law 9118 of 2013.
In any case, the opinion issued by the Department of Technical Services indicates that each of these instruments is governed by its own rules of acceptance and ratification, such that “OECD member status does not, by itself and automatically, confer the status of being a party to those instruments,” but rather “each of them requires the corresponding acceptance and ratification independently, as is natural and normal in the field of international law with respect to International Treaties and Conventions.” In the cited study by Technical Services, an annex is provided with 8 of the OECD International Agreements with their respective rules of acceptance and entry into force (folios 719 to 721 of volume III of the legislative record). However, on the organization's website, 10 can be observed as being in force: OECD/LEGAL/ 0432, 0382, 0332, 0315, 0314, 0293, 0235, 0053, 0038, and 0020 (see https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm).
It is observed that the majority of them indeed have their own rules of acceptance and entry into force and refer to matters such as nuclear energy, combating transnational bribery, administrative assistance in tax matters (one of them already accepted by law in Costa Rica), and financing of the organization. The Technical Services opinion states that “it would also be unacceptable to claim that the generic declaration made by our Government in terms of adhesion substitutes for the respective acceptance and ratification procedure in each of these treaties.” It goes on to state: “the international agreements do form part of the substantive legal instruments of the Organization, but they are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Adhesion, Section A, heading 1.vii.”
Within the Court, a not insignificant discussion has arisen regarding whether the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica, according to the annexes, concerning the substantive decisions and recommendations, must or must not be included in their complete Spanish text within the law approving the adhesion to the OECD, or if their enumeration, along with the specification of reservations and exceptions made by the State of Costa Rica in relation to them, is sufficient. For a correct understanding of the majority position of the Constitutional Chamber, before addressing the specific issue, it is necessary to clarify the following points. First, the instruments of Public International Law are the Convention and its two Protocols, which are included in the legislative record. Ergo, the annexes are not part of the Convention. Second, the annexes that provoke the controversy within the Court are precisely that: annexes that form part of the approving law, which contains the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica upon the ratification—a unilateral act of the Executive Branch—of the international Convention and its Protocols.
The foregoing has a logical explanation, which is that as this is an adhesion to an international Convention and its Protocols already in force—for more than sixty years—and pursuant to the negotiation between the subject of Public International Law and the State of Costa Rica, the latter accepts the substantive decisions and recommendations, in accordance with paragraph 5 of the Convention, with the exceptions accepted by the other party, a condition agreed upon by the parties, namely that the former would forward them to the latter in the act of invitation to adhere to the international instrument. In view of this reality, the State of Costa Rica understands that those decisions and recommendations of the competent bodies of the subject of Public International Law are a sine qua non requirement for becoming a party to the Convention and its Protocols, with the exceptions that the other party has accepted.
If this were not the case, the member status of the Organization would be atypical, since the decisions and recommendations pursuant to paragraph 5 of the Convention would be binding for the rest of the States, but not for the State of Costa Rica, with the exception of those it accepts in the future in its capacity as a party to the Convention. To frame matters thus is illogical and, to a certain extent, would be contrary to the principles governing Public International Law, because within the international Organization there would be a disparity in the obligations assumed by each subject of Public International Law. Rather, what is logical, just, and equitable is that the State or subject of Public International Law adhering to the Convention and its Protocols assumes all obligations derived therefrom in accordance with its regulations, thereby establishing equality among the State-parties in relation to the obligations and rights derived from the international instruments and the principles of Public International Law—ius cogens.
Third, in this case, it is inappropriate to speak of reservations, although some annexes mention exceptions and others reservations, since they are not part of the Convention and its Protocols (see in this regard Article 1, subparagraph d) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which provides: “d) ‘reservation’ means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State”); but they are part of the law approving the international instruments and constitute obligations assumed by the State of Costa Rica; it is proper to use the term exceptions. Based on the foregoing, the majority of the Court considers that the jurisprudence cited from the Constitutional Chamber is not applicable to the case under study.
First of all, it must be kept in mind that when invoking jurisprudence or a precedent—a rule of law extracted from three reiterated rulings or from a single case applicable to another identical one—one must be confronted with the same relevant facts; if this is not so, it is not valid—it is not a correct interpretation and application of the Law—to apply jurisprudence or a precedent if the factual situations are different. The rule of distinguishing must be considered, applicable for a case of horizontal stare decisis when dealing with a court of sole instance. As is well known, it can be said that horizontal stare decisis refers to the obligation of judges to decide pending cases by following what was resolved in precedents handed down in similar cases by judges of the same jurisdiction of coordinate hierarchy, including themselves; however, this does not apply when there is no similarity between the case the Court is hearing and the relevant facts of the jurisprudence and precedents, for which the rule of distinguishing is used, or when, in a case similar to the precedents, the Court changes its criterion upon better consideration—an overruling.
For the majority, the jurisprudence transcribed below is not applicable. Let us examine each specific case and perform the comparison test. First, we have the advisory opinion No. 1102-90, in which the Constitutional Chamber found “irregular procedures” that violated Articles 7, 121(4), 140(10), and 124 of the Political Constitution, as well as several rules of the Regulations of the Legislative Assembly, which consisted fundamentally of the fact that an international document was not included in the official text, in the respective record, and had not been the subject of discussion or publication in the Official Gazette, meaning that the main document—General Agreement (GATT)—where the obligations, commitments, and benefits assumed and obtained by each signatory or adhering country were specified in detail, was missing. The Chamber concluded that it is not legally valid for the approval of the protocol of adhesion to be considered as approving the General Agreement.
This precedent is not applicable to the present matter for the elementary reason that the Convention and its two Protocols are indeed included in the legislative record, meaning the Legislative Assembly can exercise the power referred to in Article 121, paragraph 4, of the Constitution. The second precedent is advisory opinion No. 2000-004257, in which the Constitutional Chamber found a defect of unconstitutionality in the procedure followed for the approval of the “Protocol Concerning the Study Group of the European Customs Union,” because it concluded that at folio 236 of the legislative record, a copy in English and French of the referred Protocol existed, without its official translation, which should have been known to the deputies, being included in said record. This precedent is also not applicable to the case under analysis, because both the Convention and the Protocols are in the Spanish language.
A third precedent is found in advisory opinion No. 2005-008425, in which the Constitutional Chamber found an unconstitutionality due to the incongruence between the list contained in the report on the final drafting of the text approved in the first debate and the texts to which it refers, since, according to the Court, approving the bill with the noted defects would mean incorporating into Costa Rican domestic law incomplete regulations, as well as an entire code (150 pages), without there being any certainty about the latter. In the present bill of law, we are not facing the same facts, since there are neither incongruences between the texts over which Parliament exercises its approval or disapproval power, nor are they, by any means, incomplete. Both the Convention and its two Protocols are complete, and there are no incongruences between their texts. This precedent refers to the approval of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1971, its Protocols and its Amendments (SOLAS 74).
In advisory opinion No. 2006-006611, on the same previous matter, the Constitutional Chamber answered the inquiry formulated, in the sense that there was again a defect of unconstitutionality because the regulations to be approved were incomplete. A fifth precedent is advisory opinion No. 2008-004836, in which the Constitutional Chamber, unlike the previous precedents, by majority, found no defects of unconstitutionality, but reiterated its position in the sense that the Executive Branch has an obligation to submit the complete documentation to the Legislative Assembly, in such a way as to allow it “(…) to clearly approve the object of what is intended to be elevated to a legal norm with a rank superior to law.” Note that the Court refers to the Convention and Protocols, over which the Assembly exercises its approval power or not. Another jurisprudential antecedent is advisory opinion No. 2012-008833, in which the Court found serious and essential constitutional defects in the legislative procedure corresponding to the approval of the Treaty between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Korea on Extradition.
In this case, the problem was that the text of the Treaty submitted to the Legislative Assembly was incomplete, not clear, exact, and delimited. In the situation under analysis, the facts are different, because the text of the Convention and its Protocols are complete, clear, exact, and delimited. Finally, in advisory opinion No. 2013-006939, the Constitutional Chamber also concluded that there was a serious and essential defect of constitutionality in the legislative procedure of the bill for the Approval of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Convention 189), because the text of the Convention was not integral or complete. As can be observed, without much effort, the current situation is far removed from the factual framework of the precedents, as has been explained. Ergo, the majority of the Court is not departing from any precedent; simply and plainly, we are facing a different factual situation that demands a special and exceptional analysis.
Rather, the crux of the matter bears similarity to a precedent of the Court, specifically advisory opinion No. 1994-007005 on the bill for the Approval of the Free Trade Treaty between the Republic of Costa Rica and the United Mexican States and its Annexes, in which the Chamber itself recognized that it was facing a dilemma in a heterodox case, and where it found no substantive or procedural defects in the legislative process. In this regard, the following was established:
“III. ON THE CONTENT OF THE TREATY.
A. As the affirmative majority opinion of the Special Joint Committee of the Legislative Assembly that studied the Treaty and reported on it states, "In negotiating the Free Trade Treaty between Mexico and Costa Rica, the detail-oriented, regulatory scheme has been introduced, which leads it to be characterized by the effective lack of order, typical of the format of laws enacted in Anglo-Saxon countries.
Instead of an organized set of articles, with consecutive numbering, of general norms, with annexes detailing lists or circumstances in which these should be applied at the end of the law, a legal body has been adopted in which articles are numbered within each chapter, interspersed with annexes, appendices that are sometimes numbered and sometimes not, footnotes, which causes a mixture of numbered and unnumbered paragraphs, subparagraphs that are sometimes numbered and sometimes identified with letters...." (folio 2297 of the Record).
Obviously, there are many things to comment on regarding the contents, notwithstanding that accurate observation made about the form in which the text of the treaty is organized. And the first thing that deserves to be highlighted is that the parties have wanted to expressly mention as accepted by them within the spirit of the Treaty, various international conventions and instruments, whose list is composed as follows:
A.- BERNE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS. (1971) B.- GENEVA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS AGAINST UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION OF THEIR PHONOGRAMS.
C.- ROME CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF PERFORMERS, PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS AND BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS (1961).
D.- PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY (1967) E.- LISBON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION (1967) In seeking an opinion on this type of decision by the parties, to accept and consider these international instruments as incorporated into the Treaty, the Chamber finds itself in a dilemma, for at least two reasons:
At a first moment, then, it could be deemed inappropriate for the State to resort to this recourse, when it involves various legal options, not entirely clear according to what has been said. International Treaties or Conventions must meet certain requirements, without which they do not become part of domestic law. But, on the other hand, and returning to the "heterodox" nature of the Treaty already raised by the Legislative Committee that studied it, it is most practical for the Chamber to indicate that the procedure used is reasonable and that these instruments—both those that are domestic law in Costa Rica and perhaps in Mexico, and those that are not—by virtue of what the parties have now agreed, shall be considered, with limited scope to them, as perfectly valid and enforceable for the purposes of executing the Free Trade Treaty. In this sense, without complying in each case with an ad-hoc procedure for incorporating the international instrument into domestic law, the parties consider them as valid and effective for the purpose of ensuring better execution of the Treaty, so that with that limited scope, the procedure used is constitutionally possible, since the procedural rules for the present Treaty have been respected, where that decision of the parties to resort—with binding character—to the clauses of the other cited instruments is contained, because it is a simple reference." (The underlining and use of a larger font size do not correspond to the original).
In this constitutional analysis of the bill of law subject to the mandatory constitutionality consultation, the majority of the Court considers that democratic principles, publicity, and transparency are not violated, for the elementary reason that the Public International Law obligations assumed by the State of Costa Rica are set out clearly and precisely in the approving law. If we add to the above, in a correct interpretation and application of the norm, in the sense that the substantive decisions and recommendations that the State of Costa Rica assumes as international obligations, according to paragraph 5 of the International Convention, are those adopted within the international Organization and, consequently, do not include the “international agreements” which, although they form part of it, having been negotiated and approved by it, are nevertheless open for signature and ratification by the parties—logically, if it is open for signature by the parties, it is because the international Organization itself understands that the approving act per se does not have binding effects—meaning that these are true conventions, which would be subject to the approval or disapproval of the Legislative Assembly in accordance with Article 121, paragraph 4, of the Political Constitution.
The foregoing means that, with the adhesion of the State of Costa Rica to the international Convention and its Protocols, this unilateral act in the international sphere does not entail that, as a matter of law, the State of Costa Rica would become a party to the International Conventions negotiated and approved within the Organization subject to the signature and ratification of the parties. From the foregoing, it is clear that the substantive decisions and recommendations to which the State of Costa Rica binds itself have the character of a protocol of lesser rank, which are derived from the international Convention itself and, therefore, do not require legislative approval in accordance with the third paragraph of paragraph 4 of Article 121 of the Constitution. On the other hand, it must be kept very much in mind that if any of those decisions or recommendations were to imply that the State of Costa Rica must modify its domestic legislation, as it would not involve regulations that per se have direct and immediate effectiveness in the domestic legal order, the competent bodies—Legislative Branch and Executive Branch—must exercise their constitutional powers and, in that manner, whether by law, decree, or executive agreement, comply with the international obligations that the State of Costa Rica will assume upon ratifying the adhesion to the Convention and its Protocols.
Hence, looked at from any angle, this is not a kind of “blank check,” because, in addition to the obligations assumed by the State of Costa Rica being clearly specified, in the event that a modification to its domestic legislation is required, the channels that the Law of the Constitution—values, principles, and norms—establishes in this regard must be followed.
Following the logic of Article 121, paragraph 4, of the Constitution, from the moment the State of Costa Rica becomes a party to the international Convention and its respective Protocols, any decisions adopted within the organization, insofar as and when they do not have the conditions of protocols of lesser rank, but rather modify the Convention, establish new purposes for the international Organization, or imply new Public International Law obligations for the State of Costa Rica, must in the future be subject to legislative approval pursuant to the cited constitutional article.
In this discussion, one must not lose sight of the fact that the State of Costa Rica seeks to become part of an international Organization whose objectives include promoting economic development through technical cooperation, which consists of developing best practices at the international level in all fields of public management. On the other hand, the drafting of the first annex responds to a standard model used by the subject of International Law in the case of the institute of adhesion. This means that if it were not accepted, the logical consequence would be not becoming a party to the international Convention. Finally, the requirement for the translation into Spanish of all the substantive decisions and recommendations would entail, in practice, a task that could jeopardize the final decision that Parliament must adopt regarding the bill of law from the Executive Branch; besides which, the documents to which Costa Rica commits itself are available on the official website of the organization, which allows them to be consulted quickly and easily in the official languages—English and French—texts that can be easily translated into Spanish using computer tools available to all internet users.
Recapitulating: First, the annexes do not form part of the Convention or its Protocols, but do form part of the approving law. Second, the annexes contain the obligations assumed by the State of Costa Rica from the moment it becomes a party to the Treaty. Third, the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica with the approval of the approving law, as regards the annexes, do not have direct and immediate effect, but rather it is necessary for the competent constitutional bodies to exercise their respective constitutional powers when required. Fourth, the cited precedents are not applicable to the present case, since the Convention and its Protocols are complete, clear, and precise. Fifth, the precedent that is applicable, due to its similarity, is legal opinion No. 1994-007005. Sixth, the annexes contain the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica, which would be protocols of lesser rank—note that the first annex uses the expression “derivative instruments,” logically from the Convention—and, consequently, are not subject to the approval power of the Legislative Assembly, since the adhesion of the State of Costa Rica does not approve the Conventions negotiated and adopted within the Organization that are open for signature, as explained supra.
Sixth, with regard to future decisions and recommendations adopted by the Organization, if the State of Costa Rica assumes new obligations of International Law, or if the object or purpose of the Convention is changed, in accordance with Article 121, paragraph 4), legislative approval is necessary.
VII-. Conclusion. In accordance with the foregoing considerations, it is concluded that the Bill for “APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF ADHESION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON MAY 28, 2020; THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL NO. 1 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; AND ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL NO. 2 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960, AND RELATED NORMS”, legislative file No 22.187, is not unconstitutional, because the “international agreements” are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Adhesion, Section A, heading 1.vii, and the substantive OECD decisions and recommendations cited in the Annexes are protocols of lesser rank that do not require legislative approval..." LBH10/22 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority opinion Branch of Law: 1. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 121- Powers of the Legislative Assembly Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 121 OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION. “…Following the logic of Article 121, paragraph 4, of the Constitution, from the moment the State of Costa Rica becomes a party to the international Convention and its respective Protocols, any decisions adopted within the organization, insofar as and when they do not have the conditions of protocols of lesser rank, but rather modify the Convention, establish new purposes for the international Organization, or imply new Public International Law obligations for the State of Costa Rica, must in the future be subject to legislative approval pursuant to the cited constitutional article…” 1620-21 CO07/21 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of content: Dissenting opinion Branch of Law: 3. CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL MATTERS Topic: LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES CRUZ CASTRO AND RUEDA LEAL AND JUDGE GARRO VARGAS, with the latter writing the opinion. The undersigned Judges Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal and Judge Garro Vargas dissent and declare a defect in the legislative procedure for the approval of the bill of law processed in legislative file No. 22.187, relating to the “Approval of the Agreement on the Terms of Adhesion of the Republic of Costa Rica to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in San José, Costa Rica, on May 28, 2020; the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960; Additional Protocol No. 1 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960; and Additional Protocol No. 2 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960, and related norms”. CO07/21 See more *200226600007CO* Res. No. 2021-001620 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and twenty minutes on the twenty-seventh of January of two thousand twenty-one.
Mandatory legislative consultation on constitutionality filed by the Board of Directors of the Legislative Assembly, regarding the project entitled “APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF THE ADHESION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON MAY 28, 2020; THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL NO. 1 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; AND ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL NO. 2 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960, AND RELATED REGULATIONS”, file No. 22.187.
Resultando:
Considerando:
I.Preliminary matters. - It is necessary to bear in mind that—in accordance with the provisions of Article 98 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law—the mandatory legislative consultation applies in the case of projects for the approval of international treaties after the project's approval in the first debate and before its final approval. In resolving it, the Chamber shall rule on any aspects or grounds it deems relevant from a constitutional perspective, but its opinion shall be binding only as regards the procedure followed. For the above purposes, a chronological summary of the bill's procedure is first provided, formal issues that may exist are then reviewed, and finally the substance of the project is analyzed.
II.Chronology of the processing of legislative file 22.187. - The following sequence of actions is observed in the cited legislative file:
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (hereinafter OECD) is an international organization with 60 years of experience, which, in collaboration with governments, public policy officials, and citizens, works to establish international standards and propose data-driven solutions to various social, economic, and environmental challenges. The OECD is a forum, a knowledge hub for data collection and analysis, and the exchange of experiences and best practices. The OECD advises on public policies and on establishing standards and norms globally in areas ranging from improving economic performance and job creation to promoting effective education or combating international tax evasion. At the initiative of the Executive Branch, our country wishes to join this organization, for which, within the acceptance process, it is necessary to approve the regulations submitted to the Legislative Assembly under the project under analysis. As summarized in AL-DEST-IJU-252-2020 from the Technical Services of the Legislative Assembly, the project under consultation consists of the following articles:
ARTICLE 1 - Approval of the Accession Agreement to the OECD.
This article states that the accession to the Organization is composed of several international instruments of different categories, which together constitute the Agreement on the Terms of the Adhesion of the Republic of Costa Rica to the OECD Convention, and they are as follows:
Declaration of Costa Rica of its acceptance of obligations as an OECD member and five additional Annexes.
Decision of the OECD Council to invite the country to join the Organization.
Constituent Convention of the OECD, together with two additional Protocols.
Regarding the Declaration of Costa Rica of its acceptance of obligations as an OECD member, it consists, in turn, of five sections: A) the generic declaration of accepting the objectives and commitments of the Organization, which includes its main convention, the derived regulations of the Organization whether in the form of resolutions, rules, or accepted conclusions, the creation of its institutional structure, financial statements, working methods. In subparagraph vii) of paragraph 1 of section A, it indicates that Costa Rica would be accepting “all substantive legal instruments of the Organization in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic to accede to the Convention, with the observations stipulated in Annexes 1 to 5, each annex forming an integral part of this Declaration. With respect to any legal instruments adopted between the date of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention and the date on which Costa Rica deposits its instrument of accession, the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council.” In Annex 1 of the Declaration, it is stated that “the Republic of Costa Rica accepts all the legal instruments of the OECD in force at the time of the accession by the OECD Council inviting the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention, with observations on the instruments indicated below (a list included in the annex follows).
Section B) includes the acceptance of the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Organization in the country. On this point, the acceptance is a reiteration of an already existing commitment, as the country has already approved the “Agreement with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on privileges, immunities, and facilities granted to the Organization” through Law No. 9533 of April 24, 2018, and in force since September 6 of that same year.
In Section C), the Government announces its participation in optional bodies of the OECD, pursuant to Annex 5.
Section D) contains a generic acceptance of any regulation or instrument derived from the Organization, including those produced up to the effective deposit of the instrument of accession.
The declaration includes the derogation of any Agreement for temporary participation as a non-member of the country in OECD bodies, as a consequence of its now fully participating in its capacity as a member.
Finally, in Section E), the country undertakes to deliver Reports (and to contribute to defraying their preparation costs) regarding the progress of implementation in the work areas expressly indicated in the Council Decision.
This Declaration, in turn, is accompanied by five annexes:
ANNEX 1 SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACCEPTANCE OF OECD LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
This annex includes deadlines for compliance with various resolutions and recommendations on matters as diverse as chemicals, competition matters, environment, waste management, financial markets, maritime transport, public governance, science and technology, tourism, and investment.
These are agreed deadlines for the implementation of certain regulations concerning the mentioned sectors, except in the case of investment, where what is done is to declare exceptions or reservations, and expressly refer to Annexes 2, 3, and 4, to declare these exceptions or reservations, which would be the equivalent of the so-called “non-conforming measures” of free trade agreements.
ANNEX 2 LIST OF RESERVATIONS TO THE CODE OF LIBERALISATION OF CAPITAL MOVEMENTS [OECD/LEGAL/0002]
ANNEX 3 LIST OF RESERVATIONS TO THE CODE OF LIBERALISATION OF CURRENT INVISIBLE OPERATIONS [OECD/LEGAL/0001]
ANNEX 4 LIST OF EXCEPTIONS TO NATIONAL TREATMENT PURSUANT TO THE THIRD REVISED COUNCIL DECISION ON NATIONAL TREATMENT [OECD/LEGAL/0263] As has been indicated, the activities listed in these three Annexes are reservations (their compliance is excluded and they have no implementation deadline) to OECD Liberalisation Codes or Decisions, which constitute derived regulations in both cases.
ANNEX 5. LIST OF OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES AND BODIES FOR COSTA RICA'S PARTICIPATION
In this Annex, and pursuant to Section D) of the Declaration of Costa Rica, the country's participation in the optional bodies of the Organization indicated therein is defined: Development Centre, Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (with the obvious limitation that the country has a purely territorial tax system), the Programme for International Student Assessment, and the chemicals management programme.
· DECISION OF THE COUNCIL TO INVITE THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO ACCEDE TO THE OECD CONVENTION This is the counterpart to the Declaration of the Government of Costa Rica, and essentially both documents constitute what is traditionally known as an exchange of diplomatic notes (in this case, one of the Parties is an International Organization rather than a State), but equally an international agreement beyond the formality employed.
The Decision of the Council is dated in Paris on May 18, 2020, and specifically contains the formal invitation to the country for its entry into the Organization and the concrete commitment to report progress through reports to the Chemicals, Competition, Corporate Governance, Fisheries, Environmental Policy, and Public Governance Committees.
The commitment to submit reports includes defraying the cost set by the Organization.
CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
This is the fundamental Convention or instrument of the accession, as it is its constituent treaty, consisting of 21 articles that refer to the following topics:
The objective of the organization is highlighted, which is to promote economic development through technical cooperation, which consists precisely of the development of standards and best practices in all fields of political management.
The basic mode of operation is through the adoption of Decisions or Resolutions which may be binding on the members. However, the rule of consensus is followed, according to which, if a State abstains from voting on a specific resolution, said resolution is not binding for that State (Article 6), with the sole exception of Decisions on the admission of new members.
This condition or voting system means that a State cannot be bound by any resolution against its will.
The institutional framework of the Organization is the traditional one: a Council or deliberative body where all members are represented, who may appoint an Executive Committee, and a General Secretariat is also established as the executive body. Through derived regulations, all the Committees and bodies necessary for the performance of functions can also be established.
Additional Protocols The Convention is accompanied by two additional Protocols: the first relating to regulating the composition of the representation of the European States that belong to what is now the European Union. This is a matter exclusively concerning said States and their relationship with the Organization.
The second Protocol is an Agreement granting privileges and immunities to the Organization and its officials, which has been subsumed into the specific Agreement that the Organization already signed with our country and which, as stated, is already in force.
ARTICLE 2. Lead Authority and Consultative Council for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development These are implementing regulations, and they underwent modifications by motion with respect to their base text, so that the "lead authority and representation of the country before the OECD" corresponds to COMEX, and therefore the national coordination of the other public entities before the Organization. Likewise, a Council, of a consultative nature, is created.
ARTICLE 3 Budget, payment of membership fees and derived obligations within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Establishes, as its title indicates, the budgets for the payment of membership fees and derived obligations.
ARTICLE 4 Delegation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development COMEX is assigned the lead authority and representation on this topic.
ARTICLE 5 Derogation of Article 5 of Law 9154.
This derogation is derived or a related consequence of what is already established in Article 2.
IV.On the nature of accession agreements. In international law, the term or concept of adhesion is used to refer to the political decision of a State to become a member of an already existing International Organization or of a multilateral Convention or international instrument already in force for other states. Generally, adhesion requires only the approval of the constituent Convention and the subsequent ratification by the interested State to become a member of the Organization or Convention. In the case of the OECD, the approval of the Constituent Convention is required (which includes the additional protocols), and an additional Accession Agreement is required, which includes both the invitation from the OECD Council itself and the State's declaration of acceptance of the commitments deriving from that status. Regarding this type of accession commitment, the Chamber ruled in judgment 2011-001308.
In this regard, it noted that adhesion is a mechanism used to approve an international instrument that was not directly negotiated by the Government of Costa Rica, but rather, the latter subsequently decides sovereignly to commit to its content. According to the cited precedent, “the figure of adhesion is established in Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Law No. 7615 of July 24, 1996, indicating, as relevant, that “'ratification', 'acceptance', 'approval' and 'accession' mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty”. Likewise, Article 11 regulates the means of expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty, consent that may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. In the case of the convention for the “Accession to the Latin American Film Co-production Agreement and Approval of its Amendment Protocol, signed in Bogotá on July 14, 2006”, the Government of Costa Rica made the reservation that the constitutional legal system of our country does not authorize any form of consent not subject to the approval of the Legislative Assembly.
The foregoing, of course, in light of the provisions of Article 121 of the Political Constitution, which states in subsection 4° that it corresponds exclusively to the Legislative Assembly to approve or disapprove international conventions, public treaties, and concordats.”
That is to say, according to the cited precedent, the consent of the Costa Rican State in this type of Agreement, Conventions, or Treaties is always linked to the approval of the parliamentary body.
V-. Object of analysis and competence of the Chamber in this mandatory consultation.
As stated in the legislative file, the Executive Branch has provided within the regulations to be approved, the inclusion of some implementing regulations that define internal aspects of the Costa Rican institutional framework to address the new commitments and relations with the International Organization it intends to join. Thus, in Article 1 of the Project, they are additionally accompanied by implementing regulations, which were modified by motion approved by the OECD Special Commission in the Ordinary Session of September 28, 2020. These provide that the Ministry of Foreign Trade (COMEX) is responsible for the lead authority and the representation of the country before the Organization, as stipulated by national legislation and the Accession Agreements that designate it as the point of contact before the Organization.
A Consultative Committee composed of other Ministries is created, specifying its functions, and the Technical Secretariat of this Committee is assigned to COMEX. Likewise, the obligation of COMEX to assume the payment of the annual membership fee to the Organization and the operation of the country's Permanent Delegation to that body, and to undertake the corresponding budgetary obligations, is provided.
COMEX is also assigned the formation of the country's Delegation to the Organization, which will form part of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and shall depend upon it for all purposes; additionally, it is tasked with appointing an official who will represent the country before the organization.
As part of the implementing regulations, the derogation of the current Article 5 of Law 9154, which established the temporary nature of the country's representation before the OECD, is established.
These implementing regulations, which are of an internal nature and complementary to the international obligations the country would acquire, as they do not form part of the international obligations, may be modified by the legislator during the course of the discussions, through the rules pertaining to the approval of internal regulations; thus, the Chamber observes no procedural defect (vicio) in the fact that they were modified in the Ordinary Session of September 28, 2020.
As for the Constituent Convention of the OECD, signed in Paris on December 14, 1960, and its two Additional Protocols, it should be noted that from a reading of the articles (described above), it is observed that these are regulations that promote economic development, basically through technical cooperation based on standards and best practices in all fields of political management. Regarding the OECD Constituent Convention and its two Protocols, this Chamber observes no defects of form or substance, provided it is interpreted in the manner set forth below.
Apart from the indicated regulations, the Declaration of Costa Rica of its acceptance of obligations as an OECD member is provided, which has already been mentioned as consisting of five sections: A) the generic declaration of accepting the objectives and commitments of the Organization, which includes its main convention, the derived regulations of the Organization whether in the form of resolutions, rules, or accepted conclusions, the creation of its institutional structure, financial statements, working methods. It is observed that in subparagraph vii) of paragraph 1 of section A, it indicates that Costa Rica would be accepting “all substantive legal instruments of the Organization in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic to accede to the Convention, with the observations stipulated in Annexes 1 to 5, each annex forming an integral part of this Declaration. With respect to any legal instruments adopted between the date of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention and the date on which Costa Rica deposits its instrument of accession, the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council.” (the underlining is not in the original).
To understand the scope of this provision, it is important to be clear about the types of categories of OECD regulations, in order to understand which of these decisions are binding and which are not. The categories are:
· Decisions: these are legal instruments binding on all members, except those who abstain at the time of their adoption. They are not International Treaties, but they do bind the adherents to take the necessary measures to implement them.
· Recommendations: these instruments are not binding, but carry moral weight. Practice indicates that adherents are expected to make their best efforts to comply with them. Members who disagree may abstain at the time of the recommendation's adoption, although this is not legally required.
· Declarations: these are legal instruments prepared within the Organization that are not binding. They generally establish long-term objectives or goals and have a political effect.
· International Agreements: these are legal instruments negotiated and approved within the framework of the organization that are binding on the parties.
· Arrangements, Understandings and Others: these are legal instruments developed within the framework of the Organization at the instance of or within the institutional framework. (source: https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm) Of these legal instruments, it can be said that those relevant to this judgment and the Chamber's competences are those that would be binding, that are already in force, and to which Costa Rica automatically accedes upon joining the Organization, and which are mentioned in the text, but whose complete content in Spanish is not contained in the legislative file. On this topic, upon consultation by Deputy Villalta Flores-Estrada (see folio 706 et seq., Volume III), the Department of Technical Services, in its advisory opinion AL-DEST-CJU-075-2020, states that although they are substantive legal instruments, it is normal that, due to their context of having been issued mainly for European countries, given the nature of the organization, they do not contain regulations that could affect Costa Rican domestic law, with the exception of the treaty on assistance in tax matters (Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters), which was already approved by Costa Rica, through Law 9118 of 2013.
In any case, the opinion issued by the Department of Technical Services notes that each of these instruments is governed by its own rules of acceptance and ratification, such that “the status of OECD member does not, by itself and automatically, confer the status of being a party to those instruments,” but rather “each one of them requires the corresponding independent acceptance and ratification, as is natural and normal in the field of international law with respect to International Treaties and Conventions.” In the cited study by Technical Services, an annex is provided with 8 of the OECD International Agreements along with their respective acceptance and entry-into-force rules (folios 719 to 721 of Volume III of the legislative file). However, on the organization's website, 10 can be observed as in force: OECD/LEGAL/ 0432, 0382, 0332, 0315, 0314, 0293, 0235, 0053, 0038, and 0020 (see https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm).
It is observed that the majority of them indeed have their own acceptance and entry-into-force rules and refer to matters such as nuclear energy, combating transnational bribery, mutual administrative assistance in tax matters (one of them already accepted by law in Costa Rica), and financing of the organization. The Technical Services opinion points out that “it would also be unacceptable to claim that the generic declaration made by our Government in terms of adhesion substitutes, in each of these treaties, the respective acceptance and ratification procedure.” It then states: “the international agreements do form part of the substantive legal instruments of the Organization, but they are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Adhesion, Section A, heading 1.vii.”
Within the Court, a not insignificant discussion has arisen regarding whether the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica, according to the annexes, concerning the substantial decisions and recommendations, must include the complete text in Spanish within the law approving the adhesion to the OECD, or whether their enumeration, as well as the specification of the reservations and exceptions made by the State of Costa Rica in relation thereto, is sufficient. For a correct understanding of the position of the majority of the Constitutional Chamber, before addressing the specific issue, it is necessary to clarify the following points.
First, the instruments of Public International Law are the Convention and its two Protocols, which are included in the legislative file. Ergo, the annexes are not part of the Convention. Secondly, the annexes that provoke the controversy within the Court are that: annexes that form part of the approving law, in which the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica are collected, starting from the ratification—a unilateral act of the Executive Branch—of the international Convention and its Protocols. The foregoing has a logical explanation, and that is that, being an accession to an international Convention and its Protocols already in force—for more than sixty years—and in accordance with the negotiation between the subject of Public International Law and the State of Costa Rica, the latter accepts the substantive decisions and recommendations, in accordance with paragraph 5 of the Convention, with the exception that the other party accepted, a condition agreed upon by the parties, that is, that the first party sent them to the second party in the act of invitation to accede to the international instrument.
Faced with this reality, the State of Costa Rica understands that those decisions and recommendations of the competent bodies of the subject of Public International Law are a sine qua non requirement to become part of the Convention and its Protocols, with the exceptions that the other party has accepted. If it were not so, the condition of membership in the Organization would be atypical, since for the rest of the States the decisions and recommendations under paragraph 5 of the Convention would be binding, but not so for the State of Costa Rica, with the exception of those it accepts in the future in its capacity as a party to the Convention. To pose things in this way is illogical and, to a certain extent, would be contrary to the principles governing Public International Law, because, within the international Organization, there would be a disparity in the obligations assumed by each subject of Public International Law.
Rather, what is logical, fair, and equitable is that the State or subject of Public International Law that accedes to the Convention and its Protocols assumes all the obligations derived according to its regulations and thereby establishes equality among the States-parties in relation to the obligations and rights derived from the international instruments and the principles of Public International Law—ius cogens. Thirdly, in this case, it is inappropriate to speak of reservations, although in some annexes exceptions are mentioned, and in others reservations, given that they are not part of the Convention and its Protocols (see in this regard Article 1, subsection d) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which provides: "d) 'reservation' means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State); but they are part of the law approving the international instruments and constitute obligations assumed by the State of Costa Rica; it is appropriate to use the term exceptions.
Based on the foregoing, the majority of the Court considers that the jurisprudence cited from the Constitutional Chamber is not applicable to the case under study. First of all, it must be kept in mind that when a jurisprudence or a precedent is invoked—a rule of law extracted from three reiterated rulings or from a single case applicable to another identical one—it must be before the same relevant facts; if not, it is not valid—it is not a correct interpretation and application of the Law—to apply a jurisprudence or a precedent if it deals with different factual situations. The distinguishing rule must be kept in mind, applicable for a case of horizontal stare decisis when dealing with a single-instance court. As is well known, it can be said that horizontal stare decisis refers to the obligation of judges to resolve the cases that are pending decision by following what was resolved by the precedents, issued in similar cases by judges of the same coordinated hierarchical jurisdiction, including themselves; however, this does not apply when there is no similarity between the case the Court is hearing and the relevant facts of the jurisprudence and the precedents, for which the distinguishing rule is used, or when in a case similar to the precedents the Court changes its criterion under a better assessment—an overruling.
For the majority, the jurisprudence transcribed below is not applicable. Let us look at each specific case and perform the comparison test. In the first place, we have advisory opinion No. 1102-90, in which the Constitutional Chamber found "irregular procedures" that were violative of Articles 7, 121, subsection 4), 140, subsection 10), and 124 of the Political Constitution, as well as several norms of the Regulations of the Legislative Assembly, which consisted, fundamentally, of the fact that an international document was not contained in the official text, in the respective file, and that it had not been the subject of discussion or publication in the Official Gazette, that is, the main document—General Agreement (GATT)—in which the obligations, commitments, benefits assumed and obtained by each signatory or acceding country were specified in detail, was not included. The Chamber concludes that it is not legally valid for the approval of the accession protocol to be considered as having approved the General Agreement.
This precedent is not applicable to the present matter, for the elementary reason that the legislative file does contain the Convention and its two Protocols, that is, the Legislative Assembly can exercise the power referred to in paragraph 121, subsection 4, of the Fundamental Charter. The second precedent is advisory opinion No. 2000-004257, in which the Constitutional Chamber found a vice of unconstitutionality in the procedure followed for the approval of the "Protocol Concerning the Study Group on the European Customs Union," because it concludes that on folio 236 of the legislative file there were copies in English and French of the referred Protocol, without the official translation being contained in the cited file that would have been known to the deputies. This precedent is also not applicable to the case under analysis, because both the Convention and the Protocols are in the Spanish language.
A third precedent is found in advisory opinion No. 2005-008425, in which the Constitutional Chamber found an unconstitutionality because of the incongruence between the list contained in the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate and the texts to which it refers, since, according to the Court, the approval of the bill with the noted defects would mean the incorporation into Costa Rican domestic law of incomplete regulations, as well as an entire code (150 pages), without there being certainty about the latter. In the present legislative bill, we are not facing the same facts, given that there are neither incongruences between the texts upon which Parliament exercises its power of approval or disapproval, nor are they by any means incomplete. Both the Convention and its two Protocols are complete, and there are no incongruences between their texts. This precedent refers to the approval of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1971, its Protocols, and its Amendments (SOLAS 74).
In advisory opinion No. 2006-006611, on the same previous matter, the Constitutional Chamber resolves the consultation formulated in the sense that once again there was a vice of unconstitutionality because the regulations to be approved were incomplete. A fifth precedent is advisory opinion No. 2008-004836, in which the Constitutional Chamber, unlike the previous precedents, by majority, did not find vices of unconstitutionality, but the posture was reiterated, in the sense that the Executive Branch has the obligation to submit to the Legislative Assembly the complete documentation, in a way that allows it to "(…) approve with clarity the object of what is intended to be elevated to a legal norm with a rank superior to the law." Note that the Court refers to the Convention and Protocols, which is what the Assembly exercises its power of approval or not over. Another jurisprudential antecedent is advisory opinion No. 2012-008833, in which the Court found serious and essential constitutional vices in the legislative procedure corresponding to the approval of the Treaty between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Korea on Extradition.
In this case, the problem consisted of the fact that the text of the Treaty submitted to the Legislative Assembly was not complete, was not clear, exact, and delimited. In the case under analysis, the facts are different, because the text of the Convention and its Protocols are complete, are clear, exact, and delimited. Finally, in advisory opinion No. 2013-006939, the Constitutional Chamber also concluded that there was a serious and essential constitutional vice in the legislative procedure of the bill for the Approval of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Convention 189)," because the text of the Convention was not whole or complete. As can be observed, without much effort, the current situation is far from the factual picture of the precedents, as has been explained. Ergo, the majority of the Court is not departing from any precedent; simply and plainly, we are facing a different factual situation that demands a special and exceptional analysis.
Rather, the crux of the matter has similarity with an antecedent of the Court, specifically advisory opinion No. 1994-007005 on the bill for the Approval of the Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Costa Rica and the United Mexican States and its Annexes, in which the Chamber itself recognized that it was faced with a dilemma in an unorthodox case, and where it found no substantive or procedural vices in the legislative proceeding. In this regard, the following was established:
"III. ON THE CONTENT OF THE TREATY.
A. As stated in the affirmative majority opinion of the Special Joint Commission of the Legislative Assembly that studied the Treaty and reported on it, "With the negotiation of the Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and Costa Rica, a detailed, regulatory scheme has been introduced, which leads it to be characterized by the effective lack of an order, typical of the format of laws enacted in Anglo-Saxon countries.
Instead of an organized set of articles, with consecutive numbering, of general norms, with annexes detailing lists or circumstances in which those should be applied at the end of the law, a legal body has been adopted in which the articles are numbered within each chapter, interleaved with annexes, appendices that are sometimes numbered and sometimes not, footnotes, which causes the mixture of a series of numbered and unnumbered paragraphs, subsections that are sometimes numbered and sometimes identified with letters...." (folio 2297 of the Exp.).
Obviously, there are many things to comment on regarding the contents, notwithstanding that accurate observation made about the way the text of the treaty is organized. And the first thing that deserves to be highlighted is that the parties have wanted to expressly mention as accepted by them within the spirit of the Treaty, several international conventions and instruments, whose list is composed as follows:
A.- BERNE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS. (1971) B.- GENEVA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS AGAINST UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION OF THEIR PHONOGRAMS.
C.- ROME CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF PERFORMERS, PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS AND BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS (1961).
D.- PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY (1967) E.- LISBON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION (1967) In order to find an opinion on this type of decision by the parties, to accept and consider as incorporated into the Treaty, those international instruments, the Chamber finds itself in a dilemma, for at least two reasons:
In an initial moment, then, it could be considered inappropriate for the State to resort to this remedy, when it deals with diverse legal options, not totally clear according to what has been said. International Treaties or Conventions must comply with certain requirements, without which they do not become part of domestic law. But, on the other hand, and returning to the 'unorthodox' nature of the Treaty already raised by the Legislative Commission itself that studied it, the most practical thing is for the Chamber to indicate that the procedure used is reasonable and that those instruments—both those that are domestic law in Costa Rica and perhaps in Mexico, and those that are not—by virtue of what is now agreed by the parties, be considered, with scope limited to them, as perfectly valid and enforceable for the purposes of the execution of the Free Trade Agreement. In that sense, without fulfilling, as the case may be, an ad-hoc procedure for incorporating the international instrument into domestic law, the parties have them as valid and effective for the purposes of guaranteeing a better execution of the Treaty, so that with that limited scope, the procedure used is constitutionally possible, since the rules of procedure for this Treaty have been respected, where that decision of the parties to resort—with binding character—to the clauses of the other cited instruments is contained, because it is a simple referral." (The underlining and the use of a larger font size do not correspond to the original).
In this constitutional analysis of the legislative bill subject to the mandatory constitutionality consultation, the majority of the Court considers that democratic principles, publicity, and transparency are not violated, for the elementary reason that the approving law contains, clearly and precisely, the obligations of Public International Law assumed by the State of Costa Rica. If we add to the above, in a correct interpretation and application of the norm, that the substantive decisions and recommendations that the State of Costa Rica assumes as international obligations, according to paragraph 5 of the International Convention, are those adopted within the international Organization and, consequently, within these are not found the "international agreements" which, although they form part of it, being instruments negotiated and approved by it, are nevertheless open for signature and ratification by the parties—logically if it is open for signature by the parties, it is because the international Organization itself understands that the approving act per se does not have binding effects—, which means that these are true conventions, which would be subject to the approval or disapproval of the Legislative Assembly in accordance with paragraph 121, subsection 4 of the Political Constitution.
The foregoing means that, with the accession of the State of Costa Rica to the international Convention and its Protocols, this unilateral act in the international sphere does not imply that, as a matter of law, the State of Costa Rica would become a party to the International Conventions negotiated and approved within the Organization that are subject to signature and ratification by the parties. From the foregoing, it is clear that the substantive decisions and recommendations to which the State of Costa Rica obligates itself have the character of lower-ranking protocols, which are derived from the international Convention itself and, therefore, do not require legislative approval in accordance with the third paragraph of subsection 4 of Article 121 of the Constitution. On the other hand, it must be kept very much in mind that if any of these decisions or recommendations implied that the State of Costa Rica must modify its domestic legislation, since it would not be a regulation that per se has direct and immediate effectiveness in the domestic legal order, the competent bodies—the Legislative Branch and the Executive Branch—must exercise their constitutional powers and, in that way, whether by law, decree, or executive agreement—comply with the international obligations that the State of Costa Rica will assume upon ratifying the accession to the Convention and its Protocols.
Hence, no matter how one looks at it, we are not facing a kind of "blank check," because, in addition to the obligations the State of Costa Rica assumes being clearly specified, in the event that a modification to its domestic legislation is required, the channels that Constitutional Law—values, principles, and norms—establishes in this regard must be followed.
Following the logic of paragraph 121, subsection 4, of the Fundamental Charter, as of the moment the State of Costa Rica becomes a party to the international Convention and its respective Protocols, the decisions adopted within the organization, as long and insofar as they do not have the conditions of lower-ranking protocols, but rather modify the Convention, establish new purposes for the international Organization, or imply new obligations of Public International Law for the State of Costa Rica, in the future, must be subject to legislative approval according to what is provided by the cited constitutional article.
In this discussion, one must not lose sight of the fact that the State of Costa Rica seeks to become part of an international Organization that has among its objectives promoting economic development through technical cooperation, which consists of the elaboration of best practices in the international field in all areas of public management. On the other hand, the wording of the first annex responds to a standard model used by the subject of International Law when dealing with the institute of accession. This means that if it were not accepted, the logical consequence would be not becoming a party to the international Convention. Finally, the requirement of translation into Spanish of all substantive decisions and recommendations would entail, in practice, work that could threaten the final decision that Parliament must make on the Executive Branch's bill of law; besides the fact that the documents to which Costa Rica commits itself are available on the official page of the organization, which allows them to be consulted quickly and easily in the official languages—English and French—, a text that can be easily translated into Spanish using the computer tools that are available to all internet users.
Recapitulating: First, the annexes are not part of the Convention or its Protocols, but rather of the approving law. Second, the annexes contain the obligations assumed by the State of Costa Rica from the moment it becomes a party to the Treaty. Third, the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica with the approval of the approving law, as regards the annexes, do not have direct and immediate validity, but rather it is necessary for the competent constitutional bodies to exercise their respective constitutional powers when so required. Fourth, the precedents cited are not applicable to the present case, given that the Convention and its Protocols are complete, are clear and precise. Fifth, the precedent that is applicable, having similarity, is legal opinion No. 1994-007005. Sixth, the annexes contain the commitments assumed by the State of Costa Rica, which would be lower-ranking protocols—note that in the first annex the expression "derived instruments" is used, logically derived from the Convention—and, consequently, are not subject to the approval power of the Legislative Assembly, given that with the accession of the State of Costa Rica, the Conventions negotiated and adopted within the Organization and which are open for signature are not being approved, as explained supra.
Sixth, regarding future decisions and recommendations adopted by the Organization, if the State of Costa Rica assumes new obligations of International Law, or the object or purpose of the Convention is changed, in accordance with paragraph 121, subsection 4), legislative approval is necessary.
VII-. Conclusion. In accordance with what has been set forth in the preceding recitals, it is concluded that the Bill for the "APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON MAY 28, 2020; THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL No. 1 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL No. 2 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960, AND RELATED NORMS," file No. 22.187, is not unconstitutional, because the "international agreements" are not being approved by virtue of the Declaration of Acceptance of the Terms of Accession, Section A, heading 1.vii, and the substantive decisions and recommendations of the OECD cited in the Annexes are lower-ranking protocols that do not require legislative approval.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any document on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, according to the provisions of the "Regulation on the Electronic File before the Judicial Branch," approved by the Full Court in Session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in the Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch, in Session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
By majority, the consultation formulated regarding the Bill for the "APPROVAL OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE TERMS OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, ON MAY 28, 2020; THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL No. 1 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960; AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL No. 2 TO THE CONVENTION OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SIGNED IN PARIS, FRANCE, ON DECEMBER 14, 1960, AND RELATED NORMS," legislative file number No. 22.187, is resolved in the sense that it contains no procedural or substantive vices. Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal and Justice Garro Vargas dissent and declare a vice in the legislative approval procedure of the bill of law.
Specifically, they declare that there is a vice in the approval of sub-subsection vii, of subsection 1 of Section A, referring to the acceptance by the Republic of Costa Rica of the obligations as a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), by providing that "The Republic of Costa Rica shall assume, through the deposit of its instrument of accession to the Convention, all the obligations as a member of the Organisation, including, among others, the acceptance of: (...) vii. All the substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention". The foregoing, without having certainty and without providing to the legislative approval procedure the complete text of said substantive legal instruments of the OECD officially translated into the Spanish language that would be binding for the Costa Rican State.
Said omission violates Articles 7, 10 subsection b), 121 subsection 4), 140 subsection 10), and 124 of the Political Constitution and, in addition, Article 96 subsection a) of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction regarding the competence of the Constitutional Chamber to exercise mandatory constitutionality control over bills of law approving international conventions or treaties, including the reservations made or proposed by one or another party. Let it be communicated.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V. Lucila Monge P.
Res. No. 2021-001620 DISSENTING VOTE OF JUSTICES CRUZ CASTRO AND RUEDA LEAL AND JUSTICE GARRO VARGAS, with drafting by the third The undersigned Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal and Justice Garro Vargas dissent and declare a vice in the legislative approval procedure of the bill of law processed under legislative file No. 22.187, regarding the "Approval of the Agreement on the terms of accession of the Republic of Costa Rica to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in San José, Costa Rica, on May 28, 2020; the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960; Supplementary Protocol No. 1 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960; and Supplementary Protocol No. 2 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960, and related norms."
I.PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATION With the decision that we will immediately proceed to substantiate, we do not intend to go against historical processes or consensual political decisions, much less when it is argued that a significant benefit for the country derives from them. What has led us to dissent is the conviction about the necessity to respect the current legal order and to ensure that the Constitutional Chamber exercises its powers as they have been conferred upon it by the Constitution and the law. II.- NORMATIVE BASIS Before conducting an analysis of the specific case, it is convenient to keep in mind the norms that regulate the approval of public treaties, international conventions, and concordats; those that justify the mandatory intervention of the Constitutional Chamber in the approval procedures of international treaties; and others upon which the decision subscribed by the minority is based. In this regard, the Political Constitution provides the following: "Art.
7th.— Public treaties, international conventions, and concordats, duly approved by the Legislative Assembly, shall have authority superior to the laws from their promulgation or from the day they designate. Public treaties and international conventions referring to the territorial integrity or the political organization of the country shall require the approval of the Legislative Assembly by a vote of no less than three-quarters of its total membership, and that of two-thirds of the members of a Constituent Assembly, convened for that purpose.
Article 9.—The Government of the Republic is popular, representative, participatory, alternative, and responsible. It is exercised by the people and three distinct and independent Powers. The Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. None of the Powers may delegate the exercise of its own functions. (…)
Article 10.—It shall be the responsibility of a specialized Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice to declare, by absolute majority of its members, the unconstitutionality of norms of any nature and of acts subject to Public Law. The jurisdictional acts of the Judicial Power, the declaration of election made by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, and others determined by law shall not be subject to challenge through this channel. In addition, it shall be responsible for: (…) b) Hearing consultations on proposed constitutional reforms, on the approval of international conventions or treaties, and on other legislative bills, as provided by law.
Article 121.—In addition to the other powers conferred upon it by this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly has exclusive authority to: (…) 4) Approve or disapprove international conventions, public treaties, and concordats. Public treaties and international conventions that attribute or transfer specific competencies to a community legal order, for the purpose of achieving regional and common objectives, shall require the approval of the Legislative Assembly by a vote of no less than two-thirds of its total membership. Lower-ranking protocols derived from public treaties or international conventions approved by the Assembly shall not require legislative approval when these instruments expressly authorize such derivation.
Article 124.—In order to become law, every bill must be subject to two debates, each on a different, non-consecutive day, obtain the approval of the Legislative Assembly and the sanction of the Executive Power; furthermore, it must be published in La Gaceta, without prejudice to the requirements that this Constitution establishes both for special cases and for those resolved by popular initiative and referendum, in accordance with Articles 102, 105, 123, and 129 of this Constitution. The agreements adopted in exercise of the powers enumerated in subsections 2), 3), 5), 6), 7), 8), 9), 10), 12), 16), 21), 22), 23), and 24) of Article 121, as well as the legislative act to call a referendum, shall not have the character of laws and shall not, therefore, require the aforementioned procedures; these shall be voted on in a single session and must be published in La Gaceta. The Legislative Assembly may delegate the consideration and approval of legislative bills to permanent commissions.
However, the Assembly may, at any time, assume jurisdiction over the debate or voting of bills that have been the subject of delegation. Delegation is not appropriate for legislative bills relating to electoral matters, the creation of national taxes or the modification of existing ones, the exercise of the powers provided for in subsections 4), 11), 14), 15), and 17) of Article 121 of the Political Constitution, the calling of a Constituent Assembly for any purpose, and the partial reform of the Political Constitution. (…)
Article 140.—The following are duties and powers corresponding jointly to the President and the respective Government Minister: (…) 10) To conclude conventions, public treaties, and concordats, promulgate them, and execute them once approved by the Legislative Assembly or by a Constituent Assembly, when such approval is required by this Constitution. Protocols derived from such public treaties or international conventions that do not require legislative approval shall enter into force once promulgated by the Executive Power" (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Law No. 7615, regulates, as relevant, the following: "Art. 2.—Terms employed. 1.—For the purposes of this Convention: a) 'Treaty' means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation; b) 'Ratification', 'acceptance', 'approval', and 'accession' mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty; d) 'Reservation' means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving a treaty or acceding to it, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State; Art. 11.—Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed.
Art. 15.—Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by accession. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by accession when: a) The treaty provides that such consent may be expressed by that State by means of accession; b) It is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that such consent may be expressed by that State by means of accession; or c) All the parties have subsequently agreed that such consent may be expressed by that State by means of accession.
Art. 26.—'Pacta Sunt Servanda'. Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.
Art. 27.—Internal law and observance of treaties. A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is without prejudice to article 46." (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
The Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) itself establishes clear rules regarding the ratification procedure for countries seeking to become members of this organization. As relevant, Articles 6 and 14 establish the following: "Art. VI 1. Decisions are taken and recommendations are made by mutual agreement of all the Members, unless the Organization unanimously agrees otherwise for special cases. (…) 3. No decision shall be binding on any Member until it has been incorporated into its legal system in accordance with the provisions of its constitutional procedures. The other Members may agree that such decision be applied provisionally to them.
Art. XIV 1. This Convention shall be ratified or approved by the Signatories in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. (…)" (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
The Political Constitution did not provide a special procedure for laws approving international treaties; therefore, in general terms, they are subject to the procedure provided for ordinary laws, established in the aforementioned Article 124 of the Constitution and the rules of the Regulations of the Legislative Assembly that, as relevant, are applicable. To analyze matters relating to the powers entrusted to the Constitutional Chamber, it is necessary to mention the regulation contemplated in the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (LJC) which, on this subject, orders: "Art. 2.—The constitutional jurisdiction has the specific function: b) To exercise control of the constitutionality of norms of any nature and of acts subject to Public Law, as well as the conformity of the internal legal system with International or Community Law, through the action of unconstitutionality and other questions of constitutionality.
Art. 73.—The action of unconstitutionality shall be admissible: (…) e) When, in the subscription, approval, or ratification of international conventions or public treaties, or in their content or effects, a constitutional norm or principle has been infringed, or, as applicable, that of the Regulations of Order, Direction, and Internal Discipline of the Legislative Assembly. In this event, the declaration shall be made solely for the purpose that they be interpreted and applied in harmony with the Constitution, or, if their contradiction with it proves irremediable, their disapplication with general effects be ordered and their denunciation proceeded with.
Art. 96.—Through the channel of the consultation of constitutionality, the constitutional jurisdiction shall exercise a prior advisory opinion on legislative projects, in the following cases: a) Mandatorily, when dealing with proposed constitutional reforms, or reforms to this law, as well as those aimed at the approval of international conventions or public treaties, including the reservations made or proposed to one or the other.
Art. 101.—The Chamber shall issue its report on the consultation within one month following its receipt, and, in doing so, shall rule on the aspects and grounds consulted or on any others it considers relevant from a constitutional standpoint. The Chamber's report shall only be binding insofar as it establishes the existence of unconstitutional procedures in the consulted bill. In any case, the report does not preclude the possibility that the norm or norms in question may subsequently be challenged through the means of constitutional control" (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
III.JURISPRUDENTIAL BACKGROUND OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER Based on the transcribed normative basis, it is essential to highlight that instruments of Public International Law, once approved by the Legislative Assembly, have supra-legal rank (Article 7 of the Political Constitution). Therein lies the importance of mandatory prior constitutional control, as it seeks to prevent the approval of international conventions that are contrary to the Constitution. This, added to the principles derived from the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, in the sense that every treaty in force binds the parties and must be performed in good faith, and that no State may invoke a local norm to undermine or disregard compliance with the acquired commitments that bind it, as otherwise it must respond internationally. To this must be added what will be examined in greater detail below: that the resolution of a mandatory consultation issued by the Constitutional Chamber does not constitute res judicata, as the possibility exists that, subsequently, through an action of unconstitutionality, these international treaties may be examined to determine if their content or effects infringe a constitutional norm or principle.
This legally open possibility implies a risk for the State in matters of international responsibility, with consequences of all kinds, including patrimonial ones. Regardless of the subject matter of the instrument in each specific case submitted to it, this Tribunal has established a solid jurisprudential line indicating that the exercise of these constitutional-rank powers (the approval of international conventions, public treaties and concordats, as well as the Constitutional Chamber's resolution of the mandatory consultation on bills to approve international conventions and treaties) must be carried out with the greatest possible rigor. This is for the purpose of examining with absolute legal certainty and security the obligations that the State is assuming at the international level and, at the same time, the legal effects that directly impact the internal legal system. To illustrate what is maintained here, a review of the Chamber's case law on this matter will be undertaken.
In advisory opinion No. 1990-1027, the Chamber reaffirmed what was noted supra regarding the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, in the sense that its jurisdiction is exercised over the approval of international treaties. This is regardless of the particular designation given to the instrument, as what is relevant are the legal effects it generates: "II.—The Chamber considers it inappropriate to qualify a 'loan' or 'similar agreement' as a 'treaty', 'convention', 'agreement', 'pact', 'charter', 'protocol' or any of the other terms that texts, practice, doctrine, or Public International Law jurisprudence use to designate, in general, legal transactions aimed at creating, modifying, or extinguishing public legal situations that oblige, limit, or condition the exercise of public power in itself, concluded between two or more full persons of International Law (that is, States, international organizations, or other entities traditionally recognized as such, like insurgents, or at least in Christian states, the Catholic Church or the Order of Malta).
Thus, for example, the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties—today globally accepted as the codification of general International Law on the matter—defines 'treaty' generically as 'an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation (Art. 2.1 sub. a)'; certainly, as the International Law Commission stated, without this implying 'the intention to deny in any way that other subjects of international law, such as international organizations and insurgent communities, can conclude treaties' (v. Arts.1, 2.1 (a) and 3 of the Convention)." (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
This position is developed in advisory opinion No. 1990-1102, through which the Chamber referred to the bill for "Ratification of the Protocol of Accession of Costa Rica to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)". Since that advisory opinion, the Constitutional Chamber has emphatically stated that "the designation used in the legal instrument is irrelevant, provided it is an agreement between subjects of international law that produces legal effects," that is, regardless of the designation used for the international instrument or legal transaction, what matters is to examine its content to assess the consequences or impacts caused in the internal legal system. In that advisory opinion, the Chamber declared a procedural defect, because a draft international convention was sent to it without its corresponding text having been fully known and approved by the Legislative Assembly.
This defect materialized as a result of the text of the convention not being included in the legislative file. That is, through the mechanism used on that occasion—and which was declared unconstitutional by the Chamber—it was attempted, via a protocol of accession, to incorporate into the internal legal system the General Agreement (GATT), which specified in detail the obligations, commitments, and benefits assumed and obtained by each signatory or acceding country. This occurred without the General Agreement itself being incorporated into the parliamentary approval process and, therefore, subjected to the assessment of the Constitutional Chamber. As relevant, the following was resolved: "III.—In the articles of the Protocol itself, the Chamber finds no defects of unconstitutionality, but it is necessary to note the following: This is a case of a Protocol of Accession by which Costa Rica accedes to a General Agreement, which by the nature of its content and scope, is a true international Treaty or convention, a signatory of which Costa Rica is not, and which has not been approved and ratified in accordance with the constitutional norms regulating the procedure for concluding international documents of this nature, namely Articles 7, 121(4), and 140(10) of the Constitution.
The principal document is, therefore, the General Agreement (GATT), which specifies in detail the obligations, commitments, and benefits assumed and obtained by each signatory or acceding country. The approval of the Protocol of Accession implies the Legislative Assembly's approval of the General Agreement, especially since a good part of the Protocol's content refers to articles and norms of the General Agreement. However, that text was not attached to the bill, nor was it included later, with the result that the Legislative Assembly has been unable to exercise, regarding the General Agreement, the function attributed to it by Article 121(4) of the Constitution. Consequently, if the Protocol—which is merely an accessory document—were approved, the General Agreement would also become part of our legal system indirectly, without the procedures set forth in the Political Constitution for the conclusion of public conventions and treaties, nor the publication and discussion procedures in the Legislative Assembly, provided for in Articles 124 of the Political Constitution and 16, 19, 34, 45, 57, and 61 of the Regulations of Order, Direction, and Internal Discipline of the Assembly, having been complied with regarding it.
Legally, the Protocol of Accession cannot be considered an independent document that could be in force on its own as a Treaty. Even though they were negotiated and concluded separately, the Protocol of Accession and the General Agreement, in their effects, constitute a legal unity; hence, the procedural defect affecting the validity of the Agreement necessarily also affects the Protocol, which would have been processed in the Legislative Assembly in an incomplete manner. IV.—The aforementioned omission also causes the non-observance of other procedures established in the Constitution, as the power granted by Article 10 of the Political Constitution to this Chamber, by assigning it the function of hearing consultations on bills for the approval of conventions or international treaties, is limited, since it is not possible to conduct the constitutionality studies of those documents if they have not been previously known and approved by the Assembly and are not included in the corresponding report.
(Articles 96 sub. a) and 98 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction). Although during the process a photocopy of an unofficial publication of the General Agreement on Tariffs was attached to the legislative file, this, both for the reasons stated above and due to the informal nature of the document, does not remedy the indicated defect. In this case, the problem is even greater, as the Protocol also refers to a document called L6589, the text of which was also not sent to the Legislative Assembly nor known by it during the bill's processing. All of the foregoing leads to the conclusion that, in the legislative process for this file, serious irregularities have been incurred that imply a violation of Articles 7, 121(4), 140(10), and 124 of the Political Constitution, as well as Articles 16, 19, 34, 45, 57, and 61 of the Regulations of Order, Direction, and Discipline of the Legislative Assembly, a situation that compels the issuance of a negative opinion on the consultation regarding the report of the Committee on Financial Affairs in file 10891, recommending to the Assembly that it restart the legislative procedure once the bill is duly completed with the missing documents." (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
This advisory opinion reveals that, for the exercise of the constitutional powers of legislative approval and mandatory consultation of constitutionality, it is necessary that the complete documents intended to be approved and, therefore, incorporated into the legal system under the terms of Article 7 of the Political Constitution, be added to the bill's processing file. Subsequently, in advisory opinion No. 2000-04257, concerning the bill for the approval of the "Convention establishing a Customs Co-operation Council" and its annexes, signed in Brussels on December 15, 1950, the Chamber heard a situation very similar to the one raised in the case sub lite, in which the Government of Costa Rica intended to accede to the Customs Co-operation Council. A provision was contemplated stating that "The Contracting Parties accept the provisions of the Protocol concerning the European Customs Union Study Group prepared for signature in Brussels on the same date as this Convention," but without the referenced protocol being accepted being included in the bill's processing.
The majority of the Chamber resolved, on this point, the following: "IV.—On the mechanism of accession to the Convention. The international instrument whose approval is being analyzed here was signed in Brussels on December fifteenth, one thousand nine hundred and fifty. Costa Rica was not one of the Signatory States of the Convention. In this regard, Article XVIII, section a) of the treaty establishes that 'The Government of any country which has not signed this Convention may accede thereto as from 1st April, 1951.' That is, the Convention establishes that becoming part of the World Customs Organization does not require signing the treaty—in fact, it prevents it—but rather the form of approval is through the State's accession to the terms of the Convention. On this matter, the Chamber considers that this does not constitute a violation of the competence established in favor of the Executive Power in subsection 10) of Article 140 of the Political Constitution.
On the one hand, any other form of approval of the Convention is impossible if not the one employed in this bill, given the terms of the treaty itself; second, the will of the Executive Power is undeniable, since it was that body which presented the approval bill to the Assembly, with the signatures of the President of the Republic and the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship; third, because it is a rule of Public International Law recognized by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties itself that States can validly make use of that procedure. Regarding the first two aspects, it is clear that the mechanism of accession is the only one that would allow Costa Rica to become part of the World Customs Organization, a weighty reason to understand that prior subscription before legislative approval in a case such as this is not required, being impossible. Concerning the third aspect, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, approved by Law Number 7615 of July twenty-fourth, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six, provides in its articles 2 and 11 the possibility that, through accession, States may establish before the International Community their consent to be bound by a treaty.
Article 15, for its part, refers to the scenarios in which a State may express its consent by means of accession when the treaty itself so provides. For the reasons stated, this Chamber considers that the type of procedure used in the present case does not infringe upon the Constitution. (…) VI.—In particular regarding Article XIV of the Convention. Following the same line of thought set out in the previous point, this Chamber can reach the opposite conclusion regarding Article XIV of the Convention whose constitutionality is being consulted. That provision establishes that: 'Article XIV.—The Contracting Parties accept the provisions of the Protocol concerning the European Customs Union Study Group prepared for signature in Brussels on the same date as this Convention. In determining the scale of contributions provided for in Article XII (b), the Council shall take into consideration the number of Members of the Study Group.' This Chamber observes that at folio 236 of the legislative file there is a copy in English and French of the referenced Protocol concerning the European Customs Union Study Group, without an official translation that would have been known by the deputies being present in the legislative file.
In protection of the principle of publicity of the legislative procedure and the acts emanating from it, it is clear that the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica cannot approve any document written in a foreign language, unless it has been translated by an official translator officially recognized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship. The contrary would inevitably threaten the possibility of every citizen to know the complete text of the bill and thus exercise their right to citizen participation, demanding a specific stance from their representatives. It would also impede the sound exercise of political discussion carried out by the deputies. However, even if the referenced document had been translated, the fact is that it never formed part of the bill presented by the Executive Power nor of the one reported on by the respective Commission. In contrast to what Articles VI and VIII stipulate regarding the two conventions commented on in the preceding recital, the norm contained in Article XIV of the Convention implies the tacit approval, on the part of the Costa Rican Government, of the Protocol concerning the European Customs Union Study Group, without that text having formed part of the bill sent for approval by the Executive Power.
This protocol, a copy of which appears at folio 236 of the legislative file, did not follow the required procedure for the approval of international treaties, provided for in Articles 7, 121(4) and 140(10) of the Political Constitution. It is not constitutionally valid to adopt acts of International Law in the manner that would occur if Article XIV of the Convention in question were approved. The approval of that protocol must be effected—should the Costa Rican State expressly so wish—through the proper procedures for the approval of international treaties or lower-ranking protocols derived from a treaty, as ordered by the Fundamental Law. The fact that such protocol did not form part of the text of the bill submitted for ratification by the Legislative Assembly nor of the text reported on by the Ordinary Permanent Commission (see folios 2 and 417 of the legislative file) has prevented the deputies from knowing with certainty what they were approving, in addition to the fact that the Executive Power itself has not yet unequivocally manifested its intention to approve the cited protocol, in the manner provided for by Articles 7 and 140(10) of the Fundamental Law, the only constitutionally possible way in Costa Rican Law.
From the foregoing, it follows that the approval of the referenced provision XVI of the Convention is unconstitutional, and it must be so declared." (the highlighting does not belong to the original).
Meanwhile, a minority, composed of Justices Mora Mora (R.I.P.), Calzada Mirada, and Arguedas Ramírez, was more forceful in declaring not only the unconstitutionality of provision XVI of the convention, but of the entire bill's processing: "We dissent from the majority and issue a dissenting vote to declare the approval of the Convention unconstitutional because, given what is provided for in Article XIV thereof, it is evident in our view that the Assembly should have approved the Convention and the Protocol to which the aforementioned Article XIV refers concomitantly. Nevertheless, the Legislative Assembly has not even had before it an official version in the Spanish language of the Protocol, which was not provided to it as was rigorous by the Executive Power, and it can hardly approve the Convention in all its parts, including what is provided for in Article XIV, if it has not had suitable knowledge of what is established in the Protocol." In the examined precedent, it is evident that the Chamber considered it unconstitutional that, through an accession procedure to a convention establishing an international organization, other documents or protocols that were not added to the legislative process are simultaneously approved, nor was there a formal manifestation by the Executive Power to consider them and incorporate them into the internal legal system as lower-ranking protocols in the terms authorized by the Political Constitution—and, of course, that they are indeed lower-ranking protocols, according to International Law parameters.
In advisory opinion No. 2005-8425, the Chamber addressed the processing of the "Approval of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, its Protocols and its Amendments (SOLAS 74)".
Upon examining the articles of the agreement submitted for approval, the Chamber confirmed that the project was composed of three articles: the first, approving the act of adhesion to the agreement and its amendments, with the corresponding list and text of the instruments; the second, regarding the designation of the competent national body for its implementation; and the third, containing an interpretive clause regarding the procedure for the amendments. As can be seen, the adhesion procedure involved the approval of a series of additional international instruments, which were indeed provided for the approval process, but in an incomplete and disorderly manner. In light of this circumstance, the Chamber echoed what was examined in the advisory opinion no. 1990-1102 cited above and resolved the following:
“VI.- B) THE TEXT SUBMITTED FOR APPROVAL BY THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. One of the points that raised the greatest concern among the Deputies making up the Special Permanent Commission responsible for ruling on the project in question was the indeterminacy of the text they were studying, since the first document sent by the Executive Branch to the Legislative Assembly for analysis lacked order, clarity, and accuracy (see sessions of the Special Permanent Commission on International Relations and Foreign Trade of June 8 -f. 1256 et seq., Vol. IV-, June 15 –f. 1278 et seq.- and June 22, all dates of 2004 –f. 1317 et seq.-). An attempt was made to correct these defects by sending a second text, certified by the International Maritime Organization, incorporated into the record as a substitute for the previous one (motion approved unanimously in the Special Permanent Commission on International Affairs at folio 3818, Vol. XI).
The solution, in itself, does not contravene the Constitution, since the second project submitted was sent with the intention of clarifying the subject of discussion of the Commission and without varying the purpose of its initiative. Furthermore, the members of the Commission correctly observed that refining the project was indispensable, for reasons of legal certainty, a principle of constitutional rank. There should be no doubt here that a correct, complete, and clear codification of the text submitted for approval by the Legislative Assembly is indispensable to define the object of the international legal obligation arising from the joint action of the Executive and Legislative Branches, with the commitment falling upon the former, when addressing the latter, to present said object perfectly defined.
VII.The objection this Chamber raises against what was done is that the new body of the project does not satisfy the requirements of order, clarity, and accuracy already mentioned. The method used, incorporating a list of the international instruments submitted for approval and their subsequent full transcription, is valid. However, it requires a faithful correspondence between the two elements. And in this sense, both in the text submitted on the second occasion and in the one included in the affirmative report of the Commission, the following inconsistencies were noted: a) When reproducing the complete documents being approved, the 1983 amendments to SOLAS 1974, adopted by resolution MSC.5 (48) of June 17, 1983, are included, which is the approval of the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. This resolution is not part of the list intended to guide the Legislative Assembly (contained in the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate, from f. 6338 to 6344, Vol. XIV). b) A page is missing from the following instruments: i) The amendments to SOLAS 1974 referring to radiocommunications for the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (document 10 on the already-mentioned list, from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate), lack page 39, according to the original numbering of the instrument, corresponding to folio 2448, Vol. VI of the legislative record. ii) In the 1989 amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (Resolution MSC.14 (57)), document 13 on the list from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate, page 57 –original document numbering– is missing, which is folio 2571, Vol. VIII. iii) In the 1996 amendments to the Guidelines on the Enhanced Programme of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, Resolutions A 744 (18) and MSC. 49 (66) of June 4, 1996 (document 30 on the list from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate), page 3 is missing, which is folio 2886, Vol. IX. iv) In the 2000 amendments to the Appendix of the Annex of the 1988 protocol relating to SOLAS 1974, Resolution MSC. 100 (73) of December 5, 2000 (document 45 on the list from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate), page 6, folio 3486, Vol. X, is missing.
VIII.As the very members of the Special Commission charged with the project noted, omissions of this kind, which in an ordinary document might have minor relevance, are essential in a normative text. Approving the project with the noted defects would mean the incorporation into Costa Rican domestic law of incomplete regulations, as well as an entire code (of 150 pages), without there being certainty regarding this last one that the Deputies were even aware of its inclusion within the set of documents to be approved, with the consequent harm, already noted, to the principle of legal certainty. Likewise, it is worth highlighting the injury to the democratic principle, based on the fact that the postulates of publicity and transparency govern both as a guarantee for the internal work of the legislative body and for the people. In a case, whose similarity to this one lies in the lack of correspondence between the text that was supposedly intended to be approved and the one appearing in the legislative record, the Chamber stated (…)
Based on the foregoing reasons, the Chamber is inclined to consider that, due to the noted omissions, the procedure followed has not respected constitutional parameters, and its determination in Commission and approval in the first debate must be repeated” (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
Regarding the reasons that led the majority to resolve what was stated, Justice Volio Echeverría recorded the following separate note, which is particularly interesting:
“I fully concur with the opinion issued by the Chamber in relation to the international agreement known in legislative record 15.543; however, I dissent from the reasons that lead it to formulate its criterion, in the following specific aspect: The requirement for a text that is certain of the treaty is for the purpose of the need to define with absolute certainty the obligation of International Law that the Costa Rican State is assuming, as well as the legal norm that would be incorporated into the domestic legal system, but I do not consider that it is a direct derivation of either the democratic principle or that of legal certainty, invoked by the Chamber, for which I place express record of this divergence” (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
From the foregoing, it is possible to conclude that if the Chamber considered in that case –in which the document of adhesion, its amendments, a list, and the text of the instruments did appear– that it was unconstitutional for there to be no certainty, when approving the adhesion project, about the documents that were being approved in parallel (due to the lack of order, clarity, and accuracy); then, with much greater reason, a scenario in which there is not even certainty about which legal instruments are being approved (because they were not provided for the parliamentary approval process) would be unconstitutional. And, as will be seen, this is precisely what happens in the present case.
What was stated in the referred advisory opinion was taken up again in resolution no. 2006-06011, and the Chamber reiterated the following:
“VI.- Procedural Aspects: In relation to the text submitted for approval by the Legislative Assembly: From the comparison of the legislative text provided on this occasion, the Chamber has detected the following inconsistencies: a) The 1983 amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974. Resolution MSC.4 (48), approved on June 17, 1983. (document from list 4, from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate fs 6983, 6984, 6999, 7033 and 9012) points 5.3 and 5.3.1, 5.5.2, 10.2.2, 15.8.36, Vol. XVI of the legislative record are illegible. b) The 1992 amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974. Resolution MSC 27(61), approved on December 11, 1992 (document from list 20, from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate fs 7767 and 9012) pages 7781, 7783, 7785, 7787, 7789, Vol. XIX of the legislative record are illegible. c) The 1992 amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code).
Resolution MSC.28 (61), approved on December 11, 1992 (document from list 21, from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate (fs 7792 and 9012) lack pages 2 and 3 according to the original numbering of the instrument, Vol. XIX. d) The 2002 amendments to the guidelines on the enhanced programme of inspections during surveys of bulk carriers and oil tankers (Resolution A.744(18)). Resolution MSC.125 (75), approved on May 24, 2002 (document from list 55, from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate (fs 8750 and 9012) page 8754 Vol. XXII of the legislative record is illegible. From the foregoing, the Chamber concludes that the project for the “Approval of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, its Protocols and its Amendments (SOLAS 74)”, being processed in legislative record number 15543, presents defects of unconstitutional procedure, a situation that directly violates the principle of legal certainty, since the text to be approved is incomplete.
For the reasons stated, the Chamber verifies the noted omissions, for which the procedure followed has not respected constitutional parameters, and its determination in Commission and approval in the first debate must be repeated.
VII.In this same sense, the Chamber takes up again the separate note of Justice Volio Echeverría issued in resolution 2005-08425 from eighteen hours and twenty minutes on June twenty-eighth, two thousand five, in which he stated the following: “The requirement for a text that is certain of the treaty is for the purpose of the need to define with absolute certainty the obligation of International Law that the Costa Rican State is assuming, as well as the legal norm that would be incorporated into the domestic legal system…”. In this regard, this Court reiterates that it is indispensable that the text submitted for approval be complete, clear, accurate, and defined, so that there is no doubt whatsoever regarding the object of the International Law obligation that our country assumes, and as a guarantee of the principles of legal certainty, publicity, and transparency.
VIII.Finally, the Chamber observes that resolution 2005-08425 from eighteen hours and twenty minutes on June twenty-eighth, two thousand five established that the 2000 Amendments to the Appendix of the Annex of the 1988 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974. Resolution MSC 100 (73), adopted on December 5, 2000, presented an omission given that page 6 according to the original numbering of the instrument was missing, a situation that is repeated again in the presentation of the legislative text provided on this occasion (document from list 45, from the report on the final wording of the text approved in the first debate (fs 8616 and 9012). In this regard, the Chamber verifies that in accordance with official letter 210-05-OAT-PE of July fourteenth, two thousand five, Ronald Obaldía González, Director of Foreign Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship, explains to Deputy Luis Gerardo Villanueva Monge, President of the Commission on Constitutionality Consultations of the Legislative Assembly, visible at folio 6388 Vol. XIV, that the original document skips in numbering from 5 to 7, but that the corresponding text is not missing, for which he affirms that it is an original foliation error.
Consequently, the Chamber considers that the referred absence does not correspond to a legislative omission when providing the document for consultation” (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
As can be observed, in said advisory opinion the Chamber insisted that, in the case of approval procedures for international treaties, it is indispensable that the text in question be complete, clear, accurate, and defined, so that there is no doubt whatsoever regarding the object of the International Law obligations that our country assumes, and as a guarantee of the principles of legal certainty, publicity, and transparency. Furthermore, it adopted as its own what was stated by Justice Volio Echeverría in the cited note.
In advisory opinion no. 2008-004836, relating to the legislative procedure for the project for the “Approval of the Treaty on the Law of Trademarks and its Regulations”, although the majority of the Chamber did not find defects of unconstitutionality in the parliamentary procedure, it did reiterate certain maxims of constitutional doctrine that it had been upholding and that are especially important for substantiating this dissenting vote. In this regard, the Chamber considered the following:
“As a corollary to the foregoing, once it was acknowledged by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship that there was an error in the text of Article 3 of the Treaty on the Law of Trademarks and its Regulations, a new certification with the full text of the international instrument was provided. Before proceeding to analyze the case at hand, it can be evidenced that the conditions of the first transcribed text, contrasted with the second, require a careful examination of the exercise of the constitutional powers conferred upon the Branches of the Republic. When the Political Constitution grants the Executive Branch the power to direct international relations and exercise the initiative to process the integration of International Law norms into the legal system before the Legislative Assembly, it imposes a great responsibility, which requires a careful and meticulous exercise of constitutional competencies.
Situations such as those that are the subject of this consultation can expose our country to legal and diplomatic vicissitudes before the international community. Therefore, it is the obligation of the Executive Branch to submit complete documentation to the Legislative Assembly that allows it to clearly approve the object of what is intended to be elevated to a legal norm with a rank superior to law. In this case, the Chamber must determine the nature of the so-called “error” and its legal consequences in the legislative procedure followed up to this moment. For the Chamber, it is clear that the indicated omission does not constitute a simple material error, which could go unnoticed and which does not require the implementation of a correction mechanism. Quite the contrary, following the doctrine established in judgments numbers 1990-1102, 2000-4527, 2001-1508, 2005-08425 and 2006-6011 of the Constitutional Court, on the occasion of the mandatory consultations on several legislative projects for international texts, the Chamber determined that the omission to present the full and complete text of the treaty or agreement constitutes a defect such that the lack of correction could indeed lead to the nullity of the legislative procedure, the foregoing assumes that the Executive Branch, in exercising the initiative for law, must provide a perfectly defined object, as occurred, once the defect was corrected in the project now under examination by this Court” (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
In that advisory opinion, what was indicated supra was reaffirmed, in the sense that the approval of an international legal instrument that is binding on the Costa Rican State requires the greatest possible rigor, since it implies the acquisition of obligations in the international sphere. Furthermore, to avoid any type of vicissitude, absolute clarity is required regarding the object of the instrument intended to be elevated to a legal norm with a rank superior to law. It is also affirmed that the omission to present the full and complete text of the treaty or agreement to be approved constitutes an essential defect in the legislative procedure, and the absence of a timely correction could lead to the nullity of the legislative procedure.
In the legislative consultation resolved through advisory opinion no. 8833-2012, the Chamber ruled in relation to the project for the approval of the “Treaty between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Korea on Extradition”. In said advisory opinion, although the issue related to the parallel documents for legislative approval (relating to a procedure for adhesion to an international organization and its instruments) was not questioned, it did reiterate the stance of the Constitutional Chamber regarding the seriousness with which the constitutional competence for approving international treaties and agreements must be exercised, both due to the incidence in the domestic sphere and the potential international consequences. The legislative procedure in question was declared defective, and the legal problem verified was the lack of identity between the text submitted for parliamentary approval and the original document signed in the English language. For such purposes, the Chamber resorted to the arguments that have been examined here in this dissenting vote, which –although they did not share identity in the factual situations– illustrate the Court's position. In this regard, it considered the following:
“VI.- Regarding the specific case.- It is not the general rule that this Court collates the Spanish and English texts in international treaties. However, in this case, the fact that the Public Ministry and the Supreme Court of Justice called attention to the confusing wording of the Spanish text of some articles, as well as the determination of a series of inconsistencies that we have found, led this court to request from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship a certification of the text in the English language for proper understanding of the Agreement. After a careful reading and detailed analysis of the Treaty between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Korea on Extradition, inconsistencies arise between the texts that the parties themselves establish as authentic, which would make the application of the international agreement extremely problematic, which would strain the bilateral relations between both Nations in the execution of the Treaty, and requiring reinterpretation in the judicial sphere of the version provided for its approval to the Legislative Assembly, should it be approved under the conditions in which it enters the legislative process. (…)
In accordance with the jurisprudential doctrine that this Chamber has developed, as well as what was previously indicated, in the legislative procedure before us, there is a violation of the Law of the Constitution, for which reason it is appropriate to review what the Chamber upheld in previously analyzed cases. By judgment No. 2008-4836, this Chamber indicated that:
“Before proceeding to analyze the case at hand, it can be evidenced that the conditions of the first transcribed text, contrasted with the second, require a careful examination of the exercise of the constitutional powers conferred upon the Branches of the Republic. When the Political Constitution grants the Executive Branch the power to direct international relations and exercise the initiative to process the integration of International Law norms into the legal system before the Legislative Assembly, it imposes a great responsibility, which requires a careful and meticulous exercise of constitutional competencies. Situations such as those that are the subject of this consultation can expose our country to legal and diplomatic vicissitudes before the international community. Therefore, it is the obligation of the Executive Branch to submit complete documentation to the Legislative Assembly that allows it to clearly approve the object of what is intended to be elevated to a legal norm with a rank superior to law.” On the other hand, judgment No. 2005-08425 correctly indicates that:
“The solution, in itself, does not contravene the Constitution, since the second project submitted was sent with the intention of clarifying the subject of discussion of the Commission and without varying the purpose of its initiative. Furthermore, the members of the Commission correctly observed that refining the project was indispensable, for reasons of legal certainty, a principle of constitutional rank. There should be no doubt here that a correct, complete, and clear codification of the text submitted for approval by the Legislative Assembly is indispensable to define the object of the international legal obligation arising from the joint action of the Executive and Legislative Branches, with the commitment falling upon the former, when addressing the latter, to present said object perfectly defined.” Similarly, the effects of failing to submit a complete, correct, accurate, and clear text for consideration by the Legislative Assembly produce a substantial defect in the legislative procedure and in the expression of the will of the body. Thus, it is important to take into account what this Chamber upheld for other Treaties that were negotiated and concluded separately, but which are related to each other and constitute a legal unit, and should seek to be submitted as such for consideration by the Legislative Assembly. Thus, this Chamber held in judgment No. 1990-1102 that:
“IV- The said omission also causes the non-observance of other procedures established in the Constitution, since the power granted by Article 10 of the Political Constitution to this Chamber, by assigning it the function of hearing consultations on projects for the approval of international agreements or treaties, is limited, as it is not possible to conduct the studies on the constitutionality of those documents if they have not been previously known and approved by the Assembly, and do not appear in the corresponding report. (Articles 96 subsection a) and 98 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction).” Finally, it is clear from judgment No. 2006-06011 that the Chamber ordered that:
“In this regard, this Court reiterates that it is indispensable that the text submitted for approval be complete, clear, accurate, and defined, so that there is no doubt whatsoever regarding the object of the International Law obligation that our country assumes, and as a guarantee of the principles of legal certainty, publicity, and transparency.” Thus, it is not possible for this Constitutional Chamber to issue a criterion on constitutionality regarding a document that suffers from the necessary requirements for the different branches of the Republic to be able to rule; evidently, the Extradition Treaty is not a complete text, nor is it clear, accurate, and defined, nor could it be argued that it would suffice to refer to the English text, since this is not simply a matter of interpretation problems, as the Political Constitution defines the Spanish language as the official language of the Nation (Article 76).
Hence the need to present a complete document adhering to the canons of excellence in its translations, in which no parts have been omitted or added between the different versions. There is no room for the official acts of the different Branches of the Republic to be approved by officials based on foreign languages, insofar as it is possible to admit that many officials, judges, and deputies may not have knowledge or proficiency in them, such that they cannot validly express their official will. In this sense, the Chamber reaffirms judgment No. 2000-4527, insofar as some documents in English and French were processed in the Legislative Assembly, and the substantial defect of constitutionality was noted. Apart from the problems incurred by recording a text with differences in the languages chosen by the parties, such as the gross error of omitting an entire paragraph between the English and Spanish texts, it is fundamental to bring into the discussion the “golden rule” of international law pacta sunt servanda, which establishes that once an international obligation is accepted (which in our country occurs with the approval of the Legislative Assembly and the ratification of the Executive Branch), this obligation (international obligation) must be assumed by the country in “good faith”, a moment from which it would no longer be valid to invoke provisions of domestic law (such as the violation of constitutional norms) to fail to comply with its provisions.
In this manner, it would not be possible then to judicially suspend the proceedings so that the Executive Branch negotiates any correction, in accordance with Article 140 subsection 10) of the Constitution and Article 79 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Hence the importance of exercising a priori constitutional control, as is now being asserted. For legal operators, additions, omissions, and considerable inconsistencies clash with the sound understanding that every international agreement deserves in the execution of its object and purpose, which must indeed be executed in good faith; to that extent, the problems that could arise from the same text and judicial interpretations, due to its defective authentication of languages, should not be the rule, but the exception. The reports provided to the legislative record illustrate this problem. In line with the foregoing, the problems that can arise from the interpretation of technical terms in certain forums are well known, which in the execution stage of a treaty can increase to the point of cutting off and preventing the fulfillment of the aims desired by the parties.
Hence, if a problem in its execution were to arise in each extradition process, it is clear that our country would be exposed to a risk of international responsibility, which would imply consequences of diverse nature and different order due to non-compliance, which evidently must be avoided until its respective correction is carried out” (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
Once again, the Chamber invoked the principles of Public International Law of pacta sunt servanda and bona fides, which must be taken into great account when approving and ratifying international instruments. Likewise, it again insisted on the need for the exercise of the constitutional competencies for approving international treaties and for resolving the legislative consultation on constitutionality to be carried out on a complete, correct, accurate, and clear text. Obviously, along these lines, the Chamber would not remotely admit the possibility that the text was not sent by the Executive Branch to the Legislative Branch or that the latter did not know about it prior to sending the consultation to the Constitutional Chamber.
Finally, it is worth mentioning advisory opinion no. 2013-6939, through which the Chamber ruled in relation to the procedure for the “Approval of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Convention 189)”. In said resolution, the Chamber reiterated what was stated in the already-mentioned vote no. 2012-8833, referred again to the obligation to approve precise, clear, and complete texts, under penalty of vitiating the will of the parliamentary body. It added that this type of omissions violate the principle of publicity, which is vitally important in the law-making process. In the relevant part, it concluded:
“This Chamber has insisted in its jurisprudence on the proper distribution, delimitation, and respect for the constitutional competencies attributed to the Executive Branch and the Legislative Assembly, regarding the process of discussion, negotiation, and signing of international treaties by the Executive Branch (Article 140 subsection 10 of the Political Constitution), and their subsequent approval or rejection by the Legislative Assembly (Article 121, subsection 4 of the Political Constitution). Thus, regarding this topic, in judgment number 2005-07428 of 16:47 hours on June 14, 2005, this Chamber clarified: ‘it is clear from the constitutional text that the primary competence for the formulation and negotiation of international treaties, public agreements, and concordats belongs to the Executive Branch and indeed, it is the one responsible for their negotiation, signing, and ratification.
The Legislative Assembly, for its part, is solely responsible for the function of approving or rejecting them.’ In accordance with the foregoing, this Chamber has indicated that it is indispensable that the text submitted for approval be a complete, correct, and accurate text, since otherwise a substantial defect is produced in the legislative procedure and in the expression of the will of the parliamentary body.” As can be seen from the partially transcribed precedents, the correct and timely publication of draft laws approving international agreements allows contact with the general public and, in particular, with those who might have an interest, by reason of their activities, in knowing about and even participating in the deliberation of the matter, or, likewise, the possibility of hearing public bodies. Compliance with the principle of publicity guarantees broad debate by facilitating contact with the general public and with those who may have an interest in knowing, opining, and influencing the matter under discussion.
In the present case, the aforementioned contact with the national community has not been duly guaranteed, since, at first, an incomplete draft was published, and, at a second stage, that defect was not corrected or remedied, so that the national community could know, with accuracy and certainty, the content of the draft under study” (the highlighting does not correspond to the original).
In this last precedent, the Chamber confirmed the lines of the precedents examined and, furthermore, emphasized that omissions and uncertainty regarding the documents and the international commitments being approved directly violate the principle of publicity in the legislative bill procedure. This would be another reason to declare a defect in the procedure of the corresponding bill, since that opacity regarding what is truly being approved and what is intended to be incorporated into the legal system directly contravenes the principle of publicity and makes it impossible for the citizenry to participate, a citizenry that is called upon to know what normative elements are being added to the domestic legal order. Regarding the principle of publicity, the Chamber—among other statements—has said the following: “[It] has the ultimate purpose of making it possible for all persons, both legislators and other inhabitants, to have access to the discussions generated within the parliamentary body. That is why it is said that respect for that principle in the law approval procedure is the premise for the very functioning of the legislative procedure and the conception of democracy” (Advisory Opinion No. 2020-013837).
It is worth adding that, as this Court has stated, the importance of the principle of publicity lies in the fact that, on the one hand, it guarantees transparency and, on the other, it makes possible respect for the democratic principle and the participation of interested subjects in the parliamentary procedure. However, it has also indicated that the principle of publicity is not an end in itself. For this reason, in some cases, it has accepted that errors in the publication of bills do not necessarily constitute a defect of unconstitutionality. For the purpose of determining the existence of a substantial defect in the legislative procedure, it must be assessed whether there has been a true obstruction of popular participation or whether transparency has been seriously affected (see Advisory Opinion No. 2018-003851).
To illustrate the minority’s position, and for the purpose of making a contribution on the hermeneutical level and solely by way of example, it is fitting to make a brief reference to the case law of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, which, when deciding constitutionality proceedings related to laws approving international treaties, has indicated that all new obligations undertaken (regardless of the instrument’s denomination, but rather its binding effects) must follow the procedure of any treaty. Likewise, that constitutionality review must be carried out on the entirety of the text, which includes all annexes, footnotes, or any communication between the parties aimed at providing some meaning or scope to the commitments assumed by the States. Firstly, Judgment No. C-031/09 can be cited, an automatic review proceeding of the “Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Chile, Additional Protocol to the Economic Complementation Agreement for the Establishment of an Expanded Economic Space between Colombia and Chile (ACE 24) of December 6, 1993,” signed in Santiago, Chile, on November 27, 2006, and of Law 1189 of 2008, by means of which it was approved.
In that ruling, that Constitutional Court asserted the following: “ Likewise, it is necessary to indicate that the constitutionality review carried out by the Court on international treaties encompasses the entirety of the text, that is, the annexes, footnotes, as well as any communication between the Parties aimed at agreeing upon some meaning or scope to the commitments assumed. In this regard, it is necessary to recall the definition of a treaty provided by the 1969 Vienna Convention, in its Article 2: ‘“treaty” means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation’” (the highlighting corresponds to the original).
These considerations were reiterated in Judgment No. C-446 of 2009 regarding the declaration of constitutionality (exequibilidad) of the Free Trade Treaty between the Republic of Colombia and the Republics of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, and the Exchanges of Notes that corrected Annex 3.4 of Chapter 3 of the aforementioned agreement, and of the approving Law 1241 of 2008. There, it was again affirmed that the constitutionality analysis must include any text that implies agreeing upon some meaning or scope of the commitments acquired in the international sphere: “It is pertinent to specify that the constitutionality review carried out by the Court on international treaties, as stated in Judgment C-031 of 2009, Reporting Justice Humberto Sierra Porto, encompasses the entirety of the text, that is, the annexes, footnotes, as well as any communication between the Parties aimed at agreeing upon some meaning or scope to the commitments assumed.” From what has been said in those interesting pronouncements, it can be concluded that, regardless of the denomination of the text, as provided for in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a constitutional review must be carried out of any normative instrument added to the agreement, whose purpose is to provide scope or delimit what was agreed upon.
This, of course, includes the annexes (see also Judgments Nos. C-252/19 and C-494/19). As can be noted, that foreign case law coincides, in substance, with the one established by this Constitutional Chamber throughout its history. Indeed, as has been seen, since Resolution No. 1990-1027, it had declared that, regardless of the name assigned to the instrument, to the extent that it is binding and obliges the Costa Rican State, it must be submitted completely in the mandatory consultation. Furthermore, insofar as the attached annex documents add provisions that shape the meaning or scope of the commitments assumed, they must be examined by the Legislative Assembly and by the Constitutional Chamber itself. Only in this way could the constitutional powers assigned to these bodies in the international treaty approval procedure be adequately exercised. That is, to the extent that the annex instruments seek to provide some scope or clarification or contain reservations to the commitments acquired, they must also be examined in the a priori constitutionality review of the approval of international treaties that are intended to be incorporated into the legal system as binding.
Therefore, if those texts were not provided, it is clear that the adequate exercise of the constitutional powers assigned to both the Legislative Assembly and the Constitutional Chamber would be curtailed. After this description of the significant jurisprudential milestones in this matter, it is appropriate to make some considerations in this regard.
IV.OWN CONCLUSIONS ON THE NORMATIVE BASIS AND THE PRECEDENTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER As can be appreciated, when resolving mandatory consultations on the approval of or accession to international agreements, the Constitutional Chamber has repeatedly and categorically demanded that the text submitted for approval by the Legislative Assembly be provided correctly, completely, and clearly (see the systematic considerations made by the Chamber in Resolutions Nos. 1990-1102, 2005-8425, 2006-06011, 2008-004836, and 2013-6939). This requirement is indispensable for defining with absolute certainty—as is proper—the object of the International Law obligation assumed by the State of Costa Rica and which arises from the joint action of the Executive and Legislative Branches.
As examined in the previous section, in multiple precedents, this Court has demanded order, clarity, and accuracy regarding the instruments submitted for parliamentary approval, in order to also uphold the principle of legal certainty and the principle of publicity (see what has been continuously resolved by the Constitutional Chamber in the Advisory Opinions issued through Resolutions Nos. 2005-8425, 2006-06011, 2012-8833, and 2013-6939); furthermore, because this allows the accession procedure to be undertaken without any risk of subsequently being challenged in the domestic or international sphere, or of difficulties arising in its interpretation and application.
In light of the foregoing, it is necessary to examine, in the specific case, what was approved in the first debate by the Legislative Assembly in relation to the bill processed in Legislative File No. 22.187, titled “Approval of the Agreement on the terms of accession of the Republic of Costa Rica to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in San José, Costa Rica, on May 28, 2020; the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960; Supplementary Protocol No. 1 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960; and Supplementary Protocol No. 2 to the Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signed in Paris, France, on December 14, 1960, and related rules.” In the first document, the State of Costa Rica makes a general declaration of acceptance in the following terms: “1.
The Republic of Costa Rica shall assume, upon the deposit of its instrument of accession to the Convention, all the obligations of membership of the Organisation, including, inter alia, acceptance of: i) the aims of the Organisation, as set out in Article 1 of the Convention, as well as in the Report of the Preparatory Committee of the OECD of December 1960; ii) all the undertakings and commitments established in Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention; iii) the Supplementary Protocols No. 1 and No. 2 to the Convention; iv) all decisions, resolutions, rules, regulations and conclusions adopted by the Organisation related to its management and functioning, including those inherent to the governance of the Organisation, the financial contributions of Members, including optional activities and bodies, as well as costs related to the evaluation of post-accession progress reports, other financial and budgetary aspects, staff matters (including the rulings of the Administrative Tribunal), procedural matters, relations with non-members and classification of information; v) the financial statements of the Organisation; vi) the working methods of the Organisation; vii) all legal instruments in force of the Organisation substantive legal instruments at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention, with the observations stipulated in Annexes 1 to 5, each Annex forming an integral part of this Declaration.
With respect to any legal instruments adopted between the date of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention and the date on which Costa Rica deposits its instrument of accession, the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council” (The highlighting does not correspond to the original).
From the analysis of this provision, it is verified that the State of Costa Rica is making a generic declaration and acceptance of all the substantive legal instruments of the Organisation; however, from that entire universe of instruments, it is not detailed which ones are binding, nor are the full, clear, and complete texts of those instruments to which the State is giving its acceptance provided. What is stated in the approval agreement coincides with the document signed by the OECD, called “Roadmap for the accession of Costa Rica to the OECD Convention.” In which, as its name indicates, establishes the route to be followed by the Government of Costa Rica to become a member of that Organisation (Available on the website http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=C(2015)93/FINAL&docLanguage=En). In the referenced document, the OECD requests Costa Rica, where relevant, the following: “Costa Rica will be requested to take a position with regard to all substantive legal instruments adopted within the framework of the OECD prior to its accession to the Organisation, including new instruments that may be adopted during the accession process.
This includes all substantive Decisions, Recommendations, Declarations, as well as international agreements or arrangements developed within the OECD Framework 16. In practice, the starting point of the technical discussions will be the submission by Costa Rica to the Secretary-General of an Initial Memorandum setting out the position of Costa Rica on each OECD legal instrument in force and an assessment of the conformity of its legislation, policies and practices with the instrument. Costa Rica may in principle take one of four initial positions on each legal instrument: a) acceptance; b) acceptance with a specified time frame for implementation; c) acceptance subject to reservations or observations; d) rejection. Candidate countries are expected to use the options of rejection or acceptance subject to reservations or observations with as much restraint as possible. In fact, having recourse to such options could affect the final decision of the Council.
If Costa Rica wishes to reject an instrument or accept an instrument subject to a reservation or observation, this must be clearly explained and justified. Moreover, candidate countries are expected to endeavour to accept as many legal instruments as possible without a request for a specified timeframe for implementation; if Costa Rica wishes to request a timeframe, it must clearly explain the reasons for such a request. The timeframe must be reasonable, and Costa Rica must provide sufficient details on the key elements that will be included in new or amended legislation, regulations or policies necessary for alignment with OECD legal instruments. In addition, for each implementation timeframe requested, Costa Rica must provide a detailed action plan setting out the timeline on how and when actions will be taken. (…) For legal instruments adopted after the submission of the Initial Memorandum, Costa Rica will be requested to take a position as soon as possible, which will be reviewed by the committee.
(…) The final position of Costa Rica on each substantive legal instrument, with the modifications made during the accession process, will be detailed in the Final Statement submitted by Costa Rica (see paragraph 27 below). (…) Final Statement 27. When the technical reviews and discussions are completed, the Government of Costa Rica will Submit to the Secretary-General a Final Statement: a) stating that, through the deposit of its instrument of accession to the OECD Convention, it will assume all the obligations of membership of the Organisation, including, inter alia, acceptance of: i) the aims of the Organisation, as set out in Article 1 of the Convention, as well as in the Report of the Preparatory Committee of the OECD of December 1960; ii) all the undertakings and commitments set out in Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention; iii) Supplementary Protocols No. 1 and No. 2 to the Convention; iv) all decisions, resolutions, rules, regulations and conclusions adopted by the Organisation related to its management and functioning, including those related to the governance of the Organisation, the financial contributions of Members, other financial and budgetary matters, staff matters (including the judgments of the Administrative Tribunal), procedural matters, relations with non-members and classification of information; v) the financial statements of the Organisation; vi) the working methods of the Organisation; vii) all the substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite Costa Rica to accede to the Convention with the wording specified in the Final Statement, which will set out the rejections, reservations, observations or timeframes for implementation agreed during the technical reviews; (…)” (the translation from English is a free translation of the original document and what is highlighted does not correspond to the original).
At this point, it is worth noting that in this Advisory Opinion signed by the majority, reference is made to the type of documents the OECD may issue, and it is useful to bring it up: “Decisions: these are legally binding legal instruments for all Members, except those who abstain at the time of their adoption. They are not International Treaties, but they are binding on adherents to take the necessary measures to implement them. Recommendations: these instruments are not binding but carry substantial moral weight. Practice indicates there is an expectation that adherents will do their utmost to comply with them. Members who do not agree may abstain at the time of the adoption of the recommendation, although this is not legally required. Declarations: these are legal instruments prepared within the Organisation that are not binding. They generally set out long-term objectives or goals and have political effect.
International Agreements: these are legal instruments negotiated and approved within the framework of the Organisation that are binding on the parties. Arrangements, Understandings and Others (other legal instruments): these are legal instruments developed within the framework of the Organisation at the instigation of or within the institutional framework. (source: https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm)” The above coincides with the text of the OECD’s constituent instrument itself, which in Article V, subsection a) regulates the aims of the Organisation, such as “to take decisions which, except as otherwise provided, shall be binding on all the Members.” While recommendations and declarations do not have a legally binding effect, they carry very significant political weight for the Member States. However, pursuant to the provisions of subparagraph vii), of paragraph 1 of Part A, referring to the acceptance by the Republic of Costa Rica of the obligations of OECD membership, clearly by the act of accession, “all the substantive legal instruments of the Organisation in force at the time of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention, with the observations stipulated in Annexes 1 to 5, each Annex forming an integral part of this Declaration,” are being accepted.
Furthermore, “With respect to any legal instruments adopted between the date of the decision of the OECD Council to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention and the date on which Costa Rica deposits its instrument of accession, the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council.” That is, documents arising at two moments are being accepted as binding: before the invitation to the Costa Rican State and after that moment (but prior to the moment of the deposit of accession).
As examined in the “roadmap” document, this acceptance by Costa Rica of all the substantive legal instruments of the Organisation includes “all substantive Decisions, Recommendations, Declarations, as well as international agreements or arrangements developed within the OECD Framework,” of which, as noted, the OECD decisions and international agreements would be legally binding on the State of Costa Rica.
In Annex I submitted to the parliamentary approval procedure, one can observe, with utter clarity, a list of substantive decisions and recommendations as legal instruments, regarding which observations regarding implementation timeframes and even reservations are made. Said annex states, where relevant, the following: “Chemicals Council Decision concerning the Minimum Pre-Marketing Set of Data for the Assessment of Chemicals [OECD/LEGAL/0199] Costa Rica accepts this Decision with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Council Decision-Recommendation concerning the Systematic Investigation of Existing Chemicals [OECD/LEGAL/0232] Costa Rica accepts this Decision-Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Council Decision-Recommendation concerning Provision of Information to the Public and Public Participation in Decision-Making Processes related to the Prevention of, and Response to, Accidents Involving Hazardous Substances [OECD/LEGAL/0239] Costa Rica accepts this Decision-Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Decision-Recommendation concerning Cooperative Investigation and Risk Reduction of Chemicals [OECD/LEGAL/0441] Costa Rica accepts this Decision-Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Council Recommendation establishing Guidelines in respect of Procedure and Requirements for Anticipating the Effects of Chemicals on Man and the Environment [OECD/LEGAL/0154] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Council Recommendation concerning the Protection of Proprietary Rights to Data Submitted in Notifications of New Chemicals [OECD/LEGAL/0203] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2020.
Council Recommendation concerning Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response [OECD/LEGAL/0319] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Recommendation on Establishing and Implementing Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs) [OECD/LEGAL/0440] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Competition Council Recommendation concerning Effective Action against Hard Core Cartels [OECD/LEGAL/0452] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2020.
Council Recommendation on Competitive Assessment [OECD/LEGAL/0455] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Environment Council Recommendation on the Implementation of the Polluter-Pays Principle [OECD/LEGAL/0132] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2021.
Council Recommendation on Certain Financial Aspects of Actions by Public Authorities to Prevent and Control Oil Spills [OECD/LEGAL/0191] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Recommendation on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control [OECD/LEGAL/0256] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Recommendation on Environmental Information [OECD/LEGAL/0296] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Recommendation on Material Flows and Resource Productivity [OECD/LEGAL/0324] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2020.
Council Recommendation on Resource Productivity [OECD/LEGAL/0358] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2020.
Council Recommendation on Water [OECD/LEGAL/0434] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2021.
Waste Management Council Decision on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations [OECD/LEGAL/0266] Costa Rica accepts this instrument with the following observation: Costa Rica will apply the following restrictions to the movements of waste, in accordance with its national legislation: The import and transit of hazardous wastes, as provided for in Decree 41527 of 2019 (Reglamento general para la clasificación y el manejo de residuos peligrosos), are prohibited pursuant to Article 34 of Law 8839 of 2010 (Ley para la gestión integral de residuos). Wastes requiring special handling according to Annex I of Decree 38272 of 2014 (Reglamento para la declaratoria de residuos de manejo especial), may be imported provided they meet the requirements established in Article 4 (bis), that is, if they are also of the types generated in the country, have not been altered, treated, or disassembled, and if the country has the capacity to treat/recover them properly.
The import of ordinary waste as defined in Article 6 of Law 8839 of 2010 will be controlled in accordance with Article 35 of Law 8839 of 2010 (Ley para la gestión integral de residuos), and may be authorised “provided it is determined through technical studies and taking into account the precautionary principle, that human health and the environment are not in danger.” Costa Rica has taken measures to gradually implement the OECD movement procedures. The amber procedure will be applied as soon as Costa Rica becomes an OECD member. The application of the “green” procedure will commence after a transitional period of two years during which the provisions of Article 35 of Law 8839 of 2010 will also apply to all green list wastes.
Council Recommendation on a Comprehensive Waste Management Policy [OECD/LEGAL/0147] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2021.
Council Recommendation on the Reuse and Recycling of Beverage Containers [OECD/LEGAL/0159] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2021.
Financial Markets Council Recommendation on Principles and Good Practices for Financial Education and Awareness [OECD/LEGAL/0338] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Recommendation on Good Practices for Financial Education and Awareness Relating to Credit [OECD/LEGAL/0370] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2022.
Council Recommendation on a Policy Framework for Effective and Efficient Financial Regulation [OECD/LEGAL/0377] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Council Recommendation on High-Level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection [OECD/LEGAL/0394] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2023.
Council Recommendation on Consumer Protection in the Field of Consumer Credit [OECD/LEGAL/0453] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation timeframe until the end of 2020.
Fiscal Affairs Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, as amended by the Protocol amending the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters [OECD/LEGAL/0382] Costa Rica is a Party to this Convention1 with certain reservations and notifications.
The date of entry into force for Costa Rica was August 1, 20132.
Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting [OECD/LEGAL/0432] Costa Rica is a signatory to this Convention3 and provided, upon signing, a provisional list of the reservations and notifications provided for4.
Recommendation of the Council on the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital [OECD/LEGAL/0292] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with certain reservations and observations on the OECD Model Tax Convention5.
Investment Decision of the Council adopting the Code of Liberalisation of Current Invisible Operations [OECD/LEGAL/0001] Decision of the Council adopting the Code of Liberalisation of Capital Movements [OECD/LEGAL/0002] Costa Rica accepts these Decisions with a list of proposed reservations to the Code of Liberalisation of Capital Movements and the Code of Liberalisation of Current Invisible Operations in accordance with Article 2 b) of the Codes, as set forth in Annexes 2 and 3 of this Declaration.
Third Revised Decision of the Council on National Treatment [OECD/LEGAL/0263] Costa Rica accepts this Decision with a list of proposed exceptions to national treatment as set forth in Annex 4 of this Declaration.
Recommendation of the Council on Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure [OECD/LEGAL/0349] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2020.
Maritime Transport Recommendation of the Council on Common Principles of Shipping Policy for Member Countries [OECD/LEGAL/0231] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with the following observations regarding Principle 14 (“Auxiliary Maritime Services”): Maritime services in national ports and cabotage in Costa Rican territorial seas and rivers are considered a public service. Only companies organized under Costa Rican law using Costa Rican-flagged vessels may provide maritime and river transport and tourist services between two points within the territory of Costa Rica (see the Code of Commerce (1853), Maritime Commerce Law, Ley 104 of 1964; Cabotage Service Law of the Republic, Ley 2220 of 1958; Tourist Development Incentives Law, Ley 6990 of 1985; and Law of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services, Ley 7593 of 1996). Article 537 of the Costa Rican Maritime Commerce Code establishes an exception in favor of foreign-registered vessels when this is established in an international treaty.
Public Governance Recommendation of the Council on Budgetary Governance [OECD/LEGAL/0410] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2022.
Recommendation of the Council on Public Service Leadership and Capability [OECD/LEGAL/0445] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2022.
Science and Technology Recommendation of the Council on the Licensing of Genetic Inventions [OECD/LEGAL/0342] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2021.
Recommendation of the Council on Access to Research Data from Public Funding [OECD/LEGAL/0347] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2021.
Recommendation of the Council on Quality Assurance in Molecular Genetic Testing [OECD/LEGAL/0350] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2021.
Recommendation of the Council on Human Biobanks and Genetic Research Databases [OECD/LEGAL/0375] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2020.
Recommendation of the Council on Assessing the Sustainability of Bio-based Products [OECD/LEGAL/0395] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2021.
Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Clinical Trials [OECD/LEGAL/0397] Costa Rica accepts this Recommendation with an implementation deadline of the end of 2020.
Tourism Decision-Recommendation of the Council on International Tourism Policy [OECD/LEGAL/0222] Observations on recommendation d): In Costa Rica, small-scale rural ecotourism activities (community tourism or rural community tourism), carried out by rural enterprises run by family or community groups, may only obtain the ecotourism incentive if they are registered as local personal associations (non-profit) or self-managed cooperatives from the rural area, in accordance with Costa Rican legislation. Proof of economic need is required. This measure does not equate to a residency or nationality requirement, as it is a technical condition to effectively verify that the service is community-owned and rural. Tourist cabotage activities between Costa Rican ports must be carried out by vessels registered in Costa Rica. Observation on recommendation f): Registration as a tourist guide is voluntary, but it is only available to nationals or residents. As such, nationality or residency will be required when a tourist guide providing services in the territory (whether temporarily or permanently) wishes to register and receive credentials from the Costa Rican Tourism Institute.
Reservation to Annex I, section d) iii): In Costa Rica, regardless of any international insurance they may have, all private motor vehicles must purchase mandatory automobile insurance, without any exception or recognition of other coverage, while transiting through Costa Rican territory.
Observation on Annex II, section b): Costa Rica: An entry tax of US$15 is charged to air passengers entering Costa Rica from abroad. This tax is incorporated into the ticket price at the time of purchase. The revenue is used specifically for the promotion, marketing, planning, and sustainable development of Costa Rica as a tourist destination; A departure tax of US$27 is charged to all persons leaving the country by air. The practice is to incorporate the tax into the ticket price at the time of purchase; The State Phytosanitary Service charges a tax of US$2 per passenger for X-ray scanning or baggage inspection services; A departure fee of US$5 is charged to all persons leaving the country through a land border crossing; and The National Animal Health Service charges a tax of US$1 to all persons leaving the country by land, for the application of quarantine measures.” Additionally, Annex 2 includes a list of reservations to the Code of Liberalisation of Capital Movements, Annex 3 indicates a list of reservations regarding the Code of Liberalisation of Current Invisible Operations, and Annex 4 indicates a list of exceptions to National Treatment in accordance with the Third Revised Decision of the Council on National Treatment.
From the review of these documents, it is observed that the annexes include the reservations, exceptions, and implementation deadlines to these instruments; however, the documents upon which the reservations fall were not attached. In the opinion of the minority that subscribes to this dissenting vote, the method employed incurs an infringement of the most elementary legal logic, precisely because it seems unreasonable that the Legislative Assembly itself should authorize the reservations but not simultaneously examine the binding instruments upon which they are made. This method vitiates the possibility for the Legislative Assembly to make or include, should it deem it necessary, any interpretive clauses that might correspond. It should be remembered that documents arising at two moments are being accepted as binding: prior to the invitation to the Costa Rican State; and after such moment, but prior to the moment of depositing the instrument of accession.
If reservations have already been made to the instruments arising at the first moment, and if regarding those arising at the second moment it is stated that “the Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council,” there is not the slightest doubt that we are dealing with binding substantive legal instruments. This is particularly evident regarding “decisions.” This undeniable binding legal character of some of the instruments outlined supra derives both from the provisions of the OECD Convention itself, in its Article V, and from the fact that if the OECD itself provides the possibility of making reservations, as established in the “roadmap” examined supra, and if, moreover, it admitted them as such, it is because it understands that they have that character. In the bill that is the subject of this consultation, reservations to specific legal instruments are mentioned, but these are not incorporated into the text of the bill, which is clearly inappropriate.
It is timely to pause at this point: if they were not binding, then why were reservations made to those instruments mentioned in the text of the approval bill submitted to the Legislative Assembly? In this regard, note again what is stated in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: “Art. 2.- Terms employed. 1.- For the purposes of this Convention: (…) d) “reservation” means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State;…
That is to say, it does not matter if it is called an “observation,” “exception,” or plainly a “reservation,” as is the case in the majority of these instruments. The truth is that one cannot speak of a unilateral statement “purporting to exclude or modify the legal effect of certain provisions” if one were not dealing with true treaties or legally binding instruments, even if they are called “decisions.” And if that is the case, they should have been subject to the parliamentary procedure provided for by the Constitution and under the conditions that its norms, those of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, and the uninterrupted and robust jurisprudence of this Chamber have established since the very beginning of its history. Furthermore, in that sub-paragraph it is stated at the end: …The Republic of Costa Rica shall be deemed to accept these instruments, unless it indicates otherwise at the time of adoption by the OECD Council.” This is yet another demonstration of the binding character of such instruments, because if it is possible not to adopt them, then a fortiori it would be possible to establish reservations; if it is possible not to approve them, it is because, upon adopting them, legal effects arise, and they are not a simple manifestation of good intentions.
Consequently, we consider that in the sub lite case, a defect in the approval of the aforementioned regulations was established (sub-paragraph vii, of paragraph 1 of Section A, referring to the acceptance by the Republic of Costa Rica of the obligations as a member of the OCDE). This determination was adopted without providing, during the legislative procedure, the full text of such substantive legal instruments of the OECD officially translated into the Spanish language, which would be binding on the State of Costa Rica and regarding which, indeed, reservations were made in the attached annexes. The Magistrates who subscribe to this minority vote consider that such an omission infringes Articles 7, 10 paragraph b), 121 paragraph 4), 140 paragraph 10) and 124 of the Political Constitution, relating to the procedure for legislative approval of international instruments. Furthermore, it violates Article 96 paragraph a) of the LJC, which regulates the competence of the Constitutional Chamber to exercise mandatory constitutionality review of bills aimed at approving international conventions or treaties, including the reservations made or proposed by one or the other.
That is to say, we believe that by not providing, during the legislative procedure –and therefore neither to this file in which the present mandatory consultation is being heard– the texts of the substantive legal instruments that Costa Rica accepts as binding, the competencies of the Legislative Assembly and those of the Constitutional Chamber itself are not being exercised properly. It is worth reiterating what was stated supra, in the sense that this Chamber has considered it unconstitutional that, through a procedure of accession to a constitutive convention of an international organization, other documents or protocols that have not been provided to the legislative procedure are approved in parallel. It is necessary to insist that in this specific case, there is an absolute lack of legal certainty and security regarding the texts that are being taken as approved and, therefore, that are being sought to be incorporated into the domestic legal system as binding with a rank superior to law.
There is also no record of an assessment by the authorities of the Executive Branch and, much less, of the Legislative Branch, of the nature of these legal instruments (what they are and what consequences they have in our legal system). It is not the Constitutional Chamber’s role to fill these omissions (recall what is stated in Article 9 of the Political Constitution, which states that “None of the Branches of Government may delegate the exercise of functions that are its own”). Nor would it be for this Court to interpret, contrary to the terms in which the bill was submitted for its respective parliamentary approval procedure, that where the Legislative Assembly establishes reservations, exceptions should be understood. That is, it is not appropriate that –in a mandatory constitutionality consultation procedure– this Chamber alter the intent of the text of the approval bill that was expressly submitted for parliamentary approval.
The foregoing is especially true since the “roadmap” itself approved by the OECD precisely authorizes the inclusion of the corresponding reservations, indicating that the State of Costa Rica must adopt some legal position in relation to each of the instruments, and one of the possibilities is “acceptance subject to reservations or observations.” Moreover, it should be noted that what is stated in the footnote of that previously mentioned sub-paragraph vii) is very significant and should not go unnoticed: “For Costa Rica, the new OECD Decisions or the revision of existing OECD Decisions, adopted in accordance with the provisions of Articles 5 and 6 of the OECD Convention, after Costa Rica’s accession to the Organization, shall be equivalent to the category of instrument mentioned in Article 121 (4), paragraph 3 and Article 140 (10), paragraph 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica.” It seems somewhat striking that, in advance and in a general and abstract manner, in this Declaration the State of Costa Rica indicates that “the new OECD Decisions or the revision of existing OECD Decisions, adopted in accordance with the provisions of Articles 5 and 6 of the OECD Convention, after Costa Rica’s accession to the Organization, shall be equivalent” to a lesser protocol and that, therefore, they would not be submitted to Parliament.
Note that this not only frontally contradicts the OECD’s own constitutive Convention, which grants a binding character to decisions and treatment proper to a treaty (they allow reservations), but also contradicts what is established in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the constitutional norms and jurisprudence themselves. Indeed, it has already been stated that the denomination does not matter, but rather its effects in the domestic legal system. Moreover, it does not seem logical that if previous decisions are treated as treaties, those subsequent to the moment of depositing the instrument of accession could be processed –for purposes of their incorporation into the legal system– as if they were simple lesser protocols, for which the intervention of the Executive Branch alone would suffice.
V.ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER NOT ENDORSING THIS OMISSION IN THE LEGISLATIVE APPROVAL PROCEDURE Characteristics of a priori review in Costa Rica and the matter under examination One of the characteristics of abstract or a priori constitutionality reviews is the absence of factual elements regarding potential concrete consequences of the application of the regulation. For this reason, the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction authorizes that, by means of an action of unconstitutionality, the constitutionality of the signing, approval, or ratification of international conventions or treaties, their contents, or effects may be heard. Thus, on one hand, Article 73 of the LJC establishes that an action of unconstitutionality shall apply in the following case: “e) When in the signing, approval, or ratification of international conventions or treaties, or in their content or effects, a constitutional norm or principle or, as applicable, the Regulation of Order, Direction, and Internal Discipline of the Legislative Assembly has been infringed. In this event, the declaration shall be made only for the purpose that they be interpreted and applied in harmony with the Constitution or, if its contradiction with it proves insurmountable, its non-application be ordered with general effects and its denunciation be proceeded with” (emphasis is not from the original).
On the other hand, Article 101 of the LJC, confirming the above, when speaking of the resolution of legislative consultations (including mandatory ones), states: “…In any case, the opinion does not preclude the possibility that the questioned norm or norms may later be challenged through the means of constitutionality review” (emphasis is not from the original).
These norms provide that the constitutionality could later be challenged, both of the law approving the act of accession and of any of the treaties and substantive legal instruments included de facto within that law, which are expressly mentioned therein along with the reservations submitted by the Costa Rican State. As noted, the respective texts of those instruments were not sent by the Executive Branch to Parliament, nor has the latter included them in the text of the law upon which this mandatory consultation is based. Therefore, since the mandatory consultation does not produce res judicata, the possibility could arise of incurring international responsibility if the defect in the procedure through which the law approving the declaration of accession was enacted is later confirmed at the domestic level. That is, it would seem that a situation could arise of failing to comply with the fundamental principle of international law: the principle of pacta sunt servanda, which binds by itself and by virtue of Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
Thus, the consequences could be significant in both the domestic and international spheres. Based on such premises, on Public International Law itself, and on the principles already cited, it would not seem advisable to perpetuate a legal conflict over the constitutionality of the legal instruments that are being approved and are binding on the Costa Rican State. Everything indicates that it is not appropriate to ignore the need for the Legislative Assembly to have had before it the complete texts upon which legislative approval falls, nor for it to have omitted to conduct a complete and detailed review of them. Respecting that condition is the only way to seek to confer the greatest possible legal certainty on the accession procedure itself, which is –by all accounts– a historical milestone of enormous relevance. The fact that, subsequently, actions of unconstitutionality could be filed or legal conflicts could arise as a result of its application is not unknown, but what this minority seeks is not only the faithful compliance with the norms of the legal system and the exercise of the competencies of the Branches involved, but also to reduce the possibilities of consequences that could compromise the responsibility of the Costa Rican State.
VI.CONCLUSION As a corollary of the considerations made, Magistrates Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal and Magistrate Garro Vargas dissent and declare a defect in the legislative approval procedure of the bill. Specifically, we declare that there is a defect in the approval of sub-paragraph vii, of paragraph 1 of Section A, referring to the acceptance by the Republic of Costa Rica of the obligations as a member of the OCDE, when it provides: “The Republic of Costa Rica shall assume, through the deposit of its instrument of accession to the Convention, all the obligations as a member of the Organization, including, among others, the acceptance of: (...) vii. All the substantive legal instruments of the Organization in force at the time of the OECD Council’s decision to invite the Republic of Costa Rica to accede to the Convention.” The foregoing, because during the legislative approval procedure, the full text of those substantive legal instruments of the OECD officially translated into the Spanish language, which would be binding on the Costa Rican State, was not provided.
Said omission violates Articles 7, 10 paragraph b), 121 paragraph 4), 140 paragraph 10) and 124 of the Political Constitution, and, furthermore, Article 96 paragraph a) of the LJC regarding the competence of the Constitutional Chamber to exercise mandatory constitutionality review of bills aimed at approving international conventions or treaties, including the reservations made or proposed by one or the other.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L. Anamari Garro V.
Observations of SALA CONSTITUCIONAL voted by ballot Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial. Its reproduction and/or distribution for a fee is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 09-05-2026 09:09:39.
Control constitucional: Sentencia desestimatoria Sentencia con Voto Salvado Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: ACUERDO Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
Tema: CONSULTA LEGISLATIVA PRECEPTIVA Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
01620-21. ACUERDO. TÉRMINOS DE ADHESIÓN DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS (OCDE). Consulta Legislativa Preceptiva referente al Acuerdo sobre los términos de Adhesión de Costa Rica a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en San José, Costa Rica el 28-05-2020; la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrita en París, Francia el 14-12-1960; el Protocolo Adicional No. 1 a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en París, Francia, el 14-12-1960; y el Protocolo Adicional No. 2 a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en París, Francia, el 14-12-1960, y las normas relacionadas.
TEMAS ANALIZADOS:
Cronología de la tramitación del expediente legislativo 22.187 Sobre el contenido del proyecto y los objetivos de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos.
Sobre la naturaleza de los convenios de adhesión.
Objeto de análisis y competencia de la Sala en esta consulta preceptiva.
Sobre los anexos y sus alcances Conclusión. De conformidad con lo expuesto en los considerandos anteriores se concluye que en el Proyecto de “APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITA EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°1 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; Y EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°2 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960, Y NORMAS RELACIONADAS", expediente No 22.187, no es inconstitucional, pues los “international agreements” no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafe 1.vii y las decisiones y recomendaciones de la OCDE sustantivas citadas en los Anexos, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa.
Parte dispositiva: Por mayoría se evacua la consulta formulada respecto del Proyecto de "APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITA EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°1 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; Y EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°2 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960, Y NORMAS RELACIONADAS", expediente legislativo número No 22.187, en el sentido de que no contiene vicios de procedimiento o de fondo.
Los Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal y la Magistrada Garro Vargas salvan el voto y declaran un vicio en el procedimiento legislativo de aprobación del proyecto de ley. Concretamente declaran que hay un vicio en la aprobación del subinciso vii, del inciso 1 del aparte A, referente a la aceptación de la República de Costa Rica de las obligaciones como miembro de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), al disponer "La República de Costa Rica asumirá, mediante el depósito de su instrumento de adhesión a la Convención, todas las obligaciones como miembro de la Organización, incluidas, entre otras, la aceptación de: (...) vii.. Todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención". Lo anterior, sin tener certeza y sin aportarse al procedimiento legislativo de aprobación, el texto íntegro de dichos instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la OCDE traducidos oficialmente al idioma español que serían vinculantes para el Estado costarricense.
Dicha omisión viola los artículos artículos 7, 10 inciso b), 121 inciso 4), 140 inciso 10) y 124 de la Constitución Política y, además, el artículo 96 inciso a) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional sobre la competencia de la Sala Constitucional de ejercer el control de constitucionalidad preceptivo en los proyectos de ley tendientes a la aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales, inclusive las reservas hechas o propuestas por unos u otros. Comuníquese.
CO06/21 "...I.- De previo. - Resulta necesario tener presente que -en concordancia con lo que señala el artículo 98 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional- la consulta legislativa preceptiva procede en el caso de proyectos de aprobación de tratados internacionales luego de la aprobación del proyecto en primer debate y antes de la aprobación definitiva. Al evacuarla, la Sala dictaminará sobre cualesquiera aspectos o motivos que estime relevantes desde el punto de vista constitucional, pero su opinión será vinculante sólo en lo que se refiere al trámite seguido. Para los efectos anteriores se realiza primero una síntesis cronológica del trámite proyecto de ley, se revisan luego las cuestiones formales que puedan existir y finalmente se analiza el fondo del proyecto.
II.Cronología de la tramitación del expediente legislativo 22.187 .- En el expediente legislativo citado se observa el siguiente orden de actuaciones:
(folios 723 a 728 tomo III) h) El 19 de noviembre se produce una ampliación del criterio de Servicios Técnicos bajo el informe AL-DEST-CU-075-2020, en el que señala que se entiende que en el trámite actual el proyecto, a la Asamblea le corresponde aprobar el Convenio OCDE y sus dos protocolos adicionales únicamente, de tal forma que no le corresponde a la Asamblea Legislativa la aprobación de normativa menor, aunque el texto del Acuerdo sometido a aprobación lo incluya, y por tanto no puede existir vicio de formalidades respecto a algo que no constituye su competencia ( folios 713 a 728 Tomo III) i) En sesión Plenaria Ordinaria No. 31 del 8 de diciembre de 2020, se aprobó el proyecto citado en primer debate, con 38 votos a favor y dos en contra de las diputadas y diputados (folios 761 a 795 Tomo III) j) El 8 de diciembre se aprueba la redacción final del texto del proyecto citado (folios 807 a 843 Tomo III)
La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (en adelante OCDE) es una organización internacional con 60 años de experiencia, que, en colaboración con gobiernos, responsables de políticas públicas y ciudadanos, trabajan para establecer estándares internacionales y proponer soluciones basadas en datos empíricos a diversos retos sociales, económicos y medioambientales. La OCDE es un foro, un centro de conocimientos para la recopilación de datos y el análisis, el intercambio de experiencias y de buenas prácticas. La OCDE asesora en materia de políticas públicas y en el establecimiento de estándares y normas a nivel mundial en ámbitos que van desde la mejora del desempeño económico y la creación de empleo al fomento de una educación eficaz o la lucha contra la evasión fiscal internacional. Por voluntad del Poder Ejecutivo, nuestro país, desea ingresar a esa organización, para lo cual dentro del proceso de aceptación, se requiere aprobar la normativa que se somete a la Asamblea Legislativa bajo el proyecto en análisis. Conforme se resume en el AL-DEST- IJU -252-2020 de Servicios Técnicos de la Asamblea Legislativa, el proyecto en consulta consta del siguiente articulado:
ARTÍCULO 1 - Aprobación del Acuerdo de Adhesión a la OCDE.
En este artículo consta que la adhesión a la Organización se compone de varios instrumentos internacionales de distinta categoría, y constituyen en su conjunto el Acuerdo sobre los Términos de Adhesión de la República de Costa Rica a la Convención de la OCDE y son los siguientes:
Declaración de Costa Rica de su aceptación de obligaciones como miembros OCDE y cinco Anexos adicionales.
Decisión del Consejo OCDE de invitar al país a integrar la Organización Convenio constitutivo de la OCDE, junto con dos Protocolos adicionales.
En cuanto la Declaración de Costa Rica de su aceptación de obligaciones como miembros OCDE, consta, a su vez de cinco apartados: A) la declaración genérica de aceptar los objetivos y compromisos de la Organización, lo cual incluye su convenio principal, la normativa derivada de la Organización ya sea en forma de resoluciones, reglas o conclusiones aceptadas, la creación de su estructura institucional, estados financieros, métodos de trabajo. En el subinciso vii) del inciso 1 del aparte A, indica que Costa Rica estaría aceptando “todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República a adherirse a la Convención, con las observaciones estipuladas en los anexos 1 a 5, cada anexo formando parte integral de la presente Declaración. Con respecto a cualesquiera instrumentos jurídicos adoptados entre la fecha de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención y la fecha en que Costa Rica deposite su instrumento de adhesión, se considerará que la República de Costa Rica acepta estos instrumentos, a menos que indique lo contrario en el momento de adopción por parte del Consejo de la OCDE”.
En el anexo 1 de la Declaración, se indica “la República de Costa Rica acepta todos los instrumentos jurídicos vigentes de la OCDE en el momento de la adhesión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención, con las observaciones sobre los instrumentos indicados a continuación (viene un listado incluido en el anexo) El apartado B) que incluye la aceptación del Acuerdo sobre Privilegios e Inmunidades de la Organización en el país. En este punto, la aceptación es la reiteración de un compromiso ya vigente, pues el país ya aprobó el “Acuerdo con la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, sobre privilegios, inmunidades y facilidades otorgados a la Organización” mediante Ley No 9533 del 24 de abril del 2018, y en vigor desde el 6 de setiembre de ese mismo año.
En el apartado C) el Gobierno anuncia su participación en órganos opcionales de la OCDE, conforme al Anexo 5.
El apartado D) contiene una aceptación genérica de cualquier normativa o instrumento derivado de la Organización, incluye los que se hayan producido hasta el efectivo depósito del instrumento de adhesión.
La declaración incluye la derogación de cualquier Acuerdo de participación temporal en condición de no miembro del país en los órganos OCDE, ello como consecuencia de que ahora participará en su condición plena de miembro.
Finalmente, en un apartado E) el país se compromete a entregar Informes (y contribuir a sufragar sus gastos de elaboración) respecto a los avances de implementación en las áreas de trabajo expresamente señaladas en la Decisión del Consejo.
Esta Declaración, a su vez se acompaña de cinco anexos:
ANEXO 1 OBSERVACIONES ESPECÍFICAS SOBRE LA ACEPTACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS JURÍDICOS DE LA OCDE
En este anexo se incluyen plazos de cumplimiento de distintas resoluciones y recomendaciones sobre materias tan diversas como químicos, cuestiones de competencia, medio ambiente, gestión de residuos, mercados financieros, transporte marítimo, gobernanza pública, ciencia y tecnología, turismo e inversión.
Se trata de plazos pactados para la implementación de cierta normativa atinente a los sectores mencionados, salvo el caso de inversión, que lo que se hace es declarar excepciones o reservas, y remitir expresamente a los anexos 2, 3 y 4, para declarar estas excepciones o reservas, que serían el equivalente a las denominadas “medidas disconformes” de los tratados de libre comercio.
ANEXO 2 LISTA DE RESERVAS AL CÓDIGO DE LIBERALIZACIÓN DE MOVIMIENTOS DE CAPITAL [OECD/LEGAL/0002]
ANEXO 3 LISTA DE RESERVAS AL CÓDIGO DE LIBERALIZACIÓN DE OPERACIONES INVISIBLES ACTUALES [OECD/LEGAL/0001]
ANEXO 4 LISTA DE EXCEPCIONES AL TRATO NACIONAL DE ACUERDO CON LA TERCERA DECISIÓN REVISADA DEL CONSEJO SOBRE TRATO NACIONAL [OECD/LEGAL/0263] Como se ha indicado, las actividades listadas en estos tres Anexos son reservas (se excluye su cumplimiento y no tienen plazo de implementación) a Códigos de Liberación OCDE o Decisiones que constituyen en ambos casos normativa derivada.
ANEXO 5. LISTA DE ACTIVIDADES Y ÓRGANOS OPCIONALES PARA LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE COSTA RICA
En este Anexo, y conforme al apartado D) de la Declaración de Costa Rica, se define la participación del país en los órganos opcionales de la Organización que ahí se indican: Centro de Desarrollo, Foro de transparencia e intercambio de información tributaria (con la limitación obvia que significa que el país cuente con un sistema tributario de base exclusivamente territorial) el programa de evaluación internacional de alumnos, y el programa de gestión de productos químicos.
· DECISIÓN DEL CONSEJO DE INVITAR A LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A ADHERIRSE A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA OCDE Esta es la contrapartida de la Declaración del Gobierno de Costa Rica, y en esencia constituyen ambos documentos lo que se conoce tradicionalmente como un intercambio de notas diplomáticas (en este caso una de las Partes es una Organización Internacional no un Estado), pero igualmente un acuerdo internacional más allá de la formalidad empleada.
La Decisión del Consejo está fechada en París el 18 de mayo de 2020, y contiene en concreto la invitación formal al país para su ingreso a la Organización y el compromiso concreto de reportar avances mediante informes en los Comités de Químicos, Competencia, Gobierno Corporativo, Pesca, Política Ambiental y Gobernanza Pública.
El compromiso de rendir informes incluye sufragar el costo fijado por la Organización.
CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO.
Este es el Convenio o instrumento fundamental de la adhesión, pues se trata de su tratado constitutivo que consta de 21 artículos que se refieren a los siguientes temas:
Se resalta el objetivo de la organización que es promover el desarrollo económico mediante la cooperación técnica, que consiste precisamente en la elaboración de estándares y mejores prácticas en todos los campos de la gestión política.
El modo de actuación básico es mediante la toma de Decisiones o Resoluciones que pueden ser de carácter vinculante para los miembros. Sin embargo, se sigue la regla del consenso, según la cual, si un Estado se abstiene de votar una resolución determinada, dicha resolución no es vinculante para ese Estado (artículo 6) con la única salvedad de las Decisiones de admisión de nuevos miembros.
Esta condición o sistema de votación hace que un Estado no pueda quedar obligado por ninguna resolución en contra de su voluntad.
La institucionalidad de la Organización es la tradicional: un Consejo o cuerpo deliberativo donde están representados todos los miembros, los cuales podrán designar un Comité Ejecutivo, y se establece además una Secretaría General como órgano ejecutivo. Mediante la normativa derivada se pueden establecer además todos los Comités y órganos necesarios para el desarrollo de las funciones.
Protocolos adicionales La Convención se acompaña de dos Protocolos adicionales: el primero de ellos relativo a regular la conformación de la representación de los Estados europeos que pertenecen a la hoy Unión Europea. Es un asunto exclusivamente atinente a dichos Estados y su relación con la Organización.
El segundo Protocolo es un Acuerdo de concesión de privilegios e inmunidades a la Organización y sus funcionarios, el cual ha quedado subsumido en el Acuerdo específico que la Organización ya suscribió con nuestro país y que como se dijo ya se encuentra vigente, ARTÍCULO 2. Rectoría y Consejo Consultivo para la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos Estas son normas de ejecución, y sufrieron modificaciones mediante moción con respecto a su texto base, para que la “rectoría y representación del país ante la OCDE” le corresponda a COMEX, y por tanto la coordinación nacional de los demás entes públicos ante la Organización. De igual modo, se crea un Consejo, con carácter consultivo.
ARTÍCULO 3 Presupuesto, pago de cuota de membresía y obligaciones derivadas en el marco de la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos.
Establece como su título lo indica, los presupuestos de pago de cuota de membresía y obligaciones derivadas.
ARTÍCULO 4 Delegación ante la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos Se le asigna a COMEX la rectoría y la representación en este tema.
ARTÍCULO 5 Derogatoria del artículo 5 de la Ley 9154.
Esta derogatoria es derivada o consecuencia relacionada de lo que ya se establece en el artículo 2.
IV.Sobre la naturaleza de los convenios de adhesión. En el derecho internacional se utiliza el término o concepto de adhesión para referirse a la decisión política de un Estado de llegar a formar parte de una Organización Internacional ya existente o de un Convenio o instrumento internacional multilateral ya vigente para otros estados. Generalmente la adhesión exige únicamente la aprobación del Convenio constitutivo y la posterior ratificación por parte del Estado interesado para llegar a formar parte de la Organización o Convenio. En el caso de la OCDE se requiere la aprobación del Convenio Constitutivo (que incluye los protocolos adicionales), y se exige un Acuerdo de Adhesión adicional que incluye tanto la invitación del propio Consejo de la OCDE como la declaración del Estado de la aceptación de los compromisos derivados de esa condición. Sobre este tipo de compromisos de adhesión, la Sala se pronunció en la sentencia 2011-001308.
Al respecto señaló que la adhesión es un mecanismo que se utiliza para aprobar un instrumento internacional que no fue negociado, directamente, por el Gobierno de Costa Rica, sino que éste, posteriormente, decide en forma soberana comprometerse con su contenido. Según señala el antecedente citado, “la figura de la adhesión está establecida en el artículo 2 de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, Ley No. 7615 de 24 de julio de 1996, al indicar, en lo conducente, que “Se entiende por ‘ratificación’, ‘aceptación’, ‘aprobación’ y ‘adhesión’, según el caso, el acto internacional así denominado por el cual un Estado hace constar en el ámbito internacional su consentimiento en obligarse por un tratado”. Asimismo, el artículo 11 regula las formas de manifestación del consentimiento del Estado en obligarse por un tratado, consentimiento que puede acreditarse mediante la firma, el canje de instrumentos que constituyan un tratado, la ratificación, la aceptación, la aprobación o adhesión.
En el caso del convenio de “Adhesión al Acuerdo Latinoamericano de Coproducción Cinematográfica y Aprobación de su Protocolo de Enmienda, suscrito en Bogotá el 14 de julio de 2006”, el Gobierno de Costa Rica hizo la reserva en el sentido que el sistema jurídico constitucional de nuestro país no autoriza ninguna forma de consentimiento que no esté sujeta a la aprobación de la Asamblea Legislativa. Lo anterior, claro está, a la luz de lo indicado en el artículo 121 de la Constitución Política que dispone en el inciso 4° que le corresponde, exclusivamente, a la Asamblea Legislativa aprobar o improbar los convenios internacionales, tratados públicos y concordatos. “
Es decir, que según lo establece el precedente citado, el consentimiento del Estado costarricense, en este tipo de Acuerdo, Convenios o Tratados, siempre queda vinculado a la aprobación del órgano parlamentario.
V-. Objeto de análisis y competencia de la Sala en esta consulta preceptiva.
Según consta en el expediente legislativo, el Poder Ejecutivo ha dispuesto dentro de la normativa a aprobar, la inclusión de unas normas de ejecución que definen aspectos internos de la institucionalidad costarricenses para atender los nuevos compromisos y relaciones con la Organización Internacional de la que se pretende ser miembro. Así, en el artículo 1 del Proyecto se acompañan adicionalmente, normas de ejecución, que fueron modificados mediante moción aprobadas por la Comisión Especial OCDE en la Sesión Ordinaria del 28 de setiembre de 2020. En ellas se dispone que corresponde al Ministerio de Comercio Exterior (COMEX) la rectoría y la representación del país, ante la Organización, conforme lo estipula la legislación nacional y los Acuerdos de Adhesión que lo designan como punto de contacto ante la Organización.
Se crea un Comité Consultivo integrado por otros Ministerios señalando sus funciones y se entrega a la Secretaría Técnica de este Comité a COMEX. Asimismo, se dispone la obligación de COMEX de asumir el pago de la membresía anual a la Organización y de la operación de la Delegación Permanente del país ante ese organismo y de tomar las obligaciones presupuestarias correspondientes.
También, se asigna a COMEX la conformación de la Delegación del país ante la Organización la cual formará parte del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y dependerá de éste para todos los efectos, adicionalmente, se le encarga la designación de un funcionario que representará al país ante la organización.
Como parte de las normas de ejecución, se establece la derogación del actual artículo 5 de la Ley 9154 que establecía el carácter temporal de la representación del país ante la OCDE.
Estas normas de ejecución que son de carácter interno, complementarias a las obligaciones internacionales que el país adquiriría, al no formar parte de las obligaciones internacionales, pueden ser modificadas por el legislador, durante el curso de las discusiones, mediante las normas propias de la aprobación de normativa interna, de tal forma que la Sala no observa ningún vicio en el hecho de que hayan sido modificadas en la Sesión Ordinaria del 28 de setiembre de 2020.
En cuanto al Convenio constitutivo de OCDE firmado en Paris el 14 de diciembre de 1960 y sus dos Protocolos adicionales, cabe señalar que de la lectura del artículado (descrito supra) se observa que se trata de normativa que promueve el desarrollo económico, básicamente mediante la cooperación técnica basados en estándares y mejores prácticas en todos los campos de la gestión política. Sobre el Convenio de Constitución de la OCDE y sus dos Protocolos, esta Sala no observa vicios de forma o fondo siempre y cuando se interprete en la forma que se dirá.
A parte de la normativa señalada, se aporta la Declaración de Costa Rica de su aceptación de obligaciones como miembros OCDE, qu e ya se mencionó que consta de cinco apartados: A) la declaración genérica de aceptar los objetivos y compromisos de la Organización, lo cual incluye su convenio principal, la normativa derivada de la Organización ya sea en forma de resoluciones, reglas o conclusiones aceptadas, la creación de su estructura institucional, estados financieros, métodos de trabajo. Se observa que en el subinciso vii) del inciso 1 del aparte A, indica que Costa Rica estaría aceptando “todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República a adherirse a la Convención, con las observaciones estipuladas en los anexos 1 a 5, cada anexo formando parte integral de la presente Declaración. Con respecto a cualesquiera instrumentos jurídicos adoptados entre la fecha de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención y la fecha en que Costa Rica deposite su instrumento de adhesión, se considerará que la República de Costa Rica acepta estos instrumentos, a menos que indique lo contrario en el momento de adopción por parte del Consejo de la OCDE”.
(lo subrayado no es del original) Para entender los alcances de esta disposición, es importante tener claro los tipos de categorías de la normativa OCDE, para comprender cuáles de esas decisiones, son vinculantes y cuáles no. Las categorías son:
· Decisiones: son instrumentos legales vinculantes para todos los miembros, excepto aquellos que se abstengan en el momento de su adopción. No son Tratados Internacionales, pero sí vinculan a los adherentes a tomar las medidas necesarias para implementarlas.
· Recomendaciones: estos instrumentos no son vinculantes, pero tienen un peso moral. La práctica indica que se espera que los adherentes hagan sus máximos esfuerzos por cumplirlas. Los miembros que no estén de acuerdo pueden abstenerse en el momento de la adopción de la recomendación, aunque ello no es exigido legalmente.
· Declaraciones: son instrumentos legales preparados en la Organización que no son vinculantes. Generalmente establecen objetivos o metas de largo plazo, tienen efecto político.
· International Agreements (Acuerdos Internacionales): son instrumentos legales negociados y aprobados en el marco de la organización que sí son vinculantes para las partes.
· Arrangements, Understanding and Others (otros instrumentos legales): son instrumentos jurídicos desarrollados dentro del marco de la Organización a instancias o dentro del marco institucional. (fuente: https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm ) De estos instrumentos jurídicos, puede decirse que los que son de relevancia para esta sentencia y las competencias de la Sala, son los que resultarían vinculantes que ya están vigentes y a los que Costa Rica se adhiere automáticamente al ingresar a la Organización, y que están mencionados en el texto, pero cuyo contenido completo en español no consta en el expediente legislativo. Sobre este tema, ante consulta del Diputado Villata Flores-Estrada (ver folio 706 y ss Tomo III), el Departamento de Servicios Técnicos en sus dictamen AL-DEST-CJU-075-2020 señala que si bien son instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos, lo normal es que por su contexto de haber sido emitidos principalmente para países Europeos, atendiendo a la naturaleza de la organización, no contienen normativa que pueda afectar el derecho interno costarricense, con excepción del tratado de asistencia en materia fiscal (Convención sobre asistencia administrativa mutua en materia fiscal) que ya fue aprobado por Costa Rica, mediante Ley 9118 del año 2013.
En todo caso, el dictamen emitido por el Departamento de Servicios Técnicos, señala que cada uno de esos instrumentos rigen reglas propias de aceptación y ratificación, de tal forma que “la condición de miembro OCDE no confiere por sí solo y en forma automática el ser parte de esos instrumentos”, sino que “ cada uno de ellos requiere la aceptación y ratificación correspondiente en forma independiente como es lo natural y normal en el plano del derecho internacional con respecto a los Tratados y Convenios Internacionales". En el estudio citado de Servicios Técnicos, se aporta un anexo con 8 de los Acuerdos Internacionales de la OCDE con sus respectivas reglas de aceptación y vigencia (folios 719 a 721 del tomo III del expediente legislativo). No obstante en la página web de la organización se pueden observar como vigentes 10: OECD/LEGAL/ 0432, 0382, 0332, 0315,0314, 0293, 0235,0053,0038 y 0020 (ver https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm) Se observa que la mayoría de ellos, efectivamente tiene sus propias reglas de aceptación y vigencia y se refieren a materias como energía nuclear, combate al soborno transnacional, asistencia administrativa en materia tributaria (uno de ellos ya aceptado mediante ley en Costa Rica), financiamiento de la organización.
Señala el dictamen de Servicios Técnicos que “tampoco sería de recibo pretender que la declaración genérica que hace nuestro Gobierno en términos de adhesión, sustituya en cada uno de estos tratados el respectivo procedimiento de aceptación y ratificación.” De seguido señala: “los acuerdos internacionales sí forman parte de los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización, pero no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafes 1.vii.
En el seno del Tribunal se ha presentado una discusión no pequeña sobre si los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica, según los anexos, en lo referente a las decisiones y recomendaciones sustanciales deben estar o no dentro de la ley aprobatoria de la adhesión a la OCDE el texto completo en español o basta con su enumeración, así como la especificación de las reservas y excepciones que hace el Estado de Costa Rica en relación con aquéllas. Para una correcta compresión de la postura de la mayoría de la Sala Constitucional, antes de abordar la cuestión en concreto, se hace necesario dejar claro los siguientes puntos. En primer lugar, los instrumentos de Derecho Internacional Público son el Convenio y sus dos Protocolos, los cuales constan en el expediente legislativo. Ergo, los anexos no son parte del Convenio. En segundo término, los anexos que provocan la controversia en el seno del Tribunal son eso: anexos que forman parte de la ley aprobatoria, en el que se recogen los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica a partir de la ratificación -acto unilateral del Poder Ejecutivo- del Convenio internacional y sus Protocolos.
Lo anterior tiene una explicación lógica, y es que al ser una adhesión a un Convenio internacional y sus Protocolos ya vigente -más de sesenta años- y conforme a la negociación entre el sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público y el Estado de Costa Rica, este último acepta las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas, de conformidad con el numeral 5 del Convenio, con las excepción que la otra parte aceptó, condición pactada por las partes, sea que la primera le remitiera al segundo en el acto de invitación a adherirse al instrumento internacional. Ante esta realidad, el Estado de Costa Rica entiende que aquellas decisiones y recomendaciones de los órganos competentes del sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público son un requisito sine qua non para forma parte del Convenio y sus Protocolos, con las excepciones que la otra parte le haya aceptado. Si no fuese así, la condición de miembro de la Organización sería atípica, toda vez que para el resto de los Estados las decisiones y recomendaciones a tenor del numeral 5 del Convenio serían vinculante, mas no así para el Estado de Costa Rica, con excepción de las que acepte en el futuro en su condición de parte del Convenio.
Plantear así las cosas, resulta ilógico y, en cierta medida, sería contrario a los principios que rigen el Derecho Internacional Público, pues, en el seno de la Organización internacional, habría una disparidad en las obligaciones que asume cada sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público. Más bien, lo lógico, justo y equitativo es que el Estado o sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público que se adhiere al Convenio y sus Protocolos asuman todas las obligaciones que se derivan conforme a sus normativas y de esa forma sentar una igualdad entre los Estado-parte en relación con las obligaciones y derechos que se derivan de los instrumentos internacionales y de los principios del Derecho Internacional Público -ius cogens -. En tercer término, en este caso resulta inapropiado hablar de reservas, aunque en unos anexos se habla de excepciones, y en otros de reservas, toda vez que no son parte del Convenio y sus Protocolos (véase al respecto el artículo 1° inciso d) de la Convención de Viena Sobre el Derecho a los Tratados que dispone: “d) se entiende por "reserva" una declaración unilateral, cualquiera que sea su enunciado o denominación, hecha por un Estado al firmar, ratificar, aceptar o aprobar un tratado o al adherirse a él, con objeto de excluir o modificar los efectos jurídicos de ciertas disposiciones del tratado en su aplicación a ese Estado); mas sí de la ley aprobatoria de los instrumentos internacionales y constituyen obligaciones que asume el Estado de Costa Rica; lo propio es utilizar el término de excepciones.
Partiendo de lo anterior, la mayoría del Tribunal considera que la jurisprudencia que se cita de la Sala Constitucional no resulta aplicable al caso en estudio. Antes que nada hay que tener presente que cuando se invoca una jurisprudencia o un precedente -regla de derecho que se extrae de tres fallos reiterados o de un solo caso aplicable a otro idéntico- se debe estar ante los mismos hechos relevantes; de no ser así, no resulta válido – no es una correcta interpretación y aplicación del Derecho- aplicar una jurisprudencia o un precedente si se trata de supuestos de hecho diferentes. Hay que tener presente la regla del distinguishing, aplicables para un caso de stare decisis horizontal al tratarse de un tribunal de única instancia. Como es bien sabido, puede decirse que el stare decisis horizontal refiere a la obligación de los jueces de resolver los casos que se encuentran pendientes de decisión siguiendo a lo resuelto por los precedentes, dictadas en casos similares por jueces de la misma jurisdicción de jerarquía coordinada, incluidos ellos mismos, sin embargo, esto no aplica cuando no hay similitud entre el caso que está conociendo el Tribunal y los hechos relevantes de la jurisprudencia y los precedentes, para lo cual se recurre a la regla del distinguishing o cuando en un caso similar a los precedentes el Tribunal cambia de criterio bajo una mejor ponderación -un overruling-.
Para la mayoría, no resulta aplicable la jurisprudencia que a continuación se trascribe. Veamos cada caso concreto y hagamos el test de comparación. En primer lugar, tenemos la opinión consultiva n.° 1102-90, en la que la Sala Constitucional encontró “trámites irregulares” que resultaban violatorios de los artículos 7, 121, inciso 4) 140 inciso 10) y 124 de la Constitución Política, así como de varias normas del Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa, los que consistían, en lo fundamental, de que un documento internacional no constaba en el texto oficial, en el expediente respectivo, y que no había sido objeto de discusión ni publicación en el Diario Oficial, es decir, no constaba el documento principal -Acuerdo General (GATT)- donde se especificaban en detalle las obligaciones, compromisos, beneficios que asumía y obtenía cada país firmante o adherente. La Sala concluye que no es jurídicamente válido que con la aprobación del protocolo de adhesión se tenga por aprobado el Acuerdo General.
Este precedente no resulta aplicable al presente asunto, por la elemental razón de que en el expediente legislativo sí consta el Convenio y sus dos Protocolos, es decir, la Asamblea Legislativa sí puede ejercer la atribución a que se refiere el numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental. El segundo precedente es la opinión consultiva n.° 2000-004257, en la que la Sala Constitucional encontró un vicio de inconstitucionalidad en el procedimiento seguido para la aprobación del “Protocolo Concerniente al Grupo de Estudio de la Unión Aduanera Europea”, pues concluye que al folio 236 del expediente legislativo constaba copia en inglés y francés del referido Protocolo, sin que constara en el citado expediente su traducción oficial que hubiese sido conocida por los diputados. Tampoco resulta aplicable este precedente al caso de análisis, pues tanto el Convenio como los Protocolos están en idioma español.
Un tercer precedente se encuentra en la opinión consultiva n.° 2005-008425, en la que Sala Constitucional encontró una inconstitucionalidad a causa de la incongruencia entre la lista contenida en el informe sobre la redacción final del texto aprobado en primer debate y los textos a los que esta remite, pues, según el Tribunal, la aprobación del proyecto con los defectos anotados significaría la incorporación al Derecho interno costarricense de normativa incompleta, así como de todo un código (150 páginas), sin que existiese certeza sobre este último. En el presente proyecto de ley no estamos frente a los mismos hechos, toda vez que ni hay incongruencias entre los textos sobre los cuales el Parlamento ejerce su potestad aprobatoria o desaprobatoria, ni mucho menos están incompletos. Tanto el Convenio como sus dos Protocolos están completos y entre sus textos no hay incongruencias. Este precedente se refiere a la aprobación del Convenio Internacional para la Seguridad de la Vida Humana en el Mar, 1971, sus Protocolos y sus Enmiendas (SOLAS 74).
En la opinión consultiva n.° 2006-006611, sobre el mismo asunto anterior, la Sala Constitucional evacua la consultada formulada en el sentido de que nuevamente había un vicio de inconstitucionalidad porque la normativa a aprobar estaba incompleta. Un quinto precedente es la opinión consultiva n.° 2008-004836, en la que la Sala Constitucional, a diferencia de los precedentes anteriores, por mayoría, no encontró vicios de inconstitucionalidad, pero se reiteró la postura, en el sentido de que el Poder Ejecutivo tiene obligación de someter a la Asamblea Legislativa la documentación completa, de forma tal que le permita “(…) aprobar con claridad el objeto de lo que se pretende elevar a norma jurídica con rango superior a la ley”. Nótese que el Tribunal se refiere al Convenio y Protocolos, que es sobre los cuales la Asamblea ejerce su potestad aprobatorio o no. Otro antecedente jurisprudencial es la opinión consultiva n.° 2012-008833, en la que el Tribunal encontró vicios constitucionales graves y esenciales en el procedimiento legislativo correspondientes a la aprobación del Tratado entre la República de Costa Rica y la República de Corea sobre Extradición.
En este caso, el problema consistió en que el texto del Tratado que se sometió a la Asamblea Legislativa no estaba completo, no era claro, exacto y delimitado. En el supuesto de análisis, los hechos son diferentes, pues el texto del Convenio y sus Protocolos están completos, son claros, exactos y delimitados. Finalmente, en la opinión consultiva n.° 2013-006939 también la Sala Constitucional concluyó que había un vicio de constitucionalidad grave y esencial en el procedimiento legislativo del proyecto de ley de Aprobación del Convenio sobre el Trabajo Decente para las Trabajadoras y Trabajadores Domésticos (Convenio 189)”, porque el texto del Convenio no estaba integro ni completo. Como puede observarse, sin necesidad de mucho esfuerzo, la situación actual dista mucho del cuadro fáctico de los precedentes, tal y como se ha explicado. Ergo, la mayoría del Tribunal no se está apartando de ningún precedente, simple y llanamente estamos frente a una situación fáctica diferente que demanda un análisis especial y excepcional.
Más bien, el quid de la cuestión tiene similitud con un antecedente del Tribunal, concretamente la opinión consultiva n.° 1994-007005 sobre el proyecto de ley de Aprobación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre la República de Costa Rica y los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y sus Anexos, en la que la propia Sala reconoció que se encontraba ante un dilema ante un caso heterodoxo, y donde no encontró vicios de fondo ni procedimiento en el trámite legislativo. Al respecto, se estableció lo siguiente:
“III. SOBRE EL CONTENIDO DEL TRATADO.
A. Según refiere el propio dictamen afirmativo de mayoría de la Comisión Especial Mixta de la Asamblea Legislativa que estudió el Tratado e informó sobre él, "Con la negociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre México y Costa Rica, se ha introducido el esquema detallista, reglamentista, que lo lleva a caracterizarse por la carencia efectiva de un orden, propio del formato de las leyes dictadas en los países anglosajones.
En vez de articulado organizado, con numeración corrida, de normas generales, con anexos que detallan listas o circunstancias en que esas se deben aplicar al final de la ley, se ha adoptado un cuerpo jurídico en que los artículos se numeral dentro de cada capítulo, se intercalan con anexos, apéndices que a veces se numeral y a veces no, notas al pie de página, lo cual ocasiona la mezcla de la serie de párrafos numerados y sin numerar, incisos que a veces se numeran y a veces de identifican con letras...." (folio 2297 del Exp.).
Obviamente, hay muchas cosas que comentar acerca de los contenidos, no obstante ese certero señalamiento que se hace sobre la forma en que está organizado el texto del tratado. Y lo primero que merece ser destacado, es que las partes han querido mencionar expresamente como aceptados por ellas dentro del espíritu del Tratado, varios convenios e instrumentos internacionales, cuya lista está compuesta así:
A.- CONVENIO DE BERNA PARA LA PROTECCION DE OBRAS LITERARIAS Y ARTISTICAS. (1971) B.- CONVENCION DE GINEBRA PARA LA PROTECCION DE LOS PRODUCTORES DE FONOGRAMAS CONTRA LA REPRODUCCION NO AUTORIZADA DE SUS FONOGRAMAS.
C.- LA CONVENCION DE ROMA SOBRE LA PROTECCION DE LOS ARTISTAS, INTERPRETES O EJECUTANTES, LOS PRODUCTORES DE FONOGRAMAS Y LOS ORGANISMOS DE RADIODIFUSION (1961).
D.- CONVENIO DE PARIS PARA LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL (1967) E.- ARREGLO DE LISBOA PARA LA PROTECCION DE LAS DENOMINACIONES DE ORIGEN Y SU REGISTRO INTERNACIONAL (1967) Para encontrar una opinión a este tipo de decisión de las partes, de aceptar y tener como incorporados al Tratado, esos instrumentos internacionales, la Sala se encuentra en un dilema, al menos por dos motivos:
En un primer momento, entonces, podría reputarse como inapropiado que el Estado acuda a este recurso, cuando se trata de diversas opciones jurídicas, no totalmente claras según lo dicho. Los Tratados o Convenios internacionales deben cumplir con determinados requisitos, sin los cuales no llegan a ser parte del derecho interno. Pero, por otra parte, y volviendo a lo "heterodoxo" del Tratado ya planteado por la propia Comisión Legislativa que lo estudió, lo más práctico sea que la Sala indique que el procedimiento utilizado es razonable y que a esos instrumentos -tanto los que son derecho interno en Costa Rica y tal vez en México, como los que no lo son-, por virtud de lo ahora convenido por las partes, se les tenga, como alcance limitado a ellas, como perfectamente vigentes y exigibles para los fines de la ejecución del Tratado de Libre Comercio. En ese sentido, sin cumplirse en su caso con un procedimiento ad-hoc de incorporación del instrumento internacional al derecho interno, las partes los tienen como válidos y eficaces a los fines de garantizarse una mejor ejecución del Tratado, de modo que con ese alcance limitado, el procedimiento utilizado es constitucionalmente posible, ya que sí se han respetado las reglas de procedimiento para el presente Tratado, donde se contiene esa decisión de las partes de acudir -con carácter vinculante- al clausulado de los demás instrumentos citados, pues se trata de una simple remisión ”. (Lo subrayado y el uso de un número mayor de letra no corresponden al original).
En este análisis constitucional del proyecto de ley sujeto a la consulta de constitucionalidad preceptiva, la mayoría del Tribunal considera que no se vulneran los principios democráticos, publicidad, transparencia, por la elemental razón de que en la ley aprobatoria está, de manera clara y precisa, las obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público que asume el Estado de Costa Rica. Si a lo anterior agregamos, en una recta interpretación y aplicación de la norma, en el sentido de que las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas que el Estado de Costa Rica asume como obligaciones internacionales, según el numeral 5 del Convenio Internacional, son aquellas que se adoptan en el seno de la Organización internacional y, por consiguiente, dentro de estas no se encuentran los “internacional agreement” que, si bien forman parte de esta, al ser instrumentos negociados y aprobados por ésta, sin embargo están abiertos a la firma y ratificación de las partes -lógicamente si está abierto a la firma de las partes es porque la misma Organización internacional entiende que el acto aprobatorio per se no tiene efectos vinculantes-, lo que significa que se trata de verdaderos convenios, lo cuales estarían sujetos a la aprobación o no de la Asamblea Legislativa de conformidad con el numeral 121, inciso 4 de la Constitución Política.
Lo anterior quiere decir que, con la adhesión del Estado de Costa Rica al Convenio internacional y sus Protocolos, este acto unilateral en el ámbito internacional, no conlleva que, de pleno derecho, el Estado de Costa Rica llegase a ser parte de los Convenios Internacionales negociados y aprobados en el seno de la Organización sujetos a la firma y la ratificación de las partes. A partir de lo anterior, es claro que las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas a las que se obliga el Estado de Costa Rica tienen el carácter de protocolo de menor rango, que se derivan del propio Convenio internacional y, por ende, no requieren de aprobación legislativa de conformidad con el párrafo tercero del inciso 4 del artículo 121 constitucional. Por otra parte, hay que tener muy presente que si alguna de esas decisiones o recomendaciones implicara que el Estado de Costa Rica debe de modificar su legislación interna, pues no se trataría de una normativa que per se tenga eficacia directa e inmediata en el ordenamiento jurídico interno, los órganos competentes – Poder Legislativo y Poder Ejecutivo- deben de ejercer sus competencias constitucionales y, de esa forma, ya sea mediante ley, decreto o acuerdo ejecutivo- cumplir con las obligaciones internacionales que asumirá el Estado de Costa Rica al ratificar la adhesión al Convenio y sus Protocolos.
De ahí que, se mire por donde se mire, no se está ante una especie de “cheque en blanco”, pues, además, de estar claramente especificada las obligaciones que asume el Estado de Costa Rica, en el caso de que se requiera de una modificación a su legislación interna, se deben seguir los cauces que el Derecho de la Constitución -valores, principios y normas- establecen al respecto.
Siguiendo la lógica del numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental, a partir de que el Estado de Costa Rica se incorpore como parte al Convenio internacional y sus respectivos Protocolos, la decisión que se adopten en el seno de la organización, en el tanto y cuando no tengan la condiciones de protocolos de menor rango, sino que modifican el Convenio, que establecen nuevos fines a la Organización internacional o que impliquen nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público para el Estado de Costa Rica, en el futuro, deberán ser objeto de aprobación legislativa a tenor de lo que dispone el citado artículo constitucional.
En esta discusión no se debe perder de vista el hecho de que el Estado de Costa Rica busca formar parte de una Organización internacional que tiene dentro de sus objetivos promover el desarrollo económico mediante la cooperación técnica, que consiste en la elaboración de las mejores prácticas en el ámbito internacional en todos los campos de la gestión política. Por otra parte, la redacción del anexo primero responde a un modelo estándar que utilizaba el sujeto de Derecho Internacional cuando se trata del instituto de la adhesión. Quiere esto decir, que de no aceptarse, la consecuencia lógica sería el no llegar a ser parte del Convenio internacional. Finalmente, la exigencia de la traducción al español de todas las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas conllevaría, en la práctica, la labor que podría atentar contra la decisión final que debe de adoptar el Parlamento sobre la iniciativa de ley del Poder Ejecutivo; amén de que los documentos a los que se compromete Costa Rica constan en la página oficial de la organización, lo que permite que se pueden consultar de forma rápida y sencilla en los idiomas oficiales -inglés y francés-, texto que pueden ser fácilmente traducidos al idioma español con el uso de las herramientas informáticas que están a disposición de todos los usuarios del internet.
Recapitulando: Primero, los anexos no forman parte del Convenio ni de sus Protocolos, mas sí de la ley aprobatoria. Segundo, en los anexos se encuentran las obligaciones que asume el Estado de Costa Rica a partir del momento que llegue a ser parte del Tratado. Tercero, los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica con la aprobación de la ley aprobatoria, en lo que atañe a los anexos, no tienen una vigencia directa e inmediata, sino que es necesario que los órganos constitucionales competentes ejerzan sus respectivas competencias constitucionales cuando así se requiera. Cuarto, los precedentes que se citan no resultan aplicables al presente caso, toda vez que el Convenio y sus Protocolos están completos, son claros y precisos. Quinto, el precedente que sí resulta aplicable, por tener una similitud, es la opinión jurídica n.° 1994-007005. Sexto, en los anexos constan los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica, los cuales se trataría de protocolos de menor rango -nótese que en el anexo primero se utiliza la expresión “instrumentos derivados”, lógicamente del Convenio- y, por consiguiente, no están sujetos a la potestad aprobatoria de la Asamblea Legislativa, toda vez que con la adhesión del Estado de Costa Rica no se están aprobados los Convenios negociados y adoptados en el seno de la Organización y los cuales están abiertas a la firma, tal y como se explicó supra.
Sexto, en lo referente a las decisiones y recomendaciones futuras que adopte la Organización, si el Estado de Costa Rica asume nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional, se cambia el objeto o la finalidad del Convenio, de conformidad con el numeral 121, inciso 4), es necesario la aprobación legislativa.
VII-. Conclusión. De conformidad con lo expuesto en los considerandos anteriores se concluye que en el Proyecto de “APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITA EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°1 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; Y EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°2 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960, Y NORMAS RELACIONADAS", expediente No 22.187, no es inconstitucional, pues los “international agreements” no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafe 1.vii y las decisiones y recomendaciones de la OCDE sustantivas citadas en los Anexos, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa..." LBH10/22 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 121- Atribuciones de la Asamblea Legislativa Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 121 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA. “…Siguiendo la lógica del numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental, a partir de que el Estado de Costa Rica se incorpore como parte al Convenio internacional y sus respectivos Protocolos, la decisión que se adopten en el seno de la organización, en el tanto y cuando no tengan la condiciones de protocolos de menor rango, sino que modifican el Convenio, que establecen nuevos fines a la Organización internacional o que impliquen nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público para el Estado de Costa Rica, en el futuro, deberán ser objeto de aprobación legislativa a tenor de lo que dispone el citado artículo constitucional…” 1620-21 CO07/21 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
VOTO SALVADO DE LOS MAGISTRADOS CRUZ CASTRO Y RUEDA LEAL Y LA MAGISTRADA GARRO VARGAS, con redacción de la tercera. Los suscritos Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal y la Magistrada Garro Vargas salvamos el voto y declaramos un vicio en el procedimiento legislativo de aprobación del proyecto de ley tramitado en el expediente legislativo n.°22.187, relativo a la “Aprobación del Acuerdo sobre los términos de la adhesión de la República de Costa Rica a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en San José, Costa Rica, el 28 de mayo de 2020; la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrita en París, Francia, el 14 de diciembre de 1960; el Protocolo Adicional n.°1 a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos suscrito en París, Francia, el 14 de diciembre de 1960; y el Protocolo Adicional n.°2 a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en París, Francia, el 14 de diciembre de 1960, y normas relacionadas”. CO07/21 ... Ver más *200226600007CO* Res. Nº 2021-001620 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas y veinte minutos del veintisiete de enero del dos mil veintiuno.
Consulta legislativa preceptiva de constitucionalidad formulada por el Directorio de la Asamblea Legislativa, sobre el proyecto denominado “APROBACION DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TERMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITA EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°1 A LA CONVENCION DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; Y EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°2 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960, Y NORMAS RELACIONADAS", expediente No 22.187.
Resultando:
3-. Mediante resolución de las 16:19 horas del 18 de enero de dos mil veintiuno, el Presidente de la Sala, aceptó la inhibitoria presentada.
4-. En sorteo número 8598 se designa a la Magistrada Monge Pizarro en sustitución de la Magistrada Hernández López.
Redacta: La magistrada Monge Pizarro, excepto el considerando VI que lo redacta el magistrado Castillo Víquez
Considerando:
I.De previo. - Resulta necesario tener presente que -en concordancia con lo que señala el artículo 98 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional- la consulta legislativa preceptiva procede en el caso de proyectos de aprobación de tratados internacionales luego de la aprobación del proyecto en primer debate y antes de la aprobación definitiva. Al evacuarla, la Sala dictaminará sobre cualesquiera aspectos o motivos que estime relevantes desde el punto de vista constitucional, pero su opinión será vinculante sólo en lo que se refiere al trámite seguido. Para los efectos anteriores se realiza primero una síntesis cronológica del trámite proyecto de ley, se revisan luego las cuestiones formales que puedan existir y finalmente se analiza el fondo del proyecto.
II.Cronología de la tramitación del expediente legislativo 22.187 .- En el expediente legislativo citado se observa el siguiente orden de actuaciones:
(folios 723 a 728 tomo III) h) El 19 de noviembre se produce una ampliación del criterio de Servicios Técnicos bajo el informe AL-DEST-CU-075-2020, en el que señala que se entiende que en el trámite actual el proyecto, a la Asamblea le corresponde aprobar el Convenio OCDE y sus dos protocolos adicionales únicamente, de tal forma que no le corresponde a la Asamblea Legislativa la aprobación de normativa menor, aunque el texto del Acuerdo sometido a aprobación lo incluya, y por tanto no puede existir vicio de formalidades respecto a algo que no constituye su competencia ( folios 713 a 728 Tomo III) i) En sesión Plenaria Ordinaria No. 31 del 8 de diciembre de 2020, se aprobó el proyecto citado en primer debate, con 38 votos a favor y dos en contra de las diputadas y diputados (folios 761 a 795 Tomo III) j) El 8 de diciembre se aprueba la redacción final del texto del proyecto citado (folios 807 a 843 Tomo III)
La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (en adelante OCDE) es una organización internacional con 60 años de experiencia, que, en colaboración con gobiernos, responsables de políticas públicas y ciudadanos, trabajan para establecer estándares internacionales y proponer soluciones basadas en datos empíricos a diversos retos sociales, económicos y medioambientales. La OCDE es un foro, un centro de conocimientos para la recopilación de datos y el análisis, el intercambio de experiencias y de buenas prácticas. La OCDE asesora en materia de políticas públicas y en el establecimiento de estándares y normas a nivel mundial en ámbitos que van desde la mejora del desempeño económico y la creación de empleo al fomento de una educación eficaz o la lucha contra la evasión fiscal internacional. Por voluntad del Poder Ejecutivo, nuestro país, desea ingresar a esa organización, para lo cual dentro del proceso de aceptación, se requiere aprobar la normativa que se somete a la Asamblea Legislativa bajo el proyecto en análisis. Conforme se resume en el AL-DEST- IJU -252-2020 de Servicios Técnicos de la Asamblea Legislativa, el proyecto en consulta consta del siguiente articulado:
ARTÍCULO 1 - Aprobación del Acuerdo de Adhesión a la OCDE.
En este artículo consta que la adhesión a la Organización se compone de varios instrumentos internacionales de distinta categoría, y constituyen en su conjunto el Acuerdo sobre los Términos de Adhesión de la República de Costa Rica a la Convención de la OCDE y son los siguientes:
Declaración de Costa Rica de su aceptación de obligaciones como miembros OCDE y cinco Anexos adicionales.
Decisión del Consejo OCDE de invitar al país a integrar la Organización Convenio constitutivo de la OCDE, junto con dos Protocolos adicionales.
En cuanto la Declaración de Costa Rica de su aceptación de obligaciones como miembros OCDE, consta, a su vez de cinco apartados: A) la declaración genérica de aceptar los objetivos y compromisos de la Organización, lo cual incluye su convenio principal, la normativa derivada de la Organización ya sea en forma de resoluciones, reglas o conclusiones aceptadas, la creación de su estructura institucional, estados financieros, métodos de trabajo. En el subinciso vii) del inciso 1 del aparte A, indica que Costa Rica estaría aceptando “todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República a adherirse a la Convención, con las observaciones estipuladas en los anexos 1 a 5, cada anexo formando parte integral de la presente Declaración. Con respecto a cualesquiera instrumentos jurídicos adoptados entre la fecha de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención y la fecha en que Costa Rica deposite su instrumento de adhesión, se considerará que la República de Costa Rica acepta estos instrumentos, a menos que indique lo contrario en el momento de adopción por parte del Consejo de la OCDE”.
En el anexo 1 de la Declaración, se indica “la República de Costa Rica acepta todos los instrumentos jurídicos vigentes de la OCDE en el momento de la adhesión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención, con las observaciones sobre los instrumentos indicados a continuación (viene un listado incluido en el anexo) El apartado B) que incluye la aceptación del Acuerdo sobre Privilegios e Inmunidades de la Organización en el país. En este punto, la aceptación es la reiteración de un compromiso ya vigente, pues el país ya aprobó el “Acuerdo con la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, sobre privilegios, inmunidades y facilidades otorgados a la Organización” mediante Ley No 9533 del 24 de abril del 2018, y en vigor desde el 6 de setiembre de ese mismo año.
En el apartado C) el Gobierno anuncia su participación en órganos opcionales de la OCDE, conforme al Anexo 5.
El apartado D) contiene una aceptación genérica de cualquier normativa o instrumento derivado de la Organización, incluye los que se hayan producido hasta el efectivo depósito del instrumento de adhesión.
La declaración incluye la derogación de cualquier Acuerdo de participación temporal en condición de no miembro del país en los órganos OCDE, ello como consecuencia de que ahora participará en su condición plena de miembro.
Finalmente, en un apartado E) el país se compromete a entregar Informes (y contribuir a sufragar sus gastos de elaboración) respecto a los avances de implementación en las áreas de trabajo expresamente señaladas en la Decisión del Consejo.
Esta Declaración, a su vez se acompaña de cinco anexos:
ANEXO 1 OBSERVACIONES ESPECÍFICAS SOBRE LA ACEPTACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS JURÍDICOS DE LA OCDE
En este anexo se incluyen plazos de cumplimiento de distintas resoluciones y recomendaciones sobre materias tan diversas como químicos, cuestiones de competencia, medio ambiente, gestión de residuos, mercados financieros, transporte marítimo, gobernanza pública, ciencia y tecnología, turismo e inversión.
Se trata de plazos pactados para la implementación de cierta normativa atinente a los sectores mencionados, salvo el caso de inversión, que lo que se hace es declarar excepciones o reservas, y remitir expresamente a los anexos 2, 3 y 4, para declarar estas excepciones o reservas, que serían el equivalente a las denominadas “medidas disconformes” de los tratados de libre comercio.
ANEXO 2 LISTA DE RESERVAS AL CÓDIGO DE LIBERALIZACIÓN DE MOVIMIENTOS DE CAPITAL [OECD/LEGAL/0002]
ANEXO 3 LISTA DE RESERVAS AL CÓDIGO DE LIBERALIZACIÓN DE OPERACIONES INVISIBLES ACTUALES [OECD/LEGAL/0001]
ANEXO 4 LISTA DE EXCEPCIONES AL TRATO NACIONAL DE ACUERDO CON LA TERCERA DECISIÓN REVISADA DEL CONSEJO SOBRE TRATO NACIONAL [OECD/LEGAL/0263] Como se ha indicado, las actividades listadas en estos tres Anexos son reservas (se excluye su cumplimiento y no tienen plazo de implementación) a Códigos de Liberación OCDE o Decisiones que constituyen en ambos casos normativa derivada.
ANEXO 5. LISTA DE ACTIVIDADES Y ÓRGANOS OPCIONALES PARA LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE COSTA RICA
En este Anexo, y conforme al apartado D) de la Declaración de Costa Rica, se define la participación del país en los órganos opcionales de la Organización que ahí se indican: Centro de Desarrollo, Foro de transparencia e intercambio de información tributaria (con la limitación obvia que significa que el país cuente con un sistema tributario de base exclusivamente territorial) el programa de evaluación internacional de alumnos, y el programa de gestión de productos químicos.
· DECISIÓN DEL CONSEJO DE INVITAR A LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A ADHERIRSE A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA OCDE Esta es la contrapartida de la Declaración del Gobierno de Costa Rica, y en esencia constituyen ambos documentos lo que se conoce tradicionalmente como un intercambio de notas diplomáticas (en este caso una de las Partes es una Organización Internacional no un Estado), pero igualmente un acuerdo internacional más allá de la formalidad empleada.
La Decisión del Consejo está fechada en París el 18 de mayo de 2020, y contiene en concreto la invitación formal al país para su ingreso a la Organización y el compromiso concreto de reportar avances mediante informes en los Comités de Químicos, Competencia, Gobierno Corporativo, Pesca, Política Ambiental y Gobernanza Pública.
El compromiso de rendir informes incluye sufragar el costo fijado por la Organización.
CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO.
Este es el Convenio o instrumento fundamental de la adhesión, pues se trata de su tratado constitutivo que consta de 21 artículos que se refieren a los siguientes temas:
Se resalta el objetivo de la organización que es promover el desarrollo económico mediante la cooperación técnica, que consiste precisamente en la elaboración de estándares y mejores prácticas en todos los campos de la gestión política.
El modo de actuación básico es mediante la toma de Decisiones o Resoluciones que pueden ser de carácter vinculante para los miembros. Sin embargo, se sigue la regla del consenso, según la cual, si un Estado se abstiene de votar una resolución determinada, dicha resolución no es vinculante para ese Estado (artículo 6) con la única salvedad de las Decisiones de admisión de nuevos miembros.
Esta condición o sistema de votación hace que un Estado no pueda quedar obligado por ninguna resolución en contra de su voluntad.
La institucionalidad de la Organización es la tradicional: un Consejo o cuerpo deliberativo donde están representados todos los miembros, los cuales podrán designar un Comité Ejecutivo, y se establece además una Secretaría General como órgano ejecutivo. Mediante la normativa derivada se pueden establecer además todos los Comités y órganos necesarios para el desarrollo de las funciones.
Protocolos adicionales La Convención se acompaña de dos Protocolos adicionales: el primero de ellos relativo a regular la conformación de la representación de los Estados europeos que pertenecen a la hoy Unión Europea. Es un asunto exclusivamente atinente a dichos Estados y su relación con la Organización.
El segundo Protocolo es un Acuerdo de concesión de privilegios e inmunidades a la Organización y sus funcionarios, el cual ha quedado subsumido en el Acuerdo específico que la Organización ya suscribió con nuestro país y que como se dijo ya se encuentra vigente, ARTÍCULO 2. Rectoría y Consejo Consultivo para la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos Estas son normas de ejecución, y sufrieron modificaciones mediante moción con respecto a su texto base, para que la “rectoría y representación del país ante la OCDE” le corresponda a COMEX, y por tanto la coordinación nacional de los demás entes públicos ante la Organización. De igual modo, se crea un Consejo, con carácter consultivo.
ARTÍCULO 3 Presupuesto, pago de cuota de membresía y obligaciones derivadas en el marco de la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos.
Establece como su título lo indica, los presupuestos de pago de cuota de membresía y obligaciones derivadas.
ARTÍCULO 4 Delegación ante la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos Se le asigna a COMEX la rectoría y la representación en este tema.
ARTÍCULO 5 Derogatoria del artículo 5 de la Ley 9154.
Esta derogatoria es derivada o consecuencia relacionada de lo que ya se establece en el artículo 2.
IV.Sobre la naturaleza de los convenios de adhesión. En el derecho internacional se utiliza el término o concepto de adhesión para referirse a la decisión política de un Estado de llegar a formar parte de una Organización Internacional ya existente o de un Convenio o instrumento internacional multilateral ya vigente para otros estados. Generalmente la adhesión exige únicamente la aprobación del Convenio constitutivo y la posterior ratificación por parte del Estado interesado para llegar a formar parte de la Organización o Convenio. En el caso de la OCDE se requiere la aprobación del Convenio Constitutivo (que incluye los protocolos adicionales), y se exige un Acuerdo de Adhesión adicional que incluye tanto la invitación del propio Consejo de la OCDE como la declaración del Estado de la aceptación de los compromisos derivados de esa condición. Sobre este tipo de compromisos de adhesión, la Sala se pronunció en la sentencia 2011-001308.
Al respecto señaló que la adhesión es un mecanismo que se utiliza para aprobar un instrumento internacional que no fue negociado, directamente, por el Gobierno de Costa Rica, sino que éste, posteriormente, decide en forma soberana comprometerse con su contenido. Según señala el antecedente citado, “la figura de la adhesión está establecida en el artículo 2 de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, Ley No. 7615 de 24 de julio de 1996, al indicar, en lo conducente, que “Se entiende por ‘ratificación’, ‘aceptación’, ‘aprobación’ y ‘adhesión’, según el caso, el acto internacional así denominado por el cual un Estado hace constar en el ámbito internacional su consentimiento en obligarse por un tratado”. Asimismo, el artículo 11 regula las formas de manifestación del consentimiento del Estado en obligarse por un tratado, consentimiento que puede acreditarse mediante la firma, el canje de instrumentos que constituyan un tratado, la ratificación, la aceptación, la aprobación o adhesión.
En el caso del convenio de “Adhesión al Acuerdo Latinoamericano de Coproducción Cinematográfica y Aprobación de su Protocolo de Enmienda, suscrito en Bogotá el 14 de julio de 2006”, el Gobierno de Costa Rica hizo la reserva en el sentido que el sistema jurídico constitucional de nuestro país no autoriza ninguna forma de consentimiento que no esté sujeta a la aprobación de la Asamblea Legislativa. Lo anterior, claro está, a la luz de lo indicado en el artículo 121 de la Constitución Política que dispone en el inciso 4° que le corresponde, exclusivamente, a la Asamblea Legislativa aprobar o improbar los convenios internacionales, tratados públicos y concordatos. “
Es decir, que según lo establece el precedente citado, el consentimiento del Estado costarricense, en este tipo de Acuerdo, Convenios o Tratados, siempre queda vinculado a la aprobación del órgano parlamentario.
V-. Objeto de análisis y competencia de la Sala en esta consulta preceptiva.
Según consta en el expediente legislativo, el Poder Ejecutivo ha dispuesto dentro de la normativa a aprobar, la inclusión de unas normas de ejecución que definen aspectos internos de la institucionalidad costarricenses para atender los nuevos compromisos y relaciones con la Organización Internacional de la que se pretende ser miembro. Así, en el artículo 1 del Proyecto se acompañan adicionalmente, normas de ejecución, que fueron modificados mediante moción aprobadas por la Comisión Especial OCDE en la Sesión Ordinaria del 28 de setiembre de 2020. En ellas se dispone que corresponde al Ministerio de Comercio Exterior (COMEX) la rectoría y la representación del país, ante la Organización, conforme lo estipula la legislación nacional y los Acuerdos de Adhesión que lo designan como punto de contacto ante la Organización.
Se crea un Comité Consultivo integrado por otros Ministerios señalando sus funciones y se entrega a la Secretaría Técnica de este Comité a COMEX. Asimismo, se dispone la obligación de COMEX de asumir el pago de la membresía anual a la Organización y de la operación de la Delegación Permanente del país ante ese organismo y de tomar las obligaciones presupuestarias correspondientes.
También, se asigna a COMEX la conformación de la Delegación del país ante la Organización la cual formará parte del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y dependerá de éste para todos los efectos, adicionalmente, se le encarga la designación de un funcionario que representará al país ante la organización.
Como parte de las normas de ejecución, se establece la derogación del actual artículo 5 de la Ley 9154 que establecía el carácter temporal de la representación del país ante la OCDE.
Estas normas de ejecución que son de carácter interno, complementarias a las obligaciones internacionales que el país adquiriría, al no formar parte de las obligaciones internacionales, pueden ser modificadas por el legislador, durante el curso de las discusiones, mediante las normas propias de la aprobación de normativa interna, de tal forma que la Sala no observa ningún vicio en el hecho de que hayan sido modificadas en la Sesión Ordinaria del 28 de setiembre de 2020.
En cuanto al Convenio constitutivo de OCDE firmado en Paris el 14 de diciembre de 1960 y sus dos Protocolos adicionales, cabe señalar que de la lectura del artículado (descrito supra) se observa que se trata de normativa que promueve el desarrollo económico, básicamente mediante la cooperación técnica basados en estándares y mejores prácticas en todos los campos de la gestión política. Sobre el Convenio de Constitución de la OCDE y sus dos Protocolos, esta Sala no observa vicios de forma o fondo siempre y cuando se interprete en la forma que se dirá.
A parte de la normativa señalada, se aporta la Declaración de Costa Rica de su aceptación de obligaciones como miembros OCDE, qu e ya se mencionó que consta de cinco apartados: A) la declaración genérica de aceptar los objetivos y compromisos de la Organización, lo cual incluye su convenio principal, la normativa derivada de la Organización ya sea en forma de resoluciones, reglas o conclusiones aceptadas, la creación de su estructura institucional, estados financieros, métodos de trabajo. Se observa que en el subinciso vii) del inciso 1 del aparte A, indica que Costa Rica estaría aceptando “todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República a adherirse a la Convención, con las observaciones estipuladas en los anexos 1 a 5, cada anexo formando parte integral de la presente Declaración. Con respecto a cualesquiera instrumentos jurídicos adoptados entre la fecha de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención y la fecha en que Costa Rica deposite su instrumento de adhesión, se considerará que la República de Costa Rica acepta estos instrumentos, a menos que indique lo contrario en el momento de adopción por parte del Consejo de la OCDE”.
(lo subrayado no es del original) Para entender los alcances de esta disposición, es importante tener claro los tipos de categorías de la normativa OCDE, para comprender cuáles de esas decisiones, son vinculantes y cuáles no. Las categorías son:
· Decisiones: son instrumentos legales vinculantes para todos los miembros, excepto aquellos que se abstengan en el momento de su adopción. No son Tratados Internacionales, pero sí vinculan a los adherentes a tomar las medidas necesarias para implementarlas.
· Recomendaciones: estos instrumentos no son vinculantes, pero tienen un peso moral. La práctica indica que se espera que los adherentes hagan sus máximos esfuerzos por cumplirlas. Los miembros que no estén de acuerdo pueden abstenerse en el momento de la adopción de la recomendación, aunque ello no es exigido legalmente.
· Declaraciones: son instrumentos legales preparados en la Organización que no son vinculantes. Generalmente establecen objetivos o metas de largo plazo, tienen efecto político.
· International Agreements (Acuerdos Internacionales): son instrumentos legales negociados y aprobados en el marco de la organización que sí son vinculantes para las partes.
· Arrangements, Understanding and Others (otros instrumentos legales): son instrumentos jurídicos desarrollados dentro del marco de la Organización a instancias o dentro del marco institucional. (fuente: https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm ) De estos instrumentos jurídicos, puede decirse que los que son de relevancia para esta sentencia y las competencias de la Sala, son los que resultarían vinculantes que ya están vigentes y a los que Costa Rica se adhiere automáticamente al ingresar a la Organización, y que están mencionados en el texto, pero cuyo contenido completo en español no consta en el expediente legislativo. Sobre este tema, ante consulta del Diputado Villata Flores-Estrada (ver folio 706 y ss Tomo III), el Departamento de Servicios Técnicos en sus dictamen AL-DEST-CJU-075-2020 señala que si bien son instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos, lo normal es que por su contexto de haber sido emitidos principalmente para países Europeos, atendiendo a la naturaleza de la organización, no contienen normativa que pueda afectar el derecho interno costarricense, con excepción del tratado de asistencia en materia fiscal (Convención sobre asistencia administrativa mutua en materia fiscal) que ya fue aprobado por Costa Rica, mediante Ley 9118 del año 2013.
En todo caso, el dictamen emitido por el Departamento de Servicios Técnicos, señala que cada uno de esos instrumentos rigen reglas propias de aceptación y ratificación, de tal forma que “la condición de miembro OCDE no confiere por sí solo y en forma automática el ser parte de esos instrumentos”, sino que “ cada uno de ellos requiere la aceptación y ratificación correspondiente en forma independiente como es lo natural y normal en el plano del derecho internacional con respecto a los Tratados y Convenios Internacionales". En el estudio citado de Servicios Técnicos, se aporta un anexo con 8 de los Acuerdos Internacionales de la OCDE con sus respectivas reglas de aceptación y vigencia (folios 719 a 721 del tomo III del expediente legislativo). No obstante en la página web de la organización se pueden observar como vigentes 10: OECD/LEGAL/ 0432, 0382, 0332, 0315,0314, 0293, 0235,0053,0038 y 0020 (ver https://www.oecd.org/legal/oecd-convention.htm) Se observa que la mayoría de ellos, efectivamente tiene sus propias reglas de aceptación y vigencia y se refieren a materias como energía nuclear, combate al soborno transnacional, asistencia administrativa en materia tributaria (uno de ellos ya aceptado mediante ley en Costa Rica), financiamiento de la organización.
Señala el dictamen de Servicios Técnicos que “tampoco sería de recibo pretender que la declaración genérica que hace nuestro Gobierno en términos de adhesión, sustituya en cada uno de estos tratados el respectivo procedimiento de aceptación y ratificación.” De seguido señala: “los acuerdos internacionales sí forman parte de los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización, pero no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafes 1.vii.
En el seno del Tribunal se ha presentado una discusión no pequeña sobre si los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica, según los anexos, en lo referente a las decisiones y recomendaciones sustanciales deben estar o no dentro de la ley aprobatoria de la adhesión a la OCDE el texto completo en español o basta con su enumeración, así como la especificación de las reservas y excepciones que hace el Estado de Costa Rica en relación con aquéllas. Para una correcta compresión de la postura de la mayoría de la Sala Constitucional, antes de abordar la cuestión en concreto, se hace necesario dejar claro los siguientes puntos. En primer lugar, los instrumentos de Derecho Internacional Público son el Convenio y sus dos Protocolos, los cuales constan en el expediente legislativo. Ergo, los anexos no son parte del Convenio. En segundo término, los anexos que provocan la controversia en el seno del Tribunal son eso: anexos que forman parte de la ley aprobatoria, en el que se recogen los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica a partir de la ratificación -acto unilateral del Poder Ejecutivo- del Convenio internacional y sus Protocolos.
Lo anterior tiene una explicación lógica, y es que al ser una adhesión a un Convenio internacional y sus Protocolos ya vigente -más de sesenta años- y conforme a la negociación entre el sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público y el Estado de Costa Rica, este último acepta las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas, de conformidad con el numeral 5 del Convenio, con las excepción que la otra parte aceptó, condición pactada por las partes, sea que la primera le remitiera al segundo en el acto de invitación a adherirse al instrumento internacional. Ante esta realidad, el Estado de Costa Rica entiende que aquellas decisiones y recomendaciones de los órganos competentes del sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público son un requisito sine qua non para forma parte del Convenio y sus Protocolos, con las excepciones que la otra parte le haya aceptado. Si no fuese así, la condición de miembro de la Organización sería atípica, toda vez que para el resto de los Estados las decisiones y recomendaciones a tenor del numeral 5 del Convenio serían vinculante, mas no así para el Estado de Costa Rica, con excepción de las que acepte en el futuro en su condición de parte del Convenio.
Plantear así las cosas, resulta ilógico y, en cierta medida, sería contrario a los principios que rigen el Derecho Internacional Público, pues, en el seno de la Organización internacional, habría una disparidad en las obligaciones que asume cada sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público. Más bien, lo lógico, justo y equitativo es que el Estado o sujeto de Derecho Internacional Público que se adhiere al Convenio y sus Protocolos asuman todas las obligaciones que se derivan conforme a sus normativas y de esa forma sentar una igualdad entre los Estado-parte en relación con las obligaciones y derechos que se derivan de los instrumentos internacionales y de los principios del Derecho Internacional Público -ius cogens -. En tercer término, en este caso resulta inapropiado hablar de reservas, aunque en unos anexos se habla de excepciones, y en otros de reservas, toda vez que no son parte del Convenio y sus Protocolos (véase al respecto el artículo 1° inciso d) de la Convención de Viena Sobre el Derecho a los Tratados que dispone: “d) se entiende por "reserva" una declaración unilateral, cualquiera que sea su enunciado o denominación, hecha por un Estado al firmar, ratificar, aceptar o aprobar un tratado o al adherirse a él, con objeto de excluir o modificar los efectos jurídicos de ciertas disposiciones del tratado en su aplicación a ese Estado); mas sí de la ley aprobatoria de los instrumentos internacionales y constituyen obligaciones que asume el Estado de Costa Rica; lo propio es utilizar el término de excepciones.
Partiendo de lo anterior, la mayoría del Tribunal considera que la jurisprudencia que se cita de la Sala Constitucional no resulta aplicable al caso en estudio. Antes que nada hay que tener presente que cuando se invoca una jurisprudencia o un precedente -regla de derecho que se extrae de tres fallos reiterados o de un solo caso aplicable a otro idéntico- se debe estar ante los mismos hechos relevantes; de no ser así, no resulta válido – no es una correcta interpretación y aplicación del Derecho- aplicar una jurisprudencia o un precedente si se trata de supuestos de hecho diferentes. Hay que tener presente la regla del distinguishing, aplicables para un caso de stare decisis horizontal al tratarse de un tribunal de única instancia. Como es bien sabido, puede decirse que el stare decisis horizontal refiere a la obligación de los jueces de resolver los casos que se encuentran pendientes de decisión siguiendo a lo resuelto por los precedentes, dictadas en casos similares por jueces de la misma jurisdicción de jerarquía coordinada, incluidos ellos mismos, sin embargo, esto no aplica cuando no hay similitud entre el caso que está conociendo el Tribunal y los hechos relevantes de la jurisprudencia y los precedentes, para lo cual se recurre a la regla del distinguishing o cuando en un caso similar a los precedentes el Tribunal cambia de criterio bajo una mejor ponderación -un overruling-.
Para la mayoría, no resulta aplicable la jurisprudencia que a continuación se trascribe. Veamos cada caso concreto y hagamos el test de comparación. En primer lugar, tenemos la opinión consultiva n.° 1102-90, en la que la Sala Constitucional encontró “trámites irregulares” que resultaban violatorios de los artículos 7, 121, inciso 4) 140 inciso 10) y 124 de la Constitución Política, así como de varias normas del Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa, los que consistían, en lo fundamental, de que un documento internacional no constaba en el texto oficial, en el expediente respectivo, y que no había sido objeto de discusión ni publicación en el Diario Oficial, es decir, no constaba el documento principal -Acuerdo General (GATT)- donde se especificaban en detalle las obligaciones, compromisos, beneficios que asumía y obtenía cada país firmante o adherente. La Sala concluye que no es jurídicamente válido que con la aprobación del protocolo de adhesión se tenga por aprobado el Acuerdo General.
Este precedente no resulta aplicable al presente asunto, por la elemental razón de que en el expediente legislativo sí consta el Convenio y sus dos Protocolos, es decir, la Asamblea Legislativa sí puede ejercer la atribución a que se refiere el numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental. El segundo precedente es la opinión consultiva n.° 2000-004257, en la que la Sala Constitucional encontró un vicio de inconstitucionalidad en el procedimiento seguido para la aprobación del “Protocolo Concerniente al Grupo de Estudio de la Unión Aduanera Europea”, pues concluye que al folio 236 del expediente legislativo constaba copia en inglés y francés del referido Protocolo, sin que constara en el citado expediente su traducción oficial que hubiese sido conocida por los diputados. Tampoco resulta aplicable este precedente al caso de análisis, pues tanto el Convenio como los Protocolos están en idioma español.
Un tercer precedente se encuentra en la opinión consultiva n.° 2005-008425, en la que Sala Constitucional encontró una inconstitucionalidad a causa de la incongruencia entre la lista contenida en el informe sobre la redacción final del texto aprobado en primer debate y los textos a los que esta remite, pues, según el Tribunal, la aprobación del proyecto con los defectos anotados significaría la incorporación al Derecho interno costarricense de normativa incompleta, así como de todo un código (150 páginas), sin que existiese certeza sobre este último. En el presente proyecto de ley no estamos frente a los mismos hechos, toda vez que ni hay incongruencias entre los textos sobre los cuales el Parlamento ejerce su potestad aprobatoria o desaprobatoria, ni mucho menos están incompletos. Tanto el Convenio como sus dos Protocolos están completos y entre sus textos no hay incongruencias. Este precedente se refiere a la aprobación del Convenio Internacional para la Seguridad de la Vida Humana en el Mar, 1971, sus Protocolos y sus Enmiendas (SOLAS 74).
En la opinión consultiva n.° 2006-006611, sobre el mismo asunto anterior, la Sala Constitucional evacua la consultada formulada en el sentido de que nuevamente había un vicio de inconstitucionalidad porque la normativa a aprobar estaba incompleta. Un quinto precedente es la opinión consultiva n.° 2008-004836, en la que la Sala Constitucional, a diferencia de los precedentes anteriores, por mayoría, no encontró vicios de inconstitucionalidad, pero se reiteró la postura, en el sentido de que el Poder Ejecutivo tiene obligación de someter a la Asamblea Legislativa la documentación completa, de forma tal que le permita “(…) aprobar con claridad el objeto de lo que se pretende elevar a norma jurídica con rango superior a la ley”. Nótese que el Tribunal se refiere al Convenio y Protocolos, que es sobre los cuales la Asamblea ejerce su potestad aprobatorio o no. Otro antecedente jurisprudencial es la opinión consultiva n.° 2012-008833, en la que el Tribunal encontró vicios constitucionales graves y esenciales en el procedimiento legislativo correspondientes a la aprobación del Tratado entre la República de Costa Rica y la República de Corea sobre Extradición.
En este caso, el problema consistió en que el texto del Tratado que se sometió a la Asamblea Legislativa no estaba completo, no era claro, exacto y delimitado. En el supuesto de análisis, los hechos son diferentes, pues el texto del Convenio y sus Protocolos están completos, son claros, exactos y delimitados. Finalmente, en la opinión consultiva n.° 2013-006939 también la Sala Constitucional concluyó que había un vicio de constitucionalidad grave y esencial en el procedimiento legislativo del proyecto de ley de Aprobación del Convenio sobre el Trabajo Decente para las Trabajadoras y Trabajadores Domésticos (Convenio 189)”, porque el texto del Convenio no estaba integro ni completo. Como puede observarse, sin necesidad de mucho esfuerzo, la situación actual dista mucho del cuadro fáctico de los precedentes, tal y como se ha explicado. Ergo, la mayoría del Tribunal no se está apartando de ningún precedente, simple y llanamente estamos frente a una situación fáctica diferente que demanda un análisis especial y excepcional.
Más bien, el quid de la cuestión tiene similitud con un antecedente del Tribunal, concretamente la opinión consultiva n.° 1994-007005 sobre el proyecto de ley de Aprobación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre la República de Costa Rica y los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y sus Anexos, en la que la propia Sala reconoció que se encontraba ante un dilema ante un caso heterodoxo, y donde no encontró vicios de fondo ni procedimiento en el trámite legislativo. Al respecto, se estableció lo siguiente:
“III. SOBRE EL CONTENIDO DEL TRATADO.
A. Según refiere el propio dictamen afirmativo de mayoría de la Comisión Especial Mixta de la Asamblea Legislativa que estudió el Tratado e informó sobre él, "Con la negociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre México y Costa Rica, se ha introducido el esquema detallista, reglamentista, que lo lleva a caracterizarse por la carencia efectiva de un orden, propio del formato de las leyes dictadas en los países anglosajones.
En vez de articulado organizado, con numeración corrida, de normas generales, con anexos que detallan listas o circunstancias en que esas se deben aplicar al final de la ley, se ha adoptado un cuerpo jurídico en que los artículos se numeral dentro de cada capítulo, se intercalan con anexos, apéndices que a veces se numeral y a veces no, notas al pie de página, lo cual ocasiona la mezcla de la serie de párrafos numerados y sin numerar, incisos que a veces se numeran y a veces de identifican con letras...." (folio 2297 del Exp.).
Obviamente, hay muchas cosas que comentar acerca de los contenidos, no obstante ese certero señalamiento que se hace sobre la forma en que está organizado el texto del tratado. Y lo primero que merece ser destacado, es que las partes han querido mencionar expresamente como aceptados por ellas dentro del espíritu del Tratado, varios convenios e instrumentos internacionales, cuya lista está compuesta así:
A.- CONVENIO DE BERNA PARA LA PROTECCION DE OBRAS LITERARIAS Y ARTISTICAS. (1971) B.- CONVENCION DE GINEBRA PARA LA PROTECCION DE LOS PRODUCTORES DE FONOGRAMAS CONTRA LA REPRODUCCION NO AUTORIZADA DE SUS FONOGRAMAS.
C.- LA CONVENCION DE ROMA SOBRE LA PROTECCION DE LOS ARTISTAS, INTERPRETES O EJECUTANTES, LOS PRODUCTORES DE FONOGRAMAS Y LOS ORGANISMOS DE RADIODIFUSION (1961).
D.- CONVENIO DE PARIS PARA LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL (1967) E.- ARREGLO DE LISBOA PARA LA PROTECCION DE LAS DENOMINACIONES DE ORIGEN Y SU REGISTRO INTERNACIONAL (1967) Para encontrar una opinión a este tipo de decisión de las partes, de aceptar y tener como incorporados al Tratado, esos instrumentos internacionales, la Sala se encuentra en un dilema, al menos por dos motivos:
En un primer momento, entonces, podría reputarse como inapropiado que el Estado acuda a este recurso, cuando se trata de diversas opciones jurídicas, no totalmente claras según lo dicho. Los Tratados o Convenios internacionales deben cumplir con determinados requisitos, sin los cuales no llegan a ser parte del derecho interno. Pero, por otra parte, y volviendo a lo "heterodoxo" del Tratado ya planteado por la propia Comisión Legislativa que lo estudió, lo más práctico sea que la Sala indique que el procedimiento utilizado es razonable y que a esos instrumentos -tanto los que son derecho interno en Costa Rica y tal vez en México, como los que no lo son-, por virtud de lo ahora convenido por las partes, se les tenga, como alcance limitado a ellas, como perfectamente vigentes y exigibles para los fines de la ejecución del Tratado de Libre Comercio. En ese sentido, sin cumplirse en su caso con un procedimiento ad-hoc de incorporación del instrumento internacional al derecho interno, las partes los tienen como válidos y eficaces a los fines de garantizarse una mejor ejecución del Tratado, de modo que con ese alcance limitado, el procedimiento utilizado es constitucionalmente posible, ya que sí se han respetado las reglas de procedimiento para el presente Tratado, donde se contiene esa decisión de las partes de acudir -con carácter vinculante- al clausulado de los demás instrumentos citados, pues se trata de una simple remisión ”. (Lo subrayado y el uso de un número mayor de letra no corresponden al original).
En este análisis constitucional del proyecto de ley sujeto a la consulta de constitucionalidad preceptiva, la mayoría del Tribunal considera que no se vulneran los principios democráticos, publicidad, transparencia, por la elemental razón de que en la ley aprobatoria está, de manera clara y precisa, las obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público que asume el Estado de Costa Rica. Si a lo anterior agregamos, en una recta interpretación y aplicación de la norma, en el sentido de que las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas que el Estado de Costa Rica asume como obligaciones internacionales, según el numeral 5 del Convenio Internacional, son aquellas que se adoptan en el seno de la Organización internacional y, por consiguiente, dentro de estas no se encuentran los “internacional agreement” que, si bien forman parte de esta, al ser instrumentos negociados y aprobados por ésta, sin embargo están abiertos a la firma y ratificación de las partes -lógicamente si está abierto a la firma de las partes es porque la misma Organización internacional entiende que el acto aprobatorio per se no tiene efectos vinculantes-, lo que significa que se trata de verdaderos convenios, lo cuales estarían sujetos a la aprobación o no de la Asamblea Legislativa de conformidad con el numeral 121, inciso 4 de la Constitución Política.
Lo anterior quiere decir que, con la adhesión del Estado de Costa Rica al Convenio internacional y sus Protocolos, este acto unilateral en el ámbito internacional, no conlleva que, de pleno derecho, el Estado de Costa Rica llegase a ser parte de los Convenios Internacionales negociados y aprobados en el seno de la Organización sujetos a la firma y la ratificación de las partes. A partir de lo anterior, es claro que las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas a las que se obliga el Estado de Costa Rica tienen el carácter de protocolo de menor rango, que se derivan del propio Convenio internacional y, por ende, no requieren de aprobación legislativa de conformidad con el párrafo tercero del inciso 4 del artículo 121 constitucional. Por otra parte, hay que tener muy presente que si alguna de esas decisiones o recomendaciones implicara que el Estado de Costa Rica debe de modificar su legislación interna, pues no se trataría de una normativa que per se tenga eficacia directa e inmediata en el ordenamiento jurídico interno, los órganos competentes – Poder Legislativo y Poder Ejecutivo- deben de ejercer sus competencias constitucionales y, de esa forma, ya sea mediante ley, decreto o acuerdo ejecutivo- cumplir con las obligaciones internacionales que asumirá el Estado de Costa Rica al ratificar la adhesión al Convenio y sus Protocolos.
De ahí que, se mire por donde se mire, no se está ante una especie de “cheque en blanco”, pues, además, de estar claramente especificada las obligaciones que asume el Estado de Costa Rica, en el caso de que se requiera de una modificación a su legislación interna, se deben seguir los cauces que el Derecho de la Constitución -valores, principios y normas- establecen al respecto.
Siguiendo la lógica del numeral 121, inciso 4, de la Carta Fundamental, a partir de que el Estado de Costa Rica se incorpore como parte al Convenio internacional y sus respectivos Protocolos, la decisión que se adopten en el seno de la organización, en el tanto y cuando no tengan la condiciones de protocolos de menor rango, sino que modifican el Convenio, que establecen nuevos fines a la Organización internacional o que impliquen nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional Público para el Estado de Costa Rica, en el futuro, deberán ser objeto de aprobación legislativa a tenor de lo que dispone el citado artículo constitucional.
En esta discusión no se debe perder de vista el hecho de que el Estado de Costa Rica busca formar parte de una Organización internacional que tiene dentro de sus objetivos promover el desarrollo económico mediante la cooperación técnica, que consiste en la elaboración de las mejores prácticas en el ámbito internacional en todos los campos de la gestión política. Por otra parte, la redacción del anexo primero responde a un modelo estándar que utilizaba el sujeto de Derecho Internacional cuando se trata del instituto de la adhesión. Quiere esto decir, que de no aceptarse, la consecuencia lógica sería el no llegar a ser parte del Convenio internacional. Finalmente, la exigencia de la traducción al español de todas las decisiones y recomendaciones sustantivas conllevaría, en la práctica, la labor que podría atentar contra la decisión final que debe de adoptar el Parlamento sobre la iniciativa de ley del Poder Ejecutivo; amén de que los documentos a los que se compromete Costa Rica constan en la página oficial de la organización, lo que permite que se pueden consultar de forma rápida y sencilla en los idiomas oficiales -inglés y francés-, texto que pueden ser fácilmente traducidos al idioma español con el uso de las herramientas informáticas que están a disposición de todos los usuarios del internet.
Recapitulando: Primero, los anexos no forman parte del Convenio ni de sus Protocolos, mas sí de la ley aprobatoria. Segundo, en los anexos se encuentran las obligaciones que asume el Estado de Costa Rica a partir del momento que llegue a ser parte del Tratado. Tercero, los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica con la aprobación de la ley aprobatoria, en lo que atañe a los anexos, no tienen una vigencia directa e inmediata, sino que es necesario que los órganos constitucionales competentes ejerzan sus respectivas competencias constitucionales cuando así se requiera. Cuarto, los precedentes que se citan no resultan aplicables al presente caso, toda vez que el Convenio y sus Protocolos están completos, son claros y precisos. Quinto, el precedente que sí resulta aplicable, por tener una similitud, es la opinión jurídica n.° 1994-007005. Sexto, en los anexos constan los compromisos que asume el Estado de Costa Rica, los cuales se trataría de protocolos de menor rango -nótese que en el anexo primero se utiliza la expresión “instrumentos derivados”, lógicamente del Convenio- y, por consiguiente, no están sujetos a la potestad aprobatoria de la Asamblea Legislativa, toda vez que con la adhesión del Estado de Costa Rica no se están aprobados los Convenios negociados y adoptados en el seno de la Organización y los cuales están abiertas a la firma, tal y como se explicó supra.
Sexto, en lo referente a las decisiones y recomendaciones futuras que adopte la Organización, si el Estado de Costa Rica asume nuevas obligaciones de Derecho Internacional, se cambia el objeto o la finalidad del Convenio, de conformidad con el numeral 121, inciso 4), es necesario la aprobación legislativa.
VII-. Conclusión. De conformidad con lo expuesto en los considerandos anteriores se concluye que en el Proyecto de “APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITA EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°1 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; Y EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°2 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960, Y NORMAS RELACIONADAS", expediente No 22.187, no es inconstitucional, pues los “international agreements” no están siendo aprobados en virtud de la Declaración de Aceptación de los términos de Adhesión, Apartado A epígrafe 1.vii y las decisiones y recomendaciones de la OCDE sustantivas citadas en los Anexos, son protocolos de menor rango que no requieren aprobación legislativa.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Por mayoría se evacua la consulta formulada respecto del Proyecto de "APROBACIÓN DEL ACUERDO SOBRE LOS TÉRMINOS DE LA ADHESIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA, EL 28 DE MAYO DE 2020; LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITA EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°1 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960; Y EL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL N°2 A LA CONVENCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS, SUSCRITO EN PARÍS, FRANCIA, EL 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960, Y NORMAS RELACIONADAS", expediente legislativo número No 22.187, en el sentido de que no contiene vicios de procedimiento o de fondo.
Los Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal y la Magistrada Garro Vargas salvan el voto y declaran un vicio en el procedimiento legislativo de aprobación del proyecto de ley. Concretamente declaran que hay un vicio en la aprobación del subinciso vii, del inciso 1 del aparte A, referente a la aceptación de la República de Costa Rica de las obligaciones como miembro de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), al disponer "La República de Costa Rica asumirá, mediante el depósito de su instrumento de adhesión a la Convención, todas las obligaciones como miembro de la Organización, incluidas, entre otras, la aceptación de: (...) vii. Todos los instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la Organización vigentes en el momento de la decisión del Consejo de la OCDE de invitar a la República de Costa Rica a adherirse a la Convención". Lo anterior, sin tener certeza y sin aportarse al procedimiento legislativo de aprobación, el texto íntegro de dichos instrumentos jurídicos sustantivos de la OCDE traducidos oficialmente al idioma español que serían vinculantes para el Estado costarricense.
Dicha omisión viola los artículos artículos 7, 10 inciso b), 121 inciso 4), 140 inciso 10) y 124 de la Constitución Política y, además, el artículo 96 inciso a) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional sobre la competencia de la Sala Constitucional de ejercer el control de constitucionalidad preceptivo en los proyectos de ley tendientes a la aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales, inclusive las reservas hechas o propuestas por unos u otros. Comuníquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V. Lucila Monge P.
Res. n.°2021-001620 VOTO SALVADO DE LOS MAGISTRADOS CRUZ CASTRO Y RUEDA LEAL Y LA MAGISTRADA GARRO VARGAS, con redacción de la tercera Los suscritos Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal y la Magistrada Garro Vargas salvamos el voto y declaramos un vicio en el procedimiento legislativo de aprobación del proyecto de ley tramitado en el expediente legislativo n.°22.187, relativo a la “Aprobación del Acuerdo sobre los términos de la adhesión de la República de Costa Rica a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en San José, Costa Rica, el 28 de mayo de 2020; la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrita en París, Francia, el 14 de diciembre de 1960; el Protocolo Adicional n.°1 a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos suscrito en París, Francia, el 14 de diciembre de 1960; y el Protocolo Adicional n.°2 a la Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, suscrito en París, Francia, el 14 de diciembre de 1960, y normas relacionadas”.
I.- CONSIDERACIÓN PRELIMINAR Con la decisión que de inmediato pasamos a fundamentar no pretendemos ir en contra de procesos históricos ni de decisiones políticas consensuadas, mucho menos cuando se aduce que de ellas se deriva un significativo beneficio para el país. Lo que nos ha llevado a salvar el voto es la convicción sobre la necesidad de respetar el ordenamiento jurídico vigente y de velar porque la Sala Constitucional ejerza sus competencias tal como le han sido conferidas por la Constitución y la ley. II.- BASE NORMATIVA De previo a realizar un análisis del caso concreto, conviene tener presentes las normas que regulan la aprobación tratados públicos, los convenios internacionales y los concordatos; las que justifican la intervención preceptiva de la Sala Constitucional en los procedimientos de aprobación de tratados internacionales; y otras más sobre las que se basa la decisión que se suscribe en minoría.
Al respecto, la Constitución Política dispone lo siguiente: “Art. 7º.- Los tratados públicos, los convenios internacionales y los concordatos, debidamente aprobados por la Asamblea Legislativa, tendrán desde su promulgación o desde el día que ellos designen, autoridad superior a las leyes . Los tratados públicos y los convenios internacionales referentes a la integridad territorial o la organización política del país, requerirán de la aprobación de la Asamblea Legislativa, por votación no menor de las tres cuartas partes de la totalidad de sus miembros, y la de los dos tercios de los miembros de una Asamblea Constituyente, convocada al efecto. Art. 9º-El Gobierno de la República es popular, representativo, participativo, alternativo y responsable. Lo ejercen el pueblo y tres Poderes distintos e independientes entre sí. El Legislativo, el Ejecutivo y el Judicial. Ninguno de los Poderes puede delegar el ejercicio de funciones que le son propias.
(…) Art. 10.- Corresponderá a una Sala especializada de la Corte Suprema de Justicia declarar, por mayoría absoluta de sus miembros, la inconstitucionalidad de las normas de cualquier naturaleza y de los actos sujetos al Derecho Público. No serán impugnables en esta vía los actos jurisdiccionales del Poder Judicial, la declaratoria de elección que haga el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones y los demás que determine la ley. Le corresponderá además: (…) b) Conocer de las consultas sobre proyectos de reforma constitucional, de aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales y de otros proyectos de ley, según se disponga en la ley. Art. 121.- Además de las otras atribuciones que le confiere esta Constitución, corresponde exclusivamente a la Asamblea Legislativa: (…) 4) Aprobar o improbar los convenios internacionales, tratados públicos y concordatos. Los tratados públicos y convenios internacionales, que atribuyan o transfieran determinadas competencias a un ordenamiento jurídico comunitario, con el propósito de realizar objetivos regionales y comunes, requerirán la aprobación de la Asamblea Legislativa, por votación no menor de los dos tercios de la totalidad de sus miembros.
No requerirán aprobación legislativa los protocolos de menor rango, derivados de tratados públicos o convenios internacionales aprobados por la Asamblea, cuando estos instrumentos autoricen de modo expreso tal derivación. Art. 124.-Para convertirse en ley, todo proyecto deberá ser objeto de dos debates, cada uno en día distinto no consecutivo, obtener la aprobación de la Asamblea Legislativa y la sanción del Poder Ejecutivo; además, deberá publicarse en La Gaceta, sin perjuicio de los requisitos que esta Constitución establece tanto para casos especiales como para los que se resuelvan por iniciativa popular y referéndum, según los artículos 102, 105, 123 y 129 de esta Constitución. No tendrán carácter de leyes ni requerirán, por tanto, los trámites anteriores, los acuerdos tomados en uso de las atribuciones enumeradas en los incisos 2), 3), 5), 6), 7), 8), 9), 10), 12), 16), 21), 22), 23) y 24) del artículo 121 así como el acto legislativo para convocar a referéndum, los cuales se votarán en una sola sesión y deberán publicarse en La Gaceta.
La Asamblea Legislativa puede delegar, en comisiones permanentes, el conocimiento y la aprobación de proyectos de ley. No obstante, la Asamblea podrá avocar, en cualquier momento, el debate o la votación de los proyectos que hubiesen sido objeto de delegación. No procede la delegación si se trata de proyectos de ley relativos a la materia electoral, a la creación de los impuestos nacionales o a la modificación de los existentes, al ejercicio de las facultades previstas en los incisos 4), 11), 14), 15) y 17) del artículo 121 de la Constitución Política, a la convocatoria a una Asamblea Constituyente, para cualquier efecto, y a la reforma parcial de la Constitución Política. (…) Art. 140.- Son deberes y atribuciones que corresponden conjuntamente al Presidente y al respectivo Ministro de Gobierno: (…) 10) Celebrar convenios, tratados públicos y concordatos, promulgarlos y ejecutarlos una vez aprobados por la Asamblea Legislativa o por una Asamblea Constituyente, cuando dicha aprobación la exija esta Constitución.
Los Protocolos derivados de dichos tratados públicos o convenios internacionales que no requieran aprobación legislativa, entrarán en vigencia una vez promulgados por el Poder Ejecutivo” (lo destacado no corresponde al original). La Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, Ley n.°7615, regula, en lo conducente, lo siguiente: “Art. 2.- Términos empleados. 1.- Para los efectos de la presente Convención: a) Se entiende por "tratado" un acuerdo internacional celebrado por escrito entre Estados y regido por el derecho internacional, ya conste en un instrumento único o en dos o más instrumentos conexos y cualquiera que sea su denominación particular; b) Se entiende por "ratificación", "aceptación", "aprobación" y "adhesión", según el caso, el acto internacional así denominado por el cual un Estado hace constar en el ámbito internacional su consentimiento en obligarse por un tratado; d) Se entiende por "reserva" una declaración unilateral, cualquiera que sea su enunciado o denominación, hecha por un Estado al firmar, ratificar, aceptar o aprobar un tratado o al adherirse a él, con objeto de excluir o modificar los efectos jurídicos de ciertas disposiciones del tratado en su aplicación a ese Estado; Art. 11.- Formas de manifestación del consentimiento en obligarse por un tratado.
El consentimiento de un Estado en obligarse por un tratado podrá manifestarse mediante la firma, el canje de instrumentos que constituyan un tratado, la ratificación, la aceptación, la aprobación o la adhesión, o en cualquier otra forma que se hubiere convenido. Art. 15.- Consentimiento en obligarse por un tratado manifestado mediante la adhesión. El consentimiento de un Estado en obligarse por un tratado se manifestará mediante la adhesión: a) Cuando el tratado disponga que ese Estado puede manifestar tal consentimiento mediante la adhesión; b) Cuando conste de otro modo que los Estados negociadores han convenido que ese Estado puede manifestar tal consentimiento mediante la adhesión; o c) Cuando todas las partes hayan convenido ulteriormente que ese Estado puede manifestar tal consentimiento mediante la adhesión. Art. 26.- "Pacta Sunt Servanda". Todo tratado en vigor obliga a las partes y debe ser cumplido por ellas de buena fe.
Art. 27.- El Derecho interno y la observancia de los tratados. Una parte no podrá invocar las disposiciones de su derecho interno como justificación del incumplimiento de un tratado. Esta norma se entenderá sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artículo 46”. (lo destacado no corresponde al original). La propia Convención de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) establece reglas claras respecto al procedimiento de ratificación de los países que pretendan ser miembros de esta organización. En lo conducente los arts. 6 y 14, establecen lo siguiente: “Art. VI 1. Las decisiones se toman y las recomendaciones se hacen por acuerdo mutuo de todos los miembros, salvo que la Organización decida por unanimidad otra cosa para casos especiales. (…) 3. Ninguna decisión será obligatoria para miembro alguno hasta que no haya sido incorporada a su ordenamiento jurídico conforme a las disposiciones de su procedimiento constitucional.
Los otros miembros podrán acordar que tal decisión se aplique provisionalmente a ellos. Art. XIV 1. La presente Convención será ratificada o aprobada por los signatarios de conformidad con sus respectivos requisitos constitucionales. (…)” (lo destacado no corresponde al original). La Constitución Política no dispuso un procedimiento especial para las leyes aprobatorias de los tratados internacionales, por lo que, en términos generales, les corresponde el trámite previsto para las leyes ordinarias, establecido en el supra citado art. 124 constitucional y las normas del Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa que, en lo conducente, corresponda aplicar. Para analizar lo relativo a las competencias encomendadas a la Sala Constitucional es preciso mencionar la regulación contemplada en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC) que, sobre el particular, ordena: “Art. 2.- Le corresponde específicamente a la jurisdicción constitucional: b) Ejercer el control de la constitucionalidad de las normas de cualquier naturaleza y de los actos sujetos al Derecho Público, así como la conformidad del ordenamiento interno con el Derecho Internacional o Comunitario, mediante la acción de inconstitucionalidad y demás cuestiones de constitucionalidad.
Art. 73.- Cabrá la acción de inconstitucionalidad: (…) e) Cuando en la suscripción, aprobación o ratificación de los convenios o tratados internacionales, o en su contenido o efectos se haya infringido una norma o principio constitucional o, en su caso, del Reglamento de Orden, Dirección y Disciplina Interior de la Asamblea Legislativa. En este evento, la declaratoria se hará solamente para los efectos de que se interpreten y apliquen en armonía con la Constitución o, si su contradicción con ella resultare insalvable, se ordene su desaplicación con efectos generales y se proceda a su denuncia. Art. 96.- Por la vía de la consulta de constitucionalidad, la jurisdicción constitucional ejercerá la opinión consultiva previa sobre los proyectos legislativos, en los siguientes supuestos: a) Preceptivamente, cuando se trate de proyectos de reformas constitucionales, o de reformas a la presente ley, así como de los tendientes a la aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales, inclusive las reservas hechas o propuestas a unos u otros.
Art. 101- La Sala evacuará la consulta dentro del mes siguiente a su recibo, y, al hacerlo, dictaminará sobre los aspectos y motivos consultados o sobre cualesquiera otros que considere relevantes desde el punto de vista constitucional. El dictamen de la Sala sólo será vinculante en cuanto establezca la existencia de trámites inconstitucionales del proyecto consultado. En todo caso, el dictamen no precluye la posibilidad de que posteriormente la norma o normas cuestionadas puedan ser impugnadas por las vías de control de constitucionalidad” (lo destacado no corresponde al original). III.- ANTECEDENTES JURISPRUDENCIALES DE LA SALA CONSTITUCIONAL A partir de la base normativa transcrita es primordial destacar que los instrumentos del Derecho Internacional Público, una vez aprobados por la Asamblea Legislativa, tienen rango supra legal (art. 7 de la Constitución Política). Ahí radica la importancia del control de constitucionalidad preceptivo a priori, pues busca evitar que se aprueben convenios internacionales que sean contrarios a la Constitución.
Lo anterior, sumado a los principios derivados del Convenio de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, en el sentido de que todo tratado en vigor obliga a las partes y debe ser cumplido de buena fe, y que ningún Estado puede invocar una norma local para enervar o inobservar el cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos que le vinculan, pues de lo contrario se deberá responder internacionalmente. A lo dicho se le debe sumar lo que infra se examinará con mayor detalle: que la resolución de una consulta preceptiva que emita la Sala Constitucional no constituye cosa juzgada, pues existe la posibilidad de que, posteriormente, mediante una acción de inconstitucionalidad, se puedan examinar estos tratados internacionales, para determinar si su contenido o sus efectos infringen una norma o principio constitucional. Tal posibilidad que jurídicamente está abierta implica un riesgo para el Estado en materia de responsabilidad internacional, con consecuencias de toda índole, también patrimoniales.
Con independencia de la materia sobre la que ha versado el instrumento en cada caso concreto que le ha sido sometido, este Tribunal ha sentado una sólida línea jurisprudencial que apunta a que el ejercicio de estas competencias de rango constitucional (la aprobación de convenios internacionales, tratados públicos y concordatos, así como la resolución de la Sala Constitucional de la consulta preceptiva sobre los proyectos de aprobación de convenios y tratados internacionales) sea realizado con el mayor rigor posible. Esto con el propósito de examinar con absoluta certeza y seguridad jurídicas las obligaciones que el Estado está asumiendo en el ámbito internacional y, a la vez, los efectos jurídicos que repercuten directamente en el ordenamiento interno. Para ilustrar esto que aquí se sostiene, se realizará un recuento de la jurisprudencia de la Sala en esta materia. En la opinión consultiva n.° 1990-1027 la Sala retomó lo señalado supra sobre la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, en el sentido de que su competencia se ejercita sobre la aprobación de los tratados internacionales.
Lo anterior, independiente de la denominación particular que reciba el instrumento, pues lo relevante son los efectos jurídicos que genera: “II.- La Sala considera improcedente calificar un "empréstito" o "convenio similar" como "tratado", "convenio", "convención", "pacto", carta "protocolo" o cualquier otro de los términos que los textos, la práctica, la doctrina o la jurisprudencia de Derecho Internacional Público utilizan para designar en general, los negocios jurídicos tendientes a crear, modificar o extinguir situaciones jurídicas públicas que obliguen, limiten o condicionen el ejercicio del poder público en sí mismo, concluidos entre dos o más personas plenas de Derecho Internacional (es decir, Estados, organismos internacionales u otros entes tradicionalmente reconocidos por tales, como los insurgentes, o al menos en los Estados cristianos, la Iglesia Católica o la Orden de Malta).
Así por ejemplo, la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados de 1969- hoy aceptada mundialmente como codificación del Derecho Internacional general en la materia-, define el tratado; genéricamente; como ‘un acuerdo internacional celebrado por escrito entre Estados y regido por el derecho internacional, ya conste en un instrumento único o en dos o más instrumentos conexos y cualquiera que sea su denominación particular (art. 2.1 inc. a)’ por cierto que, como dijo la Comisión de Derecho Internacional, sin que ello implique ‘la intención de negar, de ninguna manera, que otros sujetos de derecho internacional, tales como los organismos internacionales y las comunidades insurgentes, puedan concluir tratados’ (v. arts.1, 2.1 (a) y 3 de la Convención)” (lo destacado no corresponde al original). Esa posición que es desarrollada en la opinión consultiva n.° 1990-1102, mediante la cual la Sala se refirió al proyecto de ley de “Ratificación del Protocolo de Adhesión de Costa Rica al Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT)”.
Desde dicha opinión consultiva, la Sala Constitucional fue enfática al afirmar que “es irrelevante la denominación que se use en el instrumento jurídico, siempre que se trate de un acuerdo entre sujetos de derecho internacional que produce efectos jurídicos”, es decir, independientemente de la denominación empleada para designar al instrumento o negocio jurídico internacional, lo que interesa es examinar el contenido para valorar las consecuencias o impactos que se provoca en el ordenamiento jurídico interno. En dicha opinión consultiva la Sala declaró un vicio en el procedimiento, por cuanto se le envió un proyecto de convenio internacional, sin que su correspondiente texto hubiera sido conocido y aprobado en forma completa por la Asamblea Legislativa. Tal vicio se consumó como consecuencia de no constar el texto de convenio en el expediente legislativo. Es decir, mediante el mecanismo empleado en aquella oportunidad –y que fue declarado inconstitucional por la Sala– se pretendió, mediante un protocolo de adhesión, incorporar al ordenamiento jurídico interno el Acuerdo General (GATT), donde se especificaban en detalle las obligaciones, compromisos y beneficios que asume y obtiene cada país firmante o adherente.
Lo anterior, sin que el propio Acuerdo General fuera incorporado al trámite de aprobación parlamentaria y, por lo tanto, fuera sometido a la valoración de la Sala Constitucional. En lo conducente, se resolvió lo siguiente: “III- En el articulado del Protocolo propiamente dicho, no encuentra la Sala vicios de inconstitucionalidad, pero es necesario advertir lo siguiente: Se trata en el caso de un Protocolo de Adhesión por el cual Costa Rica se adhiere a un Acuerdo General, que por la naturaleza de su contenido y alcances, es un verdadero Tratado o convenio internacional, del cual Costa Rica no es firmante, y no ha sido aprobado y ratificado de conformidad con las normas constitucionales que regulan el procedimiento de conclusión de documentos de carácter internacional de esta naturaleza, a saber, los artículos 7, 121, inciso 4, y 140, inciso 10, de la Constitución. El documento principal es, pues, el Acuerdo General (GATT), donde se especifican en detalle, las obligaciones, compromisos y beneficios que asume y obtiene cada país firmante o adherente.
La aprobación del Protocolo de Adhesión implica la aprobación por parte de la Asamblea Legislativa del Acuerdo General, máxime si buena parte del contenido del Protocolo remite a artículos y normas del Acuerdo General. Pero dicho texto no se adjuntó al proyecto, ni se incluyó después, de donde resulta que la Asamblea Legislativa no ha podido ejercer respecto del Acuerdo General la función que le atribuye el artículo 121, inciso 4), de la Constitución . En consecuencia, de aprobarse el Protocolo, que es solo un documento accesorio, resultaría también integrado a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico el Acuerdo General, de modo indirecto, sin que se hubiesen cumplido, respecto a éste, los procedimientos señalados en la Constitución Política para la celebración de convenios y tratados públicos, ni tampoco los trámites de publicación y discusión en la Asamblea Legislativa, previstos en los artículos 124 de la Constitución Política, y 16, 19, 34, 45, 57 y 61 del Reglamento de Orden, Dirección y Disciplina Interior de la Asamblea.
Jurídicamente el Protocolo de Adhesión no puede estimarse como un documento independiente, que pueda tener vigencia por sí solo como Tratado. Aun cuando hayan sido negociados y celebrados en forma separada, el Protocolo de Adhesión y el Acuerdo General en sus efectos constituyen una unidad jurídica, de ahí que el vicio de procedimiento que afecta la validez del Acuerdo, necesariamente afecta también al Protocolo, que habría sido tramitado en la Asamblea Legislativa en forma incompleta. IV- La omisión dicha provoca, además, la inobservancia de otros trámites establecidos en la Constitución, pues, la potestad otorgada por el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política a esta Sala, al atribuirle la función de conocer las consultas sobre proyectos de aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales, se ve limitada, ya que no es posible hacer los estudios sobre constitucionalidad de esos documentos, si no han sido conocidos y aprobados previamente por la Asamblea, y no constan en el dictamen correspondiente.
(Artículos 96 inciso a) y 98 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Si bien durante el trámite se adjuntó al expediente legislativo fotocopia de una publicación, no oficial, del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles, esto, tanto por lo dicho anteriormente, como por el carácter informal del documento, no subsana el vicio indicado. En este caso, el problema es aún mayor, puesto que el Protocolo refiere también a un documento denominado L6589, cuyo texto tampoco fue enviado a la Asamblea Legislativa ni conocido por ésta durante el trámite del proyecto. Todo lo anterior lleva a concluir que en el trámite legislativo de este expediente, se ha incurrido en serias irregularidades que implican violación de los artículos 7, 121, inciso 4, 140, inciso, 10, y 124 de la Constitución Política, así como de los artículos 16, 19, 34, 45, 57 y 61 del Reglamento de Orden, Dirección, y Disciplina de la Asamblea Legislativa, situación que obliga a evacuar en forma negativa la consulta sobre el dictamen de la Comisión de Asuntos Hacendarios en el expediente 10891, recomendando a la Asamblea proceder a iniciar de nuevo el procedimiento legislativo, una vez que se complete debidamente el proyecto de ley con los documentos que se echan de menos” (lo destacado no corresponde al original).
Dicha opinión consultiva revela que, para el ejercicio de las potestades constitucionales de aprobación legislativa y de consulta preceptiva de constitucionalidad, se hace necesario que al expediente del trámite del proyecto de ley se alleguen los documentos completos que se pretenden aprobar y, por ende, incorporar al ordenamiento jurídico en los términos del art. 7 de la Constitución Política. Posteriormente, en la opinión consultiva n.° 2000-04257, relativa al proyecto de aprobación del “Convenio para el establecimiento de un Consejo de Cooperación Aduanera ” y sus anexos, suscrito en Bruselas el 15 de diciembre de 1950, la Sala conoció una situación muy similar a la planteada en el sub lite, en la cual el Gobierno de Costa Rica pretendía dar su adhesión al Consejo de Cooperación Aduanera. Se contemplaba una disposición en el sentido de que “Las Partes Contratantes aceptan las disposiciones del Protocolo concerniente al Grupo de Trabajo de la Unión Aduanera Europea dispuesto para su firma en Bruselas en la misma fecha que el presente Convenio”, pero, sin que el referido protocolo que se estaba aceptando estuviera incluido dentro del trámite del proyecto de ley.
La mayoría de la Sala resolvió, sobre el particular, lo siguiente: “IV.- Sobre el mecanismo de adhesión al Convenio. El instrumento internacional cuya aprobación es aquí analizada, fue suscrito en Bruselas, el quince de diciembre de mil novecientos cincuenta. Costa Rica no fue uno de los Estados firmantes del Convenio. Al respecto, el artículo XVIII aparte a) del tratado establece que "El Gobierno de cualquier país que no haya suscrito el presente Convenio podrá adherirse al mismo a partir del 1 de abril de 1951." Es decir, que el Convenio establece que para formar parte de la Organización Mundial Aduanera no se requiere suscribir el tratado –de hecho, lo impide- sino que la forma de aprobarlo es mediante la adhesión del Estado a los términos del Convenio. Sobre este particular, estima la Sala que no se está ante una violación a la competencia establecida a favor del Poder Ejecutivo en el inciso 10) del artículo 140 de la Constitución Política.
Por un lado, resulta imposible cualquier otra forma de aprobación del Convenio si no es la empleada en este proyecto, dados los términos del propio tratado; segundo, la voluntad del Poder Ejecutivo es incontestable, desde que fue dicho órgano el que presentó el proyecto de aprobación ante la Asamblea, con las firmas del Presidente de la República y del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto; tercero, porque es una regla de Derecho Internacional Público reconocida por la misma Convención de Viena del Derecho de los Tratados el que los Estados puedan válidamente hacer uso de dicho procedimiento. En cuanto a los dos primeros aspectos, es claro que el mecanismo de adhesión es el único que permitiría a Costa Rica formar parte de la Organización Mundial Aduanera, razón de peso para entender que la suscripción previa a la aprobación legislativa en un caso como éste no es exigible, por ser imposible.
Respecto del tercer aspecto, la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, aprobada mediante Ley número 7615, de veinticuatro de julio de mil novecientos noventa y seis, dispone en sus artículos 2 y 11 la posibilidad de que, mediante la adhesión, los Estados hagan constar ante la Comunidad Internacional su consentimiento en obligarse por un tratado. El numeral 15, por su parte, se refiere a las hipótesis en que cabe a un Estado manifestar su consentimiento por medio de la adhesión cuando el propio tratado así lo disponga. Por las razones antes expuestas, esta Sala considera que el tipo de procedimiento empleado en el presente caso no roza con el Derecho de la Constitución. (…) VI.- En particular sobre el artículo XIV del Convenio. Siguiendo la misma línea de pensamiento expuesta en el punto anterior, esta Sala puede llegar a la conclusión contraria respecto del artículo XIV del Convenio cuya constitucionalidad es consultada.
Dicho numeral establece que: "Artículo XIV.- Las Partes Contratantes aceptan las disposiciones del Protocolo concerniente al Grupo de Trabajo de la Unión Aduanera Europea dispuesto para su firma en Bruselas en la misma fecha que el presente Convenio. Al determinar la escala de contribuciones que dispone el artículo XII (b), el Consejo deberá tomar en consideración el número de miembros del Grupo de Estudio." Observa esta Sala que a folio 236 del expediente legislativo consta una copia en inglés y francés del referido Protocolo concerniente al Grupo de Trabajo de la Unión Aduanera Europea, sin que conste en el expediente legislativo una traducción oficial que hubiese sido conocida por parte de los diputados. En protección del principio de publicidad del procedimiento legislativo y de los actos de él emanados, es claro que la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica no puede aprobar ningún documento escrito en idioma extranjero, a menos que el mismo haya sido traducido por parte de traductor oficialmente reconocido por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto.
Lo contrario atentaría indefectiblemente contra la posibilidad de todo ciudadano de conocer el texto íntegro del proyecto y ejercer así su derecho de participación ciudadana, exigiendo de sus representantes una determinada actitud. Impediría también el sano ejercicio de la discusión política que realizan los diputados. Sin embargo, aun si el documento de referencia hubiera sido traducido, lo cierto es que el mismo nunca formó parte del proyecto presentado por el Poder Ejecutivo ni del dictaminado por la Comisión respectiva. En oposición a lo que estipulan los artículos VI y VIII respecto de los dos convenios comentados en el considerando anterior, la norma contenida en el artículo XIV del Convenio implica la aprobación tácita, por parte del Gobierno costarricense, del Protocolo concerniente al Grupo de Trabajo de la Unión Aduanera Europea, sin que dicho texto hubiera formado parte del proyecto enviado para su aprobación por parte del Poder Ejecutivo.
Este protocolo, cuya copia consta a folio 236 del expediente legislativo, no siguió el trámite requerido para la aprobación de los tratados internacionales, previsto en los artículos 7, 121 inciso 4) y 140 inciso
Paul Rueda L. Anamari Garro V.
Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL votado con boleta Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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