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Res. 05058-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 12/03/2021
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is partially granted: MOPT ordered to resolve the information request within five days; State condemned to pay costs, damages, and losses for the administrative omission.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el amparo: se ordena al MOPT resolver en cinco días la solicitud de información y se condena al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios por la omisión administrativa.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber heard an amparo filed by Enilda Vargas Montero on behalf of Óscar Jara e Hijos Limitada against the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), concerning the new San Carlos highway project (National Route 35). The petitioner argued that the construction would cross her property, which contains springs, a fluvial wetland, and biodiversity, without the necessary hydrogeological studies having been conducted or her request for information having been answered. The Chamber found that the project was in a preparatory phase, without environmental viability or construction works, but that MOPT had failed to respond to the petitioner's request. It also showed that the Ministry's environmental actions (inspections, studies) were undertaken in response to the complaint, not as proactive preventive measures. The amparo was partially granted: the Minister was ordered to resolve the information request within five days, and the State was ordered to pay costs, damages, and losses for the omission, given that the Administration did not act ex officio in compliance with the precautionary principle.La Sala Constitucional conoce un amparo presentado por Enilda Vargas Montero a favor de Óscar Jara e Hijos Limitada contra el MOPT, relacionado con el proyecto de la nueva carretera a San Carlos (Ruta Nacional 35). La recurrente alegó que la construcción atravesaría su finca, que alberga nacientes, un humedal fluvial y biodiversidad, sin que se hubieran realizado los estudios hidrogeológicos necesarios ni se le hubiera dado respuesta a su solicitud de información. La Sala constató que el proyecto se encontraba en fase preparatoria, sin viabilidad ambiental ni obras constructivas, pero que el MOPT había sido omiso en responder la gestión del recurrente. Asimismo, evidenció que las actuaciones ambientales del Ministerio (visitas, estudios) se realizaron en respuesta a la denuncia, no como medidas preventivas propias. Se declara parcialmente con lugar: se ordena al Ministro resolver la solicitud de información en cinco días y se condena al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios por la omisión, al haberse acreditado que la Administración no actuó de oficio en cumplimiento del principio precautorio.
Key excerptExtracto clave
V.- REGARDING THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT'S ACTIONS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE: While it is true that it was demonstrated that the project 'Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new San Carlos Highway, Alajuela province' is currently in process for SETENA to grant environmental viability, the truth is that it catches this Chamber's attention that the Ministry's actions were generated at the petitioner's request. [...] That is, the respondent Ministry agreed to execute the road infrastructure project called 'Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new San Carlos Highway, Alajuela province', without first carrying out the hydrogeological studies of the route. As indicated in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, State institutions are called to comply with environmental protection legislation and are therefore obligated to take preventive measures. Omissions in the duty to protect the environment and comply with environmental regulations are of constitutional relevance, since as a result of administrative inertia in this matter, damage to the environment and natural resources may occur, sometimes with similar or greater consequences than those arising from administrative actions. VI.- REGARDING THE POSSIBLE VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 50 OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION: Taking into account that the alleged violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution was not proven, but that it was demonstrated that it is currently in process for SETENA to grant environmental viability to the project [...] the respondent and competent authorities are reminded of the importance of protecting the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment in accordance with the precautionary principle or in dubio pro natura, through the implementation of environmental protection measures. Therefore: The amparo is partially granted. Rodolfo Méndez Mata, in his capacity as Minister of Public Works and Transport, is ordered [...] within FIVE DAYS [...] to resolve the complaint filed by the petitioner on March 19, 2020. [...] The State is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the acts serving as the basis for this ruling, which shall be liquidated in enforcement of judgment before the Administrative Court. In all other respects, the amparo is denied.V.- EN CUANTO A LA ACTUACIÓN DEL MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTES EN APEGO AL PRINCIPIO PRECAUTORIO: Si bien es cierto se logró demostrar que el proyecto 'Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela' actualmente se encuentran en proceso para que, la SETENA otorgue la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto, lo cierto es que llama la atención a este Tribunal que las actuaciones del Ministerio recurrido se han generado a solicitud del recurrente. [...] Es decir, el Ministerio recurrido acordó la ejecución del proyecto de infraestructura vial denominado 'Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela', sin realizar de previo los estudios hidrogeológicos de la vía. Tal y como lo indica el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, las instituciones del Estado son las llamadas a cumplir con la legislación tutelar ambiental, para ello está en la obligación de tomar medidas preventivas. Las omisiones al deber de protección del ambiente y de cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental son de relevancia constitucional, por cuanto como consecuencia de la inercia de la Administración en esta materia, se puede producir un daño al ambiente y a los recursos naturales, a veces, de similares o mayores consecuencias que de las derivadas de las actuaciones de la Administración. VI.- EN CUANTO A LA POSIBLE VULNERACIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO 50 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA: Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que no se logró acreditar la supuesta vulneración del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, pero que sí se demostró que actualmente se encuentran en proceso para que, la SETENA otorgue la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto [...] se les recuerda a las autoridades recurridas y competentes en la materia la importancia de tutelar el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado de conformidad con el principio precautorio o de indubio pro natura, lo anterior mediante la implementación de medidas de protección ambiental. Por tanto: Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a Rodolfo Méndez Mata en su calidad de Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes [...] que en el plazo de CINCO DÍAS [...] se resuelva la denuncia presentada por el recurrente en fecha 19 de marzo del 2020. [...] Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Las omisiones al deber de protección del ambiente y de cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental son de relevancia constitucional, por cuanto como consecuencia de la inercia de la Administración en esta materia, se puede producir un daño al ambiente y a los recursos naturales, a veces, de similares o mayores consecuencias que de las derivadas de las actuaciones de la Administración."
"Omissions in the duty to protect the environment and comply with environmental regulations are of constitutional relevance, since as a result of administrative inertia in this matter, damage to the environment and natural resources may occur, sometimes with similar or greater consequences than those arising from administrative actions."
Considerando V
"Las omisiones al deber de protección del ambiente y de cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental son de relevancia constitucional, por cuanto como consecuencia de la inercia de la Administración en esta materia, se puede producir un daño al ambiente y a los recursos naturales, a veces, de similares o mayores consecuencias que de las derivadas de las actuaciones de la Administración."
Considerando V
"Se les recuerda a las autoridades recurridas y competentes en la materia la importancia de tutelar el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado de conformidad con el principio precautorio o de indubio pro natura."
"The respondent and competent authorities are reminded of the importance of protecting the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment in accordance with the precautionary principle or in dubio pro natura."
Considerando VI
"Se les recuerda a las autoridades recurridas y competentes en la materia la importancia de tutelar el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado de conformidad con el principio precautorio o de indubio pro natura."
Considerando VI
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: 12 March 2021 at 09:15 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours and fifteen minutes on the twelfth of March, two thousand twenty-one.
Recurso de amparo filed by ENILDA VARGAS MONTERO, identity card 0202690691, on behalf of OSCAR JARA E HIJOS LIMITADA, legal identification 3102049333, against the MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTES (MOPT).
Resultando:
This process will continue until a construction contractor is on the worksite. - Management of the operation and maintenance together with the inspection of the Sifón-Abundancia section, this includes the granting of entry and circulation permits for the section. Until the MOPT contracts the execution of the work. - Contracting of the firm in charge of the Environmental Oversight (Regencia Ambiental) of the Sifón- Abundancia project, a company that will be in charge, among other tasks, of preparing the D1 for SETENA, to request the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) for the intervention of the small Wetland (Humedal) under the new design (Contracting of Guayacán, the current firm that conducts the Environmental Oversight (Regencia Ambiental)). - Conclusion of the closure of Sifón-Abundancia and any pending matter related to Constructora Sánchez-Carvajal until its conclusion”.
Likewise, this Ministry of Public Works and Transport has taken on the following tasks: - Manage the contracting of the design, supervision, and construction of the Sucre-Alto Sucre-Abundancia section. - Contract a consulting firm to conduct the study to choose the best contracting model and develop the technical, economic, financial, and environmental feasibility and pre-design of National Route No. 35, highway to San Carlos (Bernardo Soto-Florencia) and the environmental and social requirements for the entire corridor in accordance with IDB policies. - Manage the contracting of other complementary studies to meet the requirements. - Manage the Construction of Bernardo Soto-Abundancia.
By virtue of the foregoing, it is necessary to point out to this Honorable Constitutional Chamber the actions that the Ministry of Public Works and Transport has undertaken regarding the project in question, which are detailed as follows: - Request before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) for the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) of the project (the project does not yet have environmental feasibility). - Collection of information requested by SETENA, through Official Letter SETENA-DTDEA-1421-2020 dated October 20, 2020. - Request for information from the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, concerning the existence of springs (nacientes) in the sectors through which the project might eventually pass.
It is important to point out that the MOPT has not transgressed any environmental standard whatsoever; consequently, no damage has been generated or will be generated, because in the first instance, no type of works have been executed in the area, since SETENA has not yet granted the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental). However, even if that feasibility were granted, the impacts that would be generated, upon being evaluated, would entail the implementation of the pertinent environmental protection measures.
It is necessary to point out that the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, complying with environmental regulations, in all road infrastructure projects in which it assumes the role of developer, manages them under all the guidelines, requirements, and authorizations emanating from the competent entities, which, because they are contained in environmental legislation, are mandatory. Therefore, in the present case, it refers to the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) granted by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), which is considered a preparatory act incapable of producing legal effects on its own.
Said instrument, as mentioned above, is granted by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), supported by a prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) that the developers of a specific project present before that instance, in order to obtain the aforementioned endorsement. Evidently, and given the responsibility that said competence represents, SETENA must shield its acts and support its resolutions from a technical/legal point of view, so that its actions will not constitute final acts granting the aforementioned feasibility (viabilidad), until the necessary information for the endorsement has been obtained.
Currently, we are in the presence of merely preparatory acts that from no point of view can be considered real threats to the detriment of the environment; therefore, the precautionary principle does not apply, and even less is it violated, as the petitioner Vargas Montero erroneously alleges, who vehemently states the apparent existence of springs (nacientes) and a riverine-type wetland (humedal tipo fluvial), which, as indicated in her filing brief, are threatened by the development of the project “Construction of the Bernardo Soto- Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela,” known as Punta Sur, national route No. 35, consequently violating constitutional articles 50 and 89. Such allegations, as demonstrated, lack validity, since the aforementioned project does not even have the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) from SETENA, and even if it had said endorsement, one would be in the presence of a merely preparatory act, incapable of producing legal effects on its own.
But even more surprisingly, it now appears that even the power granted to SETENA by law, which is clearly interpreted by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, to collect or request information from potential developers of road infrastructure projects (works of public interest with impacts at the national level), must be considered in this case as an evident threat that violates environmental protection.
The foregoing constitutes the real and current situation of the project in question. Faced with the doubt and precisely in observance of the precautionary principle (pro natura principle), SETENA, prior to granting the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) requested by the MOPT, through Official Letter SETENA-DT-DEA-1421-2020 dated October 20, 2020, requests information from Engineer Rodolfo Méndez Mata, Minister of that Portfolio, “prior to resolving, file D1- 0471-2020, “Constructive design of the Bernardo Soto- Sifón section of the new highway to San Carlos…” In the second paragraph of the second page of said Official Letter, SETENA states: “Protection radius According to the Geospatial Review of the project, it is indicated that “In an area of influence of 200m of the project layout, the following wells and springs (pozos y nacientes) are located: (…) therefore: 4. Must present the site design, verifying that the protection radii are being respected.
If necessary, certification from the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) must be presented indicating if the spring (naciente) is captured by a public aqueduct or is for private use and its respective protection radius, in order to determine if there is any legal impediment. 5. In case the Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua) issues any additional recommendation, include it in the Environmental Forecast Plan as appropriate.
But in order to collect the pertinent information, prior to SETENA’s request, the consulting company contracted by the Ministry, to proceed with the process through which the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) is requested before that Secretariat, proceeded with the request for criteria before the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas), regarding water use concessions (surface and underground), within the defined layout for the new highway. Next, an inspection request is presented made by Mr. Oscar Jara Vargas, in the community of San Juan de Naranjo de Alajuela, so that said instance may also determine the existence of water bodies (cuerpos de agua) at the same site where, at the request of DEHC, the cited inspection had been carried out.
Based on the inspection requested by Mr. Jara Vargas, Engineer Ignacio Campos Rodríguez, an official of the UH-Tárcoles-Central Pacific of the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas), issues Official Letter No. DA-UHTPCOSR-0285-2020 dated July 13 of the current year, stating the following accordingly: “On Wednesday, June 17, 2020, a visit was made by the undersigned to the site, for which we were accompanied by Mr. Oscar Jara Vargas, the complainant, and Ms. Emily Flores and Mr. Cecilio Chacón, both officials of the Grecia Office of the Central Conservation Area (ACC) of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC). Being at the site, a tour was conducted through several properties where Mr. Óscar Jara pointed out to the undersigned several water bodies (cuerpos de agua) that he wishes to have certified by the Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua) of MINAE. Due to the above, it was possible to determine the existence of several unnamed springs (nacientes) and, in addition, the channel of two unnamed streams (quebradas).
To be able to determine the permanent or intermittent character of the unnamed springs No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4 and of the unnamed streams No. 1 and No. 2, a new visit to the site must be conducted during the dry season (época de estiaje) of the area, for which a new technical report will be prepared.” (The underlining is not from the original) Note that the official letter, although it indicates that springs (nacientes) exist, it is not conclusive as it conditions their classification as permanent or intermittent on the inspections to be conducted during the dry season (época de estiaje), for which it indicates (underlined part of the letter), that it would prepare A NEW REPORT (absolute uncertainty for the interested parties, as the existence and characteristics of said springs are not determined with certainty).
But the situation is aggravated if it is taken into consideration that, before the query made to the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) by the consultant contracted by the Ministry, the official José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez, departmental colleague of Eng. Campos Rodríguez, far from clarifying the doubts raised, increases them, as inconsistencies are evident between the information obtained from the database and that obtained from the field survey, specifically regarding the actual location of the sources.
Additionally, and to further highlight the inconsistencies in the official letters issued by the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas), which generates a state of defenselessness for the parties involved, the official letter issued in June mentions the criterion that was stated in July. Let us see: As indicated, official letter No. DA-UHTPCOSJ-1387-2020, issued in June, includes arguments that allude to considerations recorded in the official letter issued by that same dependency, but in July; that is, it seems that on the date of issuance of the official letter signed by technician José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez, (June 10), the one issued on July 13 had already been formulated; the situation would not be inconvenient if both official letters were categorical and forceful regarding what was consulted, but since they present ambiguity, this Office considers that such a situation generates uncertainty.
As stated, an Official Letter issued in June includes information from an official document signed in July, but furthermore, it is cited as a relevant reference that must be taken into consideration. The clarification by the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) is fundamental and pertinent, not only for the purpose of determining the existence and nature of the possible springs (nacientes) existing at the site but also because it is inconceivable that officials belonging to the same dependency of the same public institution issue such contradictory considerations that directly affect not only the project's progress but also the protection said springs require.
For the reasons stated above, in my capacity as Minister of Public Works and Transport, through official letter No. DM-2020-4421 dated November 19, 2020, I requested Engineer José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas), to proceed with the clarifications to the inconsistencies detected in the reports issued.
Now then; regarding the existence of a riverine-type wetland (humedal tipo fluvial), determined by SINAC through official letter SINAC-ACC-OG-10002020 dated November 5, provided by the petitioner and which, in their opinion, will suffer damage with the project, it is necessary to indicate that, in that same sense, through Report No. SINAC-ACC-RH-031-2020 dated July 1, 2020, Ms. Fulvia Wohl Jiménez, an official of the Water Resource Program of the Central Conservation Area of SINAC, faced with the need to characterize and delimit the ecosystem for the execution of the project in question, issued extremely important and forceful considerations, where the existence of a fluvial system is effectively clarified, but also determines (so says the law) the tasks that can be developed in them.
Thus, in the “Conclusions” section of the referred Report, the following is stated, verbatim: “Conclusions: From the information gathered in the area under study and according to the wetland classification system, the site is characterized as a fluvial system, this includes all aquatic environments contained in permanent or temporary drainages that keep water in motion, classifying the study area as a permanent river. In this case, the provisions of Forest Law (Ley Forestal) 7575, articles No. 33 and 34 regarding the regulations determined for the protection areas of water bodies (cuerpos de agua) must be considered. It is important to emphasize that article 34 authorizes the cutting of trees for projects declared by the Executive Branch as being of national convenience. Finally, mention that, despite being a project classified as of national convenience, the organization responsible for the construction of the road section must take the necessary measures to ensure that the extraction of trees does not affect the ecological flow of the river or cause vulnerability in it, regarding contamination issues from earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or deposits of hazardous materials, in addition, it must protect the fauna present in the water body.” That is, the official and competent authority for wetland protection (SINAC), conclusively agrees that the site effectively represents a fluvial system that, under national legislation, can be intervened when the project is declared by the Executive Branch as being of National Convenience.
In this case, it has been repeatedly indicated that, currently, before SETENA’s requirements to assess the granting of environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental), the Ministry is compiling what was requested before the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) which, due to the inconsistencies it has incurred, has the obligation to proceed with the pertinent clarifications and amendments, especially since said clarifications were requested by the Head of the MOPT.
Under this context, it must be categorically and forcefully stated that the petitioner is false when arguing transgressions of constitutional norms 50 and 89 (among other cited regulations), since from no point of view can the collection of information be visualized as a THREAT to the environment. Even less can the existence of damage be alleged (the petitioner provides no evidence of the existence of damage) if it is considered that, AT THE SITE IN QUESTION, NO ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT, SINCE THE PROJECT DOES NOT YET HAVE environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental).
Such being the case, it is important to conclude the following:
Written by Judge Sánchez Navarro; and,
Considering:
Before analyzing the merits of the allegation, it must be clarified that, based on ruling No. 2008-02545 from 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction – with some exceptions – those matters in which it is disputed whether the public administration has complied or not with the deadlines established by the General Law of Public Administration. In the present matter, an exception case is raised, as we are facing a complaint that could imply an impact on article 50 of the Political Constitution and which to date has not been resolved. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo.
The petitioner alleges that on March 19, 2020, she submitted a request addressed to the minister of Public Works and Transport, in which information was requested about the highway to San Carlos project, as well as the hydrogeological studies of the route. She even described the existing ecosystem on the property and denounced how the route intended to be built could generate irreversible damage to the environment. The foregoing, since within the aforementioned property there has always been a large number of springs (nacientes), sites that remain flooded by the riverine wetland (humedal fluvial) and a great variety of birds and much biodiversity of mammals as well. By official letter No. DM 2020-1241 dated March 24, 2020, the head of the Office of the Minister of MOPT forwarded her request to the executive director of CONAVI. She claims that, on the date of filing the appeal, the request made almost a year ago had not been resolved, despite the threat that the progress in the construction of the route represents for the fluvial ecosystems and biodiversity that would be affected.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been accredited or because the respondent authority omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
In case the Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua) issues any additional recommendation, include it in the Environmental Forecast Plan as appropriate; 6. In all cases where environmental measures or the responsible party have been proposed in terms of the contractor, the same must be proposed in terms of the environmentally responsible developer, since legally the developer is the responsible party for the AOP to be carried out; therefore, reformulate all those that do not meet this premise: 7. Likewise, must reformulate all indicators that were proposed qualitatively and not quantitatively, so that compliance percentages can be determined and the same must be: measurable, quantifiable, verifiable; 8. In cases where Execution of the Technical Study recommendations versus a Non-compliance of the same is indicated, it must be changed and the recommendation must be respected as part of the project’s environmental commitments; 9.
The measures must specify the lead time with which the start of works will be communicated and propose a compliance indicator in this regard, for each of the measures; 10. In case a concrete and/or asphalt plant needs to be installed, as proposed when providing Annex 13.8 Concrete Plant Management Plan, the location of the same must be indicated in the corresponding design; 11. Therefore, measures must be proposed in case the eviction or relocation of people applies; 12. If applicable, present the resettlement plan in general terms, and indicate it in the P-PGA” (see electronic record).
| Site | Type | X | Y |
|---|---|---|---|
| N1 | Spring (Naciente) | 443915 | 1117250 |
| N2 | Spring (Naciente) | 443958 | 1117273 |
| N3 | Spring (Naciente) | 444040 | 1117351 |
| N4 | Spring (Naciente) | 444086 | 1117302 |
| P1 | Well (Pozo) | 439726.41 | 1112045.6 |
The foregoing, with the objective of attending to SETENA’s request, which asks to indicate whether or not water bodies (cuerpos de agua) exist at the site and to indicate if the spring (naciente) is captured by a public aqueduct or is for private use and its respective protection radius, in order to determine if there is any legal impediment. 2) That the criterion for the consideration of the 50-meter protection radius for intermittent springs (nacientes) be eliminated. This because, to establish the setback for springs (nacientes), it is established in subsection a) of article 33 of Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, and this corresponds to a radius of 100 meters measured horizontally and 200 m setback for springs (nacientes) captured for public supply; this article does not refer to setbacks for intermittent springs (nacientes). This is supported in accordance with the field inspection carried out by Mr.
José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez, which states in the first paragraph, third page: “…it is important to mention regarding the points of file 5388A, the visit was guided by Mr. Oscar Jara, where it is identified that both sites were dry during the inspection, carried out on May 29 of this year, when winter had already started…”. 3) That the Directorate (Dirección) determine a condition of water outcropping over the indicated points, and considering the works to be carried out indicated in this text, we appeal to your good offices in order to request your guidance with the instrument to be used, whether by means of a watercourse works permit or similar instrument, or corresponding procedures to be carried out for the optimal and lawful development of the actions to be undertaken by the project.
It is important to note that the project to be developed contemplates the issuance of a National Convenience Decree (Decreto de Conveniencia Nacional) because it proposes other works such as the construction of bridges, for which the felling of trees in Environmentally Fragile Areas (Áreas Ambientalmente Frágiles, AAF) is required. 4) Finally, it is requested that the analysis of the area in question consider the hydraulic works to be carried out, which are based on the principle of generating the least impact on the existing social and environmental surroundings, considering each of the physical, biological, and social components that make up the project area and its surroundings" (see electronic record).
From the reports rendered by the respondent authorities, which are given under the solemnity of oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it is clear that the Ministry of Public Works and Transport has within its planning the execution of the road infrastructure project called "Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela", known as Punta Sur, national route No. 35 -a project previously assigned to the National Road Council (Consejo Nacional Vialidad)-. It was accredited that the road infrastructure project called "Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela" is in a preparatory phase of gathering information and inputs required by SETENA, so that said body can weigh the granting of environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) -that is, said project HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY-.
It was demonstrated that as of the date of rendering the reports, NO CONSTRUCTION WORK THAT HAS GENERATED ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT on the project "Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela". It was proven that obtaining the license or environmental viability is associated with the implementation of a series of elimination, mitigation, compensation, and recovery measures that the project developer must implement and comply with to guarantee harmony between development and environmental protection. It was demonstrated that on March 19, 2020, the petitioner filed a request with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport related to the Project for the new route to San Carlos located between Sifón de San Ramón and San Miguel de Naranjo -he specifically requested a copy of the hydrogeological studies of the area as well as the criteria on what will be done or built in the area where his farm is located, as well as mitigation works for the impact on water resources, and indicated the email address: [email protected] as the means for notifications-.
It was verified that on March 19, 2020, the petitioner requested the Ministry of Environment and Energy "to tell me how many springs (nacientes) exist located there and whether they are permanent or not, and if possible, a criterion from you would be opportune clarifying whether we are in the presence of a possible wetland or not". It was confirmed that on June 17, 2020, officials from the Conservation Area (SINAC) accompanied by the petitioner conducted an in situ visit -during that visit, the petitioner pointed out the bodies of water he wished to be assessed by the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) of MINAE-. It became evident that through official letter No. DA-UHTCOSR-028-0285-2020 dated July 13, 2020, the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy informed the petitioner that after the in situ visit, the following was concluded: "In order to determine the permanent or intermittent nature of the unnamed springs No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4, and of the unnamed streams No. 1 and No. 2, a new visit must be made to the site during the dry season (estiaje) of the zone, for which a new technical report will be prepared.
Regarding your request concerning whether or not there is a wetland on the site, I inform you that according to the competency matrix of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), the authority over wetlands lies with the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación). Therefore, official letter DA-UHTPCORS-0286-2020 was prepared, transferring the concern raised to the Grecia Office of the Central Conservation Area (ACC) of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), as the competent entity in wetland matters, so that it may rule within the framework of its competencies". It was accredited that on September 28, 2020, the Minister of Public Works and Transport submitted to SETENA the Environmental Assessment (Evaluación Ambiental) document D1-0471-2020-SETENA -a document related to the project "Construction design of the Bernardo Soto -Sifón section of the new highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela (Punta Sur)"-.
It was verified that through official letter SETENA-DT-DEA-1421-2020 dated October 20, 2020, SETENA granted the Minister of Public Works and Transport a period of ninety days to submit the following documentation: "1. Please provide the document on security paper, also correct the decree number; it should read 31849 and not 3149 as presented: 2. Please submit the Sworn Declaration on the use of materials obtained from earthworks (movimientos de tierra), according to article 4; 3. On folio 743 a note is indicated that does not exist, or as it reads in the document, Error! Bookmark not defined. Please state the reference; 4. You must present the site design verifying that the protection radii are being respected. If necessary, the certification from the Water Directorate must be presented indicating whether the spring is captured by a public aqueduct or is for private use and its respective protection radius, in order to determine if there is any legal impediment: 5.
In the event that the Water Directorate issues any additional recommendation, include it in the Environmental Forecast Plan (Plan de Pronostico Ambiental) as appropriate; 6. In all cases where environmental measures or the responsible party have been proposed in terms of the contractor, they must be proposed in terms of the developer as the environmentally responsible party, since legally the developer is responsible for the AOP to be carried out; therefore, reformulate all those that do not comply with this premise: 7. Likewise, you must reformulate all the indicators that were proposed qualitatively rather than quantitatively, so that compliance percentages can be determined, and they must be: measurable, quantifiable, verifiable; 8. In cases where Execution of the recommendations of the Technical Study versus a Non-compliance with the same is indicated, it must be changed and the recommendation respected as part of the project's environmental commitments; 9.
The measures must specify the advance notice with which the start of work will be communicated and propose a compliance indicator in this regard, for each of the measures; 10. If it is necessary to install a concrete and/or asphalt plant, as proposed when providing Annex 13.8 Concrete Plant Management Plan, the location of the same must be indicated in the corresponding design; 11. Therefore, measures must be proposed in case the eviction or mobilization of people applies; 12. If applicable, present the general resettlement plan, and indicate it in the P-PGA". On the other hand, it was accredited that according to the Geospatial Review carried out for the project, it is indicated that within a 200m area of influence of the project's route, the following wells and springs were located:
| Pozo ASADA Abangares | 1123500 | 478900 | | Naciente Cerro La Tigra | 1126100 | 482050 | | Naciente Bar El Cruce | 1128500 | 480750 | | Naciente Tributario Q. Seca | 1127350 | 487550 | | Pozo ASADA San Isidro | 1131200 | 490850 | | Naciente Tributario Río Jesús | 1109200 | 497850 | | Pozo ASADA Bolaños | 1107600 | 499150 | | Naciente Río La Vieja | 1103300 | 499250 | | Naciente Tributario Río La Vieja | 1104600 | 498350 | | Naciente Tributario Quebrada Gata | 1111750 | 519100 | Subsequently, on October 23, 2020, it was checked that the petitioner sent an email to the mailbox [email protected] requesting to be informed if a wetland existed on his farm in the area of the springs and its description -the foregoing in accordance with official letter DA-UHTPCORS-0286-2020 sent by MINAE-. It was confirmed that through official letter SINAC-ACC-OG-1000-2020 dated November 5, 2020, the Acting Head of the Grecia Office of SINAC informed the petitioner "For this specific case, the fluvial system is composed of springs and two streams, the permanent or intermittent nature of which is currently unknown, which is why it is necessary for them to be assessed by the Water Directorate during the dry season (estiaje).
Regarding the request for the criterion of the Water Directorate, for an inspection carried out on May 29, 2020, by official José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez, I inform you that this office is unaware of said inspection, therefore, I suggest you direct your request to the Water Directorate". Finally, it was accredited that on November 19, 2020, the Minister of Public Works and Transport requested the Director of the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, MINAE, the following: "1) To clarify, and proceed with a unification of criteria by virtue of the differences found in official letters DA-UHTPCOSJ-1387-2020 and DA-UHTPCOSR-0285-2020, since in the assessment of the bodies of water in official letter DA-UHTPCOSR-0285-2020 prepared by Mr. Ignacio Campos, several points are identified as springs, which do not match what was observed by Mr. José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez. Additionally, a sector is considered a surface water body (unnamed stream No. 2), being this a natural drainage of rainwater from the public road located northeast of the site and having its discharge point in the area indicated as the starting point of the stream.
The foregoing, with the objective of addressing SETENA's request, which asks to indicate whether or not there are bodies of water on the site and to indicate if the spring is captured by a public aqueduct or is for private use and its respective protection radius, in order to determine if there is any legal impediment.
Given this panorama, the appeal is partially admissible for the reasons stated below. REGARDING THE LACK OF RESPONSE TO THE PETITION FILED BY THE PETITIONER ON MARCH 19, 2020: This Court acknowledges that the information requested by the petitioner is in the process of being collected, because as indicated supra, SETENA has not yet granted environmental viability to the project and that the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, in order to clarify the reported situation, even requested the Director of the Water Directorate to clarify the matter of the springs and streams; however, it cannot be considered valid that almost a year later, the protected party has not been given any response -a response that could very well have been informative-. Given this panorama, the appeal is admissible with respect to this point.
Although it is true that it was demonstrated that the project "Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela" is currently in the process for SETENA to grant environmental viability to the project, it is nonetheless striking to this Court that the actions of the respondent Ministry have been generated at the request of the petitioner. For example, the visit that SINAC indicated must be carried out during the dry season (estiaje) of the zone, to determine the permanent or intermittent nature of the springs located in the place where the project is intended to be developed, was generated in response to the protected party's request filed on March 19, 2020. The same happened with the request made by the Minister of Public Works and Transport on November 19, 2020, to the Director of the Water Directorate of MINAE, to define the issue of the bodies of water in the area where the work is intended to be developed.
That is, the respondent Ministry agreed to the execution of the road infrastructure project called "Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela", without first carrying out the hydrogeological studies of the route. As indicated in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, State institutions are called upon to comply with environmental protection legislation; for this purpose, they are obligated to take preventive measures. Omissions in the duty to protect the environment and comply with environmental regulations are of constitutional relevance, since as a consequence of the Administration's inertia in this matter, damage to the environment and natural resources can occur, sometimes with similar or greater consequences than those arising from the Administration's actions. Now, taking into account that it was on the occasion of the complaint filed by the petitioner that the Minister of Public Works and Transport took the pertinent measures to define the nature of the identified bodies of water and their respective classification (intermittent or permanent), the amparo is admissible with respect to this point, but only for indemnification purposes.
Now, taking into account that the alleged violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution could not be accredited, but that it was demonstrated that the project "Construction of the Bernardo Soto-Sifón Section of the new Highway to San Carlos, province of Alajuela" is currently in the process for SETENA to grant environmental viability -a process that entails a series of consultations and analyses to determine the possible impact on the springs that may exist on the site- the respondent and competent authorities in the matter are reminded of the importance of safeguarding the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment in accordance with the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) or in dubio pro natura, through the implementation of environmental protection measures. Now, taking into account that currently, before SETENA's requirements for the possible granting of environmental viability to the project, the Ministry of Public Works is compiling what was requested from the Water Directorate, which must develop a specific assessment on the nature of the identified bodies of water and their respective classification (intermittent or permanent), the communication of this judgment is ordered to both the Water Directorate of MINAE and SETENA for the appropriate purposes.
The protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the Costa Rican Legal System, is safeguarded not only in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, but also in a series of laws and executive decrees (regulations) in force, such as the Organic Law of the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), Law No. 7554 of October 4, 1995; the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad), Law No. 7788 of April 30, 1998; the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre), Law No. 7317 of October 21, 1992; and Executive Decree No. 31849 of May 24, 2004, General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA) Procedures, to name just a few. This makes it necessary, in environmental matters, to separate constitutional review from legality review. In this sense, it is the undersigned's criterion that this Chamber, by way of amparo, should only hear a matter in which a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged, if the Administration has not yet intervened and when the violation of that right is manifest and evident, easily verifiable, of certain importance or gravity, and directly affects a specific person or community.
Otherwise, the matter must be raised and discussed in the legality venue. Therefore, the simple breach of obligations and duties legally imposed on the various public administrations in environmental matters is properly heard in the legality venue –administrative or jurisdictional– where, with much greater scope, the breaches or omissions alleged can be scrutinized. It must be borne in mind that the amparo appeal is a summary, informal, simple, and rapid process, such that from the very moment the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter, in the exercise of its competencies, and processes a procedure, issuing administrative acts, its knowledge falls outside the scope of action of this specialized jurisdiction. Consequently, the review of administrative actions carried out regarding an environmental matter that requires, for its correct assessment, a full cognizance process, is only possible in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the design of the amparo process is incompatible with the contrasting or reviewing of technical or legal criteria developed under the protection of current legal or regulatory norms or with the evacuation of new and greater elements of conviction necessary for contrasting or reviewing the criteria already contained in the administrative file of the case.
The opposite would imply transforming the amparo into an ordinary process of full cognizance, thereby denaturing it and rendering nugatory the purposes for which it was designed, thus losing its condition as an instrument for the effective protection of fundamental rights. As a consequence of the foregoing, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened, in various forms, or has issued administrative acts in relation to an environmental matter, its knowledge and oversight correspond to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It is, precisely, the verification of the existence of that administrative intervention that determines that the matter falls under the jurisdiction of the legality venue. Consequently, this appeal should have been rejected outright as far as this point is concerned, since its object is a matter proper to be discussed, analyzed, and resolved in the legality venue.
However, as this was not done, the appropriate action is to declare it without merit, without making any pronouncement with respect to the merits of the question raised, as it corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, to determine whether the administrative actions and conducts accused are adjusted or not, in substance, to the provisions of the legal framework of statutory rank, regarding the protection, safeguarding, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
The parties are warned that, if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be removed from the office within a maximum period of 30 working days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not removed within this period will be destroyed, in accordance with the "Regulation on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary" (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is partially granted. Rodolfo Méndez Mata, in his capacity as Minister of Public Works and Transport, or whoever holds the position in his stead, is ordered to, within a period of FIVE DAYS, counted from the notification of this judgment, arrange what is necessary so that, within the indicated period, the complaint filed by the petitioner on March 19, 2020, is resolved. The respondent is warned that, in accordance with article 71 of the Law of this jurisdiction, imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not comply with it or enforce it, provided that the offense is not more severely penalized. The State is condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the acts serving as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the sentence in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.
In all other respects, the appeal is dismissed. Notify. Tome nota the respondent authorities of Considerando VI of this judgment. THE CONTENT OF THIS JUDGMENT SHALL BE COMMUNICATED TO THE WATER DIRECTORATE OF MINAE AND TO SETENA. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado issues a partial dissenting vote and dismisses the appeal, regarding the alleged violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ileana Sánchez N.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del doce de marzo de dos mil veintiuno .
Recurso de amparo presentado por ENILDA VARGAS MONTERO, cédula de identidad 0202690691, a favor de OSCAR JARA E HIJOS LIMITADA, cédula jurídica 3102049333, contra el MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y TRANSPORTES (MOPT).
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Sánchez Navarro; y,
Considerando:
Antes de analizar el fondo del alegato, debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones – aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública. En el presente asunto, se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante una denuncia que podría implicar una afectación del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política y que a la fecha no ha sido resuelta. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
La recurrente alega que el amparado en fecha 19 de marzo de 2020 aportó una gestión dirigida al ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes, en la que se le pidió información sobre el proyecto de la carretera a San Carlos, así como los estudios hidrogeológicos de la vía. Incluso, le describió el ecosistema existente en la finca y denunció cómo la ruta que se pretende construir podría generar un daño irreversible al ambiente. Lo anterior, ya que dentro del inmueble referido desde siempre han existido una gran cantidad de nacientes, sitios que permanecen inundados por el humedal fluvial y gran variedad de aves y mucha biodiversidad de mamíferos también. Por oficio No. DM 2020-1241 de 24 de marzo del 2020, el jefe del Despacho del ministro del MOPT trasladó su gestión al director ejecutivo del CONAVI. Reclama que, a la fecha de la interposición del recurso, la gestión planteada hace casi un año, no había sido resuelta, pese a la amenaza que el avance en la construcción de la ruta significa para los ecosistemas fluviales y la biodiversidad que se verían afectados.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
En caso de que la Dirección de Agua emita alguna recomendación adicional incluirla en el Plan de Pronostico Ambiental según corresponda; 6. En todos los casos donde las medidas ambientales o el responsable, hayan sido planteadas en términos del contratista, las mismas deben ser propuestas en términos del desarrollador responsable ambiental, ya que legalmente el desarrollador es el responsable del AOP a realizar, por lo tanto, replantear todas aquellas que no cumplan con esta premisa: 7. Asimismo, debe replantear todos los indicadores que fueron planteados de forma cualitativa y no cuantitativa, de manera que se pueda determinar porcentajes de cumplimiento y los mismos deben de ser: medibles, cuantificables, verificables; 8. En los casos donde se indique Ejecución de las recomendaciones del Estudio Técnico versus un Incumplimiento del mismo debe ser cambiado y respetarse la recomendación como parte de los compromisos ambientales del proyecto; 9.
Las medidas deban puntualizar el tiempo de anticipación con que será comunicado el inicio de los trabajos y plantear un indicador de cumplimiento en este sentido, para cada una de las medidas; 10. En caso de que se requiera instalar planta de concreto y/o de asfalto, tal y como lo plantea al aportar el Anexo 13.8 Plan de Manejo de Plantas de Concreto, debe señalarse la ubicación de las mismas en el diseño correspondiente; 11. Por lo tanto, se deben proponer las medidas en caso de que aplique el desalojo o movilización de personas; 12. En caso de aplicar presentar el plan en términos generales de reasentamiento, e indicarse en el P-PGA” (ver registro electrónico).
De los informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende que el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes tiene dentro de su planificación la ejecución del proyecto de infraestructura vial denominado “Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela”, conocida como Punta Sur, ruta nacional No. 35 -proyecto asignado con anterioridad al Consejo Nacional Vialidad-. Se acreditó que el proyecto de infraestructura vial denominado “Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela” se encuentra en una fase preparatoria de recopilación de información e insumos requeridos por la SETENA, a efectos que dicho órgano pondere el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental -es decir que a dicho proyecto NO SE LE HA CONCEDIDO LA VIABLIDAD AMBIENTAL-.
Se demostró que a la fecha de rendir los informes en el proyecto “Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela” NO SE HA DESARROLLADO EN ÉSTE NINGUNA OBRA CONSTRUCTIVA QUE HAYA GENERADO DAÑOS AMBIENTALES. Se probó que la obtención de la licencia o viabilidad ambiental está asociada a la implementación de una serie de medidas de eliminación, mitigación, compensación y recuperación que el desarrollador el proyecto deberá implementar y cumplir para garantizar la armonía entre desarrollo y protección del ambiente. Quedó demostrado que en fecha 19 de marzo del 2020 el recurrente presentó ante el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes una solicitud relacionada con el Proyecto de la nueva ruta a San Carlos ubicado entre Sifón de San Ramón y San Miguel de Naranjo -solicitó puntualmente copia de los estudios hidrogeológicos de la zona así como los criterios sobre lo que se hará o construirá en la zona donde se ubica su finca así como obras de mitigación al impacto del recurso hídrico y señaló como medio para notificaciones el correo electrónico: [email protected].
Se constató que en fecha 19 de marzo del 2020 el recurrente le solicitó al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía “que me exponga cuántas nacientes existen ubicadas y si las mismas son permanentes o no y si es posible, sería oportuno un criterio de parte de ustedes donde se me aclare, si estamos en presencia de un posible humedal o no”. Se confirmó que en fecha 17 de junio del 2020 funcionarios del Área de Conservación (SINAC) en compañía del recurrente realizaron una visita in situ -en esa visita el recurrente señaló los cuerpos de agua que deseaba fueran dictaminados por parte de la Dirección de Aguas del MINAE-.Quedó en evidencia que mediante oficio N°DA-UHTCOSR-028-0285-2020 de fecha 13 de julio del 2020 la Dirección de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía le informó al recurrente que después de la visita in situ realizada se concluía lo siguiente: “Para poder determinar el carácter de permanente o intermitente de las nacientes sin nombrar N°1, N°2, N°3 y N°4 y de las quebradas sin nombre N°1 y N°2 se deberá realizar una nueva visita al sitio en época de estiaje de la zona, para lo cual se realizará un nuevo informe técnico.
En cuanto a lo solicitado con respecto a si existe o no un humedal en el sitio, me permito informarle que según la matriz de competencia del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), la competencia de los humedales la tiene el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. Por lo anterior se realizó el oficio DA-UHTPCORS-0286-2020 en donde se le hace traslado de la inquietud plateada a la Oficina de Grecia del Área de Conservación Central (ACC) del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), como ente competente en la materia de humedales para que se pronuncie en el marco de sus competencias”. Se acreditó que en fecha 28 de setiembre del 2020 el Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes presentó ante la SETENA el documento de Evaluación Ambiental D1-0471-2020-SETENA -documento relacionado con el proyecto “Diseño constructivo del tramo Bernardo Soto -Sifón de la nueva carretera a San Carlos, provincia Alajuela (Punta Sur)”- .
Se constató que mediante oficio SETENA-DT-DEA-1421-2020 de fecha 20 de octubre del 2020 la SETENA le otorgó al Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes el plazo de noventa días para que presentara la siguiente documentación: “1. Favor aportar el documento en papel de seguridad, también corregir el número de decreto debe leerse 31849 y no 3149 como se presenta: 2. Favor presentar la Declaración jurada sobre el uso de los materiales obtenidos del movimiento de tierras, según el artículo 4; 3. En el folio 743 se indica una nota que no existe, o como se lee en el documento, ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Favor exponer la referencia; 4. Debe presentar el diseño de sitio donde se verifique que se está respetando los radios de protección. De ser necesario se debe presentar la certificación de la Dirección de Aguas donde se indique si la naciente está captada por un acueducto público o es de uso privado y su respectivo radio de protección, con el fin de determinar si existen algún impedimento legal: 5.
En caso de que la Dirección de Agua emita alguna recomendación adicional incluirla en el Plan de Pronostico Ambiental según corresponda; 6. En todos los casos donde las medidas ambientales o el responsable, hayan sido planteadas en términos del contratista, las mismas deben ser propuestas en términos del desarrollador responsable ambiental, ya que legalmente el desarrollador es el responsable del AOP a realizar, por lo tanto, replantear todas aquellas que no cumplan con esta premisa: 7. Asimismo, debe replantear todos los indicadores que fueron planteados de forma cualitativa y no cuantitativa, de manera que se pueda determinar porcentajes de cumplimiento y los mismos deben de ser: medibles, cuantificables, verificables; 8. En los casos donde se indique Ejecución de las recomendaciones del Estudio Técnico versus un Incumplimiento del mismo debe ser cambiado y respetarse la recomendación como parte de los compromisos ambientales del proyecto; 9.
Las medidas deban puntualizar el tiempo de anticipación con que será comunicado el inicio de los trabajos y plantear un indicador de cumplimiento en este sentido, para cada una de las medidas; 10. En caso de que se requiera instalar planta de concreto y/o de asfalto, tal y como lo plantea al aportar el Anexo 13.8 Plan de Manejo de Plantas de Concreto, debe señalarse la ubicación de las mismas en el diseño correspondiente; 11. Por lo tanto, se deben proponer las medidas en caso de que aplique el desalojo o movilización de personas; 12. En caso de aplicar presentar el plan en términos generales de reasentamiento, e indicarse en el P-PGA” . De otra parte se acreditó que según la Revisión Geoespacial realizada del proyecto, se indica que e un área de influencia de 200m del trazo del proyecto se ubicaron los siguientes pozos y nacientes:
Posteriormente en fecha 23 de octubre del 2020 se cotejó que el recurrente remitió un correo electrónico al buzón [email protected] solicitando que le indicaran si en su finca existía un humedal en la zona de las nacientes y la descripción del mismo -lo anterior de conformidad con el oficio DA-UHTPCORS-0286-2020 enviado por el MINAE-. Quedó confirmado que mediante oficio SINAC-ACC-OG-1000-2020 de fecha 05 de noviembre del 2020 el Jefe a.i. de la Oficina de Grecia del SINAC le informó al recurrente “Para esto caso en concreto, el sistema fluvial está compuesto por nacientes y dos quebradas, que a la fecha se desconoce si son de carácter permanente o intermitente, tazón por la cual es necesario que sean valoradas por la Dirección de Agua en época de estiaje (seca). Con respecto a la solicitud del criterio de la Dirección de Agua, por inspección llevada a cabo el 29 de mayo del 2020, por parte del funcionario José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez, me permito indicarle que esta oficina desconoce de esa inspección, por lo cual, le sugiero que dirija su solicitud a la Dirección de Agua”.
Finalmente se acreditó que en fecha 19 de noviembre del 2020 el Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes le solicitó al Director Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE lo siguiente: “1) Se aclare, y se proceda con una unificación de criterios en virtud de las diferencias encontradas en los oficios DA-UHTPCOSJ-1387-2020 y DA-UHTPCOSR-0285-2020, ya que en el dictamen de los cuerpos de agua en el oficio DA-UHTPCOSR-0285-2020 realizado por el señor Ignacio Campos, se identifican varios puntos como nacientes, los cuales no concuerdan por lo observado por el señor José Ricardo Hidalgo Sánchez. Adicionalmente, se considera un sector como un cuerpo de agua superficial (quebrada sin nombre N°2), siendo este un drenaje natural de las aguas pluviales provenientes de la calle pública ubicada al noreste del sitio y cuanta con su punto de desfogue en el área donde se señala como punto inicial de la quebrada.
Lo anterior, con el objetivo de atender la solicitud de SETENA, la cual solicita señalar si existe o no cuerpos de agua en el sitio e indicar si la naciente está captada por un acueducto público o es de uso privado y su respectivo radio de protección, con el fin de determinar si existe algún impedimento legal.
Ante ese panorama el recurso deviene parcialmente procedente por las razones que se indican. EN CUANTO A LA FALTA DE RESPUESTA A LA GESTIÓN INCOADA POR EL RECURRENTE EN FECHA 19 DE MARZO DE 2020: Este Tribunal reconoce que la información requerida por el petente se encuentra en proceso de recolección, lo anterior porque tal y como se indicó supra la SETENA no ha otorgado al proyecto la viabilidad ambiental y que inclusive el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes en aras de aclarar la situación denunciada le solicitó al Director de la Dirección de Aguas, que aclarar el tema de las nacientes y quebradas; sin embargo, no se puede tener por válido que casi un año después al amparado no se le haya brindado respuesta alguna -respuesta que bien pudo haber sido informativa-. Ante ese panorama el recurso deviene procedente en cuanto a este extremo.
Si bien es cierto se logró demostrar que el proyecto “Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela actualmente se encuentran en proceso para que, la SETENA otorgue la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto, lo cierto es que llama la atención a este Tribunal que las actuaciones del Ministerio recurrido se han generado a solicitud del recurrente. Por ejemplo la visita que indicó el SINAC debe realizarse en época de estiaje de la zona, lo anterior para determinar el carácter de permanente o intermitente de las nacientes ubicadas en el lugar donde se pretende desarrollar el proyecto, se generó en respuesta a la solicitud del amparado presentada el 19 de marzo del 2020. Lo mismo sucedió con la solicitud realizada por el Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes en fecha 19 de noviembre del 2020 al Director de la Dirección de Aguas del MINAE, lo anterior para definir el tema de los cuerpos de agua en el área en la cual se pretende desarrollar la obra.
Es decir, el Ministerio recurrido acordó la ejecución del proyecto de infraestructura vial denominado “Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela”, sin realizar de previo los estudios hidrogeológicos de la vía. Tal y como lo indica el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, las instituciones del Estado son las llamadas a cumplir con la legislación tutelar ambiental, para ello está en la obligación de tomar medidas preventivas. Las omisiones al deber de protección del ambiente y de cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental son de relevancia constitucional, por cuanto como consecuencia de la inercia de la Administración en esta materia, se puede producir un daño al ambiente y a los recursos naturales, a veces, de similares o mayores consecuencias que de las derivadas de las actuaciones de la Administración. Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que fue en ocasión a la denuncia planteada por el recurrente, que el Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes tomó las medidas pertinentes a fin de definir la naturaleza de los cuerpos de agua identificados y su respectiva clasificación (intermitentes o permanente), el amparo deviene procedente en cuanto a este extremo pero únicamente para efectos indemnizatorios.
Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que no se logró acreditar la supuesta vulneración del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, pero que sí se demostró que actualmente se encuentran en proceso para que, la SETENA otorgue la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto “Construcción del Tramo Bernardo Soto- Sifón de la nueva Carretera a San Carlos, provincia de Alajuela” -proceso que conlleva a una seria de consultas y análisis para determinar la posible afectación a las nacientes que puedan existir en el sitio- se les recuerda a las autoridades recurridas y competentes en la materia la importancia de tutelar el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado de conformidad con el principio precautorio o de indubio pro natura, lo anterior mediante la implementación de medidas de protección ambiental. Ahora bien tomando en cuenta que actualmente ante los requerimientos de SETENA para el posible otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas se encuentra recopilando lo solicitado ante la Dirección de Aguas, quienes deberán desarrollar un dictamen concreto sobre la naturaleza de los cuerpos de agua identificados y su respectiva clasificación (intermitentes o permanente), se ordena la comunicación de la presente sentencia tanto a la Dirección de Aguas del MINAE como a la SETENA para lo que corresponda.
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería, su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano en cuanto a este extremo se refiere, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad.
Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a Rodolfo Méndez Mata en su calidad de Ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes o a quien en su lugar ocupe el cargo que en el plazo de CINCO DÍAS, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, dispongan lo necesario para que, dentro del plazo indicado, se resuelva la denuncia presentada por el recurrente en fecha 19 de marzo del 2020. Se advierte al recurrido que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese. Tomen nota las autoridades recurridas del Considerando VI de esta sentencia. COMUNÍQUESE EL CONTENIDO DE ESTA SENTENCIA A LA DIRECCIÓN DE AGUAS DEL MINAE Y A LA SETENA. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado salva el voto en forma parcial y declara sin lugar el recurso, en cuanto a la acusada violación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ileana Sánchez N.
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