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Res. 01438-2011 Sala Primera de la Corte · Sala Primera de la Corte · 21/11/2011
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denies both amplifications for failing to meet procedural requirements in providing precise legal grounds and for reiterating previously rejected grounds.La Sala rechaza ambas ampliaciones por incumplir los requisitos procesales de fundamentación jurídica precisa y por reiterar agravios ya rechazados.
SummaryResumen
The First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice denies the amplifications of cassation appeals filed by Industrias Infinito S.A. and its employees' solidarity association (ASOCRUCITAS) against the lower court ruling that annulled the Crucitas mining concession. The Chamber finds that ASOCRUCITAS's amplifications lack clear and precise legal foundation: it does not explain how the substantive norms were violated by the trial court in requiring a new Environmental Impact Assessment, and its claims on legal certainty are subjective. As for Industrias Infinito S.A., the Chamber determines that its brief reiterates a ground already rejected outright, merely correcting its original defects, which is not permitted in an amplification; and that its “new grounds” on res judicata are merely specifications of previously stated arguments, without novel reasoning. Consequently, both amplifications are denied for failing to meet the procedural requirements of article 143 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code.La Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia rechaza las ampliaciones de los recursos de casación presentadas por Industrias Infinito S.A. y su asociación solidarista (ASOCRUCITAS) contra la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo que anuló la concesión minera de Crucitas. La Sala considera que la ampliación de ASOCRUCITAS carece de fundamentación jurídica clara y precisa: no explica cómo las normas sustantivas citadas fueron violadas por el tribunal de instancia al exigir un nuevo Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, y sus alegatos sobre seguridad jurídica resultan subjetivos. Respecto a Industrias Infinito S.A., la Sala determina que su escrito reitera un agravio ya rechazado de plano, subsanando sus defectos originales, lo cual es improcedente en ampliación; y que los “nuevos fundamentos” sobre cosa juzgada son meras especificaciones de lo ya expuesto, sin argumentos novedosos. En consecuencia, ambas ampliaciones son rechazadas por incumplir los requisitos procesales del artículo 143 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In merit of the reasons set forth, the amplifications of the cassation appeals filed by the special judicial representatives of ASOCRUCITAS and IISA must be denied. THEREFORE The amplifications of the cassation appeals submitted by the Employees' Solidarity Association of Industrias Infinito S.A. and Industrias Infinito Sociedad Anónima are denied. The special judicial representative of Asocrucitas shall take note of what is indicated in point IV of this ruling.En mérito de las razones expuestas, débense rechazar las ampliaciones a los recursos de casación, formuladas por los apoderados especiales judiciales de ASOCRUCITAS e IISA. POR TANTO Se rechazan las ampliaciones de los recursos de casación presentadas por la Asociación Solidarista de Empleados de Industrias Infinito S.A. y de Industrias Infinito Sociedad Anónima. Tome nota el apoderado especial judicial de Asocrucitas de lo señalado en el considerando IV de esta resolución.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En mérito de las razones expuestas, débense rechazar las ampliaciones a los recursos de casación, formuladas por los apoderados especiales judiciales de ASOCRUCITAS e IISA."
"In merit of the reasons set forth, the amplifications of the cassation appeals filed by the special judicial representatives of ASOCRUCITAS and IISA must be denied."
POR TANTO
"En mérito de las razones expuestas, débense rechazar las ampliaciones a los recursos de casación, formuladas por los apoderados especiales judiciales de ASOCRUCITAS e IISA."
POR TANTO
"De su análisis, queda claro que no se indica, con la claridad y precisión requeridas, cómo lo resuelto por los juzgadores conculcó las normas que se alegan violadas; excepto con el artículo 82 del CPCA..."
"From its analysis, it is clear that it is not indicated, with the required clarity and precision, how the trial court's decision violated the norms claimed; except for article 82 of the CPCA..."
Considerando II
"De su análisis, queda claro que no se indica, con la claridad y precisión requeridas, cómo lo resuelto por los juzgadores conculcó las normas que se alegan violadas; excepto con el artículo 82 del CPCA..."
Considerando II
"Tal alegato no configura una fundamentación nueva, no se brindan razones jurídicas novedosas, por las cuales el agravio admitido deba prosperar; por el contrario, se trata de una especificación de lo ya expuesto."
"Such pleading does not constitute a new ground; no novel legal reasons are provided for why the admitted grievance should succeed; on the contrary, it is a specification of what has already been stated."
Considerando VIII
"Tal alegato no configura una fundamentación nueva, no se brindan razones jurídicas novedosas, por las cuales el agravio admitido deba prosperar; por el contrario, se trata de una especificación de lo ya expuesto."
Considerando VIII
Full documentDocumento completo
AMPLIFICATION OF THE ASOCIACIÓN SOLIDARISTA DE EMPLEADOS DE INDUSTRIAS INFINITO S.A. (ASOCRUCITAS)
I.The representative of ASOCRUCITAS alleges, as the first ground for amplification, the improper weighing of the evidentiary elements. He states that the testimony, in the mode of expert-witness (*testigo-perito*), was the "star" element of conviction in this proceeding, having become the sole means of verifying several proven facts in the challenged judgment. He defines what he understands by this figure. He points out that the lower court violated articles 82 subsection 4 and 83 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (*Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo*, CPCA), since it could not, based on the statements of two witnesses for the plaintiff, both surnamed Astorga, indicate that a new Environmental Impact Assessment (*Estudio de Impacto Ambiental*, EsIA) was required. The foregoing, he affirms, because:
| Evidence Description | |
|---|---|
| Evidence | Description |
| SETENA Resolution No. 244-2008-SCH | This document granted the forest harvesting permit and established the conditions under which the activity had to be carried out, among them, the presence of a forestry engineer and a biologist at the harvesting site. |
| Technical Report of the MINAE Official, Eduardo Murillo Marchena, dated December 2, 2008. | An inspection was carried out one day after the activity concluded, finding no environmental damage, verifying the recovery of useful timber, and the proper application of the prevention and mitigation measures established in the EsIA. |
| Inspection Report of the Conservation Area Arenal-Tempisque (ACAT) of SINAC, dated November 25, 2008. | It corroborates that the harvesting was carried out properly and that no damage to flora and fauna was observed. It also certifies the total absence of trees of protected species in the clearing polygon. |
| Document "Cadastral Map of the Crucitas Mining Project, Delimited Forest Clearing Area, Forest Inventory, and Biological Parameters" prepared by engineer Adrián Vásquez and biologist Giovanni Artavia. | It shows the precise location of the 30 hectares dedicated to clearing (apron, processing plant, offices, etc.) and the meticulous prior study of each felled tree and the surrounding biodiversity. |
| Statement of Eduardo Murillo Marchena, MINAE official. | He clarified that the activity was controlled, supervised, and correctly executed. It was not a "clear-cutting" in the pejorative sense used in the lawsuit, but a selective utilization of a delimited area, fully contemplated and evaluated in the EsIA and its Annex 1. |
| Statement of Sandra Arredondo Li. | Detailed the exhaustive technical work and the supervision carried out, and that the only incident (a pool of water from rain) was not an environmental impact but a common operational situation, immediately corrected. |
| Statement of Giovanni Artavia Vásquez. | Corroborated the rigor of the forest inventory and the non-existence of damage to flora and fauna. |
He transcribes what was indicated by Mrs. Arredondo Li. From the SETENA administrative file, he alleges, the affirmations of this witness are confirmed: a) the corresponding procedure for the occupation of the municipality's land was initiated; b) to be able to occupy it, legitimate legal means were used, provided for in the legal system in force at that date; c) the situation of the public road was known by the administrative entities, being an aspect assessed within the impacts of the mining project, offering compensatory measures: enabling another route, with which the road was realigned, not disappearing. He incorporates a table in which he alludes to the references regarding the topic of the public road, contained in the EsIA and the Technical and Economic Feasibility Study presented, respectively, to SETENA and the Directorate of Geology and Mines (DGM).
| Document and Section Reference | |
|---|---|
| Document | Reference to the Public Road Topic |
| Environmental Impact Study. Section 4.8.5.5. Infrastructure features in the damming area. | "Inside the property, there is an 836-meter segment of a municipal road that goes from Crucitas to the town of Llano Verde. This road is located inside the Gleba 3 property, parallel to the Fortuna River. ... The lake will be developed on both banks of the road, so its disappearance is proposed and as compensation, the opening of a new section that allows communication between the small communities in the area ...". (Pages 120-121). |
| Environmental Impact Study. Section 4.8.5.2.1. Dikes. | "The main dam No. 1, is located exactly where the municipal road crossing the property currently runs, which must be closed ...". (Page 93). |
| Environmental Impact Study. Section 6.2. Actions to be carried out in the project. | "... It is proposed to relocate the road that connects Crucitas with the community of Llano Verde, in a segment of approximately 836 meters in length that passes through the project's lands, along the bank of the Fortuna River ...". (Page 163). |
| Technical and Economic Feasibility Study, presented to the DGM. Section 6.1.1.3. | "With this modification, the tailings containment dam is located at the same site as was proposed in the original project (the EsIA of 2001) within the mining concession and on the bed of the municipal road that currently communicates Crucitas with Llano Verde. For this purpose, the closure of this road within the property will be managed upon obtaining the respective permits ...". |
| Technical and Economic Feasibility Study, presented to the DGM. Section 6.5. Environmental Aspects. | "Since the project was the subject of an Environmental Impact Study (approved by SETENA resolution No. 3638-2005-SETENA), and the activity to be developed is the same (gold mining), with only some physical modifications to the project ... the environmental impacts generated by this modification are practically the same as those identified in the EsIA ... which will have the same mitigation measures as originally proposed, including the closure of the municipal road ... offering alternative routes ...". |
The lower court, he points out, did not consider, nor make mention of the fact that IISA indicated that there were other viable options, protecting the environment and respecting legal procedures, to build the tailings pond. On the contrary, he adds, due to a lack of global weighing of the evidence, it arrived at false conclusions. 3) Mining program. In the same way, he indicates, it reached erroneous conclusions that do not reflect the reality of the facts, nor of the evidence produced in the proceeding. This topic, he argues, was addressed from two aspects: 1) the lower aquifer and 2) the depth of the pits. He points out that articles 50 of the Political Constitution; 18, 19, 84 of the LOA; 1, 3, 11 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC (referring to the objective and scope of the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures); 1, 4, 6, 12, 19, 26, 28, 89, and 91 of the Mining Code were violated.
Regarding the lower aquifer, he relates, there is no disputed fact, if factual situation alleged by the plaintiffs; therefore, he indicates, it was not a controversial topic in this litigation. However, the lower court included it in the list of proven facts; he transcribes numbers 33, 34, and 35. Likewise, he indicates that the judges, in recitals XII, XIV, and XIX, made reference to diverse premises, through which they supported the nullity of the environmental viability. However, he comments, they are erroneous and the product of an improper and biased appraisal and weighing of the evidence. IISA, he argues, offered the expert-witness, hydrology specialist, Hugo Rodríguez Estrada, because he participated in the studies that said company carried out regarding the hydrological conditions of the project area. In his reports, the appellant points out, he concluded that the aquifers would only suffer an impact in the eventual excavation area of the pits; moreover, in relation to water quality, no harmful effect was foreseen.
He indicated that the water quality of the lower aquifer was not suitable for human consumption. Those studies, he affirms, were carried out respecting SETENA's methodology. He transcribes what was indicated by said witness. The deposition, he asserts, was clear: the evaluation of the effects was carried out using a system that SETENA has, resulting in a moderately negative impact. He reproduces proven fact 37 of the questioned judgment, related to the lower aquifer and the depth of the excavation in the Botija and Fortuna pits. In recital XIX of the contested judgment, he relates, the lower court concluded that there was intent on the part of IISA to mislead the Administration, because the interception of the lower aquifer was essential for the development of the project by having the water derived from that interception, which would be pumped to the tailings pond. The judges, he affirms, point out that IISA did not adhere to the technical condition contained in official communication DGM-DC2085-2001, so there is a supposed fraud of law, by attempting to present before SETENA, in 2007, as changes to the project, what was actually contemplated in the original plan since 2000 before the DGM.
He transcribes what was indicated by the lower court. The foregoing demonstrates, he points out, that the necessary distinction was not made between the effects of the environmental viability, the conditions of the mining concession, and the consequences of its non-compliance; which, he argues, caused serious errors in the conclusions reached. He adds a table in which he describes the documentary evidence provided in relation to the topic of groundwater.
| Evidence Description | |
|---|---|
| Evidence | Description |
| "Hydrogeological Feasibility Study for the Location of a Water Well for Consumption and Industrial Use in the Crucitas Mining Project, San Carlos." November 2008. Pedro Calderón H. Consultant Hydrogeologist. | Prepared by an expert in hydrogeology, following the guidelines of the Water Directorate and the MINAE-SENARA regulation for the drilling and operation of water wells, it scientifically demonstrates the hydrogeological feasibility of the water supply wells, confirming the existence of a deep aquifer, which is an extension of the Colón Formation, with excellent hydraulic characteristics and water of optimal physico-chemical quality. |
| "Hydrological Baseline. Crucitas Mining Project." December 2008. Hugo Rodríguez Estrada. Hydrologist. | Defines the baseline of surface and groundwater bodies, thoroughly analyzing river flows, local climatology, and the characteristics of the existing aquifers. |
| "Specialized Analysis. Groundwater Component: Analysis of Potential Effects." March 2006. Hugo Rodríguez Estrada. Hydrologist. | Evaluates the effects of mining exploitation on the quality and quantity of groundwater, concluding that the expected effects are moderate and manageable. |
| "Specialized Analysis. Surface Water Component: Analysis of Potential Effects." March 2006. Hugo Rodríguez Estrada. Hydrologist. | Evaluates the effects on surface waters (Fortuna River and streams), determining that with proper water resource management and the proposed treatment systems, no significant negative impacts are anticipated. |
| Hydrogeological Report "Pozo Crucitas 1, Final Report." December 2008. Pedro Calderón H. Consultant Hydrogeologist. | Describes the construction, development, and testing of the "Crucitas 1" well, carried out under the strictest technical standards, confirming the existence of a multilayer aquifer with a yield much higher than required by the project. |
| IISA Note (DGM) 106-2009. Results of the pumping test and water quality analyses of the Crucitas 1 well. | Official communication from IISA to the DGM, attaching the results of the 72-hour pumping test and complete physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses, demonstrating the sustainability of the resource. |
| Statement of Hugo Rodríguez Estrada. | Corroborated that the lower aquifer was studied in detail, that its water is not suitable for human consumption, that the project impacts on it were evaluated following SETENA methodologies, and that these are temporary and reversible. |
The lower court's appraisal, contained in proven facts numbers 37, 43, 44, and 45, he affirms, starts from a false premise. The totality of the evidence was not taken into account; neither, he adds, was the proper logical concatenation of events followed, nor were the particular characteristics of the reviewed conducts and the applicable legislation respected. He alleges the violation of provisions 50 of the Political Constitution; 2, 17, 18, 19, 20, 59, 84, 98, 101 of the LOA; 4 of the Construction Law; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 of the General Public Roads Law; 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 19, 26, 28, 51, 89, 91 of the Mining Code; 25 of the Regulation on the management, standardization, and responsibility for public investment in the cantonal road network (Executive Decree No. 34624-MOPT of March 27, 2008); 3 subsections 6, 27, 43, 46, 98 of the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures (Executive Decree No. 31.849); 1, 3, and 11 of the Executive Decree on the objective and scope of the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures –EIA– (No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC); 82 subsection 4, 83, 220 of the CPCA; 318, 330, 351, 352, 354, 358, 401, 404, 407 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
II.Regarding what is indicated in the previous recital, the following must be noted. The drafting of the present grievance suffers from imprecision, which makes it confusing. It intermingles a series of dissimilar aspects. Due to this situation, this Chamber interprets that the appellant alleges, as a core aspect, the improper weighing of the testimonies of Messrs. Allan and Yamileth, both surnamed Astorga; as well as the disregard of the elements of conviction he indicates, when the lower court established the duty IISA had to provide a second EsIA, due to the modifications or changes to the mining project that it proposed to SETENA on December 6, 2007. Furthermore, and as arguments by way of further elaboration, he alleges a series of topics, not exhaustive, in which, in his understanding, the judges erroneously appraised the evidence. Within this line of thought, precept 143 of the CPCA states: "1) The grounds and foundations of the appeal may be amplified in writing, on a single occasion, up to five business days after all parties have been notified of the admission order. /
III.In the second grievance, he claims, first, that the contested judgment breached the constitutional principle of legal certainty. In this regard, he alleges the violation of articles 50 of the Political Constitution, 13 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, and 8 subsection 2 of the Organic Law of the Judicial Branch. He transcribes, in what is of interest, what the Constitutional Chamber provided regarding that postulate in judgment No. 878-2000. The project, he points out, has all the necessary permits to apply for the mining exploitation concession, which he details. IISA, he argues, respected the legal and regulatory norms to obtain the exploration permit and, subsequently, mining exploitation. The requirements that the Costa Rican legal system establishes for the exploitation of mining activity, he affirms, were met by said company. Despite this, he points out, it was forced to defend its right. The Constitutional Chamber, he notes, rejected the amparo appeals filed against the concession and against various public authorities, thereby validating and giving legal certainty to the granted concession.
However, the same situation was re-raised before the Contentious Administrative Court, which decided to strip IISA of the concession, based no longer on the legal system, but on arbitrariness, on the opinion of "know-it-alls (todólogos)," impertinent, unsuitable evidence, without a normative analysis, but rather delegating its duty to the opinion of witnesses. The alleged defects on which the Court bases its decision, it points out, are not classified as such by the Costa Rican legal system, which violates, in addition to the aforementioned principle, those of proportionality and reasonableness. It transcribes proven fact number 23 of the challenged judgment, which refers to the omission of requiring a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA), or any other environmental assessment instrument; to the holding of a new public hearing to analyze the impacts that could be generated by the changes introduced by IISA to the project.
The judges, it adds, did not take into account that, according to Costa Rican regulations, in the case of the modification to the project, it was not necessary to submit a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA), which is why, it considers, SETENA's decision not to request one was not a matter of an interpretive or discretionary nature, but rather in compliance with the regulations. Furthermore, it adds, the Court did not assess or consider the studies provided together with the project proposal that are in the file for "Evaluation of Proposed Changes to the Mining Project (Evaluación de Cambios Propuestos al Proyecto Minero)," which it details but does not analyze. The violation of the referenced principle, it states, occurs because the Costa Rican State granted a concession, upon prior fulfillment of all legal and regulatory requirements. Additionally, scientific and technical studies were carried out to obtain it.
Therefore, it questions how a court of law—not a technical one—without objective expert or scientific evidence, solely with the testimony of two witnesses, can bring down the concession without any foundation, and without stating, normatively, why one or another requirement is not met. Furthermore, it points out, as a manifestation of this principle, the guarantee of objective application of the law was disrespected. The arguments on which the Court based its decision are not interpretations of the law; but rather, it asserts, validity requirements "legislated" or invented by the judges. It partially transcribes what the Constitutional Chamber stated regarding the principle of rationality, without indicating which vote it corresponds to. Regarding the postulates of reasonableness and proportionality, it asserts, they are necessary. This, it points out, refers to the fact that if the measure-action is not carried out, important public interests would be harmed.
In the sub judice case, it comments, one might think that a public interest asset is being protected—environment, the water resource (recurso hídrico)—but the truth is that the alleged damages were never proven. Everything, it affirms, is speculation, value judgments about what could happen, made by deponents who do not have direct knowledge of the facts, in contrast to witnesses and technical studies which demonstrated that, if negative effects were to occur, there were sufficient mitigation measures to counteract them. The Court, it comments, to annul the concession, based its decision on the testimony of the plaintiff's witnesses. Such a decision, it notes, is neither rational nor proportional. It is questioned: how can a mere witness who does not have to provide a reason for their statement, who did not conduct direct studies of the project, contradict all the technical studies, public documents, analyses of public institutions, and the testimonies of various professionals in each specialized area?
The contested judgment, it argues, is unsuitable because, from a study of the administrative file, testimonies of witness-experts (Sonia Espinoza and Sandra Arredondo Li) and the technical studies that are in the file, it is evident that there are other mechanisms that, in a better way, solve the apparent existing need (protection of the environment, water resource (recurso hídrico)), which fulfill that purpose of protection. Regarding the postulate of proportionality, it states, from a comparison between the purpose pursued by the challenged resolution (protection of the environment, of the water resource (recurso hídrico)) and the scope of that ruling in terms of the damages and losses for the country, for IISA, and for the communities benefited by the project, it is evident that the harm is greater than the supposed benefit obtained with the judgment. On the other hand, it adds, the postulate of reasonableness is a parameter for judging, representing a limit on the exercise of discretion by the Public Administration. However, in this litigation (lite), it comments, this postulate, which the Court apparently applied, did not empower it to co-legislate or co-administer.
IV.In this present ground of disagreement, the appellant makes a series of statements not against the judgment itself, but against the honorability of the judges. By way of example, it states: “[…] Throughout the process, these constitutional principles were replaced by impartiality [sic] and arbitrariness; a situation that is reflected in the judgment … The arguments on which the contentious court bases its decision are not interpretable [sic] from the law, they are validity requirements ‘legislated’ or invented by the jurisdictional body. […]” It makes such statements without the respective factual support. It does not specify the parts of the judgment from which what is stated can be inferred. Consequently, they are merely subjective assessments, which is unacceptable, and therefore the appellant must be called to order. In another vein, the appellant alleges violation of the constitutional principles of legal certainty, reasonableness, and proportionality; as well as Articles 50 of the Political Constitution; 13 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction and 8.2 of the Organic Law of the Judiciary.
Their transgression, according to what it states, occurred because, despite IISA having all the permits to qualify for the mining exploitation concession, it was forced to defend itself before the Constitutional Chamber, by virtue of the amparo appeals filed against the project. Even though that jurisdictional body, it states, rejected them, the same situation was re-raised before the Contentious Administrative jurisdiction, where it was decided to annul the concession “[…] based no longer on the legal system, but on arbitrariness, on the opinion of ‘know-it-alls (todólogos),’ impertinent and unsuitable evidence, without a normative analysis, but rather delegating its duty to the opinion of witnesses.” It transcribes proven fact 23 of the challenged judgment, referring to the need to require a second environmental impact assessment (EsIA); it also reproduces what the judges considered regarding that topic.
It affirms that, according to Costa Rican regulations, this requirement was not necessary. Likewise, it points out that the Court did not assess or consider the studies provided together with the project modification proposal. In this regard, it must be stated that, once again, the appellant fails in its duty to express, with clarity and precision, the legal basis that supports its objection. In its account, it does not properly link what was resolved by the Court with the violation of the aforementioned principles. The allegation is nothing more than a supposition, a simple subjective assessment, since it does not contrast (in detail) the evidence it alludes to as overlooked and the norms indicated as infringed, with the challenged judgment, relating it to the referenced postulates, to reach the conclusion that requiring a second environmental impact assessment (EsIA) was not necessary.
That is, it does not establish the necessary link between what is argued, the questioned ruling, and the constitutional principles. Consequently, the rejection of this ground of disagreement is imperative.
AMPLIACIÓN DE INDUSTRIAS INFINITO SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA
V.In the first section of the amplification brief, the special judicial representatives of IISA allege, as "new grounds for cassation," both "preterition of evidence (preterición de prueba)" (point 1.1) and "improper assessment of evidence (indebida valoración de la prueba)" (point 1.2). However, from their analysis it is determined that they are closely related, and therefore they will be analyzed jointly as follows. The appellants state, first, that these defects were incurred regarding the modification of the project, submitted by their principal on December 6, 2007, to SETENA; which, they indicate, is outlined in proven fact 23 of the questioned judgment, by requiring a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA). They transcribe, to the extent of their interest, what was considered by the Court regarding that point. To reach that conclusion, they consider, the judges relied on the testimonies of the witness-experts Allan and Yamileth, both with the last name Astorga.
This, they comment, reflects not only an abusive and disproportionate assessment of what was stated by them; but also the absolute absence of the overall assessment of the documentary evidence. The modifications to the project, they affirm, included various studies, carried out by professionals in areas such as: Forestry Engineering (Ingeniería Forestal), Biology, Geology, Hydrology, Sociology, and Geography. It also had specialists in specific aspects such as: terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic habitat recovery, herpetology, entomology, and botany. In this sense, they indicate, in the evaluation file for the proposed changes to the project (provided as evidence), a series of studies is recorded, which it lists. This evidence opposes, they argue, what was stated by the witnesses for the plaintiff. Also, they add, it contradicts what was stated by witnesses Sonia Espinoza Valverde, Sandra Arredondo Li, and Eduardo Murillo Marchena.
They transcribe, as relevant, what was declared by the first. The Court, they consider, attributed to these witnesses statements they did not make. They never established the need to submit a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA), nor to evaluate new environmental impacts. On the contrary, it was clear that it was not necessary to carry out a new one. In a refined technique of formulating facts and of the correct appreciation and assessment of testimonial evidence, they affirm, the fact should have been stated in the sense that SETENA determined that, since it was the same project, the evaluation of the modifications did not require a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA). They allege violation of Articles 17, 18, 19, 20, 24 of the LOA; 3 (subsections 6, 34, 37, and 63), 9, 10, 19, 27, 31, 36, 46 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC of May 24, 2004, called "General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures (Reglamento General sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA))"; 1, 2, 3, 4, Appendix 1 (Anexo 1), 2 (Anexo 2) and 3 (Anexo 3) of Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE of February 20, 2006: "Manual of Technical Instruments for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Manual de Instrumentos Técnicos para el Proceso de Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental)" (EIA Manual, Part IV); 16, 297, 298, and 302 of the General Law of Public Administration (LGAP).
The violation of these norms—which impose on the developer of a project, classified as having high significance of environmental impact, they affirm, the duty to prepare an environmental impact assessment (EsIA)—occurs, they allege, because the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) is based on technical studies and scientific research that allow for the identification of environmental impacts. Likewise, said norms were violated because from them it is concluded that, since the modification of the project was a change that generated positive results and new prevention measures, a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA) was not necessary. It transcribes, to the extent of its interest, what was stated by the Constitutional Chamber in vote No. 15315-2008 at 14 hours 59 minutes on October 10, 2008, regarding the meaning and importance of the environmental impact assessment (EsIA).
Likewise, they note, the substantive norms regulate the environmental impact assessment (EsIA) as a protection instrument. Similarly, they indicate, the LOA prescribes that it is a technical instrument for evaluating impacts and for scientific treatment, which implies the use of certain data and the application of an approved methodology. It is for this reason, they comment, that the EIA Manual includes, as appendices, the general guide for the preparation of environmental impact assessment instruments and the instructions for the valuation of environmental impacts. From the infringed norms, they comment, it is determined that the environmental assessment is a scientific-technical administrative procedure that allows for identifying and predicting what effects an activity will exert on the environment, quantifying and weighting them to lead to decision-making. Thus, they argue, both the environmental impact assessment (EsIA) and the modifications to the project rest on technical bases: scientific studies prepared by responsible professionals.
These analyses, they affirm, were not taken into account, despite being documentary evidence admitted for the trial stage. In this violation, they state, it is necessary to highlight the presumption of legitimacy of administrative decisions, protected in precepts 128, 130, 146, 148, 168, and 176 of the LGAP. However, they point out, in the sub judice case, the Court not only ignored the technical documentary evidence but also took the nullity in technical aspects as proven, despite the absence of equivalent evidence that would credibly refute the criteria expressed by responsible and suitable professionals, violating the rules of sound judgment. Also, they add, there is testimonial evidence that analyzes the topic of the modifications to the project. In this sense, they note, witness Sonia Espinoza narrated why, factually and technically, a new environmental impact study was unnecessary, thereby contradicting the statements of the two witnesses who affirm the contrary.
Had the Court not ignored fundamental evidence—testimonial and documentary—the conclusion, regarding proven fact number 23 of the questioned judgment, would have been different: that it was not necessary, to approve the project modification, to prepare a new environmental impact assessment (EsIA). Secondly, they point out, the indicated errors are established by what was resolved regarding the clear-cutting (tala rasa) of trees on their representative's lands and what is stated in proven fact 57 of the contested judgment, in the sense that such a circumstance caused environmental damage; because it is based not only erroneously, but with preterition of other testimonial and documentary evidence, on what was stated by witness Sandra Arredondo Li. Despite it being false that she affirmed what the judges took as proven, they maintain, her distorted testimony does not demonstrate what was concluded by them.
It contradicts what is indicated in the documentary evidence: reports from the competent authorities and the environmental regent (Regente Ambiental) (which she, in her capacity as Environmental Regent, submitted to SETENA, among which is the one prepared for the period in which the forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) work was carried out). They invoke other overlooked documents. It also contrasts with the testimonies of witnesses Eduardo Murillo and Sonia Espinoza. On the contrary, they indicate, what was said by Mrs. Arredondo Li confirms that the clear-cutting (tala rasa) did not cause environmental damage and that this activity was carried out under strict procedures and the supervision of biologists, who had the task of avoiding any affectation to the flora and fauna of the site. They include a table in which, as they indicate, they list the documents overlooked by the Court regarding this topic.
| --- | --- | | In the same vein, they comment, the testimony of witness Eduardo Murillo Marchena was omitted, who affirmed that no environmental damage occurred with the clear-cutting (tala rasa). The noted errors, they assert, entail the violation of Articles 50 of the Political Constitution; 2, 59, 98, 101 of the LOA; 3 (subsections 26, 43, and 83), 98 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC of May 24, 2004, called "General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures (Reglamento General sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA))"; 190, 191, and 196 of the LGAP. For liability to arise, they point out, the existence of damage must be verified. In the case of environmental damages, they add, its concept, by legal remission, is contained in the indicated regulatory norms. It reproduces, to the extent of its interest, what was ordered by this Chamber in judgment No. 675-F-2007 at 10 hours on September 21, 2007.
The execution of the cutting permit, granted by resolution No. 244-2008-SCH, they argue, respected the rules of science and experience, in order not to cause any damage, understood as a compensable loss, diminution, or detriment, since the impacts of that action were duly identified and quantified, adopting the relevant control and mitigation measures that were executed efficiently, timely, and effectively. The documentary evidence and the rest of the testimonial evidence, they note, allow reaching this conclusion. That is, from this evidence, contrary to what is stated in fact 57 of the contested judgment, it is determined that the clear-cutting (tala rasa) on their principal's lands, where the project is developed, did not cause environmental damage (flora, fauna, landscape, soil, or air were not affected). Consequently, they point out, the principles of reasonableness and proportionality were violated, by supporting that fact on an erroneous interpretation of what was stated by one deponent and not on the totality of the witnesses who referred to the fact; furthermore, in open contradiction of the legislation applicable to the matter, which also entails the violation of the principle of legal certainty.
A third aspect, they point out, where evidence was overlooked and improperly assessed, is regarding the public road (camino público). This topic, they comment, was introduced as a new fact during the debate by the active joint plaintiff. The Court, they maintain, took as proven the elimination of a public road (camino público) for the construction of the tailings pond in the mining project. They transcribe what is indicated in proven fact 54. Again, they point out, the judges base their assertion on testimonial evidence, on what was stated by geologist Sandra Arredondo Li, making an arbitrary assessment of her statement. Additionally, they comment, in facts 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, and 53, the Court "decomposed" the indicated new fact in order to, in a filtered manner, take as true the existence of the public road and to conjecture the non-compliance of their represented party in reporting its existence to the various administrative agencies; or, that the annulled resolutions do not mention or analyze this matter.
The judges, they note, made a biased assessment of the statements of the indicated witness Arredondo Li. They transcribe, as relevant, what was set forth by the Court in Considering XVIII of the challenged judgment. There is documentary and testimonial evidence, even the very statement of Mrs. Arredondo Li, they assure, that contradicts what was indicated by the judges. The situation of the road, they assert, was known. Its impact was adequately assessed. Therefore, they add, as a compensatory measure, another route was legally enabled, through which the road was realigned, not disappearing. Furthermore, they add, for the occupation of the municipal land, the corresponding process was initiated, as recorded in proven fact 54 itself. They reproduce, to the extent of their interest, what was stated by Mrs. Sandra. The Court, they add, did not consider, nor mention, the indicated documentary evidence, nor the fact that their represented party pointed out the existence of other viable options (protecting the environment and respecting legal procedures) to build the tailings pond.
That is, the road was not the only option, which the jurisdictional body was aware of; however, having overlooked the evidence, it reached false and biased conclusions. They attach a table in which they indicate, in their understanding, the documentary evidence overlooked in relation to the public road (camino público).
| --- | --- | | Likewise, they point out, the administrative file created by SETENA ratifies the statements of witness Arredondo Li. In this section, they consider violated norms 17, 18, 19, 20, 24 of the LOA; 3 (subsections 34, 37, and 63), 11, 27, 30, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC of May 24, 2004, called "General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures (Reglamento General sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA))"; 4 of the Construction Law; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 of the General Law of Public Roads; 25 of Executive Decree No. 34624-MOPT of March 27, 2008, called "Regulation on the management, standardization, and responsibility for public investment in the cantonal road network (Reglamento sobre el manejo, normalización y responsabilidad para la inversión pública en la red vial cantonal)"; 8 and 51 of the Mining Code.
Furthermore, they add, the questioned judgment violated the principles of reasonableness and proportionality by supporting proven fact 54 and the other related facts, on the arbitrary assessment of one witness who does not possess the representation powers of their principal and, moreover, in open contradiction with the legislation applicable to the matter. No weighting, confrontation, and comparison of all the evidentiary elements and legal reasoning were carried out, they note. Also, they argue, the postulate of legal certainty was violated, by not applying the legislation that regulates the right of their principal to obtain the constitution of a mining easement (servidumbre minera) on State-owned lands, based on the declaration of public interest of the activity, under the protection of a current law. As the fourth and last point where, in the opinion of the appellants, evidence was improperly assessed and overlooked, the mining program is indicated.
This topic, they assert, is addressed from two angles: 1) the lower aquifer and 2) the depth of the pits. Regarding the first, they state, there is no disputed fact nor factual situation alleged by the plaintiff. Therefore, they consider, it was not an aspect under discussion. However, they comment, the Court included proven facts 33, 34, 35, 37, 43, 44, and 45; they transcribe the first three. In Considering XIX of the questioned ruling, they allege, the Court establishes the reasons to support its position. When analyzing the reasons for the Court to annul the environmental viability of the project, they comment, it is determined that they stem from the following premises:
| --- | --- | | The preterition of that evidence, they argue, caused the Court to hold unfounded conclusions and consider false future actions; ignoring the indicated norms. It copies, as relevant, what is indicated in the challenged judgment.
VI.In light of the provisions of Article 143 of the CPCA, transcribed in Considering II of this resolution, it is possible to amplify not only the causes originally alleged; but also the foundations of the grievances already admitted, with others completely novel. That is, the amplification of the cassation appeal is an instrument through which the parties can allege, after the appeal has been admitted, not only cause reasons; but also legal arguments or foundations not previously indicated against the challenged judgment. This means that it is inadmissible, via amplification of the appeal, to file, again, any grievance that has been summarily rejected, but, on this occasion, correcting the errors that motivated its denial. Nor is it acceptable to develop or explain, in greater detail, the ideas raised in the admitted grievance(s), since they are not novel foundations. Within this line of thought, in the present grievance, this Chamber, after an exhaustive comparative analysis between the grievance summarily rejected for IISA in admission order No. 1355-A-S1-2011, at 12 hours 20 minutes on October 25, 2011, Considering VII, and what is now set forth, reaches the conclusion that what is intended by the special judicial representatives of that company is nothing other than to reiterate it, but correcting the deficiencies that this Chamber indicated in the indicated resolution.
In this sense, in that ground of disagreement—first grievance for violation of substantive norms, in which they reproached improper assessment of the body of evidence—the representatives of IISA had alleged their disagreement with what was resolved in the contested judgment regarding:
In this regard, one may consult, mutatis mutandis, what was indicated by this jurisdictional body in order no. 1487-A-S1-2010 of 4:00 p.m. on December 1, 2010. Consequently, the rejection of this grievance is compelled.
VII.They incorporate a second section which they call “new grounds for the appeal” related to the already admitted grievance of having resolved in contradiction with res judicata (cosa juzgada). They explain that this has been one of the fundamental defenses during the proceeding because they consider that the aspects reviewed in the contentious-administrative channel had already been analyzed and adjudged by the Constitutional Chamber. After transcribing part of the appeal originally filed, they add, the importance of legal certainty and res judicata (cosa juzgada) within the Rule of Law has been upheld. They note, for the purpose of expanding the grounds of the appeal, they wish to introduce another approach to this defense, which consists of specifying the legality issues analyzed by the Constitutional Chamber. They highlight the extension of constitutional review and the vast possibilities for review of administrative actions that the amparo channel provides, as well as the jurisdictional self-definition (autocomposición competencial) of the Constitutional Court.
They argue that the jurisdiction exercised by said jurisdictional body is substantial, insofar as it assesses whether the challenged conduct produces or does not produce an environmental impact; it carried out a complete examination of the administrative conducts brought before it, therefore it contemplated all scopes (constitutional, legal and technical) to achieve effective protection of the constitutional right. Based on Article 48 of the Constitution, they analyze the object of amparo appeals, wherefore they note that the contentious-administrative jurisdiction will have residual jurisdiction to hear those aspects that the Constitutional Court decides not to hear. Therefore, they indicate, res judicata (cosa juzgada) must be applied in this context and not with the rigor and formalism typical of civil procedural regulations. They explain that when a proceeding concerning environmental damage is heard in the constitutional venue, the technical and legal aspects that support the conduct subject to the proceeding must necessarily be assessed.
They indicate that the normative framework of the activity is analyzed, for which it is taken into account that many of the activities with the greatest potential for environmental impact are so based on the use and disposition of public domain assets. Therefore, they state, as it is a regulated activity, the weighting of its impacts is facilitated by the delimitation of its field of action. Furthermore, they say, the regulation provides under what conditions this is permitted and the necessary requirements to develop the exploitation, be they of a legal or technical nature. The assessment of environmental impacts, they propose, must be based on technical studies prepared by competent professionals using a pre-established methodology, so their conviction and solidity will be determined by the quality of those who participated, the methodology employed, the data and analyses obtained, as well as the possibility of verifying and comparing the results.
They detail which were the topics and conducts analyzed by the Constitutional Chamber in relation to the project, which are listed below, maintaining the separation made by the appellants of “legality matters known and adjudged by the Constitutional Chamber” and “legality matters not known by the Constitutional Chamber.” Within the former they include: a) Environmental viabilities (Viabilidades ambientales); b) Cost-Benefit Analysis; c) National Convenience Decree No. 34801-MINAET; d) Application of the precautionary principle; e) Forest (forest exploitation by means of land-use change (cambio de uso)); f) Water resources; g) Use of cyanide; h) Seismicity; i) Acid drainage; j) Tailings ponds; k) Citizen participation; l) Environmental impact derived from the use of explosives; m) Forest exploitation permit (Permiso de aprovechamiento forestal); n) Environmental damage; o) application of the mining moratorium to the Crucitas Project.
Within the latter, they detail: a) Environmental evaluation of the changes proposed to the project (content of the studies); b) Use of explosives, specifically, the conformity or not from a technical point of view of the permits or studies carried out; c) Mining project infrastructure (clarifies that this aspect was not subject to discussion in the trial stage nor was it considered by the Court in the judgment); d) Public policies. Regarding each of these points, they make transcriptions of rulings by the Constitutional Chamber.
VIII.As stated in considerando VI of this resolution, the expansion of the cassation appeal is a procedural instrument available to the appellants, by means of which one may only allege motives or causes, as well as grounds or legal reasons, not previously set forth. That is to say, completely novel. In the aforementioned admission order of this Chamber, IISA was admitted the grievance referring to the alleged violation of res judicata (cosa juzgada). In essence, what the legal representatives of that company allege is that the Constitutional Chamber, in the different amparo appeals filed, pronounced on all the aspects raised, not only of constitutionality, but also of legality, under the protection of the evidence adduced in that venue, which are now reiterated before the Contentious-Administrative Court. Consequently, they indicate in that objection, the contentious-administrative judges should not have heard this proceeding, but rather declare or accept the exception of res judicata (cosa juzgada) raised.
Now, in the expansion, the cassation appellants reiterate that argument, specifying, in a detailed manner, which legality aspects invoked in this proceeding, in their opinion, were known and resolved in the constitutional venue and which were not. Such allegation does not constitute a new substantiation, no novel legal reasons are provided as to why the admitted grievance should succeed; on the contrary, it is a specification of what was already set forth. That is, the cassation appellants merely detail which are the legality topics that, in their view, were resolved by the Constitutional Chamber and which were not. In summary, what is alleged remains within the same thematic axis of what was set forth in the admitted grievance; no different legal argument is introduced so as to be considered an expansion of the grounds. Therefore, its rejection is compelled.
IX.By virtue of the reasons set forth, the expansions to the cassation appeals filed by the special judicial representatives of ASOCRUCITAS and IISA must be rejected.
POR TANTO
The expansions of the cassation appeals presented by Asociación Solidarista de Empleados de Industrias Infinito S.A. and Industrias Infinito Sociedad Anónima are rejected. Let the special judicial representative of Asocrucitas take note of what is indicated in considerando IV of this resolution.
Anabelle León Feoli Luís Guillermo Rivas Loáiciga Román Solís Zelaya Óscar Eduardo González Cammacho Carmenmaría Escoto Fernández MJIMENEZ
Sala Primera de la Corte *080012821027CA* Res: 0001438-A-SI-2011 SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las diez horas treinta minutos del veintiuno de noviembre de dos mil once.
Vistas las solicitudes de ampliación de los recursos de casación presentadas por los apoderados especiales judiciales de la ASOCIACIÓN SOLIDARISTA DE EMPLEADOS DE INDUSTRIAS INFINITO S.A. y de INDUSTRIAS INFINITO SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA; Redacta la magistrada Escoto Fernández
CONSIDERANDO
AMPLIACIÓN DE LA ASOCIACIÓN SOLIDARISTA DE EMPLEADOS DE INDUSTRIAS INFINITO S.A. (ASOCRUCITAS)
I.El apoderado de ASOCRUCITAS alega, como primera causa de ampliación, indebida valoración de los elementos de prueba. Manifiesta que la testimonial, en el modo de testigo-perito, fue el elemento de convicción “estrella” en este proceso, pues se convirtió en el único medio de verificación de varios hechos probados en la sentencia impugnada. Define lo que entiende por esa figura. Señala que el Tribunal conculcó los artículos 82 inciso 4 y 83 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (CPCA), ya que no podía, con base en la declaración de dos testigos de la parte actora, ambos de apellido Astorga, señalar que se requería un nuevo Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA). Lo anterior, afirma, porque:
II.En torno a lo señalado en el considerando anterior, es menester apuntar lo siguiente. La redacción del presente agravio padece de imprecisión, lo cual hace que se torne confuso. Entremezcla una serie de aspectos disímiles. Debido a esa situación, esta Sala interpreta que el casacionista alega, como aspecto medular, la indebida valoración de los testimonios de los señores Allan y Yamileth, ambos de apellido Astorga; así como la preterición de los elementos de convicción que indica, al establecer el Tribunal el deber que tenía IISA de aportar un segundo EsIA, debido a las modificaciones o cambios al proyecto minero que le propuso a la SETENA el 6 de diciembre de 2007. Además, y como argumentos a título de mayor abundamiento, alega una serie de temas, no exhaustivos, en los cuales, a su entender, los juzgadores apreciaron erróneamente la prueba. Dentro de esta línea de pensamiento, el precepto 143 del CPCA señala: “1) Las causas y los fundamentos del recurso podrán ampliarse en forma escrita, por una única vez, hasta cinco días hábiles después de ser notificadas todas las partes del auto de admisión. /
III.En el segundo agravio, reclama, en primer lugar, que la sentencia combatida quebrantó el principio constitucional de seguridad jurídica. Al respecto, alega conculcadas los artículos 50 de la Constitución Política, 13 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y 8 inciso 2 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial. Transcribe, en lo de su interés, lo dispuesto por la Sala Constitucional en torno a ese postulado en la sentencia n.° 878-2000. El proyecto, señala, cuenta con todos los permisos necesarios para optar por la concesión de explotación minera, los cuales detalla. IISA, argumenta, respetó la normativa legal y reglamentaria para obtener el permiso de exploración y, posteriormente la explotación minera. Los requisitos que el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense establece para la explotación de la actividad minera, afirma, fueron cumplidos por dicha compañía. A pesar de ello, señala, se vio obligada a defender su derecho.
La Sala Constitucional, anota, rechazó los recursos de amparo presentados en contra de la concesión y de diversas autoridades públicas, con lo cual validó y dio seguridad jurídica a la concesión otorgada. Empero, la misma situación fue replanteada ante el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, decidiendo despojar de la concesión a IISA, basándose, ya no en el ordenamiento jurídico, sino en arbitrariedades, en la opinión de “todólogos”, prueba impertinente, no idónea, sin un análisis normativo, sino delegando su deber en la opinión de testigos. Los supuestos vicios en que fundamenta su decisión el Tribunal, apunta, no son calificados como tales por el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense, lo cual conculca, además del aludido principio, los de proporcionalidad y razonabilidad. Transcribe el hecho probado de la sentencia impugnada número 23, el cual se refiere a la omisión de requerirse un nuevo EsIA, ni ningún otro instrumento de evaluación ambiental; a la realización de una nueva audiencia pública para analizar los impactos que podrían generarse por los cambios introducidos por IISA al proyecto.
Los juzgadores, agrega, no tuvieron en cuenta que, de acuerdo con la normativa costarricense, en el caso de la modificación al proyecto, no era necesario presentar un nuevo EsIA, razón por la que, estima, la decisión de la SETENA de no solicitarlo no era un tema de carácter interpretativo o discrecional, sino en apego a la normativa. Además, añade, el Tribunal no valoró, ni consideró los estudios aportados junto con la propuesta al proyecto que constan en el expediente de “Evaluación de Cambios Propuestos al Proyecto Minero”, los cuales detalla, pero no analiza. El quebranto al referido principio, indica, se produce porque el Estado costarricense otorgó una concesión, previo cumplimiento de todos los requisitos legales y reglamentarios. Además, se efectuaron estudios científicos y técnicos para obtenerse. Por ello, se cuestiona cómo puede un tribunal de derecho –no técnico- sin prueba pericial o científica objetiva, tan solo con el dicho de dos testigos traerse abajo la concesión sin ningún fundamento, y sin decir, normativamente, por qué se incumple tal o cual requisito.
Además, señala, como manifestación de este principio, se irrespetó la garantía de aplicación objetiva del derecho. Los argumentos sobre los cuales el Tribunal fundamentó su decisión, no son interpretaciones de la ley; sino, afirma, requisitos de validez “legislados” o inventados por los juzgadores. Transcribe, en forma parcial, lo dicho por la Sala Constitucional respecto al principio de racionalidad, sin indicar a cuál voto corresponde. Respecto a los postulados de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, asevera, revisten la condición de necesarios. Esto, apunta, hace referencia a que si la medida-acción no es realizada, importantes intereses públicos serían lesionados. En el sub júdice, comenta, podría pensarse que se protege un bien de interés público –ambiente, el recurso hídrico- pero lo cierto es que nunca se probaron los supuestos daños. Todo, afirma, son especulaciones, juicios de valor sobre lo que podría pasar, efectuados por deponentes que no tienen un conocimiento directo de los hechos, en contraposición de testigos y estudios técnicos los cuales demostraban que, de ocurrir efectos negativos, existían medidas de mitigación suficientes para contrarrestarlos.
El Tribunal, comenta, para anular la concesión, se fundamentó en la declaración de testigos de la parte actora. Tal decisión, acota, no es racional ni proporcional. Se cuestiona ¿cómo puede un simple testigo que no tiene que dar razón de su dicho, que no realizó estudios directos del proyecto, contrariar todos los estudios técnicos, documentos públicos, análisis de instituciones públicas y las declaraciones de los diversos profesionales en cada área especializada? La sentencia combatida, arguye, resulta inidónea porque, de un estudio del expediente administrativo, declaraciones de testigos-peritos (Sonia Espinoza y Sandra Arredondo Li) y los estudios técnicos que constan en el expediente, se evidencia que existen otros mecanismos que, de mejor manera, solucionan la aparente necesidad existente (protección al ambiente, recurso hídrico), que cumplen con esa finalidad de protección. En torno al postulado de proporcionalidad, indica, de una comparación entre la finalidad perseguida por la resolución impugnada (protección al ambiente, al recurso hídrico) y los alcances de ese fallo en cuanto a los daños y perjuicios para el país, para IISA y las comunidades beneficiadas con el proyecto, se denota que el perjuicio es mayor al supuesto beneficio obtenido con la sentencia.
Por otro lado, agrega, el postulado de razonabilidad es un parámetro para juzgar, representa un límite del ejercicio de la discrecionalidad de la Administración Pública. Sin embargo, en esta lite, comenta, ese postulado que, en apariencia aplicó el Tribunal, no lo facultaba para colegislar o coadministrar.
IV.En el presente motivo de disconformidad, el casacionista efectúa una serie de afirmaciones no en contra de la sentencia propiamente, sino de la honorabilidad de los juzgadores. A guisa de ejemplo indica: “[…] A lo largo del proceso estos principios constitucionales fueron sustituidos por la imparcialidad [sic] y la arbitrariedad; situación que se refleja en la sentencia … Los argumentos sobre los cuales el tribunal contencioso fundamenta su decisión, no son interpretables [sic] de la ley, son requisitos de validez “legislados” o inventados por el órgano jurisdiccional . […]” Tales manifestaciones las efectúa sin el respectivo respaldo factico. No puntualiza las partes de la sentencia donde se pueda colegir lo afirmado. En consecuencia, revisten el carácter de meras apreciaciones subjetivas, lo cual resulta inaceptable, por lo que se le debe llamar la atención al casacionista. En otro orden de ideas, el recurrente alega quebranto de los principios constitucionales de seguridad jurídica, razonabilidad y proporcionalidad; así como de los artículos 50 de la Constitución Política; 13 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y 8.2 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial.
Su trasgresión, según indica, se produjo porque, a pesar de que IISA cuenta con todos los permisos para optar por la concesión de explotación minera, se vio obligada a defenderse ante la Sala Constitucional, en virtud de los recursos de amparo interpuestos en contra del proyecto. A pesar de que ese órgano jurisdiccional, manifiesta, los rechazó, la misma situación se replanteó ante la jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa, en donde se decidió anular la concesión “[…] basándose ya no en el ordenamiento jurídico, sino en arbitrariedades, en la opinión de “todólogos”, prueba impertinente e inidónea, sin una [sic] análisis normativo, sino delegando su deber en la opinión de testigos.” Transcribe el hecho probado 23 de la sentencia impugnada, referido a la necesidad de requerirse un segundo EsIA; también reproduce lo considerado por los juzgadores en torno a ese tema. Afirma que, de acuerdo con la normativa costarricense, ese requerimiento no era necesario.
Asimismo, señala que el Tribunal no valoró ni consideró los estudios aportados junto con la propuesta de modificación del proyecto. Al respecto, debe indicarse que, una vez más, el casacionista incumple con su deber de expresar, con claridad y precisión, la fundamentación jurídica que respalda su objeción. En su relato, no engarza, en debida forma, lo resuelto por el Tribunal con el quebranto a los principios aludidos. Lo alegado no pasa de ser una suposición, una simple apreciación subjetiva, pues no contrasta (detalladamente) la prueba que alude como preterida y las normas señaladas como infringidas, con la sentencia impugnada, relacionándolo con los referidos postulados, para arribar a la conclusión de que no resultaba necesario requerir un segundo EsIA. Es decir, no establece el necesario vínculo entre lo que se argumenta, el fallo cuestionado y los principios constitucionales. En consecuencia, se impone el rechazo del presente motivo de disconformidad.
AMPLIACIÓN DE INDUSTRIAS INFINITO SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA
V.En el apartado primero del escrito de ampliación, los apoderados especiales judiciales de IISA aducen, como “nuevos motivos de casación”, tanto “preterición de prueba” (punto 1.1) como “indebida valoración de la prueba” (punto 1.2). No obstante, de su análisis se determina que guardan estrecha relación, por lo que serán analizados conjuntamente de la siguiente manera. Manifiestan los casacionistas, en primer término, que se incurrió en esos vicios respecto a la modificación del proyecto, presentada por su poderdante el 6 de diciembre de 2007 ante la SETENA; lo cual, indican, se reseña en el hecho probado 23 de la sentencia cuestionada, al exigirse un nuevo EsIA. Transcriben, en lo de su interés, lo considerado por el Tribunal en torno a ese punto. Para arribar a esa conclusión, estiman, los juzgadores se basaron en las declaraciones de los testigos-peritos Allan y Yamileth, ambos de apellido Astorga.
Esto, comentan, refleja no solo una apreciación abusiva y desproporcionada de lo afirmado por ellos; sino también la ausencia absoluta de la valoración global de la prueba documental. Las modificaciones al proyecto, afirman, incluyó diversos estudios, efectuados por profesionales en áreas como: Ingeniería Forestal, Biología, Geología, Hidrología, Sociología y Geografía. También contó con especialistas en aspectos concretos como: ecosistemas terrestres, recuperación de hábitats acuáticos, herpetología, entomología y botánica. En este sentido, indican, en el expediente de evaluación de los cambios propuestos al proyecto (aportado como prueba), constan una serie de estudios, los cuales enuncia. Esa probanza se opone, arguyen, a lo afirmado por los testigos de la parte actora. También, agregan, se contradice con lo manifestado por los testigos Sonia Espinoza Valverde, Sandra Arredondo Li y Eduardo Murillo Marchena.
Transcriben, en lo conducente, lo declarado por la primera. El Tribunal, estiman, le atribuyó a esos testigos manifestaciones que no emitieron. Nunca establecieron la necesidad de presentar un nuevo EsIA, ni evaluar nuevos impactos ambientales. Por el contrario, quedó claro que no era necesario realizar uno nuevo. En una depurada técnica de formulación de hechos y de la correcta apreciación y valoración de la prueba testimonial, afirman, debió enunciarse el hecho en el sentido de que la SETENA determinó que, por tratarse de un mismo proyecto, la evaluación de las modificaciones no requería un nuevo EsIA. Alegan transgredidos los artículos 17, 18, 19, 20, 24 de la LOA; 3 (incisos 6, 34, 37 y 63), 9, 10, 19, 27, 31, 36, 46 del Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC del 24 de mayo de 2004, denominado “Reglamento General sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA)”; 1, 2, 3, 4, anexos 1, 2 y 3 del Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 32966-MINAE del 20 de febrero de 2006: “Manual de Instrumentos Técnicos para el Proceso de Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental” (Manual EIA, parte IV); 16, 297, 298 y 302 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública (LGAP).
El quebranto de esas normas –que le imponen al desarrollador de un proyecto, calificado de alta significancia de impacto ambiental, afirman, el deber de preparar un EsIA- se produce, alegan, porque la evaluación de impacto ambiental se sustenta en estudios técnicos e investigaciones científicas que permiten identificar los impactos ambientales. Asimismo, se violentaron dichas normas porque de ellas se concluye que, siendo la modificación del proyecto un cambio que generaba resultados positivos y nuevas medias de prevención, no era necesario un nuevo EsIA. Transcribe, en lo de su interés, lo manifestado por la Sala Constitucional en el voto n.° 15315-2008 de las 14 horas 59 minutos del 10 de octubre de 2008, tocante al sentido e importancia del EsIA. Asimismo, anotan, las normas sustantivas regulan el EsIA como un instrumento de protección. De igual manera, indican, la LOA preceptúa que se trata de un instrumento técnico de evaluación de los impactos y del tratamiento científico, lo que supone el uso de datos ciertos y de la aplicación de una metodología aprobada.
Es por ello, comentan, que en el Manual de EIA se incluyen, como anexos, la guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de evaluación de impacto ambiental y el instructivo para la valoración de impactos ambientales. De las normas infringidas, comentan, se determina que la evaluación ambiental es un procedimiento administrativo científico-técnico que permite identificar y predecir cuáles efectos ejercerá una actividad sobre el ambiente, cuantificándolos y ponderándolos para conducir a la toma de decisiones. Es así como, arguyen, tanto el EsIA como las modificaciones al proyecto descansan en bases técnicas: estudios científicos elaborados por profesionales responsables. Esos análisis, afirman, no fueron tomados en cuenta, a pesar de ser prueba documental admitida para la etapa de juicio. En este quebranto, manifiestan, es necesario rescatar la presunción de legitimidad de las decisiones administrativas, tutelada en los preceptos 128, 130, 146, 148, 168 y 176 de la LGAP.
No obstante, señalan, en el sub júdice, el Tribunal no solo desconoció la prueba documental técnica, sino que tuvo por comprobada la nulidad en aspectos técnicos, a pesar de la inexistencia de prueba equivalente que desvirtuara, fehacientemente, los criterios vertidos por profesionales responsables e idóneos, conculcándose las reglas de la sana crítica. También, agregan, existe prueba testimonial que analiza el tema de las modificaciones al proyecto. En este sentido, anotan, la testigo Sonia Espinoza narró el porqué, fáctica y técnicamente, era innecesario un nuevo estudio de impacto ambiental, con lo que contradice las afirmaciones de los dos testigos que afirman lo contrario. De no haber ignorado el Tribunal prueba fundamental –testimonial y documental- la conclusión, en cuanto al hecho probado de la sentencia cuestionada número 23, hubiese sido otra: que no era necesario, para aprobar la modificación del proyecto, la elaboración de un nuevo EsIA.
En segundo lugar señalan, se configuran los yerros apuntados, por lo resuelto en torno a la tala rasa de árboles en terrenos de su representada y lo indicado en el hecho demostrado 57 de la sentencia combatida, en el sentido de que tal circunstancia provocó un daño ambiental; pues se sustenta no solo erróneamente, sino con preterición de otra prueba testimonial y documental, en lo manifestado por la testigo Sandra Arredondo Li. A pesar de ser falso que ella afirmara lo que tuvieron por probado los juzgadores, sostienen, su declaración tergiversada no demuestra lo concluido por ellos. Se contradice con lo señalado en la prueba documental: informes de las autoridades competentes y de regencia (los que ella, en su calidad de Regente Ambiental presentó a la SETENA, dentro de los cuales se encuentra el elaborado para el período en el cual se efectuaron las labores de aprovechamiento forestal).
Invocan otros documentos preteridos. También se contrapone con las declaraciones de los testigos Eduardo Murillo y Sonia Espinoza. Por el contrario, indican, lo dicho por la señora Arredondo Li confirma que la tala rasa no causó daño ambiental y que esa actividad se efectuó bajo estrictos procedimientos y la supervisión de biólogos, quienes tenían la tarea de evitar cualquier afectación a la flora y fauna del sitio. Incluyen una tabla en la cual, según indican, enlistan los documentos preteridos por el Tribunal en cuanto a este tema. En igual sentido, comentan, se omitió la declaración del testigo Eduardo Murillo Marchena, quien afirmó que con la tala rasa no se produjo daño ambiental. Los yerros apuntados, aseveran, conlleva el quebranto de los artículos 50 de la Constitución Política; 2, 59, 98, 101 de la LOA; 3 (incisos 26, 43 y 83), 98 del Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC del 24 de mayo de 2004, denominado “Reglamento General sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA)”; 190, 191 y 196 de la LGAP.
Para que surja responsabilidad, señalan, debe verificarse la existencia de un daño. En el caso de los daños ambientales, agregan, su concepto, por remisión legal, está contenido en las normas reglamentarias indicadas. Reproduce, en lo de su interés, lo dispuesto por esta Sala en la sentencia n.° 675-F-2007 de las 10 horas del 21 de septiembre de 2007. La ejecución del permiso de corta, otorgado mediante resolución n.° 244-2008-SCH, argumentan, respetó las reglas de la ciencia y la experiencia, a fin de no provocar ningún daño, entendido este como una pérdida, disminución o menoscabo indemnizable, pues los impactos de esa acción fueron debidamente identificados y cuantificados, adoptándose las medias de control y mitigación pertinentes que fueron ejecutadas en forma eficiente, oportuna y efectiva. La prueba documental y el resto de la testimonial, acotan, permite llegar a esta conclusión.
Es decir, de esa probanza, contrario a lo afirmado en el hecho 57 de la sentencia combatida, se determina que la tala rasa en terrenos de su poderdante, donde se desarrolla el proyecto, no provocó daño ambiental (no se afectó la flora, fauna, el paisaje, el suelo o el aire). En consecuencia, apuntan, se violentaron los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, al sustentar ese hecho en una errónea interpretación de lo afirmado por una deponente y no en la totalidad de los testigos que se refirieron al hecho; además, en abierta contradicción de la legislación aplicable a la materia, lo cual también conlleva el quebranto del principio de seguridad jurídica. Un tercer aspecto, señalan, en donde se pretirió y valoró indebidamente la prueba, es en lo tocante al camino público. Este tema, comentan, fue introducido como hecho nuevo durante el debate por la coadyuvante activa. El Tribunal, sostiene, tuvo por probado la eliminación de un camino público para la realización de la laguna de relaves en el proyecto minero.
Transcriben lo señalado en el hecho demostrado 54. De nuevo, apuntan, los jueces sustentan su afirmación en prueba testimonial, en lo manifestado por la geóloga Sandra Arredondo Li, haciendo una apreciación arbitraria de su dicho. Adicionalmente, comentan, en los hechos 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 y 53 el Tribunal “descompuso” el indicado hecho nuevo para, en forma tamizada, tener por cierta la existencia del camino público y conjeturar el incumplimiento de su representada de informar respecto de su existencia a las distintas dependencias administrativas; o bien, que las resoluciones anuladas no hacen mención o análisis al respecto. Los juzgadores, anotan, hicieron una apreciación sesgada de las afirmaciones de la indicada testigo Arredondo Li. Transcriben, en lo conducente, lo expuesto por el Tribunal en el considerando XVIII de la sentencia impugnada. Existe prueba documental y testimonial, incluso el mismo dicho de la señora Arredondo Li, aseguran, que contradicen lo señalado por los juzgadores.
La situación del camino, aseveran, era conocida. Fue valorado adecuadamente su impacto. Por eso, agregan, como medida compensatoria se habilitó, legalmente, otra ruta, mediante la cual se realineó el camino, no desapareciendo. Por demás, añaden, para la ocupación del terreno municipal se inició el trámite correspondiente, según consta en el mismo hecho probado 54. Reproducen, en lo de su interés, lo afirmado por doña Sandra. El Tribunal, agregan, no consideró, ni hizo mención, la prueba documental señalada, ni el hecho de que su representada señaló la existencia de otras opciones viables (protegiendo al ambiente y respetando los trámites legales) para construir la laguna de relaves. Esto es, el camino no era la única opción, de lo cual el órgano jurisdiccional tuvo conocimiento; empero, al haber preterido la prueba llegó a conclusiones falsas y sesgadas. Acompaña una tabla en la cual indican, a su entender, la prueba documental preterida en relación con el camino público.
Asimismo, señalan, el expediente administrativo levantado por la SETENA ratifica las afirmaciones de la testigo Arredondo Li. En este apartado, estiman conculcadas las normas 17, 18, 19, 20, 24 de la LOA; 3 (incisos 34, 37 y 63), 11, 27, 30, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 del Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC del 24 de mayo de 2004, denominado “Reglamento General sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA)”; 4 de la Ley de Construcciones; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos; 25 del Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 34624-MOPT del 27 de marzo de 2008, denominado “Reglamento sobre el manejo, normalización y responsabilidad para la inversión pública en la red vial cantonal”; 8 y 51 del Código de Minería. Además, añaden, la sentencia cuestionada conculcó los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad al sustentar el hecho probado 54 y los otros relacionados, en la valoración arbitraria de una testigo que no posee las atribuciones de representación de su poderdante y, además, en abierta contradicción con la legislación aplicable a la materia.
No se efectuó, acotan, una ponderación, confrontación y comparación de todos los elementos probatorios y razonamientos jurídicos. También, arguyen, se violentó el postulado de seguridad jurídica, al no aplicarse la legislación que regula el derecho de su mandante a obtener la constitución de una servidumbre minera en terrenos propiedad del Estado, con base en la declaratoria de interés público de la actividad, al amparo de una ley vigente. Como cuarto y último punto donde, a juicio de los recurrentes, fue indebidamente valorada y preterida prueba, se indica el programa de minado. Este tema, aseveran, es tratado desde dos aristas: 1) el acuífero inferior y 2) la profundidad de los tajos. Respecto al primero, manifiestan, no existe ningún hecho controvertido ni situación fáctica alegada por la parte actora. Por ello, estiman, no fue un aspecto en discusión. Empero, comentan, el Tribunal incluyó los hechos probados 33, 34, 35, 37, 43, 44 y 45; transcriben los tres primeros.
En el considerando XIX del fallo cuestionado, alegan, el Tribunal establece las razones para fundamentar su posición. Al analizar las razones del Tribunal para anular la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto, comentan, se determina que parten de las siguientes premisas:
VI.A la luz de lo preceptuado en el artículo 143 del CPCA, transcrito en el considerando II de esta resolución, se podrán ampliar no solo las causas alegadas originalmente; sino también los fundamentos de los agravios ya admitidos, con otros completamente novedosos. Es decir, la ampliación del recurso de casación es un instrumento a través del cual las partes pueden alegar, luego de haberse admitido el recurso, no solo causas motivos; sino también argumentos o fundamentos jurídicos no señalados anteriormente en contra de la sentencia impugnada. Ello quiere decir que resulta improcedente, vía ampliación del recurso, interponer, nuevamente, algún agravio que haya sido rechazado de plano, pero, en esta ocasión, corrigiendo los errores que motivaron su denegación. Tampoco es de recibo desarrollar o explicar, con mayor detenimiento, las ideas planteadas en el o los agravios admitidos, pues no resultan fundamentos novedosos.
Dentro de esta línea de pensamiento, en el presente agravio, esta Sala, luego de un exhaustivo análisis comparativo entre el agravio rechazado de plano a IISA en el auto de admisión n.° 1355-A-S1-2011, de las 12 horas 20 minutos del 25 de octubre de 2011, considerando VII, y lo ahora expuesto, arriba a la conclusión que lo pretendido por los apoderados especiales judiciales de esa empresa no es otra cosa que reiterarlo, pero subsanando las falencias que esta Cámara indicó en la resolución indicada. En este sentido, en ese motivo de disconformidad –primer agravio por quebranto de normas sustantivas, en donde reprocharon indebida valoración del acervo probatorio-, los apoderados de IISA habían alegado su disconformidad con lo resuelto en la sentencia combatida en torno a:
VII.Incorporan una segunda sección que denominan “nuevos fundamentos del recurso” relacionados con el agravio ya admitido de haberse resuelto en contradicción con la cosa juzgada. Explican que esta ha sido una de las defensas fundamentales durante el proceso por estimar que los aspectos revisados en la vía contencioso administrativa ya habían sido analizados y juzgados por la Sala Constitucional. Luego de transcribir parte del recurso formulado originalmente, agregan, se ha sostenido la importancia de la seguridad jurídica y de la cosa juzgada dentro del Estado de Derecho. Apuntan, a efectos de ampliar los fundamentos del recurso, desean introducir otro enfoque de esta defensa, el cual consiste en puntualizar los asuntos de legalidad analizados por la Sala Constitucional. Destacan la extensión del control constitucional y las vastas posibilidades de revisión de las actuaciones administrativas que tiene la vía de amparo, así como la autocomposición competencial del Tribunal Constitucional.
Arguyen, la competencia ejercida por dicho órgano jurisdiccional es sustancial, en tanto valora si la conducta cuestionada produce o no un impacto ambiental; este realizó un examen completo de las conductas administrativas sometidas a su conocimiento por lo que contempló todos los alcances (constitucional, legal y técnico) para lograr una tutela efectiva del derecho constitucional. A partir del numeral 48 constitucional, analizan el objeto de los recursos de amparo, por lo que acotan que la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa tendrá una competencia residual para conocer de aquellos aspectos que el Tribunal Constitucional decida no entrar a conocer. Por ello, señalan, la cosa juzgada debe aplicarse en este contexto y no con el rigor y formalismo propio de la normativa procesal civil. Explican que al conocerse un proceso en sede constitucional sobre un daño al ambiente, deben valorarse, necesariamente, los aspectos técnicos y legales que le dan sustento a la conducta objeto del proceso.
Indican, se analiza el marco normativo de la actividad, para lo cual se toma en cuenta que muchas de las actividades con mayor potencial de impacto ambiental lo son en función del uso y disposición de los bienes de dominio público. Por ello, manifiestan, al ser una actividad reglada, la ponderación de sus impactos se facilita por la delimitación de su campo de acción. Además, dicen, la regulación dispone bajo qué condiciones se permite este y los requerimientos necesarios para desarrollar el aprovechamiento, sean de índole legal o técnica. La valoración de los impactos ambientales, plantean, debe fundamentarse en estudios técnicos elaborados por profesionales competentes mediante el uso de una metodología preestablecida, por lo que su convicción y solidez estará determinada por la calidad de quienes participaron, la metodología empleada, los datos y análisis obtenidos así como la posibilidad de verificar y cotejar los resultados.
Detallan cuáles fueron los temas y conductas analizadas por la Sala Constitucional en relación con el proyecto, los cuales se enumeran a continuación, manteniendo la separación realizada por los recurrentes de “asuntos de legalidad conocidos y juzgador por parte de la Sala Constitucional “ y “asuntos de legalidad no conocidos por parte de la Sala Constitucional” Dentro de los primeros incluyen: a) Viabilidades ambientales; b) Análisis del Costo Beneficio; c) Decreto de Conveniencia Nacional n.° 34801-MINAET; d) Aplicación del principio precautorio; e) Bosque (aprovechamiento forestal mediante la modalidad de cambio de uso); f) Recurso hídrico; g) Uso del cianuro; h) Sismicidad; i) Drenaje ácido; j) Lagunas de relaves; k) Participación ciudadana; l) Impacto ambiental derivado del uso de explosivos; m) Permiso de aprovechamiento forestal; n) Daño ambiental; o) aplicación de la moratoria minera al Proyecto Crucitas.
Dentro de los segundos, detallan: a) Evaluación ambiental de los cambios propuestos al proyecto (contenido de los estudios); b) Uso de explosivos, específicamente, la conformidad o no desde el punto de vista técnico de los permisos o estudios realizados; c) Infraestructura del proyecto minero (aclara que este aspecto no fue objeto de discusión en la etapa de juicio ni fue considerado por el Tribunal en la sentencia); d) Políticas públicas. Respecto de cada uno de estos puntos, realizan transcripciones de votos de la Sala Constitucional.
VIII.Como se expuso en el considerando VI de esta resolución, la ampliación del recurso de casación es un instrumento procesal a disposición de los recurrentes, por medio del cual solo se podrán alegar motivos o causas, así como fundamentos o razones jurídicas, no expuestos anteriormente. Vale decir, completamente novedosos. En el aludido auto de admisión de esta Sala, se le admitió a IISA el agravio referente a la supuesta violación a la cosa juzgada. En esencia, lo alegado por los apoderados de esa compañía radica en que la Sala Constitucional, en los diferentes recursos de amparo interpuestos, se pronunció en torno a todos los aspectos planteados, no solo de constitucionalidad, sino también de legalidad, al amparo de la probanza evacuada en esa sede, los cuales son reiterados ahora ante el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo. En consecuencia, indican en ese reparo, los juzgadores contencioso administrativos no debieron conocer este proceso, sino declarar o acoger la excepción de cosa juzgada interpuesta.
Ahora, en la ampliación, los casacionistas reiteran ese argumento, especificando, en forma detallada, cuáles aspectos de legalidad invocados en este proceso, a su juicio, fueron conocidos y resueltos en sede constitucional y cuáles no. Tal alegato no configura una fundamentación nueva, no se brindan razones jurídicas novedosas, por las cuales el agravio admitido deba prosperar; por el contrario, se trata de una especificación de lo ya expuesto. Es decir, los casacionistas se limitan a detallar cuáles son los temas de legalidad, que en su criterio, fueron resueltos por la Sala Constitucional y cuáles no. En resumen, lo alegado se enmarca dentro del mismo eje temático de lo expuesto en el agravio admitido; no se introduce ningún argumento jurídico distinto, para tenerse como ampliación de los fundamentos. Por ende, se impone su rechazo.
IX.En mérito de las razones expuestas, débense rechazar las ampliaciones a los recursos de casación, formuladas por los apoderados especiales judiciales de ASOCRUCITAS e IISA.
POR TANTO
Se rechazan las ampliaciones de los recursos de casación presentadas por la Asociación Solidarista de Empleados de Industrias Infinito S.A. y de Industrias Infinito Sociedad Anónima. Tome nota el apoderado especial judicial de Asocrucitas de lo señalado en el considerando IV de esta resolución.
Anabelle León Feoli Luís Guillermo Rivas Loáiciga Román Solís Zelaya Óscar Eduardo González Cammacho Carmenmaría Escoto Fernández MJIMENEZ
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