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Res. 21194-2020 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 03/11/2020
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is partially granted solely regarding the delay in deciding the administrative appeal; it is denied regarding the denial of water and sewer availability.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso únicamente por el retardo en la resolución del recurso de apelación; se declara sin lugar en cuanto a la denegatoria de la disponibilidad de agua y alcantarillado.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Court heard an amparo action filed by Luis Alonso Salazar Rodríguez on behalf of a legal entity against the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA). The petitioner challenged the denial of potable water and sanitary sewer availability for a property segregated from the parent parcel of the “Nuevo Guápiles” urban development in Pococí. AyA based its refusal on the project's failure to comply with technical, legal, and environmental requirements under AyA's Organic Law (Law 2726), the Urban Planning Law, and the General Health Law, particularly because the area sits on a highly vulnerable aquifer and the “Numancia 1” spring, which supplies several communities. The Court found no fundamental rights violation in the denial, holding that legal and technical requirements for public service provision cannot be disregarded, and deferred substantive challenges to the administrative litigation jurisdiction. However, the amparo was partially granted regarding the delay in deciding the administrative appeal, which had been resolved during the amparo proceedings, applying Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law without awarding costs or damages. Three justices dissented regarding economic consequences, arguing that compensation was mandatory under Articles 50 and 51 of the law, and another justice dissented maintaining that the amparo should have been rejected outright because it was brought on behalf of a legal entity.La Sala Constitucional conoció el amparo presentado por Luis Alonso Salazar Rodríguez en representación de una persona jurídica, contra el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA). El recurrente reclamó la denegatoria de disponibilidad de agua potable y alcantarillado sanitario para una propiedad segregada de la finca madre del proyecto urbanístico “Nuevo Guápiles” en Pococí. AyA fundamentó su negativa en que el proyecto en su conjunto no ha cumplido los requisitos técnicos, legales y ambientales exigidos por la Ley Constitutiva de AyA (Ley 2726), la Ley de Planificación Urbana y la Ley General de Salud, especialmente por ubicarse sobre un acuífero de alta vulnerabilidad y la naciente “Numancia 1”, que abastece varias comunidades. La Sala determinó que no hubo violación a derechos fundamentales por la denegatoria, pues no pueden inobservarse los requisitos legales y técnicos para la dotación de un servicio público, y remitió las discrepancias de fondo a la vía contencioso-administrativa. Sin embargo, declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso por el retardo en la resolución del recurso de apelación, el cual fue resuelto durante la tramitación del amparo, aplicando el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Tres magistrados salvaron el voto respecto a la condenatoria económica, considerando que procedía la indemnización conforme los artículos 50 y 51 de dicha ley, y un magistrado adicional salvó el voto estimando que el amparo debía rechazarse de plano por haberse interpuesto a favor de una persona jurídica.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV. REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY BEING CLAIMED. It was established that the availability requested by the petitioner on October 1, 2018, was denied by official communication GSP-RA-P-2018-01009 of October 22, 2018, on the grounds that: “There is no potable water availability at the front of the property. There is no sewer system availability at the front of the property” (the records). It was also verified that through Certificate of NO Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewer Services No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 of November 12, 2019, the availability requested that same day was denied, given that “There is no potable water availability at the front of the property. There is no sewer system availability at the front of the property” (report and records). Disagreeing on November 22, 2019, the petitioner filed a motion for revocation with subsidiary appeal against resolution No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 (report and records). The record shows that by resolution of the Cantonal Unit of the respondent Institute RA-Pococí at 10:40 a.m. on December 13, 2019, the revocation was declared without merit, since in that unit's opinion: “(…) in this specific case, hydraulic capacity is lacking insofar as the project has not met the technical requirements demanded by the Law and Technical Standards in force on this matter (…)”. Likewise, it was verified that by resolution of the General Management of the respondent Institute, No. GG-2020-540 at 12:00 p.m. on August 26, 2020, the appeal was rejected and the challenged resolution was confirmed, considering that “(…) the petitioner’s property is part of a Project, estimated to total 233 properties, originating from parent parcel Folio Real 7-65885-000, which to date have not complied with the AyA requirements and obligations established by the Law and technical standards (…)” (records and report). This Court has repeatedly held that the legal and technical requirements for providing a public service cannot be disregarded (see similar ruling 2009-003825 at 4:49 p.m. on March 10, 2009). Likewise, this Court is not a controller of the legality of the Administration's actions, and therefore it is not its role to review the appropriateness of the respondent's decision regarding whether, by virtue of the urban, technical, and legal conditions of the protected party's lot, the aforementioned availability should or should not be granted. Therefore, the petitioner's disagreement with the denials is not to be analyzed or resolved in this forum, but rather before the respondent authority itself or through the competent legality channel, so that it may be resolved in accordance with the law. Thus, the Court does not find the claimed infringement. V. REGARDING THE DELAY IN RESOLVING THE APPEAL FILED BY THE PETITIONER. It was verified that on November 22, 2019, the petitioner filed a motion for revocation with subsidiary appeal against Certificate of NO Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewer Services No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 of November 12, 2019, which denied the availability requested that same day (report and records). It was established that by resolution of the Cantonal Unit of the respondent Institute RA-Pococí at 10:40 a.m. on December 13, 2019, the revocation was declared without merit (report and records). The record shows that upon notification of the order to proceed to the respondent authority, the appeal was rejected and that resolution was notified to the petitioner through the email addresses [email protected], Alonso Salazar [email protected], and [email protected] (report and records). In light of this, the Court finds that the claimed delay occurred. As a corollary of the foregoing, the amparo must be granted, as will be stated below.IV.- SOBRE LA DISPONIBILIDAD QUE SE RECLAMA. Se acreditó que la disponibilidad que el recurrente solicitó el 1 de octubre de 2018, fue denegada por oficio GSP-RA-P-2018-01009 de 22 de octubre de 2018 con el argumento que: “No hay disponibilidad de agua potable al frente de la propiedad. No hay disponibilidad de sistema de alcantarillado al frente de la propiedad” (los autos). También, se constató que mediante Constancia de NO Disponibilidad de Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 de 12 de noviembre de 2019 se denegó la disponibilidad pedida ese mismo día, en vista que “No hay disponibilidad de agua potable al frente de la propiedad. No hay disponibilidad de sistema de alcantarillado al frente de la propiedad” (informe y los autos). Disconforme el 22 de noviembre de 2019, el recurrente presentó recurso de revocatoria con apelación en Subsidio contra la resolución, No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 (informe y los autos). Consta que por resolución de la Unidad Cantonal del Instituto recurrido RA-Pococí de las 10:40 horas de 13 de diciembre de 2019 se declaró sin lugar la revocatoria, pues en criterio de esa dependencia: “(…) en este caso en específico, se adolece de la capacidad hidráulica en el tanto el proyecto no ha sido sometido a los requerimientos técnicos que exige la Ley y Normas Técnicas vigentes en esta materia (…)”. Asimismo, se verificó que por resolución de la Gerencia General del Instituto recurrido, No. GG-2020-540 de las 12:00 horas de 26 de agosto de 2020 se rechazó la apelación y confirmó la resolución impugnada, estimando que la “(…) propiedad del recurrente es parte de un Proyecto, que se estima en un total de 233 propiedades, que nacen de la finca matriz folio real 7-65885-000, que a la fecha no han cumplido ante el A y A con los requisitos y obligaciones que establece la Ley, y norma técnica (…)” (los autos e informe). Reiteradamente ese Tribunal ha dispuesto que no pueden inobservarse los requisitos legales y técnicos para la dotación de un servicio público (ver sentencia en sentido similar 2009-003825 de las 16:49 horas del 10 de marzo de 2009). Asimismo, la Sala no es un contralor de la legalidad de las actuaciones de la Administración, de modo que no le compete revisar la procedencia de lo resuelto por el recurrido, respecto a si, en virtud de las condiciones urbanísticas, técnicas y legales del lote del tutelado, se le debe otorgar o no la disponibilidad aludida. Ergo, la disconformidad que tenga el recurrente con las denegatorias, no corresponde ser analizada ni resuelta en esta sede, sino ante la propia autoridad recurrida o en la vía de legalidad competente, a efectos de que se resuelva conforme a derecho. Así las cosas, no aprecia la Sala la infracción reclamada. V.- SOBRE EL RETARDO EN LA RESOLUCIÓN DEL RECURSO DE APELACIÓN QUE INTERPUSO EL RECURRENTE. Se verificó que el 22 de noviembre de 2019, el recurrente presentó recurso de revocatoria con apelación en Subsidio contra la Constancia de NO Disponibilidad de Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 de 12 de noviembre de 2019 que denegó la disponibilidad que solicitó ese mismo día (informe y los autos). Se constató que por resolución de la Unidad Cantonal del Instituto recurrido RA-Pococí de las 10:40 horas de 13 de diciembre de 2019 se declaró sin lugar la revocatoria (informe y los autos). Consta que con ocasión de la notificación del auto de curso a la autoridad recurrida, se rechazó la apelación y se notificó esa resolución al recurrente, a través de los correos electrónicos [email protected], Alonso Salazar [email protected], y [email protected] (informe y los autos). Así las cosas, estima la Sala que se produjo la dilación reclamada. Como corolario de lo expuesto, se impone acoger el recurso, conforme se dirá.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Reiteradamente ese Tribunal ha dispuesto que no pueden inobservarse los requisitos legales y técnicos para la dotación de un servicio público."
"This Court has repeatedly held that the legal and technical requirements for providing a public service cannot be disregarded."
Considerando IV
"Reiteradamente ese Tribunal ha dispuesto que no pueden inobservarse los requisitos legales y técnicos para la dotación de un servicio público."
Considerando IV
"la Sala no es un contralor de la legalidad de las actuaciones de la Administración, de modo que no le compete revisar la procedencia de lo resuelto por el recurrido, respecto a si, en virtud de las condiciones urbanísticas, técnicas y legales del lote del tutelado, se le debe otorgar o no la disponibilidad aludida."
"This Court is not a controller of the legality of the Administration's actions; therefore, it is not its role to review the propriety of the respondent's decision regarding whether, by virtue of the urban, technical, and legal conditions of the petitioner's lot, the aforementioned availability should or should not be granted."
Considerando IV
"la Sala no es un contralor de la legalidad de las actuaciones de la Administración, de modo que no le compete revisar la procedencia de lo resuelto por el recurrido, respecto a si, en virtud de las condiciones urbanísticas, técnicas y legales del lote del tutelado, se le debe otorgar o no la disponibilidad aludida."
Considerando IV
"en este caso en específico, se adolece de la capacidad hidráulica en el tanto el proyecto no ha sido sometido a los requerimientos técnicos que exige la Ley y Normas Técnicas vigentes en esta materia."
"in this specific case, hydraulic capacity is lacking insofar as the project has not met the technical requirements demanded by the Law and Technical Standards in force on this matter."
Considerando IV
"en este caso en específico, se adolece de la capacidad hidráulica en el tanto el proyecto no ha sido sometido a los requerimientos técnicos que exige la Ley y Normas Técnicas vigentes en esta materia."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
*200149490007CO* CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine thirty-five on the third of November of two thousand twenty.
Amparo action brought by LUIS ALONSO SALAZAR RODRÍGUEZ, identity card 0107360761, on behalf of [Name 001], legal ID [Value 001], against the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS.
WHEREAS:
Drafted by Magistrate Esquivel Rodríguez; and,
Whereas:
Before analyzing the merits of the case, it must be clarified that, as of Judgment No. 2008-02545, at 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction – with some exceptions – those matters in which it is discussed whether the public administration has or has not complied with the reasonably set deadlines to resolve the requests made by the administered parties, in light of the provisions of Article 41 of the Political Constitution. Precisely, in the specific case, an exception case arises, as it involves a request for water that has not been resolved within a reasonable timeframe. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo action.
The petitioner complains that the Cantonal Unit of Pococí of the Región Huetar Atlántica of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados has denied the requests for potable water availability that he has filed for a property owned by his client, despite the fact that, in view of the recognition of the right to water of all Costa Ricans, he is entitled to obtain potable water service, especially considering that in the area, availability has been granted for dwellings and businesses, including the Courts of Justice of the II Judicial Circuit of Limón.
Of relevance for the decision of this amparo, the following are considered proven: 1) On October 1, 2018, the petitioner requested the Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewerage Services for the Property registered in the Real Estate Registry of the Province of Limón, Folio Real Registration 155800-000 (the record). 2) By official letter GSP-RA-P-2018-01009 of October 22, 2018, that availability was denied, on the grounds that: “There is no potable water availability in front of the property. There is no sewerage system availability in front of the property” (the record). 3) On November 12, 2019, the petitioner again requested the Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewerage Services for Property Folio Real Registration 7-155800-000 (report and record). 4) By Certificate of NO Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewerage Services No.
SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 of November 12, 2019, denied the request (report and case file). 5) On November 22, 2019, the petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration with subsidiary appeal against that resolution (report and case file). 6) By resolution of the Cantonal Unit of the appealed Institute, RA-Pococí, at 10:40 a.m. on December 13, 2019, the reconsideration was declared without merit (report and case file). 7) On August 25, 2020, the order granting leave to proceed was notified to the appealed authority (case file). 8) By resolution of the General Management of the appealed Institute, No. GG-2020-540 at 12:00 p.m. on August 26, 2020, the appeal was rejected and the challenged resolution was confirmed (report and case file). 8) On August 27, 2020, that resolution was notified to the petitioner, via the email addresses [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected] (report and case file).
It was proven that the availability certification the petitioner requested on October 1, 2018, was denied by official letter GSP-RA-P-2018-01009 of October 22, 2018, on the grounds that: “There is no potable water availability in front of the property. There is no sanitary sewer system availability in front of the property” (case file). It was also verified that by means of Certificate of NON-Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewer Services No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 of November 12, 2019, the availability certification requested that same day was denied, given that “There is no potable water availability in front of the property. There is no sanitary sewer system availability in front of the property” (report and case file). In disagreement, on November 22, 2019, the petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration with subsidiary appeal against resolution No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 (report and case file).
The record shows that by resolution of the Cantonal Unit of the appealed Institute, RA-Pococí, at 10:40 a.m. on December 13, 2019, the reconsideration was declared without merit, since in that office’s opinion: “(…) in this specific case, there is a lack of hydraulic capacity insofar as the project has not been subjected to the technical requirements demanded by the Law and the Technical Standards in force on this matter (…)”. Likewise, it was verified that by resolution of the General Management of the appealed Institute, No. GG-2020-540 at 12:00 p.m. on August 26, 2020, the appeal was rejected and the challenged resolution was confirmed, considering that the “(…) petitioner’s property is part of a Project, estimated at a total of 233 properties, originating from the parent property, real folio 7-65885-000, which to date have not complied before the A y A with the requirements and obligations established by the Law and technical standard (…)” (case file and report).
This Chamber has repeatedly held that the legal and technical requirements for the provision of a public service cannot be disregarded (see similar ruling 2009-003825 at 4:49 p.m. on March 10, 2009). Likewise, this Chamber is not a controller of legality for the Administration’s actions, and therefore it is not within its purview to review the appropriateness of the appealed authority’s decision regarding whether, by virtue of the urbanistic, technical, and legal conditions of the protected person’s lot, the aforementioned availability certification should or should not be granted. Ergo, the disagreement the petitioner may have with the denials is not for this venue to analyze or resolve, but rather must be brought before the appealed authority itself or in the appropriate legal venue, so that it may be resolved in accordance with the law. In view of the foregoing, the Chamber does not find the claimed violation.
Even though the appealed authority omitted in its report to refer to this aspect of the process, there are no greater evidentiary elements beyond the petitioner’s assertions to prove the differentiated treatment claimed. In this regard, note that in the case of the Courts of the II Judicial Circuit of the Atlantic Zone—which is one of the comparison parameters used by the petitioner—, construction dates back to 2007 (judgment No. 2008003164 at 3:00 p.m. on March 6, 2008). In this sense, variations in time and place are differentiations that can make a difference in treatment reasonable, and he does not specify one that is in an identical situation. That is, one that requested it at the same time. On the contrary, the record shows that the treatment provided by the appealed entity to requests for availability certifications for potable water and sanitary sewer services, at that location, is identical to the one being claimed (judgments No. 2015016463 at 9:05 a.m. on October 23, 2015, and 2016015830 at 9:30 a.m. on October 28, 2016).
Added to the above, in his case, the Cantonal Unit of Pococí of the Huetar Atlántica Region of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados links the petitioner’s property to a housing project that is faulted for having failed to comply with the technical and legal requirements and the technical specifications issued and approved by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and that must be resolved first. Under this understanding, the Chamber dismisses this grievance.
It was verified that on November 22, 2019, the petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration with subsidiary appeal against the Certificate of NON-Availability of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewer Services No. SIGDD-2019-00013531-1-1-1-1 of November 12, 2019, which denied the availability certification he requested that same day (report and case file). It was verified that by resolution of the Cantonal Unit of the appealed Institute, RA-Pococí, at 10:40 a.m. on December 13, 2019, the reconsideration was declared without merit (report and case file). The record shows that upon notification of the order granting leave to proceed to the appealed authority, the appeal was rejected and that resolution was notified to the petitioner, via the email addresses [email protected], Alonso Salazar [email protected], and [email protected] (report and case file). In view of the foregoing, the Chamber finds that the claimed delay occurred. As a corollary of the above, it is necessary to grant the appeal, as will be stated.
VI.REGARDING THE AWARD OF COSTS, DAMAGES, AND LOSSES IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 52 OF THE LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL: Regarding the award of costs, damages, and losses in accordance with Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Upon better consideration, the majority of the Chamber holds that, in the sub examine, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (“If, while the amparo is pending, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the appeal shall be declared with merit solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable”), the grant of relief must be without a special award of costs, damages, and losses, based on the following considerations. While there is an express text in the law requiring that the operative part of the judgment indicate that the appeal is declared with merit when the grievance is resolved while the amparo is pending, it is no less true that the same paragraph in fine states that the grant is ordered “solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” It is emphasized that the Law states “if applicable,” which means that the applicability or inapplicability of indemnification and costs depends on an assessment, appreciation, or weighing by the Court.
In cases such as this, the content of the petitioner’s claim and the appealed authority’s conduct in acknowledging it suggest that the alleged detriments, injuries, or alterations are not directly related to a repercussion on a constitutional right of an evidently patrimonial nature (as would occur, for example, with an impairment of the right to a salary). To dispel any doubt in this regard, it is important to highlight the provisions of Article 51 of the same Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, when it provides that: “any resolution granting the appeal shall award, in the abstract, indemnification for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the appeal, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of judgment,” where the possibility of assessing whether indemnification and costs are applicable or not is not foreseen. The principles of Constitutional Law, those of Public and General Procedural Law or, as applicable, those of International or Community Law and, additionally, in their order, the Ley General de la Administración Pública and the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo and the other procedural codes, are supplementary sources for the application and interpretation of the norms of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional —cf.
Article 14—. For the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the legislator established a precept fully applicable to the case by analogy, in Article 197 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, which responds to procedural logic in any subject matter. In any event, the affected party in the sub lite retains the possibility of resorting, if they see fit, to a plenary proceeding in order to demonstrate that they have suffered some type of detriment. Based on the foregoing, the majority opinion is to resolve this appeal without an award of costs, damages, and losses.
While it is true that this Court has recognized the right to the supply of potable water as an emergent right and at the service of individuals, it has also pointed out that this depends on the material possibility to make that provision effective and that non-compliance with the legal and technical requirements established by the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados for the provision of a public service is not permissible. Based on the foregoing, and taking into account that access to potable water is a basic and inalienable right, as indicated in Article 50 of the Constitución Política, an article added in the publication of La Gaceta #159 of July 2, 2020 (Article 50. Every person has the human, basic, and inalienable right of access to potable water, as an essential good for life. Water is a good of the nation, indispensable to protect such human right. Its use, protection, sustainability, conservation, and exploitation shall be governed by what is established by the law to be created for these purposes, and the supply of potable water for consumption by persons and populations shall have priority), I consider that the authorities of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados are called upon to take the pertinent measures to guarantee access to a vital resource such as water, provided that the legal requirements are respected, since a right does not circumvent requirements.
VIII.DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATE HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ, REGARDING THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES DERIVED FROM DECLARING THIS APPEAL WITH MERIT. I concur with the majority of the Chamber in the decision taken regarding the existence of a violation of fundamental rights in this case, which has been corrected on the occasion of the Chamber’s intervention; however, I dissent from its decision regarding the issue of the economic consequences of that declaration.
The constitutional jurisdiction vested in this Court in matters of amparo and habeas corpus—the jurisdiction of liberty, as it is called—is special because its purpose is not that of the traditional judge who resolves a conflict between two parties faced with a legal dispute. Its subject matter is of public order, and its objective is to provide judicial protection to individuals in the exercise of their fundamental rights in such a way that their enjoyment is not disturbed by acts of those who, de facto or de jure, perform concrete exercises of authority capable of violating them.
That protective vocation of the constitutional jurisdiction is materialized in a procedural design that is also peculiar, swift, and free of charge, where the appealed public authority is required to simply render “a report” on the actions taken in the denounced case (Articles 43, 44, 45, and 46 of the LJC). Thus, it is not technically a litigation, and in accordance with that, the Sala Constitucional is granted broad powers to guide the course of the amparo or habeas corpus proceeding, both regarding the possibility of requesting information from other authorities about what happened, and regarding the broad handling of evidence that may serve to clarify what occurred. Such a procedural framework of the jurisdiction of liberty, where there are no two antagonistic parties pitted against each other such that what one gains the other loses, requires us to distance ourselves from the solutions that have been provided for these latter matters in procedural systems such as the civil, contentious-administrative, or labor systems.
Regarding what is now at issue, the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional regulates in its Articles 46 et seq. three specific aspects of the exercise of the jurisdictional function of protecting fundamental rights, vested in the Chamber: a) the first aspect is that pertaining to the declaration that must be made of the existence or non-existence of the violation (Articles 46 and 47 LJC); b) the second carefully regulates the powers enjoyed by the Court to reverse the legal effects of the violation of fundamental rights and restore, in the most effective manner, their exercise (Articles 49 and 50 LJC); c) the third aspect (Article 51 LJC) provides rules on the economic consequences of such amparo and habeas corpus proceedings, such that—upon the Chamber finding a violation—there is a restoration of the enjoyment of such rights and, additionally, effective indemnification for the damages and expenses caused, as part of the right to effective justice regarding the reparation of the harmful consequences generated by the infringing authorities, which are not only for purposes of effective judicial protection for the claimant party but also for a dissuasive purpose so that the State does not incur in the future in the actions that gave basis to the granting of the appeal, a matter regulated in Article 50 of the ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
In this last aspect, the Law, in its Article 51, orders the Chamber that “any resolution granting the appeal shall award, in the abstract, indemnification for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the appeal…”. This is the general system that regulates matters of the indemnification sphere, for the cases that the majority identifies as the “natural or normal form of termination of the proceeding, where there is a ruling on the merits of the matter and acknowledgment of the facts that have violated fundamental rights…”; in such cases, among which is the one now being decided, the Chamber has found the grievance proven, and hence the need for an award of costs, damages, and losses, which is supported by the aforementioned concept of effective protection of individuals’ rights and by the notion that the Administration must be held responsible for the damages and expenses caused by its unconstitutional actions. This conclusion is not changed in any way by the fact that, upon hearing and resolving the amparo, “the effects of the claimed act may have ceased” (Article 50), since such a case forms an integral part of the general system of automatic award of costs, damages, and losses, on the understanding that the proceeding has ended in the normal manner and the violation has been verified.
Within this simple and clear general framework—and devoid of deficiencies or gaps—the provision of Article 52 of the Law fits perfectly as an exceptional case, applicable only in cases where the Chamber has not heard, nor ruled on, the merits of the claim, that is—as the majority states—in those situations of “abnormal termination of the proceeding.” But the conditions and scope for decreeing that form of conclusion are delineated with utmost precision by the legislator; first, the factual presuppositions for the application of this norm are clearly described, so that the Chamber must verify:
In this case, the foregoing exercise compels the conclusion that Article 52 of the LJC is inapplicable, because, on the one hand, the Court has ruled on the merits of the matter, has recognized with its declaration a violation of fundamental rights, and has determined who was responsible; the above in no way resembles an “abnormal termination of the proceeding.” On the other hand, the requirements of the recently cited Article 52 are not met either, since there is no formally issued “administrative or judicial resolution” in which the act giving rise to the violation of constitutional rights is expressly revoked, halted, or suspended. For all these reasons, it is appropriate to apply the provisions of Articles 50 and 51 of the LJC and order—as a consequence of having verified the violation—the award of damages, losses, and costs caused, as economic consequences of the proceeding.
But even if we were to set aside the automatic award of damages, losses, and costs, disregarding the foregoing reasoning, the truth is that the proven facts of this case have led the Chamber to declare the existence of an impairment of the exercise of the petitioner’s fundamental rights, which, as a harmful action, carries with it a presumption of the arising of economic damages and losses—whose concrete determination is not for the Chamber to make—and no merit whatsoever is evident in the case file that would convince one to exonerate the appealed authority from covering the effective reparation of the harmful consequences of its acts, according to the general principle expressly provided in the law.
IX.PARTIAL DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATE SALAZAR ALVARADO, ONLY IN RELATION TO THE NON-AWARD OF COSTS, DAMAGES, AND LOSSES AGAINST THE APPEALED PARTY. While I concur with the rest of the Chamber in declaring the appeal with merit, I dissent from the majority opinion insofar as it exempts the appealed party from being ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses derived from the injury caused to the fundamental rights of the protected party.
The Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in Article 52, provides that: “If, while the amparo is pending, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the appeal shall be declared with merit solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” On the other hand, Article 51 ibidem establishes that: “...any resolution granting the appeal shall award, in the abstract, indemnification for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the appeal, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of judgment.” This latter norm establishes the general system that regulates matters concerning indemnification and payment of costs, and which the majority calls the “natural or normal form of termination of the proceeding, where there is a ruling on the merits of the matter and acknowledgment of the facts that have violated fundamental rights…”.
In the majority’s opinion, the cited Article 51 regulates scenarios in which the Chamber has found the grievance proven; and, as a consequence, the need arises for an award of costs, damages, and losses. However, in the undersigned’s judgment, from a systematic interpretation of both norms, it is concluded that, both in cases where this Constitutional Court verifies a violation of a fundamental right and, therefore, declares the appeal with merit, and in those where the Administration, by its own decision, restores the aggrieved person to the enjoyment of their fundamental rights once it has become aware of the amparo—a scenario contemplated in the referenced Article 52—, by imperative of Articles 50 and 51 of the cited law, the necessary and inescapable consequence is the award against the infringer for the indemnification of the damages and losses caused and the payment of the costs of the appeal.
This rule is nothing other than the recognition, to the party that has suffered a violation of their fundamental rights, of the right to effective judicial protection regarding the reparation of the harmful consequences derived from the actions or omissions of the infringing authorities; and, as a dissuasive means, so that the State does not incur again in the actions that gave basis to the granting of the appeal, a matter regulated in Article 50 of the law governing this jurisdiction. Thus, whether the Chamber has found the grievance proven and has proceeded to hear the merits of the matter, or whether the violation ceased by decision of the appealed authority itself once it learned of the processing of the amparo, with restoration of the enjoyment of fundamental rights in favor of the aggrieved person (Article 52), always, in any of those scenarios, the compelling need arises for an award of costs, damages, and losses against the infringer, the basis of which is found in the principles of protection of individuals’ rights and in the principle that the Administration must be held responsible for the damages and losses caused by its unconstitutional actions.
Thus, the fact that, at the time of hearing and granting the amparo, the effects of the challenged act may have already ceased, in the terms of the provisions of Articles 50 and 52 of the cited law, does not negate the applicability of the award of costs, damages, and losses, since such a case forms an integral part of the general system of necessary award under those headings, as contained in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
On the other hand, it is clear that the mentioned Article 52 applies only in cases where the Chamber, even though it has not heard nor ruled on the merits of the claim, has verified the violation of fundamental rights suffered by the petitioner by virtue of the restoration to the enjoyment of those rights that the Administration has agreed to in their favor; a situation that, as stated by the majority of the Chamber, implies an “abnormal termination of the proceeding.” The legislator established and precisely delimited the conditions under which this Chamber may decree that form of abnormal conclusion of the amparo proceeding, as well as its scope, namely: 1) that the amparo is pending, that is, that the Administration has been duly notified of the resolution that granted leave to proceed with the amparo; and, 2) that there exists an administrative or judicial resolution that orders, in an indubitable manner, the revocation, halting, or suspension of the challenged action violating fundamental rights.
Certainly, the norm in question contemplates an exception to the general system of award of costs, damages, and losses, notwithstanding the granting of the appeal, by providing that, in the cases regulated therein, the appeal shall be declared with merit “solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” As an exception, it must be interpreted restrictively; that is, it only applies in the scenarios strictly contemplated in the norm, not only because of the rule that exceptions in law must be interpreted restrictively, but also because the consequences of applying such an exception entail, without a doubt, a diminution in the fundamental right of individuals to obtain effective judicial protection against the damages and losses suffered from the violation of their constitutional rights.
In my opinion, such an exception must be interpreted as meaning that, in accordance with the general system of automatic award of costs, damages, and losses in the event of a violation of fundamental rights, that award is always applicable, even in the case where the appealed party issues an administrative or judicial resolution that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, unless it is indubitably and clearly established that no compensable harm whatsoever was caused in the specific case. Only and solely in such scenarios could the appealed Administration be exempted from the payment of those items. Since in this case, there is no element whatsoever that rebuts the presumption of the arising, for the petitioner, of economic damages and losses derived from the challenged actions—whose concrete determination is not for this jurisdiction to make—, the granting of this appeal must necessarily entail the award of costs, damages, and losses, and I so declare.
Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC) states: “If, while the amparo is pending, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the appeal shall be declared with merit solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” My interpretation of that norm is as follows: That “resolution” is any valid and effective act by which the competent authority restores the enjoyment of the violated right. The phrase “if applicable” refers to costs. Furthermore, Article 197 of the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, cited by the majority, on the basis of Article 14 of the LJC, refers precisely only to these: costs.
Certainly, under the terms of Article 48 of the Constitución Política (CP), the essential content of the right to the amparo appeal is not of an indemnificatory nature but rather restitutive; however, Article 51 of the LJC states: “Any resolution granting the appeal shall award, in the abstract, indemnification for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the appeal, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of judgment.” If the right has been violated and the Chamber so verifies, even if it has been restored, damages and losses may have arisen. For this reason, their award in the abstract is appropriate. If this were not done, if such an award were not made, in the event that they did occur, there would be no title—derived from this proceeding—to claim them, which could violate Article 41 of the CP. If, despite the award in the abstract having been ordered, no damages and losses were caused, the judge in the ordinary venue shall so declare, as only they are responsible for taking as proven the real existence and magnitude of the same.
With the thesis defended by the majority, I consider that, contrary to what is sought, the Administration would be incentivized to respect rights only in the face of the existence of an amparo appeal. It remains to be said that Article 52 of the LJC provides for the possibility that, if it is deemed just, the Chamber may award costs even when the right has been restored.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 working days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period shall be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
By majority, the appeal is declared partially with merit.
Pursuant to Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), the appeal is partially granted, solely with regard to the claimed delay. Judge Esquivel Rodríguez records a note. Judge Hernández López partially dissents and orders the award of damages, losses, and costs pursuant to Articles 50 and 51 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Judge Salazar Alvarado partially dissents and orders the award of damages, losses, and costs. Judge Garro Vargas partially dissents with respect to the operative part and orders the award of damages and losses, but not the award of costs. In all other respects, the appeal is dismissed. Judge Rueda Leal dissents and dismisses the appeal in its entirety. Let it be notified.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Paul Rueda L. Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V. Marta Esquivel R.
File No. 20-014949-0007-CO Dissenting vote of Judge Rueda Leal regarding the protected legal entity. I maintain that this matter should be summarily rejected, since the petitioner brings the amparo appeal on behalf of a legal entity. Of importance for the sub examine, in the dissenting vote I recorded in judgment No. 2019-2355 of 9:30 a.m. on February 12, 2019, I held:
“in Advisory Opinion 22-16 of February 26, 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights indicated that although some States recognize the right to petition for legal entities under special conditions, such as unions, political parties, or representatives of indigenous peoples, Afro-descendant communities, or specific groups, the fact is that ‘Article 1.2 of the American Convention only establishes rights in favor of natural persons, so legal entities are not holders of the rights enshrined in said treaty.’ On the other hand, in the same advisory opinion, the Inter-American Court ruled that, in certain specific contexts, natural persons may exercise their rights through legal entities (for example, through a media outlet, as occurred in the Granier et al. vs. Venezuela case); however, for this to be subject to protection before the inter-American system, ‘the exercise of the right through a legal entity must involve an essential and direct relationship between the natural person requiring protection from the inter-American system and the legal entity through which the violation occurred, since a simple link between both persons is not sufficient to conclude that the rights of natural persons, and not of legal entities, are effectively being protected.
Indeed, it must be proven beyond the simple participation of the natural person in the activities of the legal entity, such that said participation relates substantially to the rights alleged to have been violated.’ (emphasis added)(OC. 22/16)”.
Based on the foregoing paragraph, I consider it inadmissible to grant protection to the legal entity that is the subject of the sub iudice, since the essential link between it and any specific natural person regarding the allegedly aggrieved right was not established.
Paul Rueda L.
Observations from SALA CONSTITUCIONAL voted with ballot It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 09-05-2026 02:53:56.
Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencia con nota separada Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente *200149490007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta y cinco minutos del tres de noviembre de dos mil veinte.
Recurso de amparo promovido por LUIS ALONSO SALAZAR RODRÍGUEZ, cédula de identidad 0107360761, a favor de [Nombre 001], cédula jurídica [Valor 001], contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS.
RESULTANDO:
Redacta la Magistrada Esquivel Rodríguez; y,
Considerando:
Antes de analizar el fondo del asunto debe aclararse que, a partir de la Sentencia N° 2008-02545, de las 8:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa – con algunas excepciones – aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos razonablemente pautados para resolver las solicitudes planteadas por los administrados a la luz de los dispuesto por el artículo 41, de la Constitución Política. Precisamente, en el caso concreto, se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante una solicitud de agua, la cual no ha sido resuelta dentro de un plazo razonable. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este recurso de amparo. II.-OBJETO DEL RECURSO. El recurrente reprocha que la Unidad Cantonal de Pococí de la Región Huetar Atlántica del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, ha denegado las solicitudes de disponibilidad de agua potable que ha presentado para un inmueble de su representada, pese a que, en vista del reconocimiento el derecho al agua a todos los costarricenses, le asiste el derecho de obtener el servicio de agua potable, máxime que en la zona, se ha otorgado disponibilidad para viviendas y comercios, incluso a los Tribunales de Justicia del II Circuito Judicial de Limón. III.- HECHOS PROBADOS. De relevancia para la decisión del presente amparo se tienen por demostrados los siguientes:
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L. Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V. Marta Esquivel R.
Voto salvado del Magistrado Rueda Leal en relación con la persona jurídica amparada. Sostengo que este asunto se debe rechazar de plano, por cuanto la parte accionante plantea el recurso de amparo a favor de una persona jurídica. De importancia para el sub examine, en el voto salvado que consigné en la sentencia n. º 2019-2355 de las 9:30 de 12 de febrero de 2019, sostuve:
“en la Opinión Consultiva 22-16 del 26 de febrero de 2016, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos indicó que si bien algunos Estados reconocen el derecho de petición a personas jurídicas con condiciones especiales, como lo son los sindicatos, partidos políticos o representantes de pueblos indígenas, comunidades afrodescendientes o grupos específicos, lo cierto es que “El artículo 1.2 de la Convención Americana sólo consagra derechos a favor de personas físicas, por lo que las personas jurídicas no son titulares de los derechos consagrados en dicho tratado”. Por otro lado, en la misma opinión consultiva, la Corte Interamericana dispuso que, en ciertos contextos particulares, las personas físicas pueden llegar a ejercer sus derechos a través de personas jurídicas (verbigracia, a través de un medio de comunicación, como acaeció en el caso Granier y otros contra Venezuela); empero, a efectos de que ello sea tutelable ante el sistema interamericano, “el ejercicio del derecho a través de una persona jurídica debe involucrar una relación esencial y directa entre la persona natural que requiere protección por parte del sistema interamericano y la persona jurídica a través de la cual se produjo la violación, por cuanto no es suficiente con un simple vínculo entre ambas personas para concluir que efectivamente se están protegiendo los derechos de personas físicas y no de las personas jurídicas.
En efecto, se debe probar más allá de la simple participación de la persona natural en las actividades propias de la persona jurídica, de forma que dicha participación se relacione de manera sustancial con los derechos alegados como vulnerados.” (énfasis agregado)(OC. 22/16)”.
A partir de lo expuesto en el párrafo anterior, estimo improcedente que se ampare a la persona jurídica objeto del sub iudice, pues no se estableció el vínculo esencial entre ella y alguna persona natural en específico en cuanto al derecho presuntamente agraviado.
Paul Rueda L.
Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL votado con boleta
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