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02/12/2015
OutcomeResultado
The court declared the opportunity criterion granted to cooperating defendant [Name 064] illegal due to lack of reasoning, reliance on incomplete information, and failure to meet the less-reproachable-conduct requirement. It declared his statement unlawful evidence and ordered the case remanded for a new trial.El tribunal declaró ilegal el criterio de oportunidad otorgado al imputado colaborador [Nombre 064] por carecer de fundamentación, basarse en información incompleta y no cumplir el requisito de menor reprochabilidad. Declaró ilícita su declaración y ordenó el reenvío del caso para un nuevo juicio.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Sentencing Appeals Tribunal conducts an in-depth analysis of the scope of judicial review over the application of the opportunity criterion established in Article 22(b) of the Criminal Procedure Code (the 'crown witness' or cooperating defendant figure). The decision is divided into four parts. First, the tribunal holds that legality review over this mechanism is not limited to formal aspects (prosecutorial request, hierarchical authorization, judicial approval), but encompasses all legal requirements, including examination of whether the cooperating defendant's conduct is 'less reproachable' than the punishable acts whose prosecution it facilitates. This review can be exercised by the criminal judge, the trial court, and the appellate and cassation courts, and is not exhausted in a single procedural stage. Second, the tribunal examines the specific case of the cooperating defendant, concluding that the decision authorizing the opportunity criterion lacked reasoning and was issued without complete information, because the prosecution omitted from its request all the criminal acts for which impunity was negotiated. Third, the tribunal compares the reproachability of the cooperating defendant's conduct with that of the defendants against whom he testified, determining that the cooperator was not 'less reproachable,' thus the opportunity criterion is illegal. Finally, the cooperating defendant's statement is declared unlawful evidence, and the case is remanded for a new trial.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal analiza en profundidad los alcances del control jurisdiccional sobre la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad regulado en el artículo 22 inciso b) del Código Procesal Penal (figura del 'testigo de la corona' o imputado colaborador). La resolución se divide en cuatro partes. En la primera, el tribunal establece que el control de legalidad sobre este instituto no se limita a aspectos formales (solicitud fiscal, autorización jerárquica, aprobación judicial), sino que abarca todos los requisitos legales, incluyendo el examen de si la conducta del colaborador es 'menos reprochable' que los hechos punibles cuya persecución facilita. Este control puede ser ejercido por el juez penal, el tribunal de juicio y los órganos de apelación y casación, y no se agota en una única etapa procesal. En la segunda parte, se examina el caso concreto del imputado colaborador, concluyendo que la resolución que autorizó el criterio de oportunidad carece de fundamentación y fue adoptada sin información completa, ya que la Fiscalía omitió incluir en la solicitud todos los hechos delictivos por los cuales se negoció impunidad. En la tercera parte, se realiza una comparación de reprochabilidad entre la conducta del colaborador y la de los imputados contra quienes declaró, determinando que el colaborador no era 'menos reprochable', por lo que el criterio de oportunidad es ilegal. Finalmente, se declara ilícita la declaración del colaborador y se ordena reenviar el asunto para un nuevo juicio.
Key excerptExtracto clave
For all the foregoing reasons, this chamber concludes that the application of the opportunity criterion provided for in Article 22(b) of the Criminal Procedure Code is subject to judicial review and that therefore the court—whether the criminal judge, the trial court, or even the sentencing appeals and cassation bodies, when appropriate—must verify compliance with all the requirements that the legislator demands for such purposes. It is not a matter of replacing the prosecutor in the selection of cases in which, for criminal policy reasons, he considers that prosecution should be waived, but rather of ensuring that in those cases chosen by the requesting body, the formalities required by the legal system for such purposes are met. As a consequence of the foregoing, the statement that [Name 064] gave at trial as a cooperating defendant is unlawful evidence and is so declared. Furthermore, we shall resolve certain challenges raised by [Name 033] regarding the credibility that may be granted to the account of [Name 064], on which occasion this appeals tribunal concludes that it is implausible. In summary, for all the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the opportunity criterion granted to [Name 064] is illegal.Por todo lo expuesto, esta cámara concluye que la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad contemplado en el artículo 22 inciso b) del C.P.P. está sometido a control jurisdiccional y que por ende el tribunal, sea el juez penal, el tribunal de juicio, e inclusive los órganos de apelación de sentencia y casación, cuando así corresponda, debe comprobar el cumplimiento de todos los requisitos que el legislador exige para tales efectos. No se trata de suplantar al fiscal en la elección de los casos en los que por razones de política criminal, considera que se debe prescindir de la persecución penal, sino de garantizar que en aquellos que sean elegidos por el órgano requirente, se cumpla con las formalidades exigidas por el ordenamiento jurídico para tales efectos. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la declaración que este rindió en el debate como imputado colaborador es prueba ilícita y así se declara. A mayor abundamiento, se procederá a resolver algunos cuestionamientos formulados por [Nombre 033] en relación con la credibilidad que se puede otorgar al dicho de [Nombre 064] y con ocasión de los cuales, este tribunal de apelación concluye que es inverosímil. En resumen, por todo lo expuesto, se concluye que el criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064] es ilegal.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El control jurisdiccional sobre la procedencia del criterio de oportunidad debe existir, verificando el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales -sin distinciones, pues la ley no distingue al respecto- que el código de rito exige para su aplicación."
"Judicial review over the propriety of the opportunity criterion must exist, verifying compliance with the legal requirements—without distinctions, since the law does not distinguish in this regard—that the procedural code demands for its application."
Considerando V.1, conclusión sobre el control jurisdiccional
"El control jurisdiccional sobre la procedencia del criterio de oportunidad debe existir, verificando el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales -sin distinciones, pues la ley no distingue al respecto- que el código de rito exige para su aplicación."
Considerando V.1, conclusión sobre el control jurisdiccional
"La aplicación del criterio de oportunidad [...] es ilegal. [...] Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la declaración que este rindió en el debate como imputado colaborador es prueba ilícita y así se declara."
"The application of the opportunity criterion [...] is illegal. [...] As a consequence of the foregoing, the statement that [Name 064] gave at trial as a cooperating defendant is unlawful evidence and is so declared."
Considerando V.2, conclusión final
"La aplicación del criterio de oportunidad [...] es ilegal. [...] Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la declaración que este rindió en el debate como imputado colaborador es prueba ilícita y así se declara."
Considerando V.2, conclusión final
"No se trata de suplantar al fiscal en la elección de los casos [...] sino de garantizar que en aquellos que sean elegidos por el órgano requirente, se cumpla con las formalidades exigidas por el ordenamiento jurídico."
"It is not a matter of replacing the prosecutor in the selection of cases [...] but rather of ensuring that in those cases chosen by the requesting body, the formalities required by the legal system are met."
Considerando V.1, principio rector
"No se trata de suplantar al fiscal en la elección de los casos [...] sino de garantizar que en aquellos que sean elegidos por el órgano requirente, se cumpla con las formalidades exigidas por el ordenamiento jurídico."
Considerando V.1, principio rector
Full documentDocumento completo
V.The claims are granted: For the purpose of making this presentation as clear as possible, this chamber will divide the analysis into several sections, namely: 1) Jurisdiction of the trial court to verify compliance with the legal requirements contemplated for applying a prosecutorial discretion criterion (criterio de oportunidad). 2) Examination of the prosecutorial discretion criterion granted to [Name 064]. Defects present in its procedure and in the decision that authorized it. 3) Hypothetical inclusion of the conduct omitted by the requesting authority when seeking the prosecutorial discretion criterion, and new assessment of the reproach that should be made regarding the conduct charged against [Name 064], in comparison with that of other defendants. Weighing of the arguments put forth by the trial court regarding the particular issue. 4) Credibility to be afforded to the statement of the cooperating defendant.
The request for its application must be filed before the court of the preliminary or intermediate stage. Furthermore, given its complexity, once its application has been authorized, the decriminalizing consequence is subject to the fulfillment of the suspensive condition, and it subsequently falls to the criminal judge to evaluate the effectiveness of the collaboration and the definitive solution of the matter. During the trial phase, the court must ensure the legality of the reception of the collaborator's account and its assessment according to the rules of sound judicial discretion. ii) The trial court does not have competence to issue a pronouncement on the implementation of the criterion of opportunity, since it only hears the matter once the opening to trial has been declared. The lower court assures that the Third Chamber has considered it so, because: "...not even in cases where the criterion of opportunity has not been processed in favor of a person who appears to testify at the debate, has said cassation body considered that the trial court should evaluate the prerequisites for its appropriateness, nor issue such a pronouncement in substitution of the criminal judge, abstracting, even from the competence of the trial judge, any assessment regarding the collaboration agreement (see rulings No. 392-1999 and No. 795-2009 of the Third Chamber).
Conversely, in those cases, the indicated cassation body has determined that because control was not exercised by the criminal judge, it is not possible to receive the deponent in the debate (e.g., rulings No. 795-2009 and No. 1061-2008 of the Third Chamber), making it completely clear that the criminal judge is the only one competent to perform the referenced task." (F. 13,681 front). Therefore, it cannot be intended that the trial court define the fate of a criterion of opportunity that was already resolved and upon which the admission of [Name 064]'s statement in the debate was based. iii) If the trial court decided to examine the decision that accepted the criterion of opportunity to evaluate its decriminalizing effects, it would be arrogating knowledge of a matter pending before another jurisdictional body, which is prohibited by articles 11 and 155 of the Political Constitution and 4 of the Organic Law of the Judicial Branch, according to which judges must fulfill the duties imposed by law and not arrogate powers that have not been granted to them.
Likewise, such a course of action would affect various principles and guarantees (legality, natural judge, judicial independence, impartiality, and due process). The court cannot hear objections aimed at invalidating the criterion of opportunity already granted without the legislator authorizing it to do so, to approve or reject prosecutorial requests to apply the criterion, to control the actions of the jurisdictional body in charge of that task, or to hear, through the appeal remedy, the parties' objections against that decision of the criminal judge. The legislator also did not provide for vertical control in the case of this type of ruling, a situation that the Constitutional Chamber justified in ruling No. 12090-2009. It is the statement given by the benefited person, and not the ruling approving the criterion, that must be analyzed by the trial court and challenged by the parties. iv) In contrast to what happens with other rulings (e.g., the order to open trial, the denial of a request for dismissal, or the rejection of an "incident of nullity") that are processed within the same procedure, regarding the criterion of opportunity, an autonomous and different procedure is structured in which it is discussed whether or not its application is appropriate (rulings No. 1119-2005 of the Constitutional Chamber and No. 114-2006 and 404-2006, both of the Third Chamber).
While the first-mentioned decisions cannot be appealed because their discussion is feasible in later stages of the process (what is known as horizontal control), in the case of the criterion of opportunity, the dismissal that is eventually issued in favor of the collaborator can be appealed. For this reason, to maintain that the absence of an appeal remedy against the ruling that authorized the criterion of opportunity opens the door to a kind of horizontal control in the debate is incorrect, since the trial court is not competent to resolve that issue, given that vertical control is provided for in relation to the dismissal that may eventually be issued. v) Neither the trial court nor the cassation body can control the legality of the decriminalizing effects of the criterion of opportunity, since this concerns the criminal judge. A different matter is the presentation of evidence and its assessment, which does fall within the competence of the sentencing court and its controller.
The court that authorized the criterion is only subject to the legal system, and its decision cannot be subject to a later assessment by the trial court when the legislator has not provided for it in that manner. vi) The impartiality of the trial court may be affected if it assesses the prerequisites for the appropriateness of the criterion of opportunity. It is the accusation that describes the charged acts and is the basis upon which the trial must be conducted. The trial is conducted in relation to specifically accused persons, not others with a different status (arts. 361, 363, and 365 of the C.P.P.). For this reason, the collaborator does not appear as an accused in the case, but rather as a source of evidence. Their statement must be assessed individually and in conjunction with the other evidence, but not to decide on their criminal liability, nor to contrast that liability with that attributed to the other accused.
This is an additional reason why the legislator decided to remove from the competence of the trial court the assessment of the decriminalizing effects of the mechanism, insofar as it cannot hear a mechanism already ordered by another jurisdictional body, applied to someone who is not accused in the process under examination. vii) With convoluted wording, the court of merit argues that the criterion of opportunity is technically not a means of evidence. Its nature is not probative, but decriminalizing. When the commitment to collaborate consists of testifying during the debate, it is only then that the statement assumes the character of an evidentiary element. The route or channel through which said manifestations are received by the trial court is the means of evidence, which, for technical reasons, can never be the procedure followed for the approval of the criterion itself. In other words, the procedure carried out to obtain the statement does not constitute a means of evidence.
This is how the lower court interprets ruling No. 6808-2002 of the Constitutional Chamber, when it affirms that the trial court is competent to exercise control of legality over the aforementioned instrument, that is, only to review the concurrence of the legal requirements for the application of the mechanism, but not to decide whether said criterion should have been granted or not, or other issues related to the decriminalizing effects derived from it. Although the constitutional court indicates that this control corresponds to the trial court, the truth is that, aside from numeral 24 of the Code of Criminal Procedure providing the contrary, in that particular case, the issue addressed by the Constitutional Chamber was the provisional nature of the effects of the collaboration agreement and not the matter related to the competent body to decide on the waiver of the criminal action. It is, moreover, an isolated pronouncement, prior to two different and analogous ones (Nos. 12090-2009 and 1119-2005), which do not confer similar scopes to the control that the trial court must carry out, aside from the fact that the last two rulings, together with 2662-2001, are binding. viii) The procedure related to the application of the criterion of opportunity is independent of the process in which the collaborator must testify.
Furthermore, it does not involve a definitive and irreproducible act, nor does it imply the production of advance evidence (as occurs, e.g., with searches, or the interception of communications), since the collaborator's statement must be presented during the debate. For this reason, it can be assessed by the trial court. Likewise, in the mentioned cases, the legality of the elements of conviction is not made dependent on the issuance of a prior judgment on the attributed conduct or the guilt of the persons involved—as does occur with the criterion—hence the treatment granted by the legislator is different. ix) It is not for the court to examine, in order to confirm or discard, the ruling of the criminal judge that authorized the application of the criterion (namely, the ruling issued at 9:51 a.m. on June 1, 2007, visible at folios 41 to 89 of the separate file where it was processed). x) The application of the criterion of opportunity is regulated.
Regarding the scope of jurisdictional control, whether it is only regarding compliance with the formalities provided in the law, or also covers evaluative or substantial requirements—e.g., verifying the concept of lesser reproachability—the court of merit understands that said control is limited to the verification of formal or legal requirements, excluding evaluative ones, without the jurisdictional decision being able to substitute that of the prosecutorial office, nor invade its authority over the convenience or advisability of the measure, nor examine aspects specific to the accusatory function. In support of its position, it cites several rulings of the Constitutional Chamber, e.g., numbers 2662-2001, 12090-2009, 6808-2002, and 1119-2005, as well as respective judgments of the Third Chamber, specifically, No. 795-2009—in which it was affirmed that control encompasses substantial conditions—and No. 450-2004, in which the criterion expressed by the Constitutional Chamber, which the trial court shares, was adopted.
The lower court adds that, in accordance with the adopted democratic model, essential functions cannot be concentrated in a single body, but must be distributed, and their exercise controlled. From that perspective, it could not be admitted that the criminal judge's criterion prevails over that of the Public Prosecutor's Office regarding the investigation and the exercise of the criminal action. As for the control that the trial court must carry out, it is insisted that it must be that corresponding to the evidence received in the debate. The collaborator's deposition, given live in the adversarial process, in the presence of the parties, is what has the status of evidence. The trial court's control over the procedure followed to authorize the criterion of opportunity is only insofar as it is the antecedent for the described appearance, since, not being a means of evidence, the court must confine itself to verifying the formal aspects specified by the Constitutional Chamber, that is, the existence of the prosecutorial request, hierarchical authorization, and approval by the judge. xi) Although the Third Chamber has proceeded to assess the conduct of the alleged beneficiary and the accused against whom they testify, in none of the cases has it attributed such a task to the sentencing court, something that, in any event, it could not do without compromising essential guarantees.
In this regard, it cites rulings No. 1061-2008 and 795-2009. In the first, the trial court considered that there were irregularities in the jurisdictional advance testimony of a deponent, for which reason it stripped it of all evidentiary effectiveness. Given this, the Chamber deemed that although in the particular case the criterion had not been granted, the prerequisites for it were also not met, since the collaborator's participation was fundamental. In response to this, the majority opinion holds that the cassation body at no time argued that it was the task of the trial court to assess the appropriateness of said criterion, nor to contrast the conduct of the deponent and the accused. The Chamber performed that analysis based on the self-incriminating statement itself, an exercise that the trial court cannot carry out before sentencing and which is different from the case in which, according to the same cassation body, that examination should have been carried out, namely, when it is intended to receive a self-incriminating account without observing the respective guarantees.
In the second ruling, the Third Chamber affirmed that the trial court should have limited itself to pointing out the non-existence of jurisdictional approval of the criterion of opportunity, without it being its task to inform itself of the collaboration criterion, qualify it, and much less invoke, for that purpose, the content of the evidence presented before hearing the deponent's account. This matter is fundamental, because a habeas corpus was filed in favor of the collaborator, resolved by the Constitutional Chamber in ruling No. 6808-2002, in which it was considered proven that to declare the described agreement illegal, the court argued that the liability possibly attributable to the protected person would be similar to that of other accused persons and that the information they could provide would not be decisive for the outcome of the process. The lower court considers the minority position expressed in that judgment No. 6808-2002 to be crucial, since it explains that the trial court was prohibited from anticipating the outcome that the accusation would have; from establishing the authorship corresponding to the so-called "crown witness" when it has not yet ruled on the accusation in which other perpetrators and co-perpetrators of the act are cited and from which the collaborator is excluded; from making speculations about the outcome of the action that the Public Prosecutor's Office has not exercised; and from basing the rejection of the criterion on an assessment of the evidence and facts not contained in the accusation.
According to Mr. Fernando Cruz Castro, a magistrate who subscribes to that minority position, it is only after receiving the evidence in the debate that the sentencing court can determine if the collaborator's action is less reproachable than the one they facilitated resolving and if their collaboration has been decisive. Based on this, the judges conclude that although the Third Chamber has assessed and compared the conduct of the collaborator and the implicated persons to determine whether the criterion of opportunity has been correctly granted (something that is in any case questionable, since in those cases the beneficiary would not be being judged, and the criminal action has not even been exercised against them by whoever has the power to do so), it is a task that is indeed viable to perform in cassation, firstly because it is done ex post (relying even on the assessments of the trial court) and then because it does not compromise the impartiality of the jurisdictional body, as would happen if the court of merit did so.
They mention by way of example rulings No. 737-2001 and No. 136-2003 of the Third Chamber, in which it was never indicated that the trial court must perform that analysis before issuing a sentence, or that it is responsible for controlling the decriminalizing effects of the mechanism. Furthermore, in cases where that prior jurisdictional control was not exercised (No. 175-2003 and 114-2006, both of the Third Chamber), the only consequence derived from this has been the inadmissibility of the statement, but not the requirement for verification of said examination by the sentencing court. Finally, in pronouncement 795-2009 of the Third Chamber, faced with the lack of compliance with the established legal procedure and the non-existence of jurisdictional approval, it was said that it is the task of the Public Prosecutor's Office to remedy those deficiencies and therefore, to seek the suspension of the debate while the matter is resolved, from which it is inferred that it is not the trial court that must carry out jurisdictional control and that these errors, as the Chamber suggests, can even be corrected in the adversarial process. xii) After reiterating that jurisdictional control over the application of this mechanism is limited to compliance with legal requirements, the majority opinion points out that there is a third limitation for the trial court in said control, namely, the duty to guarantee its impartiality.
They understand that it cannot pronounce on the issue of the lesser reproachability of [Name 064] without simultaneously reasoning on the substantive right under discussion, or without comparing the conduct of the accused with that of the former, which would mean anticipating the judgment on the facts. They refer again to the dissenting opinion in ruling No. 6808-2002 of the Constitutional Chamber, in which Magistrate Cruz Castro pointed out that the impartiality of the court would be weakened if it intervenes in prosecutorial powers, pronouncing on the eventual criminal liability of a person who, although benefited by a criterion of opportunity, has not been accused. Therefore, they emphasize that the control that the trial court must carry out, different from that which the criminal judge who authorized the application of the mechanism had to carry out, is solely to establish the legality of the appearance of the "collaborating declarant," by verifying compliance with the legal requirements determined at the time said authorization was granted and which are described in numeral 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, namely: that there is an express request from the prosecutorial office, that there is hierarchical authorization to carry out the proceeding, and that there is jurisdictional approval, all of which are fully met in this case.
The assessment of the statement is a separate matter. xiii) Regarding the lack of reasoning in the ruling that authorized the criterion of opportunity, the trial court reiterates that it is not its responsibility to decide if the request for the criterion of opportunity should have been admitted or rejected, nor if the decriminalizing effects should arise from it. It insists that it has no standing to exercise control over the ruling of the criminal judge in question, issued in observance of the guarantee of the natural judge, in a process different from this one, and regarding someone who is not accused in this case. It was the criminal judge who was responsible for controlling the legality of the decriminalizing effects of the criterion of opportunity; therefore, both out of respect for her independence—since the court of merit lacks competence to assess her actions and judge whether she conformed to the legal prerequisites—and in application of the principles of impartiality and legality, which prevent arrogating a task not provided for, it is not feasible to hear the objections raised by the defense, and therefore, it is only appropriate to analyze the legality of the criterion as an antecedent to the deposition of [Name 064], determining that it was processed in a separate file, through a prosecutorial action that had the endorsement of the hierarchical superior, which was presented to the judge of the intermediate stage, who exercised the respective jurisdictional control and approved it.
Having analyzed these reasonings, the undersigned consider them to be unacceptable. The judges who subscribe to the majority opinion make an effort to separate the statement made by [Name 064] in the debate from the procedure followed to apply a criterion of opportunity in his favor; however, it is notorious that if this accused collaborated, it was for the purpose of fulfilling the agreement he had made with the Public Prosecutor's Office. The expectation of obtaining impunity in relation to a series of criminal acts that, at least in principle, could be attributed to him, is what incentivized [Name 064] to collaborate, waiving his right not to testify against himself (article 36 of the Political Constitution) and the same state of innocence that protects him (art. 39 of the Political Constitution). Therefore, we are talking about intrinsically associated procedural acts, where the realization and, clearly, the legitimacy of one (the testimony, a term used in an atechnical sense since it is not offered under oath) is conditioned by the legality of the other (the agreement).
It is not unknown that the statement of [Name 064], as evidence, was produced in the debate; however, this in no way modifies the conclusion previously stated, since if it took place, it was precisely because it was contemplated that way in the negotiation, from which it originates and derives. Having clarified the above, it is appropriate to make some general reflections on the principles that sustain our criminal procedure and that are indispensable for establishing the scope of jurisdictional control over the application of criteria of opportunity by the requesting body. We start with an obvious point, namely, that both the agreement made by the Public Prosecutor's Office and the ruling that authorized it are acts subject to the rule of law. According to article 11 of the Political Constitution, every public body, being a mere depositary of authority, is obliged to fulfill the duties that the legal system imposes on it, and furthermore, it can only act to the extent that the system permits it.
Article 39 of the same Constitution indicates that no one shall be made to suffer a punishment except for a crime, quasi-crime, or misdemeanor, sanctioned by prior law and by virtue of a final judgment issued by a competent authority, after granting the indictee a prior opportunity to exercise their defense and through the necessary demonstration of guilt. From both norms, not only the principle of legality regarding crimes and penalties is deduced, but also regarding the procedure, as collected in the Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter C.P.P.) in its article 1, when stating: "No one may be sentenced to a penalty or subjected to a security measure, except by virtue of a process conducted in accordance with this Code...". As can be appreciated, we are speaking of a provision that imposes the duty to respect procedural forms, not because they are valuable in themselves, but because they are destined to guarantee the rights of the parties, in particular those of the accused against whom the criminal action is exercised, and more specifically, against whom the so-called "crown witness" testifies.
The majority opinion states that the requirements established in article 22, subsection b) of the C.P.P. are both substantial and formal, and that the criminal judge cannot control compliance with the former. This is a position that this court of appeals does not share, because it implies an indisputable violation of the principle of legality mentioned above. In general terms, two general models for the application of criteria of opportunity can be identified. In one, opportunity is the rule, a governing principle of criminal prosecution. As Maier points out, in this model applied, e.g., in the United States of America, the principle of legality is disregarded to such a point that the foundations of the criminal justice administration system would be threatened if this principle were adopted even partially: "...the force of that conclusion is so vigorous, that the power of selection resides in the public prosecutor's office (also in the police that interacts with it in criminal prosecution) and is inherent to it, just as the acts of government of the Executive Branch are discretionary, based on the constitutional principle of separation of powers; the practical reason is also incontestable: with that weapon, the public prosecutor's office governs the criminal process and its concrete form (through tools that, in accordance with the pursued, allow it to vary the nature of the procedure, to abbreviate it: plea bargaining, guilty plea), and harmonize its possibilities of pursuing criminally with efficiency (number of processes and complexity), with the human and material resources of the administration of justice in general, within the framework of a concrete and direct strategy for the better and most effective application of the law." (MAIER, Julio.
Derecho Procesal Penal. Buenos Aires, Editores del Puerto s.r.l., 3rd reprint of the 2nd edition, 2004, p. 836). In the same sense, Fabricio Guariglia notes that, in this scheme, the discretionary powers of the requesting body are of such magnitude that in practice "...it is the prosecutor who completely dominates the procedure. These powers are not limited to the possibility of freely waiving the prosecution, but also cover a wide spectrum of 'intermediate' acts, so to speak, such as the prosecutor's power to propose a reduction in the charges on which the accusation is based or that appear in the police summary; even the public prosecutor's office can confer immunity, in compensation for having collaborated with the government in the investigation...". (GUARIGLIA, Fabricio. "Facultades discrecionales del ministerio público e investigación preparatorias: el principio de oportunidad." In: MAIER, Julio (Comp.).
El Ministerio Público en el proceso penal. Buenos Aires, Ad Hoc S.R.L., 1993, pp. 89-90). In legal systems where the principle of discretion in the exercise of criminal action prevails, and not that of its mandatory nature, there is no problem whatsoever in accepting that an accused person provides collaboration in exchange for obtaining certain benefits or rewards, for example, not being investigated or prosecuted for certain acts. Faced with this model, where the requesting body's discretion is absolute, we find another characteristic of States that have adopted the continental European system, in which, in consideration of the principle of legality, the exercise of the criminal action is a duty. In this context, to waive the prosecution of a criminal act committed by an accused who collaborates with the investigation, or to suspend the exercise of the action already initiated, is not a decision free of controversy.
So much so, that while some consider that the collaborator must be prosecuted criminally and can only have their sentence mitigated or be exempted from it, for others (and in this position the Code of Criminal Procedure of Costa Rica aligned itself) it is legitimate to exclude the exercise of the criminal action. Regarding the first position, Benítez Ortúzar points out to us: "The reward for 'procedural repentance', that is, the reward derived from the collaborative counter-conduct of the guilty party in the investigation of the criminal act, in the abstract, can have a merely procedural transcendence, in those legal systems where, as occurs in the Common Law States where the principle of opportunity in criminal action governs, translating into the possibility of not exercising the criminal action or even, once initiated, suspending it. However, in the States where the continental system of Law governs, in which the exercise of the criminal action is mandatory, the reward for the procedural collaboration of the guilty party must be substantiveized in the material Criminal Law, through specific mitigations of penalty or even exemptions from it, albeit after a criminal process in which the guilt of the repentant is determined." (BENÍTEZ ORTÚZAR, Ignacio Francisco.
El "colaborador con la justicia": aspectos sustantivos, procesales y penitenciarios derivados de la conducta del "arrepentido". Spain, Dykinson, 2004, p. 29. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 10 November 2015 , p. 43). On the second position, and specifically, on the case of Costa Rica, Houed Vega indicates: "In accordance with what is established in the German procedural ordinance (arts. 153 et seq.), the Model Code of Criminal Procedure for Ibero-America (arts. 230 et seq.), the draft Argentine Code of Criminal Procedure of 1987 (art. 15), and the draft Guatemalan Code of Criminal Procedure (art. 10), it is admitted in certain, clearly predetermined cases, that the accusatory body, with the authorization and supervision of the jurisdictional body, may totally or partially waive criminal prosecution. The principle of legality in the exercise of the criminal action will continue to prevail; however, the introduction of the principle of opportunity in some clearly defined cases, under jurisdictional control, allows a significant rationalization of criminal prosecution, avoiding the intervention of state repression in cases where it is not really justified.
As in the previous Code, in the current one, the governing principle of the public criminal action is that of mandatory prosecution. However, as a novelty, the said Code establishes the principle of opportunity, by virtue of which it is possible for the Prosecutor to request before the respective Court the suspension or the filing of the summary, if in the specific case any of the pre-established legal criteria are present." Thus, Article 22 provides that the representative of the Public Prosecutor's Office, with prior authorization from the hierarchical superior, may request that criminal prosecution be dispensed with, totally or partially, that it be limited to one or several infractions or to one of the persons who participated in the act..." (HOUED VEGA, Mario. *El proceso penal en Costa Rica*. San José, Corte Suprema de Justicia, 2000, s.n.p., available at: http://biblioteca.icap.ac.cr).
Ultimately, although the Costa Rican legislator contemplated the principle of mandatory criminal prosecution (thus, art. 289 C.P.P.), it also provided an exhaustive list of scenarios in which it is plausible to order something different, hence it is a regulated opportunity (oportunidad reglada). In the case of subsection b) of Article 22 of the C.P.P., which contemplates the case of the so-called crown witness or cooperating witness (testigo de la corona o arrepentido), the application of the criterion of opportunity is conditioned upon the fulfillment of a series of requirements: i) that the prosecutor who requests to dispense totally or partially with criminal prosecution acts with prior authorization from the hierarchical superior; ii) that it involves a matter of organized crime (delincuencia organizada), violent criminality (criminalidad violenta), serious crimes (delitos graves), or complex proceedings (tramitación compleja); iii) that the accused collaborates effectively with the investigation, providing essential information to prevent the continuation of the crime or the perpetration of others, to help clarify the investigated act or other connected ones, or provides useful information to prove the participation of other accused persons; iv) that the conduct of the collaborator is less reproachable than the punishable acts whose prosecution they facilitate or whose continuation they prevent.
In this matter, the trial court (tribunal de juicio), faced with a clear norm like Article 22 of the C.P.P., performs an unnecessary exercise of interpretation to give it a content it does not have. Despite the provision not distinguishing between "formal" and "substantive" requirements, the lower court (a quo) concludes that jurisdictional control can only concern the fulfillment of the former and, therefore, it is not appropriate to examine whether the collaborator's conduct is less reproachable than the punishable act whose prosecution they facilitate. In holding the above, it also recognizes, although without saying it expressly, that the requirement is not such, since the requesting body can act with absolute discretion, which is unacceptable in a criminal process like ours, governed by the principle of legality and in which it is emphasized, by express provision of the legislator, that the application of any criterion of opportunity is subject to the judge verifying compliance with all the formalities contemplated in numeral 22 C.P.P.
At this point in the exposition, it is essential to differentiate between the principle of opportunity reflected in art. 22 cited supra and the legal requirements for its application, also described in that norm. One thing is the granting of a sphere of freedom to the requesting body so that, based on its prosecutorial policy, it chooses the matters in relation to which it deems opportune to dispense with or limit the exercise of criminal prosecution, and quite another are the requirements that art. 22 demands to materialize that request and within which, for what is relevant here, the lesser reproach to the cooperating accused is contemplated. Controlling strict compliance with these is the responsibility of the judge, which in no way constitutes an invasion of the functions granted to the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), since the discretion granted to that public body is regarding the selection of cases, accused persons, and crimes with respect to which it requests the application of the criterion of opportunity, and regarding this petition, it must be the jurisdictional body that decides, after prior verification, as already said, of the observance of the legal requirements—hence why it is called a regulated opportunity (oportunidad reglada).
In that context, the division made by the trial court (tribunal de mérito) of the requirements contemplated in Article 22 subsection b) C.P.P. is completely unfounded, since both those it calls substantive or evaluative (namely, the lesser reproach that must correspond to the collaborator's conduct) and those it calls formal (express request from the prosecutor's office with prior authorization from the hierarchical superior and jurisdictional approval), are legal and formal requirements (this to the extent that they are formalities described in the legislation), indispensable for the application of the legal device (instituto) to proceed and whose verification has been entrusted to the judge. In summary, we are talking about two different issues. On one hand, the opportunity—the sphere of discretion of the requesting body in the selection of matters where it requests the application of the criteria—and on the other, the requirements that the legal system provides for that application to take place.
Just as the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) is free to determine when it is opportune to dispense with or limit criminal prosecution in exchange for obtaining the collaboration of an accused, without anyone, public body or not, being able to force it to negotiate if it does not wish to do so, it is the judge who is responsible for corroborating that, in the cases selected by the requesting body, each and every one of the requirements contemplated by the legislator have been satisfied.
Having clarified the foregoing, we have that in this matter, the complaints against the criterion of opportunity applied to [Name 064] do not focus on the first aspect—in fact, no one disputes that the prosecutor's office was free to choose [Name 064] to the detriment of other accused persons—but on the second, that is, on the fulfillment of the requirements to materialize that request, an extreme that is subject to jurisdictional control. Regarding the body that must exercise that control, although in principle it must be the criminal judge (juez penal), since the request must follow the procedure established for the conclusion of the preparatory procedure (procedimiento preparatorio) (art. 22, last paragraph C.P.P.), nothing prevents the trial court (tribunal de juicio), or other bodies hearing the matter as a result of a challenge (impugnación), from assuming that task. And it is that, in addition to the examination that the criminal judge (juez penal) must carry out, aimed at determining the appropriateness and application of the criterion, we also have the control that the trial court (tribunal de juicio) must exercise a posteriori, aimed at determining whether it is appropriate to receive the statement of the cooperating witness (arrepentido), as well as that which the court of appeals (tribunal de apelación) and the cassation chamber (sala de casación) itself could come to exercise, with the purpose of establishing whether that statement can produce legal and evidentiary effects in relation to the subject against whom it is made.
Therefore, the control carried out by the criminal judge (juez penal) is not exclusive of that which other jurisdictional bodies may carry out, whether ex officio or at the request of a party. Regarding the latter, also note that the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) indicates that absolute defects (defectos absolutos), such as relative defects that have not been validated (arts. 177 and 178 C.P.P.), must be remedied (saneados), a task that must be carried out without taking the process back to periods already precluded (art. 179 of the same legal body), the foregoing except in expressly provided cases, for example, a remand ordered in cassation. From this, it is extracted as a general rule that, in the case of absolute vices or non-validated relative vices, the legal operator has a duty to correct them—the norm has a mandatory nature—and this must be done, except for the exceptions also contemplated by the legislation, without taking the process back to stages already passed, which necessarily implies that the complaint against a defective act can be reiterated in multiple procedural phases.
Regarding this mechanism, Gilbert Armijo Sancho states: "In relation to the procedure in the NCPP we can say, roughly, that the defective procedural activity is capable of being claimed before the Court of the Intermediate Procedure (Tribunal del Procedimiento Intermedio). It is at this stage that all aspects related to matters not remedied in the preparatory stage must be resolved, provided they have not been validated by the inaction of the parties (arts. 15 and 317 subsection a. NCPP), and in case of not finding a positive response, it may claim said defects in trial through an incidental motion (art. 342 NCPP), and as a last alternative they may be invoked in cassation or review when dealing with aspects that imply a violation of constitutional guarantees... In cases referring to procedural defects, it is required as an admissibility requirement that the party has made a timely protest or has requested remedy (saneamiento), with the exception of absolute defects (defectos absolutos)..." (ARMIJO SANCHO, Gilbert.
"La actividad procesal defectuosa." In: *Derecho procesal penal costarricense*. San José, Asociación de Ciencias Penales de Costa Rica, Volume II, 2007, pp. 230 and 231). The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has also repeatedly ruled on the form of horizontal control alluded to before, as opposed to the vertical control that corresponds to appeals. For example, in resolution No. 1999-01550, at 3:15 p.m. on March 3, 1999, when resolving a claim of unconstitutionality against articles 437 and 315, in relation to 311, all of the C.P.P., in which it was claimed that such norms omitted the possibility of appealing an order that denies a dismissal (sobreseimiento), it indicated: "Non-existence of appeal regarding the resolution that rejects an incident of nullity... However, it is possible to affirm that the non-existence of the appeal against a resolution that denies an incident of nullity does not violate any element of due process.
The legislator is not obligated to establish a second instance for all resolutions and actions of the process. The mere existence of the appeal does not guarantee in itself the fulfillment of due process. Hence, the obligation to enable a second instance for the accused, from a human rights protection perspective, is so in relation to the sentence of conviction (sentencia condenatoria), as established by Article 8, second paragraph, subsection h) of the American Convention on Human Rights. For its part, Article 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) does is indicate which resolutions are appealable. If some irreparable harm is produced, said norm enables the appeal even if it is a resolution that has not been declared expressly appealable. If the resolution does not produce irreparable harm, one may proceed as provided in Articles 175 and following of the same Code, that is, the vice can be validated or can be remedied (sanearse).
Moreover, as indicated in the previous recital (considerando), the non-existence of an appeal in relation to a resolution that does not end the matter does not entail any injury to the fundamental guarantees of the parties, since the matter may be raised again in later stages and even in cassation in the case of a sentence of conviction (fallo condenatorio). So the contested norm does not cause any violation of due process and for that reason the action must be rejected on the merits also regarding that particular." In summary, horizontal control derives from the very structure of our criminal process. Except for the own limitations extracted from the provisions of Articles 175 and following of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) (e.g., that it is a vice that is already validated for any of the reasons indicated in art. 177 C.P.P.), the parties can raise the questions again in later stages and the corresponding court, according to the procedural phase, will be obligated to resolve.
Added to the foregoing, we have that the Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia) has peacefully assumed that jurisdictional bodies—the criminal judge (juez penal), the trial court (tribunal de juicio), the criminal sentence appeals courts (tribunales de apelación de sentencia penal), or even itself—are competent to examine whether one conduct is or is not less reproachable than others, for the purpose of determining whether a criterion of opportunity has been correctly granted. For example, in resolution No. 2001-00737, at 9:10 a.m. on July 27, 2001, it was indicated: "The core issue on which a judgment must be made with a view to determining whether the commented criterion can be used, is the reproachability of the specific conduct of the 'collaborator' in the act under investigation or in the one related to it and its lesser entity when compared to that of the remaining persons in whose prosecution cooperation is provided.
The defense errs, then, in affirming generically that the criterion of opportunity is inapplicable to co-perpetrators or participants in the same crime under investigation, as the law is clear in providing the opposite. In the present case, the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) maintained the thesis—admitted by the lower court (a quo) in the judgment on the merits—that witness A.J.A. participated in the act by hitting a third party whom he left unconscious (G.J.V.), but whom he did not kill; while the other persons attacked two other victims until causing their death. In this context, even if the defender's interpretation were admitted (in the sense that J. actively participated, with control over the act in the two homicides that other subjects materially carried out), the truth is that nothing prevented applying the criterion of opportunity in his favor, since the reproachability of his conduct (which, ultimately, only produced a slight incapacity in G.J.) is much less than that of the actions attributed to the other participants in the events, who would have directly sought the death of J.B.P. and N.V.C." Something similar occurs in judgment No. 00795-2009, at 2:35 p.m. on June 16, 2009.
In this, the Third Chamber (Sala Tercera) concluded, both that the acts committed by the collaborator may be different from the act whose prosecution they facilitate, and that the lesser reproachability corresponding to the former is one of the essential prerequisites that the judge must verify when approving the request for application of the criterion of opportunity: "The criterion of opportunity based on the cooperation that one of the participants in the crime provides to prosecute the others (or those of another more serious illicit act), constitutes a way of extinguishing criminal prosecution regarding the collaborator, it proceeds in cases of organized crime (delincuencia organizada), violent criminality (criminalidad violenta) (such as the homicide under investigation here), serious crimes (delitos graves) or complex proceedings (tramitación compleja) and demands two other essential conditions: that the conduct of the collaborator is less reproachable than the punishable acts whose prosecution they facilitate or whose continuation they prevent and that the information they provide satisfies the intended expectations.
Of course, the cooperator may be a participant in the same crime to be prosecuted (procedurally: a co-accused) or the perpetrator of another less serious punishable act. The procedure for applying the criterion of opportunity in this hypothesis includes the authorization of the hierarchical superior of the prosecutor (e.g.: the deputy prosecutor, regarding the assistant prosecutor), who must request the judge of the intermediate stage to approve the criterion of opportunity. If the judge admits it, after verifying the concurrence of the essential prerequisites (the type of criminality, the lesser reproachability of the collaborator's conduct, and the authorization of the competent prosecutor of the Public Prosecutor's Office [Ministerio Público]), will decree the suspension of the exercise of public criminal prosecution, which will remain in that state until fifteen days after the finality of the judgment (sentencia firme) issued against the other accused persons (that is: those sought to be sanctioned with the help of the collaborator), at which time it must be definitively resolved whether the criminal prosecution is extinguished...
In this matter, the defender questions the court's agreement—which convicted three of the homicide participants—to refuse to receive the testimony of the accused 'collaborator' and, rather, order her arrest and deem the signed cooperation agreement illegal. On this point, it must be remembered that what happened was due to the actions and omissions of the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), which limited itself to signing the agreement but failed to comply with the other applicable procedures (processing the authorization of the hierarchical superior and the judge's approval to declare the criminal prosecution suspended). From this perspective, no objection can be made to the act of the referred trial court (tribunal de juicio) of rejecting the proposed testimony, since the truth is that such a request sought nothing other than to receive as a witness (even without oath) a person who, according to the case file, was rather an accused who had undergone an investigative statement (indagatoria), but whose legal situation had not been defined through any jurisdictional pronouncement.
As stated, the suspension of the exercise of criminal prosecution against Y. was never decreed and, in fact, the agreement had not been submitted to a judge's examination, so the trial court (tribunal de juicio) was the first jurisdictional body that had contact with the issue. Despite the foregoing, all the court's actions cannot be endorsed either, insofar as they meant declaring the illegality of the agreement, since it would have been sufficient to reject the testimony pointing out the failure to comply with the planned legal procedure and, above all, the lack of jurisdictional approval, so it fell to the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) to correct the failures incurred and seek the suspension of the oral trial while processing the hierarchical and judicial approval of the agreement, so that the testimony of the 'collaborator' would finally be received in the trial against the other participants in the crime, or, in the event that those approvals were denied, to continue with the criminal prosecution of the person subject to justice.
It is not the task of the trial court (tribunal de juicio) to declare the ineffectiveness of the collaboration agreement signed by a person who is presented as a witness without oath (or, to be more precise, an accused or co-accused whose prosecution is suspended) invoking for that purpose the content of the evidence received before hearing the account that the deponent would make. What it can do is refuse to receive the testimony if, as happened here, the established legal procedures to apply the criterion of opportunity were not fulfilled. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that all the problems raised in this case and in relation to the accused are the exclusive responsibility of the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público)..." Finally, in judgment No. 01712-2013, at 2:21 p.m. on November 22, 2013, the cassation body affirmed that said control must also be carried out by the court of appeals for criminal sentences (tribunal de apelación de sentencia penal): "I.
By resolution number 2013-1330, at eleven nine minutes in the morning on September twenty, two thousand thirteen, this Chamber admitted for a merits review the cassation appeal filed by attorney Jorge Pérez Ramírez, ... In the sole ground in favor of the accused I.A.C., W.M.G. and J.C.Q., he alleges the non-observance of procedural legal precepts, specifically, of the provisions in articles 142 and 459 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal). In the defender's opinion, the Court of Appeals (Tribunal de Apelación) did not rule on all the aspects that were expressly questioned. In that sense, he points out that it was claimed the incorrect assessment of Article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), considering that the participation of the person to whom a criterion of opportunity was granted was not less reproachable than the conduct attributed to the other accused; however, he considers that the analysis made by the Court of Appeals (Tribunal de Apelación) was limited to a review of the reasons why said witness was given credibility, and to agreeing with the thesis set forth in the ruling, without analyzing the substantive issue...
II. The claim is receivable. After conducting a careful study of judgment number 92-2013, issued by the Criminal Trial Court of the Third Judicial Circuit of San José (Tribunal Penal del Tercer Circuito Judicial de San José), at eleven o'clock on February twenty-fifth, two thousand thirteen; as well as resolution number 2013-1448, at eleven hours three minutes on July five, two thousand thirteen, of the Court of Appeals for Criminal Sentences of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José (Tribunal de Apelación de la Sentencia Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José), this Chamber considers that the private defense is correct in the filed claim. For the purpose of beginning the analysis on the merits of this matter, it is necessary to start from the factual framework that the Trial Court (Tribunal de Juicio) held as proven: '1. On April 10, 2010, at approximately 6:00 p.m., the victim J.G.A.Z., alias "Cuadrado", was in San José, Alajuelita, Concepción Arriba, Residencial Los Almendros, outside Bar Betos, consuming liquor. 2.
At the same place, on the indicated date and time, the accused and administrator of said bar W.T.M.G. was present, in the company of co-accused D.A.S., c.c. "D.A.S.", who argued with the victim about a previous problem, to the point of threatening him with death. 3. Immediately thereafter, the accused M.G. and A.S., acting by mutual agreement and with the purpose of killing the aggrieved A.Z., contacted by telephone the also accused I.A.C., alias "Noringa", whom they offered the sum of two million colones to carry out said homicide. 4. By virtue of the foregoing, co-accused I.A.C., acting by mutual agreement and according to the plan previously established with the accused W.T.M.G. and D.A.S., contacted the also accused G.A.Ch.N., alias "Chava" (who is being prosecuted separately for these acts in case file 11-000052-1042-TP with whom a criterion of opportunity was negotiated) and J.J.C.Q., to execute the homicide of J.A.Z. 5.
As part of the previously established plan, the accused I.A.C., G.A.Ch.N. and J.J.C.Q., boarded in the vicinity of the former Delegation of the Public Force of Concepción de Alajuelita, the white vehicle, brand Hyundai, model Accent, license plate..., which was driven by co-accused J.C.Ch.M., alias "Pipo", who, without knowing about the previously agreed payment, but knowing that a homicide was going to be committed, was accompanied by the also accused M.J.A.S., alias "Coco" (who is being prosecuted separately for these acts in case file 12-000012-1042-TP), brother of D.A.S., who headed to the place where the victim was, with the purpose of killing him. 6. At approximately 11:30 p.m. that same day, the victim A.Z. was outside Bar Betos, at which time the accused W.T.M.G. and D.A.S., still acting by mutual agreement, according to the previously established plan and with a clear distribution of functions, communicated by telephone with co-accused I.A.C. and informed him of the exact location of the victim, in order to ensure his death. 7.
Immediately thereafter, once these accused arrived near Bar Betos, the defendants G.A.Ch.N. and J.C.Q. got out of said vehicle, at which time co-accused J.C.Ch.M., according to the plan previously established to ensure the subsequent escape from the place, parked approximately 50 meters north of the point where the victim was, a place where he waited for them while they carried out the homicide, in the company of co-accused M.A.S. and I.A.C., who had previously given them the respective operational instructions to execute said crime. 8. Immediately thereafter, the accused G.A.Ch.N. and J.C.Q., acting by mutual agreement with the also accused W.M.G., D.A.S., M.J.A.S., I.A.C. and J.C.Ch.M., approached the victim and without any cause of justification and with total disregard for his life, shot him on multiple occasions with firearms, also injuring co-accused J.J.C.Q. ...10. As a consequence of the illicit actions of all the accused, the victim suffered seven wounds caused by firearm projectiles, located in the thorax, abdomen, right buttock, right upper and left lower extremities, which caused his death that same day at Hospital San Juan de Dios, the cause of death being: Firearm projectile wound to the thorax with cardiac laceration with left hemothorax and hemopericardium and the manner of death: Homicide from a medico-legal point of view.' In this way, for the Sentencing Court (Tribunal de sentencia) it was duly proven that the defendants G.A.Ch.N. and J.C.Q. were the material perpetrators of the homicide, because in the distribution of functions previously agreed among all the co-accused, they were the two who agreed to execute the charged crime, shooting on various occasions with the firearms they carried, with the purpose of ending the victim's life.
Now then, the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) decided to negotiate a criterion of opportunity with co-accused G.A.Ch.N., who collaborated with his statement, as a crown witness (testigo de la corona). This deal was objected to by the defense of the other defendants, pointing out that the legal prerequisites for the applicability of the criterion of opportunity were not met, since the accused had the quality of co-perpetrator in the charged acts, was the material executor of the homicide, and his conduct was as reproachable as that of the other co-perpetrators. The protest for defective procedural activity (actividad procesal defectuosa) was resolved in the first recital (considerando) of the judgment (sentencia) issued by the Trial Court (Tribunal de Juicio) (visible from folio 1223 of volume II of the investigation file). In summary, said protest was declared without merit, for the following reasons:
1223-1226), demonstrating that the Code of Criminal Procedure has granted a broad margin of discretion to the Public Prosecutor's Office to negotiate within the criminal process, evaluating the pertinence in each case, in accordance with the orientation of criminal policy. It further indicated that the agreements are not public nor do third parties not interested in the transaction participate, to the point that it is handled in a separate and independent file. Furthermore, the ruling highlights that, according to what was demonstrated, the decision-making power to order the death of the victim was in the hands of D.A.S. and W.M.G., meaning that they are the ones to whom greater blameworthiness corresponds for the act, and to a lesser degree G.Ch.N., notwithstanding that the latter was an executor of the orders given. This Court has examined the point and concurs with the thesis set forth in the ruling, in that those who give the orders and pay the reward for the death of the offended party and make others obey, have greater blameworthiness than the executors themselves, meaning that we are faced with one of the presuppositions that authorizes the negotiation of opportunity criteria in organized crime." (see folio 1501 front and back).
Regarding the foregoing reasoning shared by both the Trial Court and the Court of Appeals, it is appropriate to make the following reflections: The principle of opportunity, contemplated in the adjective law as an exception to the principle of legality, presupposes a series of sine qua non conditions for the purposes of admissibility, as provided by the legislator. Thus, in all cases, the prior authorization of the hierarchical superior of the prosecutor promoting the agreement is required, according to the different factual assumptions authorized by the legislator. The first of these, contemplated in subsection a) of Article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, provides: "It involves an insignificant act, minimal culpability of the perpetrator or participant, or a meager contribution thereof, except when there is violence against persons or force against things, the public interest is affected, or the act was committed by a public official in the exercise of their duties or on occasion thereof." According to the legal grounds set forth by the trial judges in the conviction judgment…, this is the applicable factual assumption in the present matter.
However, none of the requirements set forth therein are met in the case sub examine. This Chamber considers that the crime of homicide is not, from any point of view, an insignificant act. The figure of the material perpetrator of homicide contravenes the concept of "minimal culpability" or "meager contribution." Killing a person is the ultimate representation of violence against a human being and, therefore, directly affects the public interest. Consequently, the proven facts of the ruling fail to meet all the legal requirements enshrined in this factual hypothesis. If we continue on to the next substratum, contained in subsection b) of the article in question, it establishes: "It involves matters of organized crime, violent criminality, serious crimes, or cases of complex processing, and the accused cooperates efficiently with the investigation, provides essential information to prevent the continuation of the crime or the perpetration of others, helps to clarify the investigated act or other connected acts, or provides useful information to prove the participation of other accused persons, provided that the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than the punishable acts whose prosecution it facilitates or whose continuation it prevents…
Based on the foregoing, the acts accused here could be adapted to the guidelines stipulated on violent criminality, serious crimes, efficient collaboration, helping to clarify the investigated act, and providing useful information to prove the participation of other accused persons, because there is a statement from the crown witness that, for the purposes of the sentencing court, was sufficiently clear, convincing, and truthful, regarding the participation of the other defendants, as well as regarding the motive and the dynamics developed, from the planning to the execution of the crime, capable of accrediting, jointly with the other evidence for the prosecution, the acts charged. However, the law provides that in addition to those requirements, "the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than the punishable acts whose prosecution it facilitates or whose continuation it prevents." It is regarding this last requirement that the defense directs its claim, and it is precisely on this that a careful analysis must exist, in order to determine the legality and admissibility of the opportunity criterion that was granted to G.A.Ch.N., in the capacity of what in legal doctrine is called a "repentant accused" or "crown witness" of the prosecuting entity.
Without losing sight of the fact that this is a criminal structure, in which there are clearly delimited functions among the participating subjects, a logical and analytical examination must be carried out, aimed at determining the essentiality and relevance of the conduct of the agent who seeks to benefit from the application of this legal instrument. Based on the effective concretization of the action imputed to them and the essentiality and significance in the harmful result, the lawful and proportional parameters that would delineate the agreement between the parties are established; namely, the Public Prosecutor's Office, defense attorney, and repentant or collaborating accused. Although the law grants the prosecuting entity a broad margin of negotiation and even the power to totally or partially waive the criminal prosecution, it is also true that it sets a limit for the exercise of that discretion, while it warns that the beneficiary must have a conduct less blameworthy than that imputed to the other co-participants in the act that is sought to be ceased or proven.
Likewise, it gives the Public Prosecutor's Office the possibility of graduating the granting of that benefit, in order to assess the blameworthiness of the conduct compared to that of the other co-participants and the effectiveness of the collaboration provided in the investigation, as well as in obtaining the conviction. The graduation of the benefit offered to the crown witness is directly related to whether the criminal prosecution is partially or totally waived, and, therefore, with the elimination or reduction of the penalty to be imposed. Thus, an action carried out by a subject accused of actual or personal favoritism in the criminal organization will not have the same level of reproach as the one who performs the action as an accomplice to the more serious crime, just as it does not resemble the one executed by the perpetrator or co-perpetrators. Therefore, there must be a correlation between the benefit offered and the degree of blameworthiness of the conduct, in such a way that a rational proportion is established to determine whether the criminal prosecution is completely waived or whether, on the contrary, the illicit act is sanctioned in a less rigid way, making the proposal attractive for the repentant accused, but which, at the same time, is appropriate for the ends of justice, thus avoiding that the same measure (of completely waiving the criminal prosecution) is applied indiscriminately to every type of participant in a crime, obviating the legally established requirements for the application of this legal instrument.
It is for this reason that we consider the agreement made between the representatives of the Public Prosecutor's Office, the collaborating accused, and his legal representative to be illegitimate, because there is no proportionality between the benefit received and the degree of participation in the accused acts. Contrary to what the judges state in the conviction judgment and in the appeals decision, the conduct attributed to the defendant Ch.N. is highly blameworthy; since, acting in association with the accused C.Q., they killed the offended party here, that is, they materialized the act, without any justification whatsoever, other than the interest of receiving an undue pecuniary benefit. To opt for a different criterion is to accept that the figure of contract killing is clothed with an insignificant and even null censure, as in the case that concerns us, in which the conduct deployed by one of the co-perpetrators is made inconsequential.
The Public Prosecutor's Office, for its part, has the legal power to negotiate with the crown witness the imposition of a lesser penalty than that provided for the other co-participants, thus avoiding the impunity of a conduct that holds a high degree of reproach. It is also contradictory that, while the Prosecutor's Office completely waives the criminal prosecution against Ch.N., for that same conduct and, therefore, with the same degree of reproach, C.Q. is sanctioned to the extent of twenty-five years of prison, as the responsible perpetrator of the crime of aggravated homicide, just like the penalty imposed on the accused who were accused of being the intellectual authors… and the mediator who hired the hitmen and carried out the respective collection for doing the job… In this sense, it is incompatible to state that the conduct of one of the material perpetrators of the act is less blameworthy, to justify the application of the opportunity criterion and, on the other hand, to sanction all the other accused with the same penalty, evading all the prior reasoning on the blameworthiness of the conducts, according to the hierarchical structure of the criminal organization and the functions entrusted to each member." This contradiction in the judges' reasoning violates the logicality and legality of the ruling, because it is not possible to admit that one conduct is less harmful than another and have the sanction applied equally to all.
Nor is it acceptable that one argument is used to legalize an agreement, and with another totally opposite one, such a high prison sentence is imposed, when the act judged in both cases is identical. Finally, since the entirety of the judgment on the merits was based on the version given by the crown witness, on the occasion of an opportunity criterion that fails to meet the legally established requirements for its admissibility, judgment number 92-2013, of eleven hours on the twenty-fifth of February of two thousand thirteen, issued by the Criminal Court of the Third Judicial Circuit of San José and the trial that preceded it are annulled; as well as decision number 2013-1448, of eleven hours three minutes on the fifth of July of two thousand thirteen, issued by the Court of Appeal of the Criminal Judgment of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José, in which the judgment on the merits was confirmed.
It is ordered that this matter be remitted at the earliest possible time to the Court of origin, so that with a new composition, the retrial may be conducted...". The foregoing citation is extensive, but indispensable to gauge the scope of the jurisdictional control which, according to the cassation body, must be carried out on the issue of reproach and which supports the thesis of this chamber. We are speaking of judgments where no objection whatsoever was had to examining the point, where it is recognized, expressly and implicitly, that this analysis can be reiterated in different phases of the process and, above all, where the thesis of the a quo is discarded, to the effect that this particular requirement contemplated by subsection b) of Article 22 C.P.P., at any stage of the procedure, is exempt from jurisdictional control. It is also important to refer to what was said by the Constitutional Chamber regarding this extreme.
According to the judges of first instance, the constitutional court, through binding jurisprudence, prohibited the judge from controlling whether the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than the criminal acts attributed to other accused persons. Such an assertion is not accurate. In decision No. 12090, of 14:40 hours on July 31, 2009, the Constitutional Chamber ruled on an action of unconstitutionality filed by [Name 033] against Articles 22 and 23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The action was rejected on the merits, and regarding what is relevant here, it was stated: "On the other hand, Article 22 in fine is clear in pointing out that the request for the application of an opportunity criterion must be raised before the court, which is the one that definitively decides, exercising due legality control. It is not true, then, what was indicated by the claimant, in that there is no control by the guarantee judge.
This control cannot be understood, in any way, in the sense that the judge can replace the decisions of the prosecutors related to the criminal-political opportunity and convenience of initiating or continuing with the criminal prosecution. As will be analyzed, judicial control must be limited to the legal requirements, but it cannot assess aspects that are characteristic of the exercise of the accusatory function. To achieve the objectives pursued by the principle of opportunity, it must be administered by the body in charge of state criminal prosecution. It must be added that the fact that the right to appeal the decision approving the application of an opportunity criterion by those who appear as accused in the same cause is not provided for does not injure due process or the right to defense, given that the testimony given by the person to whom an opportunity criterion has been applied will be assessed by the court, which must substantiate the credibility it grants or not, in relation to the rest of the evidence and, furthermore, may be broadly questioned by the parties in the debate.
Likewise, the accused has the right to challenge the judgment if they consider that defects have occurred in the reasoning of the ruling or in the incorporation or assessment of the evidence...". Further on, in that same decision, it was also stated: "VII. Regarding the principle of judicial independence. The claimant indicates that the questioned norms infringe upon the principle of judicial independence, because the Public Prosecutor's Office subordinates the judge, who truly disappears from the criminal scene and is reduced to fulfilling a merely formal task, which injures their independence, weakening the protection of the rights of the other accused, especially the right to defense, to a fair trial, and to due process with all guarantees.- In relation to this aspect, it must be recognized that the Public Prosecutor's Office must be the axis of any markedly adversarial system. In the application of opportunity criteria, it is the accusatory body that must decide the convenience and necessity of its application, as it has been attributed the competence to design criminal prosecution policies, exercise the criminal action, and carry out the preparatory investigation.
As provided by the legislator, the judge must exercise a legality control over the application of said measures, but not over their opportunity and convenience. Such a division of functions, far from violating the principle of judicial independence, rather strengthens it, given that the jurisdictional function must be restricted to controlling respect for the rights and guarantees of the parties and not to deciding on the accusation. On this topic, the Chamber ruled in judgment 2662-01 of 15:30 hrs. on 4-4-01, where a judicial consultation filed regarding the constitutionality of the deputy prosecutor's decision that obligated the judge to admit the application of an opportunity criterion due to the insignificance of the act and order the definitive dismissal was resolved. In what is relevant, it was stated: 'Consequently, it corresponds to the Prosecutor to decide regarding the convenience of applying or not an opportunity criterion.
The parties may request its application, within the five-day period provided for in Article 316 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, the court of the intermediate procedure cannot accept that request without the approval of the Public Prosecutor's Office, which, as was said, must have the approval of the hierarchical superior. It is a duty and power of the Prosecutor General to establish the general policy of the Public Prosecutor's Office and the criteria for the exercise of the criminal action (Article 25 subsection a) of the Organic Law of the Public Prosecutor's Office). Consequently, in accordance with that structure, the analysis that the court must carry out to authorize the application of an opportunity criterion must be limited to verifying compliance with the formal requirements established by the legislator. The judge's authorization excludes carrying out an analysis of the convenience or opportunity of the measure, given that they cannot substitute the decision of the Prosecutor, who is in charge of the exercise of the criminal action; it is to them that the responsibility is attributed, because this leads to distorting –within the system that has been chosen (the adversarial system)- the judging function that corresponds to them, having to wait to be duly excited by the requesting body in order to act.
In the assumption of Article 22 subsection a), corresponding to the criterion of insignificance of the act, whose application originates this consultation, the judge must verify that the act was not committed by a public official in the exercise of their duties or on occasion thereof. The determination of whether it involves an act that affects the public interest or not corresponds to the Prosecutor because it is a value judgment criterion that has to do with the exercise of the State's criminal policy, to be weighed in each specific case by the representation of the Public Prosecutor's Office. The foregoing, because it is a clear fact that in all crimes subject to public prosecution, the affectation of a public interest is involved, hence society at the time considered it necessary to classify them as such. It is the Public Prosecutor's Office –it bears repeating- that must make the judgment regarding the convenience, utility, and necessity of the criminal prosecution in each specific case.' …It is clear, then, that it is the Public Prosecutor's Office, and not the judge, that is responsible for deciding on the convenience or opportunity of applying the criteria provided for in Article twenty-two of the code of criminal procedure.
This decision is an expression of the accusatory power and responds to a prosecution policy attributed exclusively to the accusatory body. However, the legislator established a legality control that the judge must exercise regarding compliance with the requirements contained in the objected regulation itself. It is not a decision that lacks judicial assessment, although in some eminently adversarial systems, such control is not required, without it having been considered that such liberality violates fundamental rights." (The underlining is not from the original). For those subscribing to this decision, the foregoing precedent cannot be interpreted in the manner set forth in the majority vote. In the first place, the Constitutional Chamber did not indicate that jurisdictional control should be circumscribed to part of the requirements provided for in Article 22 subsection b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Quite the contrary. It stated that in our country, unlike what happens in other latitudes (where a model has been adopted according to which the principle of opportunity is the rule and the decisions adopted by the Public Prosecutor's Office are not subject to judicial assessment), the judge is the one called to determine if the requirements contemplated in the legal system are met. This, the Constitutional Chamber indicates, does not empower the judge to assume tasks that do not correspond to them, for example, to assess the convenience or opportunity of waiving the criminal prosecution in a specific case. And it is that indeed, the decision to prosecute or not a specific conduct is the purview of the Public Prosecutor's Office; however, this does not mean that in that area it has maximum discretion. Its decisions are subject to the law - since it can only waive criminal prosecution and promise advantages in the terms indicated by the latter, cf.
Art. 22 and 96 C.P.P.-, it being the task of the jurisdictional body, also by express provision of the legislator, to guarantee respect for the legal system. It is important to add that although the Constitutional Chamber pointed out that there are assessments that only the Public Prosecutor's Office can carry out (e.g., establishing that in a particular case the affectation to the public interest was insignificant in the terms indicated by Art. 22 subsection a) of the C.P.P., cf. judgment No. 2662-01 mentioned in No. 12090-2009 previously reproduced), this does not allow interpreting that, in the case of subsection b) of numeral 22 -that is, of another assumption- the Public Prosecutor's Office can determine, without any jurisdictional control, that the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than other punishable acts, or affirm, as the court on the merits does, that this position is the one assumed by the highest constitutional court of our country, disregarding that the latter has only expressly indicated that the convenience of applying or not the mentioned legal instrument is the purview of the requesting body, a position that is shared without reservation, because indeed, only the Public Prosecutor's Office can decide if it is convenient to waive the criminal prosecution of an accused in a particular case, in exchange for their collaboration.
The foregoing, it must be insisted, does not mean that it can negotiate with any accused in any case, or negotiate any benefit, this insofar as its request, to be accepted, depends on verifying compliance with the requirements defined by the C.P.P. Obviously, neither the criminal judge, nor the trial court, nor the bodies hearing the matter on appeal, will assess the timeliness of the decision of the Public Prosecutor's Office (supported by its prosecutorial policy), but they must corroborate, because the legal system so orders, the strict compliance with its (legal and constitutional) requirements, which is something different. In the same way, it will be the Public Prosecutor's Office that must assume the consequences of deciding in that area incorrectly, because if it negotiates with an accused whose statement, besides being essential, is implausible, it is probable that the outcome of the process is not the desired one, just as if it negotiates with an accused who bears greater reproach, it is also plausible that at any procedural stage and in the face of the protests of the parties, the negotiation will be considered illegal.
In summary, based on the same precedents cited by the a quo and in which the importance of legality as a guiding principle of the actions of any public body is underlined, this chamber concludes that the court, regardless of the stage in which the procedure finds itself, is obligated to verify that all the requirements contemplated in Article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure are met, therefore including what is related to the lesser reproach that must correspond to the conduct of the collaborating accused whose criminal prosecution is waived. For the judge to be able to appreciate this extreme, the criminal prosecution policies designed by the Public Prosecutor's Office are inconsequential, the same ones that do acquire relevance for the purpose of establishing, for example, the cases and accused in relation to whom that body requests the application of a specific criterion, a matter in which it certainly has a considerable margin of freedom.
In this same order of ideas, it is also not unnecessary to insist that decision No. 2662-2001, mentioned in turn in No. 12090-2009 of the Constitutional Chamber, ruled on subsection a) of Article 22 C.P.P. and not on subsection b), which is the one that concerns us here. Added to this, there are other decisions of the referred Chamber, e.g., No. 2002-06808, of 14:46 hours on July 10, 2002, where in a majority vote, and indeed referring to what was said in subsection b) of numeral 22, the control carried out by the trial court over the legality of an opportunity criterion was endorsed: "The non-conformity of the appellant lies in the fact that the protected party… signed an agreement with the Public Prosecutor's Office, for the application of the regulated principle of opportunity, in the assumption established in Article 22 subsection b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and after offering a statement of great utility to arrive at the truth of the investigated facts, the appealed court revoked the agreement, leaving the accused in total defenselessness.
In this regard, the first thing this Chamber must clarify is that the Code of Criminal Procedure itself clearly distributed the competences in matters of application of the regulated principle of opportunity, leaving in the hands of the Public Prosecutor's Office the analysis of the convenience and opportunity to abstain from exercising the punitive claim in the cases provided for in Article 22; likewise, it leaves to the criminal courts the control of legality in the use of said instrument, given the gravity that its application contrary to Law would entail. In the specific case of subsections b) and f) of the already cited Article 22, the effects of the agreement entered into by the Public Prosecutor's Office with the accused person are merely provisional, and become final only when the Trial Court definitively determines if it is appropriate –in accordance with the parameters provided for in the Law- to waive the criminal action against that person.
That is to say, it is clear that the mere signing of an agreement between the Public Prosecutor's Office and the accused in a criminal case, the latter committing to provide useful information in the investigation, does not by itself confer the right to obtain a dismissal decision in that process, but rather the final decision in this matter always remains in the hands of the judge… In the present case, it is obvious that the protected party could not demand that the Trial Court apply, without a prior legality judgment, the agreement it signed with the Public Prosecutor's Office. This being the case, the action of the appealed court, reviewing whether the agreement in question met the requirements of Article 22 subsection b), is not illegitimate, but in accordance with its competences, as was explained in the previous paragraph…", a vote that supports what was said by this court of sentence appeal and which the court on the merits disregards, by relying only on the dissenting vote signed by Judge Fernando Cruz Castro, the same one which, for further abundance, also does not call into question our conclusions.
Note that Judge Cruz Castro does not deny that the trial court could or should verify compliance with the requirements contemplated in Article 22 subsection b) of the C.P.P. What he questions is that the court took measures against the liberty of a person (the collaborator), against whom an accusation had not been formulated that would delineate their criminal responsibility. Said dissenting vote states: “… The intervention of the trial court against a decision adopted by the Prosecutor's Office, rejecting an agreement between the defendant and the representative of the Public Prosecutor's Office, decreeing, at the same time, the detention of a person against whom an accusation had not been formulated, constitutes an improper intervention that denaturalizes the jurisdictional function, because a requirement that ensures the impartiality of the judge is their disconnection from the requesting power.
This separation ensures the effective validity of the judge's impartiality, which is one of the most important organic guarantees that define the jurisdictional function. Without the accusatory body having defined the issue, the judges of the court outlined a possible responsibility of the claimant, anticipating a judgment, without the criminal action having been exercised. The Court rejects the agreement and the application of the principle of opportunity, but by decreeing detention and ruling on the possible responsibility of a witness against whom the criminal action had not been exercised, it improperly assumes the functions that correspond to the accusatory body. The liberty of a citizen is not satisfactorily protected if the judge assumes repressive and judgmental powers, without the requesting body having formulated the accusation. The possible criminal responsibility of the respondent in a process in which the prosecuting entity had not exercised the accusation constitutes an excess that violates the balance of powers and the clear differentiation of actors and powers that governs the criminal process.
The possible criminal responsibility that may correspond to a witness who testifies in such condition and against whom the criminal action has not been exercised is an irrelevant issue that does not justify an anticipated judgment such as the one exercised by the trial court, because no person who testifies under oath or without it can provide legitimate evidence that self-incriminates them. By virtue of safeguarding such a probability, legally inadmissible and whose consequences must be resolved in another process, following the exercise of the requesting action, the court cannot meddle in the judgment of an act that has not been submitted to its knowledge. Nor was the possible departure from the country of the witness-accused relevant, because such an extreme is a responsibility of the Public Prosecutor's Office, especially vis-à-vis a citizen over whom the competent body had not exercised its requesting power. Nor was it a flagrant crime, and for this reason, they could not decree the immediate detention of the claimant, as was done in the trial hearing.
To assert that the witness was not detained because she was placed at the disposal of the competent authorities is a fallacious argument intended to conceal an action in which the jurisdictional power exceeds its limits, blurring the difference between accusation and judgment, thereby violating the impartiality of the jurisdiction. As established by the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court may reject the agreement but cannot base such a determination on speculation about the possible responsibility of the crown witness; rather, it must do so in a judgment, in accordance with the requirements set forth in Article 23 of the C.P.P. The Judge cannot anticipate the outcome of the accusation, even less so when it concerns the trial court itself, as it is not possible for it to rule on the possible authorship attributable to the crown witness when it has not yet pronounced on the accusation that excludes the collaborator and mentions other actors and possible co-perpetrators of the act.
The problem in this case is not that the agreement ensures the dismissal of the claimant—which would not be a legally admissible claim—but that the court imposed a limitation on the freedom of… without having the legitimacy required for such a decision, since the competent authority had not exercised its requesting power. Although the Prosecutor’s Office had not previously requested the legality review corresponding to the court of the intermediate stage (see the last paragraph of Article 22 of the C.P.P.), such omission does not authorize the trial court to reject the criterion of opportunity based on a series of assessments and speculations about the outcome of an action that the Public Prosecutor’s Office has not pursued. The rejection of the criterion of opportunity provided for in subsection b) of Article 22 of the C.P.P. must be based on the description and evidence of the main accusation, but it is not acceptable—as occurred in the present case—that the rejection be based on an anticipatory evaluation of the evidence, as well as on an interpretation of the facts not contained in the accusation.
The rejection of the agreement cannot be based on a factual and legal determination that does not arise from the accusation and the agreement; it is for this reason that Article 23 of the C. P. P. suspends the extinction of the criminal action, authorizing it only after the trial has been held, which is the opportunity when the court, in the full exercise of its powers, once the evidence has been received in accordance with the constitutional principles that legitimize its reception and evaluation, determines whether the collaboration is legally acceptable, defining two points: a) whether the person in question is someone whose action in the criminal activity is less reprehensible than that of the person they helped to resolve, and secondly; b) whether the collaboration provided by the collaborating witness has been decisive. The evaluation of these parameters cannot be undertaken before the trial hearing, as the trial court did, constructing an accusatorial hypothesis over which it had no involvement, as the Code of Criminal Procedure correctly defines by recognizing, as appropriate, that the eventual responsibility of the crown witness must be resolved only after the trial has been held (see the second paragraph of Article 23 of the C.P.P.).
Given the failure to comply with the provisions set forth in the Code of Criminal Procedure (the last paragraph of Article 22 and Article 24 of the C.P.P.), the court could well have rejected the agreement that the Public Prosecutor’s Office presented unexpectedly, but without ruling on the content of the agreement and the possible participation of the claimant. Nor could the court, as explained, order the detention of a person who was not an offender caught in flagrante delicto and against whom the Public Prosecutor’s Office had not brought a criminal action. The admissibility or legality of the criterion of opportunity applied by the Public Prosecutor’s Office does not authorize the Court to exercise the powers corresponding to the accusation. By virtue of the arguments that have been set forth, the undersigned of this vote considers that, although the unexpected presentation of the agreement with the claimant by the Public Prosecutor’s Office violates the principles of loyalty and due process, such error does not authorize the trial court to exercise powers corresponding to the accusing body, by ruling on the possible criminal responsibility of a person without an accusation having been filed against them and by ordering, based on such determination, the unlawful detention of the claimant …”.
As can be observed, this dissenting vote does not deny the possibility that the trial court may control compliance with all the requirements set forth in Article 22, subsection b) of the C.P.P. On the contrary, it admits such an option, on the understanding that this must be done once the evidence has been received at trial. For all the foregoing reasons, this Chamber concludes that jurisdictional control over the appropriateness of the criterion of opportunity must exist, verifying compliance with the legal requirements—without distinctions, since the law makes no distinction in this regard—that the procedural code requires for its application. It is not a matter of supplanting the prosecutor in the selection of cases in which, for reasons of criminal policy, criminal prosecution should be waived (as certainly, no one disputes that determining the appropriateness of the measure in a specific case is the purview of the requesting authority), but rather of ensuring that said authority’s action—meaning, the application to a specific case—conforms to the legal system.
Finally, the fact that the criterion of opportunity must be processed in a separate file is not, as the trial court indicates, an argument that exempts it from its duty to control compliance with the requirements that gave rise to its application, since, although it is true that the declaration of the collaborating defendant takes place at trial—meaning the evidence is produced at that time and not before—it cannot be ignored that said declaration has its raison d'être in the aforementioned criterion. If this had not been negotiated, the collaborator would not give testimony, and to that extent we cannot exclude that procedure from judicial control. As is correctly indicated in the vote signed by Judge Camacho Morales, the promise of impunity, the promise to waive criminal prosecution, whether total or partial, is what motivates the will of the collaborator, and therefore it is necessary to corroborate whether that promise conforms to the regulations or not.
This, logically, must take place in the main proceeding, since it is in this proceeding where the criminal prosecution of the collaborator is waived and the punishable conduct is charged, which, in light of Article 22, subsection b), must be more reprehensible than that which ceases to be of interest to the Public Prosecutor’s Office. The fact that the criterion of opportunity was accepted by a criminal judge is no obstacle to the matter being heard by the trial court, since in our criminal procedure the parties may repeatedly object to defects that cause them harm, whether these are absolute or relative when they have not been validated. That said, we also note that in the appealed judgment, some additional reasons are set forth to support the refusal to rule on the criterion, which it is appropriate to examine carefully. The first is that the proceeding in which the criterion of opportunity was processed is independent of this one.
As already noted, this implies setting aside that the declaration of [Name 064] was to be rendered in this case; that the criterion of opportunity takes place because, at least in principle, the conduct of [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that attributed to other defendants, and finally, that it will be based on what is decided in this matter that it will be determined whether the expectations for which the exercise of the criminal action was suspended have been satisfied. That is to say, even if it is admitted that the criterion of opportunity is processed in a certified copy of documents independent of the main file, and that the account of [Name 064] contained therein need not be brought to the attention of those named as defendants in this matter (thus, Resolutions No. 4142 of 2:51 p.m. on June 2, 1999 and No. 1119 of 11:09 a.m. on February 4, 2005, both from the Constitutional Chamber), the legality of the procedure (compliance with requirements set forth in the C.P.P.) is part of the issues that the trial court can and must control (whether because the parties so request, or because it understands it must do so ex officio), just as occurs with other procedural acts that take place in prior stages and through which the door is opened for a specific piece of evidence to be produced or incorporated at trial (e.g., the resolution ordering a jurisdictional advance of evidence).
Moreover, the trial court incurs in contradictions, since if, based on the argument that the criterion of opportunity was processed in an independent proceeding, it refused to review the requirements that it—erroneously—classified as substantial (namely, the lesser reprehension of the collaborator), it would also lack jurisdiction to verify compliance with those it termed formal (namely, an express request from the Prosecutor’s Office that has the endorsement of the hierarchical superior and jurisdictional approval), given that it did the latter. To the above, an additional inconsistency must be added, namely, that despite the trial judges agreeing to examine the procedural issues, they omitted to resolve the claims raised by the defense counsel for [Name 033] and [Name 041] regarding the lack of reasoning in the resolution issued by the criminal judge (cf. folios 13,676 front and back, 13,677 back, volume XXVIII), and this despite the fact that the defect referred to is clearly one of form.
As a second argument, the professionals signing the majority vote maintain that, regarding the criterion of opportunity, the decision can only be challenged through the appeal against the final dismissal (sobreseimiento definitivo) that may eventually be issued in the proceeding where the application of that legal institution is processed. Such a position evidently renders nugatory the right of defense of the accused in the main proceedings who are harmed by the collaborator’s declaration, especially considering that they are not parties to that proceeding (in fact, the a quo acknowledges this). Furthermore, the final dismissal (sobreseimiento definitivo) would supervene, according to Article 23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, once the judgment—meaning, the one issued by the trial court in this matter—has become final, whereby the situation of those on trial, convicted by then, would be consolidated.
That is to say, we find ourselves confronting the absurdity that the procedure to apply a criterion of opportunity to a collaborating defendant, even in cases where it is openly illegal, would be exempt from all control, since according to the thesis of the a quo, the so-called substantial requirements can never be assessed by the judge and because, quite simply, those harmed by the decision to apply the criterion cannot challenge it in any proceeding—neither in this one being pursued against them, nor in the one where the criterion is processed, as they are not parties—which would imply a flagrant violation of Article 42 of the Political Constitution. As a third argument, the majority vote maintains that analyzing the issue would entail advancing a criterion. This is also unacceptable, since it is one thing to compare reprehensibility based on the information provided by the requesting authority when requesting the criterion of opportunity, and quite another to issue a pronouncement on whether that conduct actually occurred or not—the latter being what would compromise the impartiality of the trial court.
In any event, the option always remained to defer the resolution of the issue to the judgment, as expressly indicated by Article 342 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and as stated by Judge Cruz Castro in the dissenting vote invoked by the judges. For all the foregoing reasons, this Chamber concludes that the application of the criterion of opportunity set forth in Article 22, subsection b) of the C.P.P. is subject to jurisdictional control, and that therefore the court—whether the criminal judge, the trial court, and even the appellate and cassation courts, when appropriate—must verify compliance with all the requirements that the legislature mandates for such purposes. It is not a matter of supplanting the prosecutor in the selection of cases in which, for reasons of criminal policy, they consider that criminal prosecution should be waived, but rather of ensuring that in those cases chosen by the requesting authority, the formalities required by the legal system for such purposes are met.
The resolution accepting the application of the criterion of opportunity was issued by the Criminal Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José (Juzgado Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José), at 9:51 a.m. on June 1, 2007 (cf. folios 41 to 89 front, of the file called “File of request for the criterion of opportunity” — Legajo de solicitud del criterio de oportunidad). Regarding this, the first thing that must be noted is that it is a resolution lacking proper reasoning (fundamentación). The criminal judge who resolved the matter, in addition to transcribing the 116 points cited by the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) in its request, granted it by noting a series of points that can be summarized as follows: i) Alongside ex officio criminal prosecution, derived from the principle of legality, the law also authorizes the Public Prosecutor's Office to dispense with it in certain cases regulated by the same law and for “the convenience of the criminal policy of the current system” (f. 83 front of the cited file); ii) defining criminal policy and dispensing with criminal prosecution are discretionary powers that cannot be controlled by the judge: “In this investigation, the Prosecutors make use of that power and request for the benefit of the accused [Name 064], the application of the criterion of opportunity under the premise of subsection b) of the cited article 22 of the CPP, a request that is heard, and emphasis is placed on the discretionary powers that cannot be controlled by the judge, such that for reasons of procedural economy, and as ultimately it is the Public Prosecutor's Office that determines whether to exercise criminal prosecution or dispense with its exercise in the specific case” (sic, f. 83 mentioned); iii) the request has the approval (visto bueno) of the hierarchical superior; iv) after citing articles 22 subsection b) and 23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), the criminal judge affirms that the application of the criterion is appropriate.
At this point, she transcribes what was indicated in the request made by the Public Prosecutor's Office (f. 85 to 87 front) and, having closed the textual quote, affirms: “According to what the lady prosecutors (sic) state, the weighty reason motivating this petition by the Public Prosecutor's Office is based on the premise that it is a matter of complex procedure, in which the accused [Name 064] made a written statement for the purposes of the criterion of opportunity, committing himself to render testimony, at the trial stage (etapa de juicio) or in any oral hearing, where he would provide or ratify all the truthful, useful, and pertinent information for the clarification of the facts investigated against the accused [Name 041], [Name 078], [Name 046], and [Name 033]. Likewise, it notes that the conduct attributed to the (sic) accused [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that of the accused [Name 033].
On the other hand, note that the Prosecutor files the request before formulating the accusation, in writing, before the Judge of the Intermediate Stage (Juez de la Etapa Intermedia) and as indicated supra with the authorization of the hierarchical superior, which are the formal aspects whose compliance the judge must verify, and which ultimately limits the legality control that must be carried out. Consequently, this being the case, the request is granted…” (F. 87 front, the highlighting is not from the original). As can be observed, there is no pronouncement whatsoever on whether the conduct attributed to [Name 064] was or was not less reprehensible than that imputed to [Name 041], [Name 078], [Name 046], and [Name 033], accused persons whose intervention in the events, according to what is affirmed in the request for application of the criterion of opportunity, was what was sought to be proven through the testimony that [Name 064] would render at the oral trial (debate) (cf. folio 28 front of the file in question, as well as folio 1, point 1.- of the file called “Agreement between the prosecutor's office and [Name 064] for the application of the criterion of opportunity” — Acuerdo entre la fiscalía y [Name 064] para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad, evidence No. 776).
We are dealing with a resolution lacking reasoning and, therefore, ineffective, either because the criminal judge simply did not set forth her reasoning regarding the issue of the degree of blame (reproche) applicable to the collaborator, or because she decided not to do so under the belief that such an issue is outside jurisdictional control. In fact, that seems to emerge from the resolution (cf. the last lines reproduced), a position that for what was said supra, is erroneous. Added to this, the conclusion previously set forth—namely, that the resolution presents a defect of lack of reasoning—does not change even if we hypothetically assume that the jurisdictional body, by transcribing some excerpts of what was stated by the Public Prosecutor's Office, made them its own (and the hypothetical nature of the situation is underlined). This is because the request made by the requesting body also presents the same defect.
As is clear from its reading, despite the fact that the Public Prosecutor's Office sought the application of a criterion of opportunity for the benefit of [Name 064] to facilitate the prosecution of [Name 041], [Name 078], [Name 046], and [Name 033], in its request it did not dedicate a single line to explaining why the conduct of [Name 064], from whose criminal prosecution they intended to dispense, was less reprehensible than that of the accused [Name 041], [Name 078], and [Name 046]. Consequently, neither did the resolution that authorized its application and which, as already stated, was limited to transcribing what was said by the requesting body.
In the case of [Name 033], the situation is no less serious, since on the point in question—the degree of blame—it only states that the conduct of [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that of [Name 033] because the latter was [...] of the country and the former a member of a board of directors (junta directiva) of an autonomous institution; because [Name 033] was the one who appointed the majority of members of the cited board and had influence over the actions of those institutions; and because [Name 064] was also an advisor to the presidential house, by which he owed obedience to [Name 033]. From the above, the Public Prosecutor's Office indicated, “… the enormous power that [Name 033] wielded over ‘the institutional direction and actions,’ as well as on a personal level, over [Name 064], is evident” (f. 30 front of the file). That is, if we abide by the request, which it is worth reiterating, was not weighed by the criminal judge but only reproduced in her resolution (f. 86 to 87 front), the only argument offered to sustain that the conduct imputed to [Name 033] was more reprehensible than that carried out by [Name 064] is related to the position held by the former, leaving aside any consideration of the conduct effectively imputed to [Name 064] and to [Name 033].
As if all the above were not enough to understand that the resolution authorizing the criterion of opportunity is ineffective, there exists a defect of greater magnitude that makes the decision illegal. And it is that, just as was denounced during the trial stage (etapa de debate) and now, in the sentence appeal phase, it can be extracted from the case record that the criminal judge who applied the criterion of opportunity did not have all the necessary information to decide. In reality, the conduct that can be imputed to [Name 064] and from whose criminal prosecution was dispensed with was greater than that cited by the Public Prosecutor's Office when requesting the criterion of opportunity. From the very statements that [Name 064] had made up to that moment before the Public Prosecutor's Office, in which he narrated conduct unrelated to the matters investigated here and that can also be considered criminal, as well as from the expert report 297-DEF (evidence No. 598) and case file (expediente) No. 08-000032-0615-PE, followed against Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz for the alleged crime of breach of duties (incumplimiento de deberes) (and which was admitted as evidence in this procedural stage), it is clear that in addition to matters related to the contracting of the 400,000 lines, at the time the criterion was negotiated there were sufficient elements to suspect that [Name 064] had received other such “prizes or royalties (premios o regalías).” Specifically, $110,207.00 and $29,833.95 originating from [Name 083] and [Name 085] (thus, expert report No. 297-DEF-540-04/05, folio 38 of the report); an economic retribution calculated at $56,000.00 by reason of what was resolved on the La Joya electric generation project (cf. investigative statement (declaración indagatoria) of [Name 064] rendered at 4:15 p.m. on September 30, 2004, f. 132 front of volume I; complaint (denuncia) filed by [Name 033], f. 19 front of case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE and a note published in the national news section, at La Nación.com, on Saturday, October 2, 2004, titled “[Name 064] admits another ‘prize’ as an ICE board member,” visible at folios 256 to 258 front of the already mentioned case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE). [Name 064] also described some advantages of economic content received on his trips to Prague and Switzerland (cf. investigative statement of September 30, 2004 and complaint of [Name 033], f. 20 front of case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE).
Finally, in the complaint filed by [Name 033], it was mentioned that [Name 064] received significant sums of money originating from [Name 091] related to contracts other than those for cellular telephony, as well as a trip to Brazil paid for by that company [cf., folio 19 of the cited case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE and f. 1771 of volume V (this regarding the trip to Brazil)].
Now, in that same proceeding—the one followed against Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz—, prosecutor Maribel Bustillo Piedra clearly admitted that, with the exception of the royalties enjoyed in Prague and Switzerland, the facts that according to [Name 033] had not been investigated (that is, matters related to the monies that [Name 046] transferred to [Name 064]; to the funds originating from [Name 060] associated with contracts No. 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031, and 424 H 39562; to the trip to Brazil and to the economic retributions related to La Joya and [Name 083]-[Name 270]) had not been the object of criminal prosecution because they were covered by the criterion of opportunity. Specifically, attorney Bustillo Piedra requested the dismissal of the complaint filed by the accused [Name 033] against the then Attorney General of the Republic (Fiscal General de la República) with the following arguments:
“DISMISSAL OF COMPLAINT IS REQUESTED. The undersigned, MARIBEL BUSTILLO PIEDRA, Prosecutor of the Unit of Various Crimes… request the Dismissal of these proceedings (Desestimación de las presentes diligencias), based on the following: RELATION OF FACTS. A. Mr. [Name 033], in his capacity as complainant, states that on the occasion of investigation No. 04-006835-647-PE where [Name 064] appears as an accused (who has the exercise of criminal prosecution suspended by application of the institution of the Criterion of Opportunity), this individual acknowledged not only having participated in the acts of corruption for the benefit of the company [Name 091] related to the award and contracting of four hundred thousand mobile telephone lines, but also acknowledged having committed another series of criminal conduct, supported even by documentation that is in the main file, for example, the reports of the Section of Economic and Financial Crimes of the Judicial Investigation Agency (Organismo de Investigación Judicial), conduct that, in his opinion, was not investigated by the Public Prosecutor's Office.
The criminal facts to which the complainant refers and that he indicates have not been the object of investigation by the Public Prosecutor's Office against [Name 064], refer to:
· Monies improperly received from the company [Name 091] on the occasion of: the purchase of fixed-line switches for the “ICE-Switching program 2000-2001,” the purchase for expansion of telephone switching centers made by ICE on May 23, 2002, and an ICE expansion program ($325,253.32).
· Monies improperly received from [Name 280] for the approval of the concession of the “La Joya” hydroelectric project ($56,000.00).
· Monies improperly received from [Name 046] for payments made to him by the company [Name 091] for “diverse reasons” ($62,562.50).
· Monies improperly received from the company [Name 270]-[Name 083] for a granted contract ($110,207.00).
· Cost of tickets for the San José-Río de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro-Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-San José trip in first class by the company [Name 091] ($5,617.00).
B. On the other hand, the complainant [Name 033] points out that [Name 064] also acknowledged in his investigative statement having received royalties as an ICE Board Member, on a trip taken to Prague and Switzerland, facts that he indicates have not been investigated by the Public Prosecutor's Office in a premeditated manner to protect him illegally.
After a detailed study of these proceedings, the undersigned considers… that in this case the appropriate action is the dismissal of these proceedings, because the facts denounced by Mr. [Name 033] do not constitute a crime.
A. The complainant himself in his writing… offers the answer as to why the mentioned facts have not, for the moment, been the object of criminal prosecution, by stating…:
‘… such facts have not only been proven by his confession (that of [Name 064]) but also by expert evidence, and notwithstanding, due to the evident negotiation agreement existing between [Name 064] and Prosecutor Dall'Anese Ruiz…, they have not to date been the object of any type of investigation or criminal imputation against the confessed criminal [Name 064] …’ Indeed. The Public Prosecutor's Office has agreed with the accused [Name 064], the application of the institution called Criterion of Opportunity and regarding this there exists a signed formal agreement and therefore, at least for the moment, he is not the object of criminal prosecution. Let this moment serve to make some clarifying considerations… The mentioned Criterion of Opportunity was not carried out between [Name 064] and the accused Dall'Anese Ruiz, but rather between [Name 064], his private defense counsel Edwald Acuña Blanco and the prosecutors of the Public Prosecutor's Office Carlos Morales Chinchilla, Criss Gonzáles Ugalde on January 31, 2006, being authorized by the person who was at that time the Deputy Prosecutor of the Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios), Attorney Warner Molina Ruiz.
On the other hand, the mentioned facts have (sic) been the object of investigation, to the point that as the complainant indicates, they are contained in several documents that form part of the main file, among them, the police reports of the Section of Economic Crimes of the Judicial Investigation Agency, but as indicated previously, they form part of the agreement for the application of the institution of article 22… Certainly the investigation carried out by the Deputy Prosecutor's Office for Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes of the Public Prosecutor's Office involves an extremely complex procedure regarding serious corruption crimes committed in high spheres by those who wielded political power in our country in the early years of this decade… The conduct of [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that of [Name 033], for in the realm of public service, when dealing with corruption crimes, the mere condition of being the [...] implies a greater degree of blame than that which any other public official could merit regardless of the position held…
The Deputy Prosecutor's Office for Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes of the Public Prosecutor's Office analyzes that in the case all the procedural requirements set forth are present and therefore, it decides to apply the institution with the accused [Name 064], not solely for the monies improperly received from the company [Name 091] corresponding to the contracting by the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad) of the four hundred thousand wireless telephone lines using GMS (sic) technology, but also for the other mentioned criminal acts. This is clearly evident from the “Agreement for the application of the criterion of opportunity” carried out in the Deputy Prosecutor's Office for Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes on January 31, 2006, which the undersigned representative of the Public Prosecutor's Office had before her and which may be requested from that office by the Criminal Judge for his analysis.
The agreement, in what is relevant, establishes:… “Present in the Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes Prosecutor's Office, the accused [Name 064], of legal age… his defense counsel… the Prosecutors… for the purpose of setting the limits regarding the application of a criterion of opportunity for the benefit of the accused [Name 064]… it is agreed: 1. The Public Prosecutor's Office… commits to requesting for the benefit of the accused [Name 064], that the criminal prosecution in the cause indicated above be totally dispensed with, provided always that the testimony he commits to render in this case is not discredited by other probative elements that make it appear false, whether totally or partially…” In the agreement in mention, it can be observed that the Public Prosecutor's Office, in the exercise of its legally conferred powers, commits to requesting for the benefit of [Name 064], that criminal prosecution be dispensed with, not only for the fact related to the money improperly received from the company [Name 091] on the occasion of the contracting by the Costa Rican Electricity Institute of the four hundred thousand mobile lines…, but for the entirety of the criminal prosecution in cause No. 04-006835-647-PE which encompasses this and the other facts that the complainant mentions, for all form part of the investigation with the single number indicated, so much so, that the accused was subjected to an investigative statement (indagado) for all those facts and well before the application of this agreement, on September 30, 2004…
B. On the other hand, the complainant [Name 033] states in his writing that in addition to all the illegal acts mentioned, [Name 064] also confessed, in his first investigative statement of September 30, 2004 in cause 04-006835-647-PE, having received royalties as an ICE Board Member on a trip taken to Prague and Switzerland, which is being processed in independent cause No. 04-004671-647-PE… this cause was initiated in the Public Prosecutor's Office before cause 04-006835-647-PE was initiated, it is for this reason that these facts are outside the agreement for the application of the criterion of opportunity carried out on January 31, 2006…” (cf., folios 27 to 36 front of case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE, followed against Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, for breach of duties; the highlighting is not from the original).
As can be observed, in the very request for dismissal made by attorney Bustillo Piedra for the benefit of the then Attorney General of the Republic, Mr. Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, the cited professional categorically stated that the criterion of opportunity encompassed not only the facts related to the contracting of the 400 thousand lines, but also the other facts known in cause No. 04-006835-647-PE and that, in principle, she enumerated in the request for dismissal, clarifying that they were part of the same investigation and that [Name 064] was subjected to an investigative statement in relation to them. Of the facts covered by the negotiation with the collaborating accused, attorney Bustillo Piedra only excluded those related to the trips to Prague and Switzerland, which according to what she said, were being investigated in an independent cause.
Now, this court has also undertaken the task of examining both the request for application of the criterion of opportunity and the resolution that authorized it, determining the following: a.- the economic retributions delivered by [Name 046] to [Name 064] as acknowledgment for the payment management actions that the collaborating accused carried out before [Name 091], are indeed contemplated in the negotiation (f. 17 to 18, 65 to 67 front, points identified with numbers 80 to 85, file of request for criterion of opportunity); b.- the funds transferred to [Name 064] and that are related to contracts No. 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031 and 424 H 39562 (contracts cited by the complainant [Name 033] from folios 6 to 8 front of case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE), are indeed linked with the matter of the 400,000 GSM mobile telephone lines, for according to what is set forth in the appealed sentence, those contracts were only screens (mamparas) used to receive the funds that were subsequently delivered to several public officials on the occasion of the aforementioned matter.
To that extent, these are sums that are included within the scope of the criterion of opportunity (cf. point 97.- and following, both in the request and in the resolution that authorized the application of the criterion and in which reference is made to the delivery to [Name 064] of $2,560,253.32 on the occasion of the contract for the 400,000 lines, folios 20 to 28 and 70 to 82 front of the file). c.- Regarding the economic retributions associated with the La Joya project and the companies [Name 083]-[Name 270], as well as the trip to Brazil, there is no reference in the agreement for the application of the criterion of opportunity. d.- The acceptance by [Name 064] of an economic retribution originating from [Name 085] is mentioned neither in the complaint filed by [Name 033] (case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE), nor in the request for application of the criterion, or in the resolution that authorized it.
From all the above, several conclusions can be drawn:
That is, in relation to those facts, a "de facto" prosecutorial discretion criterion was negotiated, devoid of jurisdictional control. For the undersigned judges, of both alternatives, the second is the one deemed reasonable, not only because in the dismissal request formulated by licensed attorney Bustillo Piedra, she recommended that the jurisdictional authority examine the documents related to the criterion (which demonstrates that she acted with transparency), but also because none of the aforementioned gifts have been the subject of criminal investigation and prosecution. Resorting to this same argument (the absence of investigation and prosecution), it is feasible to conclude that [Name 064]'s acceptance of the gift given to him by the company [Name 085] was also one of the conducts negotiated without complying with the stipulated legal formalities. Although this was not described in the dismissal request made by licensed attorney Bustillo Piedra, nor in the application request for the prosecutorial discretion criterion or the ruling that approved it, this is a fact that has been given the same treatment as the economic compensations described above and which, according to the oft-mentioned prosecutor, are included in the prosecutorial discretion criterion.
At this point, and regardless of the consequences that may arise from the foregoing, for this Chamber it is necessary to emphasize the errors that have been committed, not only by the requesting body (which—perhaps through oversight—failed to inform the jurisdictional body about some of the facts whose criminal prosecution it dispensed with when negotiating a prosecutorial discretion criterion with [Name 064]), but also by the criminal judge who resolved the dismissal request formulated in the cited case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE, since, at a minimum, to grant it, the judge should have verified what was stated by licensed attorney Bustillo Piedra, just as this very professional requested when formulating the dismissal request. A simple reading of the application request for the prosecutorial discretion criterion and the ruling that authorized it would have sufficed to conclude that some of the economic compensations received by [Name 064], unrelated to the matter of the 400,000 lines, were not contemplated (at least not formally and expressly) in the negotiation carried out in this matter.
It is important to note that the defect of interest, understood as the one that occurred in this proceeding, was also not corrected by the requesting body despite having had that opportunity, whether when the accused [Name 033] filed a criminal complaint against Mr. Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz for breach of duties, on July 1, 2008 (p. 1, case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE), or during the trial, when the issue was questioned by the defense (cf. folios 13,676 to 13,705 verso, volume XXVIII). The majority vote states that the facts submitted to the prosecutorial discretion criterion are only those related to the award of the 400,000 mobile telephone lines, since only these are included in the factual basis of its application request and in the ruling that approved it; hence, the defense attorneys are not correct in asserting that the criminal judge was deceived to favor [Name 064], guaranteeing him impunity for crimes not included in the management (p. 16,079 front, volume XXXIII).
This criterion is not shared. As already explained, the discrepancy between what was raised in the dismissal request formulated in case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE and what was contemplated in the application request for the prosecutorial discretion criterion in this case is evident, and to establish the scope of the agreement, it is not plausible to rely solely on what is indicated in the latter, because the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), besides being a single entity, was the one that, through one of its representatives, categorically admitted and assured that a series of facts initially attributable to the cooperating accused had not been investigated because they were included in the negotiation. Even during the trial, [Name 064], who refused to testify regarding all the previously mentioned matters, namely, the economic advantages from [Name 083], [Name 270], [Name 085], and the one linked to the project called La Joya (cf. folios 14,975 and 14,976 front, volume XXXI), also refused to indicate whether some of those facts were covered by the prosecutorial discretion criterion (p. 14,995, first line).
For the undersigned judges, the thesis of the majority vote, in the sense that what is important is what is stated in the agreement and not what may have happened outside of it, would imply admitting that the Public Prosecutor's Office can handle a double discourse in negotiation matters: one that is recorded within the proceeding and on the basis of which compliance with the legal requirements for applying the legal figure is examined, and another outside jurisdictional control, where it can simply dispense with prosecuting certain facts in exchange for collaboration. This is a position that is inadmissible in constitutional terms, because—as already explained—by reason of the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) governing our system, the Public Prosecutor's Office is obliged to exercise criminal prosecution, a duty that can only be excepted in cases exhaustively indicated by the legislator and under jurisdictional control.
And this control can only be carried out when the requesting body, when requesting the application of a prosecutorial discretion criterion, objectively and transparently contemplates all the facts included in the agreement, without omitting core information. Only in this way can the jurisdictional authority determine whether the conduct of the cooperating accused, whose criminal prosecution is dispensed with, is less reprehensible than that of the accused who are affected by the criterion. This is an issue that acquires greater importance in legal systems like ours, where the criminal conduct of the collaborator whose prosecution is dispensed with is not necessarily part of the fact whose continuation is prevented or whose criminal prosecution is facilitated (thus, ZÚÑIGA MORALES, Ulises. "El testigo de la corona". In: Derecho Procesal Penal Costarricense. San José, Asociación de Ciencias Penales de Costa Rica, 2007, pp. 592 and 599.
In the same sense, Sala Tercera, ruling No. 2001-0737). And it is that if, on the occasion of the prosecutorial discretion criterion, impunity can be guaranteed to the collaborator for facts different from those investigated and resolved with his help (in this case, those related to the 400,000 lines and the gifts that [Name 046] gave him as thanks for his collection efforts before [Name 091]), the importance is notorious that the Public Prosecutor's Office, when requesting the application of the legal institute, does not omit any detail about all the conducts that will cease to be investigated and prosecuted, not limiting itself to the description of those whose criminal prosecution is facilitated by the so-called crown witness (testigo de la corona), since the assessment or comparison of reproaches must be made on the set of facts. In summary, if the agreement includes, as happened in this case, conducts of the collaborator that are not part of the investigated fact, the application request for a prosecutorial discretion criterion must include them, since otherwise, the jurisdictional body lacks the necessary information to control whether applying the mentioned legal institute—which has clear utilitarian connotations—is justified, to the detriment of the principle of legality and mandatory prosecution in the exercise of criminal prosecution.
For all the foregoing, this Chamber understands that, when requesting the application of the prosecutorial discretion criterion, the requesting body had the duty to set forth all the facts involved in the pact, whether these were related to the investigated fact or were distinct and independent. If they were included by the agreement and it was intended to dispense with their criminal prosecution, they should have been described, because jurisdictional control is exercised over the agreement and not, as some might interpret, over a part of it, that is, the part related to a particular investigation—a position which, it is reiterated, would open the door for the requesting body to arbitrarily dispose of the exercise of criminal prosecution, conducting, on the one hand, within the proceeding, negotiations that are favorable to its interests and in which the requirements of lesser reprehensibility or culpability of the collaborator are satisfied and, on the other hand, outside the legal system, other agreements, exempt from any jurisdictional control.
According to licensed attorneys Criss González Ugalde and Maribel Bustillo Piedra (p. 171,400 and 171,401 front, volume XXXVIII), it cannot be asserted that the requesting body concealed information from the criminal judge because, although the processing of the criterion was carried out in a separate file, the application mentioned the case in which it was required (namely, case No. 04-6835-647-PE). That is, according to these professionals, it was enough for the judge who had to resolve the application request for the criterion to become aware of the content of the investigation to discover that [Name 064] had received other economic compensations. Such reasoning by licensed attorneys González and Bustillo is erroneous, since according to Art. 22 of the C.P.P., it is the Public Prosecutor's Office that must decide whether to dispense totally or partially with criminal prosecution, or whether to limit it to one or several offenses.
That is, the examination that the criminal judge must make must always start from the limits established by that body. So much so that, even hypothetically assuming that the court detected that the case involved facts additional to those contemplated in the application, this was of no importance, since in accordance with the rules governing the matter, it could well be understood that in relation to those, criminal prosecution remained in force—something that is now known did not happen in this case, not only because of the statements made by licensed attorney Bustillo Piedra in case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE, but also because, despite the passage of time, the acceptance by [Name 064] of a series of advantages of patrimonial content that were presented to him outside the facts submitted for judgment in this matter has not been investigated and prosecuted. This confirms what has been argued, in the sense that the requesting body is obliged to act with extreme transparency, objectivity, loyalty, and rigor, reflecting in the agreement ALL the facts submitted to negotiation and not only those it deems opportune.
Finally, the situation of [Name 064] himself cannot be ignored, since if he provided collaboration, it was because the requesting body committed to dispensing with the criminal prosecution of a series of conducts, and it is inadmissible to endorse practices that cast doubt on the scope of the agreement, preventing the cooperating accused himself, if necessary, from demanding compliance with what was agreed.
Finally, with regard to the conduct of the agent after the offense, while [Name 041] has done nothing to repair the damage, [Name 064] has acknowledged his wrongful conduct and has returned a large part of the money received, making the latter’s conduct less reproachable. In the case of [Name 046], the judgment states that the reproach that [Name 064] deserves is lesser because: Regarding the subjective and objective aspects of the punishable act, [Name 046] had a broad public trajectory, greater than that of [Name 064]. Regarding the importance of the harm or danger, although [Name 064] was a public official and [Name 046] was not, the more significant harm to the legal interest of probity is caused by the latter, since he is the promoter of the criminal action. Regarding the circumstances of manner, time, and place, [Name 046] approached [Name 064] and asked him to undertake collection actions against [Name 091] so that the monies owed to the former would be paid. [Name 064] accepted and acted accordingly, which is why [Name 046] subsequently paid him various sums of money.
The majority opinion states that it was [Name 046] who went to [Name 064], who sought him out at ICE knowing his status and knowing that [Name 091] was an ICE supplier. Based on his command of that background, he put forward the remunerative promise to [Name 064], which contributes to his greater reprehensibility. As for the determining motives, both were moved by a monetary interest; however, it is [Name 046] who is the architect of the mechanism (the promise and delivery of a gift) that motivated [Name 064]. Regarding the other personal conditions of the active subject or the victim insofar as they influenced the commission of the crime, it is observed that [Name 046] used the knowledge obtained during his tenure in the public sector (he held a position at ICE) and his contact with figures from the national political sphere, among them [Name 033], to manage to communicate with [Name 064].
Finally, regarding the conduct of the agent after the offense, [Name 046] has not taken any action to repair the damage, whereas [Name 064] has, by handing over money and movable property. In the case of [Name 033], the court indicates, regarding the objective and subjective aspects of the punishable act, that this defendant held one of the most relevant positions in public service, a position that is significant for the commission of the attributed crime, since not just anyone can be the active subject of the crime of bribery. Furthermore, being a [...] is not merely a personal condition related to the typicality of the conduct, but also relates to the legal interest—probity—since it does not cause the same social harm for a low-ranking public official to be convicted of this crime as it does for the person who holds the apex of public administration. Although [Name 064] was also a public official, [Name 033] had a higher rank and hierarchy and, by virtue of being the [...], probity in conduct was required of him; it was from him that honest behavior oriented exclusively toward fulfilling the public interest was expected, which is why the reproach he merits is greater.
On the importance of the harm or danger, although both [Name 033] and [Name 064] contributed to causing the harm, the more significant contribution, states the majority opinion, was made by [Name 033], since by criminalizing conduct such as bribery, the legislator sought to protect probity, rectitude, honesty, and impartiality in the fulfillment of public office, so that those who hold such office on a remunerated basis do so focused on satisfying the public interest and not their own interests, least of all to enrich themselves improperly by that means. The [...], by having high popular representativeness, enjoys broad authority and is situated on a central plane, both for public control and for the integration of the nation and the definition of its direction. He is not only the one who appoints the cabinet and removes it, but the one who heads it and directs relevant tasks both nationally and internationally.
And if the head falters, the body tends to collapse. It is concluded that the weaknesses in [Name 033] are those that most contribute to the harm. As for the circumstances of manner, time, and place, the trial court considers that although one might think that [Name 064] was the one who contacted [Name 033] to convey [Name 041]’s proposal to him, and thus the development of the crime was the former’s initiative, one must consider that [Name 064] went to [Name 033] because of the trust that exists between them, because there was political support from one for the other, as well as an employment nexus and a friendship relationship ([Name 064] was a member of the board of directors of ICE and his appointment corresponded to the government council presided over by [Name 033], also being a presidential advisor). Moreover, before [Name 064] conveyed the described proposal to [Name 033], the latter had already urged the former to participate in a prior criminal act, namely, when he asked him to intercede with [Name 091] so that the payment of monies to [Name 046] would be honored.
He even asked him to attend to this matter while taking advantage of a trip that [Name 064] would make outside the country. Thus, instead of [Name 033] calling [Name 064] to account and demanding probity from him, what he did was urge him to accept the proposal, to ask for a larger percentage, and he even proposed the formula for distributing the money. That is, although [Name 064] is the one who had to comply with the proposal, he went to [Name 033] to make a decision, as he knew he could not decide alone. This reveals the decisive role of [Name 033], as he was the one who determined [Name 064]. Regarding the quality of the determining motives, the legal interest of probity was harmed by both defendants, and to that extent, the reproach was similar. What is revealing is the economic interest that [Name 033] demonstrates, when upon listening to [Name 064], the first thing he does is ask how much the amount to be received will be, and then he decides the distribution formula, inflated in his favor, and this is what later, also reflecting [Name 064]’s ambition, leads the latter to tell him that he does not agree with such distribution.
Regarding the personal conditions of the active subject or the victim insofar as they influenced the commission of the crime, the trial court indicates that when [Name 033] learned of the corrupt proposal, he was the highest authority of the country and one of the few officials whom the majority of the population had elected with their vote, thus greater zeal was expected from him, as well as inexhaustible effort to be correct in the exercise of his function. Despite this, he opted for the opposite, promoted the acceptance of the corrupt proposal, and benefited from the gifts delivered. The one who declined his duty of probity, the lower court points out, was not just any public official, but the one of highest rank, even determining [Name 064] to accept the proposal. Likewise, [Name 064] did not go to just any person to inform them of the proposal, but to the [...] of all Costa Ricans and head of the administration, a figure influential over [Name 064] not only because of their friendship but also because of their functional link.
In that regard, we have on one side [Name 064], a director of an autonomous institution and presidential advisor, and on the other [Name 033], the highest-ranking official with decision-making power over the appointments that the former held, and from whom a greater degree of lawful conduct was required, just as the reproach for not doing so is greater. In terms of the agent’s conduct after the offense, [Name 033] has taken no action to reduce the impact of the damage caused by his actions, while [Name 064] accepted his responsibility, was willing to negotiate an abbreviated process and to serve a custodial sentence for which house arrest did not apply as credit. This option did not succeed because those who appeared as complainants in this process opposed it, and the prosecutorial authority opted for the prosecutorial discretion criterion (criterio de oportunidad). [Name 064], moreover, appeared at the hearing and accepted his behavior, additionally handing over part of the money received and two vehicles.
Although the defense has questioned that he has not returned the total amount of money and that the vehicles are old, the truth is that, if one starts from that parameter, one would have to conclude that [Name 033] has returned nothing. The trial court ends its presentation indicating that the foregoing reasoning explains why, at the time, it considered that it could not resolve the issue of greater or lesser reprehensibility, namely, because it is a matter for another court and because impartiality could be compromised by conducting that analysis, however “abstract” it might be (folios 15,395 to 15,415 front of volume XXXI). This far constitutes the court’s argumentation. For those who subscribe to this decision, the foregoing reasoning is erroneous not only for what was stated supra, when examining the issue of the reproach that each defendant deserves in relation to [Name 064], but for what will be set out below.
In the first place, it emerges that to determine the intensity of the reproach in the case of [Name 041], the lower court not only considered his culpability in relation to the specific fact that was sought to be proven through [Name 064]’s statement (namely, that the former made a promise of a gift to the latter at the restaurant [Name 094] and later transferred a large sum of money to him through [Name 058]), but also his culpability for all the other facts that it had deemed proven against him and which were unknown to [Name 064] at the time the prosecutorial discretion criterion was negotiated, e.g., that he was a co-perpetrator of a criminal plan that included other public officials, that there were approaches with these and deliveries of economic compensation under similar modal and temporal circumstances; or that [Name 041] had larger sums of money at his disposal than [Name 064], the foregoing to the extent that it was he who identified the public officials to be paid and the amounts.
As can be seen, we are talking about matters that are extraneous to the facts that, at the time of the negotiation, were intended to be proven through [Name 064]’s testimony, meaning they could not be considered when weighing the issue of reproach (at least not for the purpose of legitimizing the prosecutorial discretion criterion), nor can they be taken into account now, since that examination (ex ante) must necessarily extend back to the date the agreement was entered into, bearing in mind the facts that were intended to be clarified through the collaborator’s statement, and not those that, after the hearing, have been deemed proven with his help. The undersigned do not ignore that [Name 064]’s statement was an indication that allowed the trial court on the merits to confirm that, in addition to the collaborating defendant, there were other public officials involved and that [Name 041], in common agreement with [Name 028], used the corporation [Name 058] to legitimize and later distribute the funds originating from [Name 060].
Nor is it possible to ignore, conducting an a posteriori examination, that [Name 064]’s statement and, in particular, his assertion that he was given a promise of a gift prior to the contract for the 400,000 lines, was the most important indication relied upon by the trial court on the merits to deem it proven that a similar promise was made to the remaining accused public officials. However, these consequences derived from [Name 064]’s statement, which were not contemplated when negotiating the prosecutorial discretion criterion, cannot be considered for purposes of establishing the greater or lesser reproach that [Name 041] deserves vis-à-vis the collaborating defendant, since the latter’s statement was negotiated solely to be used against [Name 041], [Name 033], and [Name 046], and not to facilitate the criminal prosecution of other defendants, e.g., [Name 028], or of the public officials who also received economic compensation and whose link to the facts was unknown even to [Name 064] himself.
That is, in the case of [Name 041], at the time of negotiating the prosecutorial discretion criterion, what could be proven with the collaborator’s statement was that the former had given him a promise of a gift and that, after the awarding of the contract, he delivered a sum exceeding two and a half million dollars to him through [Name 058], which he shared with [Name 033]. Thus, to facilitate the criminal prosecution of a particular conduct, the prosecuting body chose to guarantee impunity for the person who, besides accepting that promise and receiving the mentioned sum, received other non-negligible economic compensation, doing so in his capacity as a public official, thus breaching the duties that had been entrusted to him. It is important to emphasize that when examining the reproach, it is not permissible to consider the significance that [Name 064]’s statement had in proving other facts, since this was not foreseeable at the time the criterion was negotiated, and so true is this that the application of the legal mechanism was requested only to the detriment of [Name 033], [Name 041], [Name 078], and [Name 046].
Finally, it is important to note that the trial court’s thesis, to the effect that the conduct of the one who pays or corrupts is more reprehensible than that of the public official who receives the gift or allows himself to be corrupted, lacks any foundation, for several reasons. The first, because, according to the crime of the penalty of the corrupter, the sanction applicable to the latter is the same as provided for by legislation for the public official. The second, because unlike what happens with the corrupter, it is the corrupted official who disregards his duties and compromises the citizenry’s trust in their institutions, by using his office to enrich himself. Thus, to argue, without more, that [Name 041]’s conduct is more reprehensible than [Name 064]’s because the former extended the promise and the latter merely accepted it, is—in the best of cases—an assertion that finds no support.
Turning to [Name 033], the same situation arises. From the arguments cited by the court, it is extracted with crystal clarity that the greater reproach against him rests on the hierarchy of the public functions he performed. All analysis of the seriousness of the conduct actually carried out by the then [...] was set aside, thus avoiding comparing it with the conduct that was not pursued. It was not considered that [Name 064], at the time of the negotiation, appears as an individual involved in multiple criminal acts of a similar nature, which demonstrates that he was prone to receiving gifts; that it was he, and not [Name 033], who, according to the majority opinion itself, assumed the perpetration of the criminal act and who also, of the two, obtained the greater economic benefit, for despite the fact that [Name 033] requested 60% of the criminal proceeds, [Name 064] had no qualms about altering that distribution deeming it “unfair.” There are no reasons to doubt that [Name 033] had a hierarchical relationship with [Name 064] at the time of the facts.
It is not unknown that he had appointed him minister, then presidential advisor, and then, through the Government Council that he presided over, nominated him as a member-director of ICE. This, which certainly from an ethical perspective makes [Name 033]’s conduct more reprehensible (for if events occurred as [Name 064] recounted, he should have reported it immediately instead of supporting his intentions), from a legal standpoint does not permit establishing that the reproach the latter merits is of a lesser degree if everything else is considered. Even so, it is important to note that in the case of [Name 064], the condition of being a public official also played a central role, not only with respect to the contract for the 400,000 lines, but for all the other receipts of gifts in which he figured as a suspect. Finally, see how the lower court, while it considered the conduct of [Name 041] and [Name 046] more reprehensible on the argument that they were the promoters of the crime’s execution, the ones who had the initiative to seek out [Name 064], in the case of [Name 033] it disregards this reasoning, concluding that even though it was [Name 064] who decided to convey the proposal to [Name 033], this does not make his conduct more reprehensible, since he acted thus because of the trust and support given to him by the then president.
This being the case, while it is true that [Name 033] was, at the time of the facts, the highest-ranking public official, this circumstance alone does not justify the decision to guarantee impunity for [Name 064], since the facts in relation to which criminal prosecution is waived (which include that with respect to which it is affirmed that [Name 033] is the instigator and [Name 064] the instigated perpetrator), contrary to what the lower court points out, merit greater reproach than the conduct sought to be prosecuted. Not to accept this also leads to the understanding that the reproach, instead of depending on the seriousness of the act and the personality of the participant, responds exclusively to the personal characteristics of the active subject and, in the case of public officials, to the position held, in such a way that, regardless of the conduct actually carried out, the greater the hierarchy, the greater the reproach will always be.
In summary, for all the foregoing, it is concluded that the prosecutorial discretion criterion granted to [Name 064] is illegal. As a consequence of the above, the statement that he gave at the hearing as a collaborating defendant is illicit evidence and is so declared. For greater abundance, we proceed to resolve certain questions raised by [Name 033] in relation to the credibility that can be granted to the word of [Name 064] and on the occasion of which, this court of appeal concludes that it is implausible.
Gairaud does, that [Nombre 064] accepted such a custodial sentence because he knew that, by reason of the home arrest (arresto domiciliario) suffered, he would be granted the benefit of Article 55 of the Penal Code, is to ignore that from May 9, 2005, the process having begun at the end of 2004, [Nombre 064] was willing to accept the facts and be sanctioned; that by May 2005, two years had not elapsed and, therefore, half the sentence could not be considered served, given that the granting of that benefit is a matter for the National Institute of Criminology and not the Public Prosecutor's Office; iv) from the very beginning, [Nombre 064] was willing to have his bank accounts, cards, and telephone calls investigated and offered what was within his reach for the investigation; likewise his wife and his mother. His first statement took place on September 30, 2004, and by October 5, he was already authorizing the opening of his accounts and the obtaining of banking information; v) on October 12, 2004, he showed an interest in compensating the damage caused when he proceeded to deliver to the criminal court a certificate for the sum of $1,401,241.36; vi) as already indicated, on May 9, 2005, 8 months after the case began, he agreed to the application of an abbreviated procedure in the terms indicated, namely, serving a sentence of four years of imprisonment without any benefit, obligating himself to testify at trial and paying the mentioned sums to the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic and to ICE, as well as delivering two cars.
The court points out that at that time, [Nombre 064] could not become eligible for the benefit contemplated in Article 55 of the Penal Code; that such an option was not negotiated with the Public Prosecutor's Office nor was it within the powers of this body. It adds that if the process in question did not materialize, it was due to the refusal of the private prosecutors Fernando Apuy Sirias and Freddy Coto Varela, where, at least the former, had a connection to [Nombre 033]. This is what, ultimately, led the prosecutor's office to agree on a prosecutorial discretion criterion. It is not true, therefore, that right off the bat, [Nombre 064] was benefited with the prosecutorial discretion criterion so that, in exchange for his impunity, he would "sink" the other accused; rather, it was the actions carried out by those close to [Nombre 033] that prevented the application of the abbreviated procedure, given that already, from this procedure, [Nombre 064] had committed to testify at trial; vii) abbreviated procedures were negotiated with other accused in this case, with penalties of three years of imprisonment and the benefit of conditional execution of the sentence (v.g., [Nombre 068], [Nombre 105]).
Thus, it cannot be said that there was preferential treatment for [Nombre 064] when a penalty of four years of imprisonment was agreed with him; viii) according to the dissenting vote, [Nombre 064] was allowed to keep around one million dollars in bribes in exchange for testifying, but there is no evidence whatsoever of this. What is on record is that with or without an abbreviated procedure, with or without a prosecutorial discretion criterion, [Nombre 064] delivered a sum of $1,401,241.36 dollars since October 2004. For the majority vote, if [Nombre 064] had wanted to keep some money in exchange for his impunity, he would not have delivered that sum, much less would he have negotiated such a possibility. Furthermore, according to the dynamic insinuated by the defense, if the Public Prosecutor's Office wanted to compensate [Nombre 064] for his statement, one would have to think that it also wanted to compensate him when, for that same sum, it agreed to apply the abbreviated procedure and impose 4 years of imprisonment on him, or that it wanted to compensate [Nombre 105] when he only returned $100,000 having received more than $1,000,000, but that it did not want to do so with [Nombre 068] when it negotiated an abbreviated procedure and the return of more than $1,000,000 with him.
This reflects that the negotiation with the accused was not conditioned on the issue of the exact repayment of the amount from which they benefited; ix) although [Nombre 064] did not answer some questions from the defense attorneys of [Nombre 033], [Nombre 041], and [Nombre 018], this was because he was questioned regarding facts in which his account would self-incriminate him, hence he was entitled to the right of abstention, or because they were facts unrelated to the accused. In any case, it was the court that cautioned him (the collaborator) in that sense, whereby this situation in no way undermines his credibility.
Starting from folio 16,085 front of the same volume, the lower court (a quo) undertook the task of setting forth the reasons why it considers that the account of [Nombre 064] can be verified with other evidentiary elements of a direct or indirect nature. It clarifies, however, that this verification is in relation to the general aspects of his version and not with respect to each of the facts related by him, since this would render the prosecutorial discretion criterion meaningless:
From all this, it is inferred that [Nombre 064] was a person close to [Nombre 033], who depended hierarchically on him. It was also ruled out that [Nombre 064] harbored a feeling of animosity against [Nombre 033]; c) despite ICE being an autonomous institution, it maintained a link with the central government. This is not solely the result of institutional practice, but of the legal system that provides for it, by leaving in the hands of the Government Council the appointment of the directors of autonomous institutions and attributing to the [...] the power of direction and coordination of tasks; d) there is abundant evidence that allows demonstrating that, even before the facts investigated here, the policy of giving attentions to public officials of ICE was frequent. [Nombre 041] spontaneously accepted having paid bribes to public officials. [Nombre 105] and [Nombre 078] submitted to a conformity procedure, with the consequent acceptance of charges.
There are also three ICE officials who have admitted their responsibility ([Nombre 068] in an abbreviated procedure, [Nombre 001] spontaneously admitted before a media outlet having received money from [Nombre 091] and [Nombre 064] admitted it before the court), whereby the collaborator's statement is corroborated, to the effect that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] made him a promise of a bribe and that he accepted it after bringing it to the attention of [Nombre 033]; e) lunches and other activities between the employees of [Nombre 091] and public officials were frequent. There were meetings between the corruptors and [Nombre 064], [Nombre 001], [Nombre 018], [Nombre 063], and [Nombre 022]. There was also another series of attentions for public officials, e.g., the payment of a travel ticket to Paris for "[Nombre 064]" and his wife (evidence No. 55, folio 91), or hotel reservations for [Nombre 022].
According to the court, if [Nombre 064] were lying, no coincidence would have been achieved between the data obtained from the immigration movements of those involved ([Nombre 064], [Nombre 078], [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 033]), the expense reports of [Nombre 041] (which show that on December 1, 2000, there was a meeting between [Nombre 078], [Nombre 041], [Nombre 111], [Nombre 112], and [Nombre 001]) and the flight itineraries.
There is a note from November 10, 2000, where [Nombre 098] points out to [Nombre 041] that although the announcement made by [Nombre 095] about the future tender for the 600,000 GSM cell lines was favorable, they had to maintain pressure to not allow them to continue favoring Lucent and Ericsson, since it seemed that ICE planned a purchase of 200,000 to expand the current ones (TDMA). This exposes that the corruptors were informed of what was happening and how, despite the announcement of the migration, they thought that [Nombre 091] should not sit idly by, as it should accelerate that process (as also suggested by the note of November 22, also sent by [Nombre 098] to [Nombre 041] in relation to the appointment of [Nombre 001], evidence No. 396), aside from noticing that if a direct purchase of 200,000 TDMA lines was made, 400,000 lines in GSM technology would remain. According to the judges, that is the data that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] were handling by November 22, 2000, and, therefore, it is ruled out that [Nombre 064] erroneously assembled his statement, anticipating information that would not be known until December 5, 2000.
Likewise, the evidence allows accrediting that on August 28, 2001, the contract for the 400,000 cell lines was awarded to [Nombre 091], a session in which [Nombre 064], [Nombre 068], [Nombre 022], as well as other public officials of ICE were present.
Having analyzed the foregoing indicators, the undersigned appellate judges consider that the conclusion of the lower court, to the effect that the statement of [Nombre 064] is credible regarding the promise of a bribe that was made to him in relation to the contract for the 400,000 GSM lines, is contrary to the rules of sound criticism. It is undeniable that [Nombre 064] testified from the beginning of this process; however, it was many months and several investigative statements later that he affirmed having received from [Nombre 078] and [Nombre 041] a promise of a bribe related to the contract for the 400,000 GSM telephone lines. Now, it is not that [Nombre 064] initially had remained silent about the cause of the economic retributions received, only to later decide to speak out on the matter, but rather that he had expressly and repeatedly indicated to the Public Prosecutor's Office that the money received was offered and delivered to him after the awarding, by way of a "reward." That is, [Nombre 064] ruled out that a promise of a bribe had been made to him prior to the awarding of the mentioned contract.
As is inferred from the review of the audio and video recordings of the trial, specifically from what is related to the testimony given by [Nombre 064] before the trial court, as well as from the appealed judgment itself, we find that on several occasions and based on Article 343 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the statements that the collaborator accused made before the requesting body were incorporated in what was contradictory to what he was stating at trial, establishing with clear clarity that from September 30, 2004, and repeatedly (cf. e.g., the expanded statement he gave on October 15, 2004, second paragraph of folio 9,003, incorporated by reading into the trial as recorded at f. 14,996 front of the judgment, volume XXXI), [Nombre 064] stated that it was after the awarding and even when the execution of the contract was taking place, that he was contacted to inform him that there was "a reward" from [Nombre 091].
As is concluded without effort, the collaborator accused was categorical in ruling out that a prior promise had been made to him, it being some time later, on May 9, 2005, when he first indicated something completely different, specifically, that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078], at the end of the year 2000 or the beginning of 2001, at the [Nombre 094] restaurant, made him a promise of a bribe in exchange for him helping [Nombre 091] with the migration to GSM technology, with the implementation of tenders instead of direct contracts, and with his favorable vote for the company in the contract for the 400,000 lines (cf. f. 2,992 to 3,010 front, volume VIII). At the request of a party, the court incorporated the second paragraph of folio 2,999, which, in what is of interest, indicates: "So then Mr. [Nombre 078] arrived in the company of Mr. [Nombre 041], there was an exchange of introductory phrases and Mr. [Nombre 078] tells me that they are worried, that they have increasing certainty that the tender will be bypassed to harm [Nombre 091].
He also told me that Mr. [Nombre 046] had indicated to them that he had the power to bring down said tender, even with the help of Zapote, for those reasons they ask for my help so that the process is not aborted and that if everything goes well the company would give me a gratuity. I asked him what I had to do, then they indicated to me that they simply needed the tender to take place, I asked them if I didn't have to speak to someone and they said no, that the only thing they needed was for the tender not to be aborted. Later I asked them what the reward consisted of and they indicated to me that between one point five percent (1.5%) and two percent (2%) of the tender, outside of expenses..." (Transcription made at f. 15,001 of the judgment, volume XXXI). That is, it was approximately eight months after having given his first statement that [Nombre 064] stated that there was a promise of a bribe prior to the contracting of the 400,000 lines, the same one he shared with [Nombre 033].
The statement in which [Nombre 064] changed his version of the facts began to be given on the same day that he signed an agreement with the Public Prosecutor's Office for the application of an abbreviated procedure, in which the requesting body conditioned its consent on the expansion of [Nombre 064]'s investigative statement complying with certain terms, namely, "... to set forth in a clear manner the existence of negotiations and of a promise of delivery of money prior to the approval of the contract for the 400 K between the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity and the company [Nombre 091]. Likewise, the accused [Nombre 064] will disclose the name of a reference witness, who has knowledge because the accused [Nombre 064] made it known to him, of the promise of delivery of money prior to the approval of the ICE-[Nombre 091] contract. On the other hand, he will make an even broader statement about the delivery of money to the co-defendant [Nombre 033], clarifying each of the transactions carried out regarding the money corresponding to the bribes or payments from [Nombre 091].
He will also relate the knowledge that the co-defendant [Nombre 033] had of the promise of bribes or payments made by [Nombre 091], as well as the latter’s approval for [Nombre 064] to receive said money… The agreed penalty shall be four years of imprisonment without any type of reduction.” (F. 2, evidence No. 308, prior agreement document for the application of an abbreviated procedure). It is true, as the trial court points out, that the abbreviated procedure was not applied for reasons beyond [Nombre 064]'s control and that the agreed penalty did not allow the application of benefits such as the conditional execution of the sentence. This circumstance, however, does not allow concluding that the first version of [Nombre 064] was false and that the second was true, especially considering that the latter was given precisely under the shelter of a negotiation with the Public Prosecutor's Office, which from then on, conditioned the abbreviated procedure on [Nombre 064] including in his account certain information (specifically, about the promise of a bribe made to him before the awarding, the identification of a reference witness, and more details about the conduct of [Nombre 033], the knowledge he had of the promise, and the approval he gave for [Nombre 064] to receive the money).
That is, upon negotiating with the requesting body, [Nombre 064]'s account changed drastically on a core aspect, specifically, on the existence of a promise of a bribe prior to the awarding. It is an inconsistency that acquires paramount importance when assessing the credibility of the statement, not only because the configuration of the crime—aggravated corruption by improper bribery—depends on the demonstration of the prior promise made by [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078], but because, contrary to what the lower court indicated, its existence rests solely on the word of the collaborator accused himself. According to the appealed judgment, what was stated by [Nombre 064] is true because all those involved were in the country on Saturday, December 2, 2000. This, clearly, is unsustainable, since from that single indicator (the presence of [Nombre 041], [Nombre 078], and [Nombre 064] in national territory) it could not be inferred as a reasonable and natural conclusion that the meeting existed, much less that the promise was made.
It is important to note that although there is evidence that [Nombre 078] and [Nombre 041] met on December 1, 2000, with [Nombre 001] and other persons (cf. voucher from folio 6 bis and invoice from folio 7, expense report from folio 1, evidence No. 81 that this chamber has viewed) and that [Nombre 041] also met with [Nombre 001] on November 29, 2000 (cf. also evidence No. 81), this is absolutely irrelevant for what is of interest here, since, as the same court recognized, these meetings were frequent, without it being possible to assert that they were aimed at making illicit proposals to those public servants (f. 16,112 front, volume XXXIII). Therefore, it is a simple supposition of the judges who subscribe to the majority vote to conclude that the meeting that took place the day before the one described by [Nombre 064] allows demonstrating that "... the corruptors were resorting to a similar strategy for the remunerative proposals not only regarding [Nombre 064], but also regarding another co-defendant and ICE official..." (F. 16,129 front, volume XXXIII).
The same can be held in relation to the meeting between [Nombre 064] and [Nombre 033]. That both were in the national territory, an indicator verified through the documents that account for their immigration movements, does not even allow establishing with a degree of probability that the cited meeting existed. It is important to remember that [Nombre 064] is not a witness in this process, but a collaborator accused who, as such, is not obligated to tell the truth or to testify under oath. His contribution is also not gratuitous. It is articulated knowing that, if he satisfies the expectations for which the exercise of criminal prosecution against him was suspended (Art. 23 C.P.P.), he will obtain, by way of a benefit or reward, the extinction of that prosecution. Although that sole circumstance would not allow denying credibility to his statement, the truth is that it must be weighed with extreme caution, to the point that it is indispensable to have additional evidentiary elements that ratify his words.
In the same sense, Zúñiga Morales points out: “For some, when an accused informs on others, affirming that they committed the act together with him or that they intend to incur more crimes, the authorities are obligated to act with the utmost prudence and caution, without despising that information, but granting it only the value that corresponds to a notitia criminis. If an accused decides to reveal data that another would jealously guard, how many reasons can motivate that conduct? For this reason, it has been said, with all reason, that the system should establish all necessary guarantees to ensure the truthfulness of the data, confirming the information by other means. However, in many cases, the revelations of the collaborator are easily accepted as authentic indicators of criminal responsibility, without the personality of the informant, nor the little credibility he deserves, nor the preceding contradictory statements he has given, mattering.
Although, on occasions, the collaborator accused does not say everything he knows or does not assume all the responsibility that corresponds to him, it can happen that, due to an accommodating attitude, his revelations deserve much more credit than any exculpatory version offered by those who are informed upon. In certain cases, this can lead to a lack of depth in the police investigations and, in close relation to this, to a stagnation of investigation techniques.” (ZÚÑIGA MORALES, op. cit., p. 595). This is a concern that is not exclusive to our environment. In other countries where the figure of the “repentant” has been incorporated in the context of the fight against organized crime, questions are also formulated regarding the procedural assessment that can be made of their statements and about the need, in order to deem the account plausible, for its verification by other means of proof: “The simple informing on other individuals carried out by the self-declared guilty accused, who provides his testimony incriminating other participants in the criminal organization seeking better punitive treatment, poses serious evidentiary problems.
The informing statement of a co-defendant can hardly be identified with that of a procedural witness, insofar as, the interrogation of the accused is itself built as a means of defense that allows him not to answer the questions raised and, even, to lie about the facts, while the procedural witness is obligated to tell the truth about the facts under the threat of being charged with a crime of false testimony. The introduction into legal systems of the 'hybrid figure of the accused-witness' opens the doors to the danger of the 'degeneration of the evidentiary system.'” (BENÍTEZ ORTÚZAR, op. cit., p. 29.). In the particular case, what is being assessed is whether the testimony given by an accused is credible regarding the existence of a fact (the promise of economic retribution prior to the awarding), when he himself throughout the process had expressly denied the point, stating emphatically that the sums received were offered to him after the awarding of the contract for the 400,000 cell phone lines.
This chamber has no doubts about the discomfort experienced by the heads of [Nombre 091] during 1999 and 2000, since due to the use of captive technologies—TDMA—in Costa Rica, [Nombre 091] was practically left out of the mobile phone market.
Nor does it have doubts about the strategy that, at least formally, the aforementioned company designed to resolve that problem (course of action of [Name 124]) and which contemplated approaches to key figures in different spheres of national activity; about the links between [Name 064] and [Name 033], as well as between the former and other public officials with the company [Name 091] and its representatives. It was also demonstrated that [Name 041], through two corporations ([Name 058]. and [Name 114].), transferred funds to a series of officials linked to the telecommunications field after [Name 091] obtained the award of the 400,000 lines, officials among whom [Name 064] figured, who, it was also demonstrated, transferred part of those funds to [Name 033] or to individuals or legal entities close to him. However, what cannot be established with a degree of certainty is that [Name 041] and [Name 078] made a promise of financial compensation to [Name 064] at the [Name 094] restaurant, located in Alajuela, before the contract for the 400,000 lines materialized and, even less so, that this promise was made in exchange for that public official acting in three areas, specifically, favoring the migration to GSM, promoting the use of public tenders to replace direct contracting, and voting favorably for [Name 091] in the aforementioned contract.
Likewise, except for what was stated by [Name 064], it cannot be deemed proven with certainty that he conveyed the aforementioned promise to [Name 033] the following day, under the terms explained by the requesting body. One cannot lose sight of the fact that regarding the cited fact (the promise of a bribe made in December 2000), the only thing the lower court had was the statement of the cooperating defendant, a statement that is clearly not reliable because it has varied over time; because the changes occurred precisely when negotiating with the Public Prosecutor's Office, to the point that the abbreviated procedure was conditioned on what [Name 064] would declare regarding the promise of a bribe; because the changes do not concern tangential issues, but quite the contrary, a core fact that had not gone unnoticed by the cooperating defendant himself, since for months he had dismissed any offer prior to the mentioned contract, and finally, because [Name 064] was a public official prone to receiving irregular financial compensation ("rewards" as he called them), originating from individuals and legal entities with whom he had ties due to his position, which means it also cannot be ruled out that things happened in other ways not contemplated in the accusation, e.g., under the terms he narrated for months (in that case constituting the crime of accepting a bribe for an act already performed), or in other ways also proscribed by our legal system (e.g., that it was he who demanded the payment of the financial compensation, an alternative that is also not discardable if one considers that [Name 064] himself acknowledged at trial that before the events investigated here, and at the insistence of [Name 046] and [Name 033], he "suggested" to [Name 041] and to [Name 078] himself "the advisability of paying" [Name 046] what they had promised him in the past; cf. f. 14,940 and 14,941 front, volume XXXI).
It is important to emphasize that [Name 064] had criminal liability in the investigated events and, to that extent, his contributions as a cooperator are conditioned by his interest in satisfying the expectations of the requesting body. His testimony (a term used improperly, as he did not testify under oath) cannot be considered sufficient proof to deem the existence of a prior promise of a bribe to be proven (an element that is decisive for speaking of a crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery), and furthermore, contrary to what the appealed judgment states, there are no other indications confirming that point. It is important to note that for this chamber, by reason of the principle of freedom of evidence contemplated in Article 182 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, there is no impediment to deeming a fact of interest for the resolution of the case proven based solely on the information provided by the cooperating defendant when it stands on its own; however, this is not the case here, since, as has been explained, there are weighty questions about the account provided and its veracity, which, despite the efforts made by the requesting body, have not been eliminated.
There are a series of indications (set forth above) that can certainly be deemed proven without relying on the statement of [Name 064], namely, that between 1999 and 2000, the representatives of [Name 091] in the country considered that the company was subject to irregular treatment by ICE; that a strategy was developed to resolve that problem, which contemplated approaching important people in different spheres; that although the need for ICE to migrate to GSM technology was foreseen and the institution had taken some steps in that direction, by the year 2000 it was not a consolidated decision; that several public officials related to the telecommunications field and with ties to [Name 091] received, under similar circumstances and through the same channels ([Name 058]. and [Name 114].), sums originating from [Name 060] and, of course, that [Name 091] secured the contract for the 400,000 lines.
Now, from all these indications, it can reasonably be inferred that the public officials received money from the aforementioned company, and it could even be suspected that those funds had some relation to the award of the cited contract; however, what is not plausible is to assert with certainty that those funds, all transferred to the public officials after the award, were to fulfill a promise that was made to them previously and separately, in exchange for supporting the cited company, especially considering that, as was demonstrated, [Name 091] was favored with the contract not by chance or by irregular acts of the defendants, but by meeting all the tender specifications, which was not the case with the competition (proven fact No. 41). That is, regarding the existence of a prior promise made to [Name 064] (and which the lower court uses to establish that a similar proposal was also made to the other defendants who were public officials), the only evidence available is the word of that cooperating defendant, a person who for months expressly denied that point.
It is important to note that at trial, [Name 064] was asked about this and other inconsistencies detected in his version. He, despite acknowledging having said that the offer was after the award, denied having lied on September 30, 2004, arguing that he had only tried to "cover or protect himself" back then, and that he later "refined" his statement (f. 14,962 and 14,986 front, volume XXXI). He even stated that "… it was obvious that that statement was not going to stand on its own; that is why the Prosecutor's Office told me that could not be, to justify it, and that is when I clarified things, I said that the offer was not after the award but before." (F. 14,962 front of the same volume). And despite [Name 064] persistently denying having falsified the facts, it is indubitable, evident, that one of the two versions he offered does not correspond to reality. Either he lied when stating that there was no prior offer, or he lied when stating that there was one, making it impossible to establish, based on such a questionable and biased testimony, whether a promise of financial compensation was indeed made to him before the contract for the 400,000 lines materialized, or whether such an assertion only responds to his interest in satisfying the Public Prosecutor's Office to obtain the procedural benefit promised to him.
For the trial court, the corroboration of [Name 064]'s statement must be regarding the general aspects and not with respect to each of the facts related, since seeking this would render the opportunity criterion unproductive. Such a conclusion, in this particular case, is unacceptable, since the cooperating defendant's statement has been inconsistent on a fact that, while specific, is of the greatest importance in his entire version, namely, the existence of a promise of a bribe prior to abbreviated competitive procedure No. 1-2001. That being the case, it is not possible to ignore the foregoing and deem the account credible solely because, regarding some general facts, it coincides with other evidentiary elements (e.g., regarding the situation [Name 091] faced in a market that worked with captive technologies). It must be insisted that, although Article 182 C.P.P. contemplates the possibility of proving any circumstance of interest to the case by any permitted means of proof, which would include the statement of the cooperating defendant, according to the rules of sound criticism, it is not the same to base a judgment of certainty on an account that has been coherent and consistent as on one that is openly contradictory regarding the core alleged fact (the promise of a bribe), a contradiction that, moreover, arose upon reaching an agreement with the requesting body, first to apply an abbreviated procedure and then an opportunity criterion.
In addition to this, there are other inconsistencies in [Name 064]'s statement that are impossible to ignore. For example, on September 30, 2004, [Name 064] declared that, after the first remittance of money from [Name 091], he gave [Name 033], in the latter's office and in cash, the amount of $370,000. However, it turned out that the amount [Name 091] had given him on that occasion was only $225,000. When questioned about this, [Name 064] indicated that the confusion was involuntary "...due to the turmoil of the events" (f. 14,987 front) and that of those $225,000, what he transferred to [Name 033] in his office was the sum of $130,000 as follows: "...a certificate for $100,000 and 6 for $5,000..." (f. 14,987 front). The tribunal, in its majority vote, accepted [Name 064]'s excuses, considering that the documentary evidence confirms that the cooperating defendant gave [Name 033] the certificates described above.
However, it is one thing to have proven that this transfer of certificates took place, and quite another to have proven the concept for which this transfer occurred, a point that can only be credited through the word of [Name 064], and to that extent, it is central that his account be credible. It is reiterated that, regarding the prior promise of a bribe and the intervention of [Name 033] in the acceptance of that promise, the only existing evidence is the word of [Name 064] (who is not a witness, but a defendant whose legal situation depends on what is resolved in this process), hence any inconsistency observed in it must be assessed with extreme care. In this context, it is striking that this deponent incurred in "confusions" of no small magnitude, such as the one already noted, for one does not hand over $370,000 dollars in cash from a criminal act, to the [...] every day. Continuing along this line of thought, it is striking how [Name 064], when questioned by the defense attorneys of the accused on this and other important topics, stated he did not remember.
It is impossible to ignore that he says he does not remember, for example, whether in his statements before the requesting body he had insisted that the "reward" was after the award, or whether he had told [Name 115] about his agreement with [Name 033] or with [Name 091] (f. 14,990 front), issues that are elementary and central to his testimony. In addition to this, note that—according to [Name 064]—the promise of a bribe was not only related to the migration to GSM technology, or the use of tenders instead of direct contracting, but to the award of the contract for the 400,000 lines (f. 14,963 front); however, the abbreviated bidding procedure for the lease with purchase option of 400,000 GSM cellular lines arose because the Comptroller General of the Republic so ordered some time after, according to [Name 064], the promise of financial compensation had been made. Although, as the tribunal indicates, by early December 2000, some proposal had already been developed, which is precisely the one discussed on the 5th (session No. 5249), the majority vote chooses to ignore that it spoke of 600,000 lines, 200,000 to expand the current ones—with TDMA technology—and 400,000 in GSM technology to be obtained not by public tender but by direct purchase from 5 suppliers ([Name 091], Siemens, Nortel, Ericsson, and Lucent), with the Comptroller being the one who, after that date (and, therefore, after, according to [Name 064], the promise of a bribe was made to him), refused to authorize more direct purchases, opening the door to an abbreviated competitive process.
To that extent, it is difficult to believe that the promise of compensation that [Name 064] placed at the beginning of December 2000 contemplated, as he said, a favorable vote in relation to a bidding procedure that did not then exist nor was foreseen (again, what had been designed regarding the 400,000 GSM lines was direct purchase from several suppliers). In summary, although there are evidentiary elements that allow confirming some points of the account given by [Name 064] (e.g., that after the award, [Name 091] gave him a significant sum of money), in its core aspects (that is, having received on December 2, 2000, a promise of financial compensation that he conveyed to [Name 033] on the 3rd of that same month and year; cf. proven facts identified with numbers 85 to 92), his account not only finds no support in other evidence, but has also been contradictory, to the point of making it impossible to rule out that things also happened in another way, namely, that it was he—[Name 064]—and other public officials who demanded the delivery of financial compensation from the heads of [Name 091]; that these occurred after the contract for the 400,000 lines was awarded without a prior promise (a thesis that, it is reiterated, he maintained for several months), or that the promise, if it existed, had a different content than what [Name 064] mentions.
For the undersigned, the word of [Name 064] is simply incredible, and therefore, it is not sufficient to deem proven the reason why public officials received payments originating from [Name 060]. It is important to emphasize that granting [Name 064] an opportunity criterion in no way relates to the credibility that may be given to his testimony. That being the case, it is not understood why the Public Prosecutor's Office, knowing that this defendant, who was prone to receiving financial compensation, supplied them with two different versions on a topic as central as the promise of financial compensation, chose to apply an opportunity criterion in his case, setting aside the referred circumstances that, in the end, as now happens, make it impossible to deem his words credible. Furthermore, this chamber has also taken on the task of listening to the audio and video recording of this cooperating defendant's statement at trial, determining that the answers he gave to a significant number of questions posed by the defense attorneys of the other defendants were not spontaneous.
Notice that in many cases, before responding, [Name 064] would speak with his defense attorney, Lic. Edwald Acuña Blanco, a professional who was sitting next to him. This situation was even the subject of questioning, not only because it was repeated, but because it occurred in connection with questions whose answers could not generate liability for [Name 064] regarding criminal acts unrelated to those negotiated under the opportunity criterion. However, the tribunal refused to correct the situation, arguing that it could not be assured that Lic. Acuña Blanco was recommending to [Name 064] what to answer (cf., e.g., the recording corresponding to September 16, 2010, file c0002100916102255.vgz, from 10:42:10 hours onwards). This is a conclusion this tribunal does not share. [Name 064], as a cooperating defendant, had the right to speak privately with his attorney before testifying, so the latter could advise him.
He also had the right to testify in his presence (Art. 82 subsection e), 93, and 95 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) and, of course, for Lic. Acuña Blanco, if deemed necessary, to recommend he remain silent to questions whose answers could potentially imply some liability for him regarding acts different from those negotiated with the requesting body. What constitutes an abuse of those rights is for any defendant (and even more so [Name 064], who would obtain a significant procedural advantage in exchange for his statement) to limit himself to communicating his advisor's answers, it being naive to believe, as the majority vote does, that the conversations between the defendant and his attorney after each question and before answering were not intended to guide his responses, dialogues that, moreover, had no reason to exist when dealing with questions related to the facts contemplated, at least formally, in the opportunity criterion, since it was regarding these that [Name 064] undertook to cooperate.
But even hypothetically assuming that a defendant who has decided to testify can do so under such conditions, what cannot be denied is that this behavior adds to the doubts that arise regarding the veracity of his version, since he was not even able to respond spontaneously to many of the questions asked of him. Finally, note that besides the word of [Name 064], the only evidence that is somehow related to the issue of the prior promise is judgment No. 586-07, handed down on October 16, 2007, against [Name 068], in which he is convicted for having accepted a promise of a bribe from [Name 105] (evidence No. 747); however, this is a judgment issued years after [Name 064] corrected his statement (and after, based on this, the requesting body adopted a specific theory of the case) within the framework of an abbreviated procedure, where the acceptance of charges by [Name 068] was of a formal nature, and therefore it does not have sufficient weight to make an account as questionable as the one already presented credible.
And if the intention of the requesting body was to support the testimony of [Name 064] with that of [Name 068], or with that of any other defendant who had made a deal with the requesting body (e.g., [Name 105]), it should have offered their statements to be received at the time of trial and not attempt to assign to a judgment—which, even on the point in question—the acceptance of the promise of a bribe—is quite concise, an evidentiary significance it does not have, since it is not a document containing a statement given with all the formalities required by the legal system to be incorporated by reading into the trial and examined in this process, as if it were an advance of evidence. In addition to this, one cannot lose sight of the fact that while [Name 064] speaks of a promise of a bribe made to him since December 2000 with three specific objectives (migration to GSM, public tender instead of direct contracting, and award of the 400,000 lines), regarding [Name 068], the judgment only alludes to a promise that was articulated when the bidding process was already underway, meaning these are not identical situations, where the demonstration of one can lead to deriving the existence of the other.
In the case of the statements of [Name 041], acknowledging having made payments to public officials, and that of [Name 001], accepting having received them, it is important to note that neither one nor the other indicated the concept for which the payments were made or received. That is, the doubt remains as to whether the amounts were to fulfill a promise of a bribe made before the award (which leads us to doubt whether that promise of a bribe that [Name 064] and the requesting body described in relation to the involved public officials actually existed), or if the payments responded to other equally plausible dynamics, which, besides not being contemplated in the accusation, would fit different criminal offenses (e.g., bribery, acceptance of bribes for an act already performed, or extortion by a public official). It is important to add that the Public Prosecutor's Office, on the occasion of the oral hearing held before this chamber, provided a document called "Written Record of the Public Prosecutor's Office's Oral Presentation/ICE-[Name 091] Case", in which it asserts that the tribunal, in its majority vote, analyzed a large amount of both documentary and testimonial evidence that allows verifying the truthfulness of [Name 064]'s statement on a series of points, which the requesting body set out in 24 points, namely:
The same can be said regarding the actions of [Name 064] and other executives in relation to the matter, since it is true that no irregularity was demonstrated in the processing of the contract for the 400,000 lines (which, it is reiterated, began some time after the moment when [Name 064] placed the promise of a gratuity, and furthermore, it originated because the Contraloría General de la Republica ordered it, not the ICE). It is insisted, the only deponent who reported the promise of a gratuity was [Name 064], and his testimony, for the reasons previously noted, besides being illicit, is unreliable. In summary, given that the statement of the cooperating accused is illicit evidence and also implausible, it is appropriate to establish the consequences of its hypothetical exclusion, bearing in mind—of course—that, due to the extensive effect contemplated in Article 443 of the Código Procesal Penal, this exercise must be carried out for all the accused in relation to whom such evidence has been considered, and not only for those who claimed its use by the trial court.
For all the foregoing, the second ground of appeal against the judgment filed by attorneys Federico Morales Herrera and Erick Ramos Fallas, defense counsel for [Name 041], is granted, as well as the second section point D), and the third section point A), of the appeal against the judgment filed by the accused [Name 033], in a personal capacity.
VI.Consequences of the foregoing ruling. Although the defects described above (the illegality of the opportunity criterion granted to [Name 064] and, therefore, of the statement he gave at trial, as well as the violation of the rules of sound criticism in the assessment of that account) are formal or procedural in nature, this court considers it unnecessary to order a remand. This is because, having conducted an exhaustive investigation, no possibility is foreseen that in a potential new trial other evidentiary elements additional to those already existing could be legitimately incorporated, and, to that extent, there is also no impediment for the undersigned to proceed to directly resolve what is appropriate in accordance with the provisions of Article 465 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Código Procesal Penal), determining, through the analysis of the remaining evidence after hypothetically suppressing the aforementioned statement, which facts that the trial court has deemed proven remain unscathed.
This is a solution that, although it may be atypical in the case of procedural errors, can be adopted in consideration of the principle of swift and complete justice, since it makes no sense to prolong the process when there are sufficient reasons to believe that the state of affairs will not change (in that regard, consult rulings of the Third Chamber numbers 827-F-96, of 12:35 p.m. on December 23, 1996, and 1173-1997 of 9:30 a.m. on October 31, 1997). This being the case, the following will proceed to conduct that study for each of the accused.
Derecho Penal. Parte Especial. Buenos Aires, Editorial Astrea, Volume II, 1st reprint of the 6th edition, 1998, pp. 272 and 273). In the case of [Nombre 001], between both typical conducts, the second has been found to be configured, since as indicated above, he accepted a promise of economic retribution in exchange for executing—a future act—the necessary actions so that [Nombre 091] would be favored in the 400,000 GSM lines project. Clarifying the foregoing is fundamental, since as has been found proven, [Nombre 001] received the funds coming from [Nombre 060] after the award of the contract. If the award had already occurred, it is not plausible to maintain that [Nombre 001] received a gift in exchange for favoring [Nombre 091]—a future action—in that award and, therefore, the other scenario contemplated in the criminal statute (namely, receiving the retribution in exchange for undertaking to perform a future act, proper to his duties) is completely excluded.
Having thus discarded the hypothesis of receiving the gift, we focus on the one that was accused and found proven, namely, that this defendant accepted a promise of a gift prior to that award to favor [Nombre 091] therein. In this case, the conviction requires the verification of a series of core elements of the criminal statute, namely, the promise of a gift, its content—the act proper to one's duties in exchange for which the promise is made—and its acceptance. As explained in the judgment, from folios 15,894 to 15,980 front of volume XXXIII, as well as in the general sections thereof, referring to the general framework surrounding the contracting of the 400,000 GSM cellular lines (f. 15,512 front and following), what was set forth in relation to the alleged corruptors, their identification, the criminal planning, the signing of the consultancy contracts by [Nombre 058] and [Nombre 114] and the channeling of the monies for the payment of gifts and their distribution (f. 15,572 front and following), to find the promise made to [Nombre 001] (and accepted by him) proven, the following was considered: i) [Nombre 001] began working at ICE at the end of the year 2000—which even the defense accepted in conclusions, f. 15,895, volume XXXIII—with the employment relationship being formalized in January 2001. [Nombre 001] was in charge of the abbreviated process 1-2001, corresponding to the 400,000 cellular lines.
He was the project coordinator and the one who had a relationship with the supplying company; ii) [Nombre 001] admitted before the media having received monies from [Nombre 091]; iii) In the evidence, there are three notes prepared on paper with the letterhead of [Nombre 058]. In the first, dated November 22, 2000, sent by [Nombre 098] to [Nombre 041]—which the court of first instance understands are [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 098]—it is stated that steps are being taken so that [Nombre 001], recently appointed by [Nombre 095], will be [Nombre 091]'s interlocutor in the negotiations regarding the new expansions, since he is a person with whom progress can be made because he is more political and, due to his recent appointment, is not contaminated by the influences affecting the traditional administration. In the second, dated November 23, 2000, and which is a continuation of the previous one, it is stated that they succeeded in having [Nombre 001] take the lead in the negotiation from now on and that, consequently, a more flexible position can be expected from the ICE negotiating group.
Finally, in the note of November 29, 2000, reference is made to the possible refusal of the Contraloría to accept [Nombre 095]'s proposal to contract with all suppliers, which, according to the note, was [Nombre 095]'s idea to avoid objections, but which in any case also allowed keeping at bay the intention to expand the then-current system, accelerate the publication of the new tender for GSM, and therefore keep [Nombre 091]'s fighting capacity alive (all these notes, as verified by this appellate court, are visible in evidence No. 686, called “Expediente principal de la causa Número 04-7810-0647-PE”, folios 295, 298, and 299 front); iv) [Nombre 041] invited [Nombre 001] to lunch on November 29, 2000; v) in internal note PE-0102-P of February 22, 2002, sent by the executive presidency of ICE to the different strategic business units, they are informed that for the abbreviated contracting process of the 400,000 lines, a commission coordinated by [Nombre 001] was appointed, which would be in charge of the study and award of the project (study of offers, answering clarifications, evaluation in all aspects, recommendation of award, consultation and resolution of possible appeals, etcetera, work that would conclude when the contract was endorsed), a commission that would report to a high-level body composed of [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122], and [Nombre 068].
These are communications that, despite being for internal use at ICE, were sent to [Nombre 041], who kept abreast of what was happening at ICE with the 400,000-line project, especially the functions assigned to [Nombre 001], with which he was highly pleased. According to the court, the appointment of [Nombre 001] was also part of the plan devised by [Nombre 041] (f. 15,902 front); vi) even though, indeed, [Nombre 001] did not have the final say on the project, as was the case with the members of the board of directors (e.g., [Nombre 022], [Nombre 064], and [Nombre 068]; the second accepted having received gifts from [Nombre 091] and the last was convicted for facts of a similar nature), for this company it was essential to count on the project coordinator, thus guaranteeing that he would act in its favor. We are speaking of the person who had access to all information and whose opinion also carried great weight with officials such as [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122], and [Nombre 068], who ultimately made the decision and brought it to the board of directors.
It is important to remember, the ruling indicates, that [Nombre 068], like [Nombre 105], were convicted for the commission of crimes related to the offering and receipt of gifts coming from [Nombre 091]; vii) for the court, even before his appointment as assistant in the executive presidency of ICE and later as coordinator of the 400,000-line project, [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028] knew [Nombre 001] as a more political person, with whom progress could be made, hence he was the right person for the proposed plan. Therefore, once he assumed the position of coordinator, in accordance with his duties, [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] promised him the payment of a gift in exchange for carrying out the necessary actions within the scope of his duties to make the contracting effective, favoring the interests of [Nombre 091]; viii) the court considered that the appointment of [Nombre 001] took place in November 2000, when the concern about migrating to GSM technology was already within the board of directors, which, coupled with the conflicts that arose between [Nombre 091] and ICE that were extensively explained in the judgment, made it necessary to have supporters for [Nombre 091]'s cause, a purpose achieved by promising gifts to [Nombre 022], [Nombre 064], [Nombre 068], and [Nombre 001] himself.
The lower court also revisited the topic of the so-called “action proposal” by [Nombre 124], in the sense that an approach between the company and people from different fields and factions—business, religious, and political—was advisable, a suggestion that [Nombre 041] took as the representative of [Nombre 091] in Costa Rica to carry out a plan that included an approach to [Nombre 001] and to other defendants in this process; ix) finally, the existence of abundant evidence allowing it to be demonstrated with certainty that [Nombre 001] received and disposed of the gifts coming from [Nombre 060] was considered. In addition to the foregoing, when examining the situation of [Nombre 022], the trial court cited other indications that, in its understanding, also compromise [Nombre 001], namely: x) a communication from [Nombre 126], dated February 17, 2005, where it is recorded that [Nombre 091] began relations with this company in January 2000 and that, according to its records, [Nombre 105], [Nombre 064], [Nombre 001], and [Nombre 022] used its services, which allows the conclusion that three of the people favored with the trips were ICE officials, trips that occurred after the endorsement of the 400,000-line contract and therefore are not unrelated to this matter (f. 15,845 and 15,846 front, volume XXXII); xi) the promise of a gift is also proven through the statement of [Nombre 064].
This, the trial court says, is plausible, because despite some differences with his previous accounts, he has remained the same on the relevant points. According to [Nombre 064], [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] offered him a reward if he helped in three areas, namely, migration to GSM, use of a tender or public contest, and a favorable vote for [Nombre 091]. The court says that if this was a constant practice, it is not strange that they approached other officials such as [Nombre 022] or [Nombre 001] (f. 15,862 to 15,864 front, volume XXXII). Hypothetical mental suppression exercise of [Nombre 064]'s statement and examination of the remaining indications in accordance with the rules of sound criticism: As attorney Greysa Barrientos Núñez pointed out in the oral hearing held on this matter, there is no doubt that [Nombre 091]'s representatives believed that the company was being excluded from the mobile telephony market and that they designed a plan to achieve a position in that field.
As is correctly explained in the judgment, ICE took its first steps with TDMA technology, which is a captive technology, since network expansions could only be made with equipment produced by the same companies that offered that technology and which, in the case of our country, were Lucent Tecnologías de Costa Rica S.A. and Ericsson, companies that were contracted by ICE under the modality of direct purchases, which prevented other companies from having access to that market, e.g., [Nombre 091], a company that supplied ICE with equipment for fixed telephony, with [Nombre 091] also offering GSM technology equipment (cf. folios 15,540 and 15,541 front, volume XXXII). Based on the testimony of several deponents (e.g., [Nombre 095], [Nombre 128], [Nombre 132], among others), the appealed ruling concluded that by the years 1999 and 2000, GSM technology was establishing itself in the world; that in 1999 there was a “tense” relationship between [Nombre 091] and ICE, and that during the year 2000, [Nombre 091] fought to be one more competitor in the mobile telephony market.
This company, in addition to explaining to the ICE board of directors the benefits of migrating to GSM technology (apparently with little success, because although those benefits were admitted, direct contracting continued, some of which [Nombre 091] also questioned, e.g., the direct contracting of 100,000 lines in the year 2000, f. 15,563, volume XXXII), designed an entire strategy that implied making the matter a topic of public domain and national interest, which is why it contacted people from different fields, e.g., legislators, opinion makers, politicians, media, and public oversight bodies (e.g., the Contraloría General de la República), among others, in order to denounce what they considered practices lacking in transparency, and as a result of these actions, the majority vote indicates, [Nombre 095], on October 6, 2000, publicly announced the migration to GSM technology, which in any case occurred a few months later (cf. 15,540 to 15,572 front, volume XXXII).
Likewise, there is no doubt that several public officials received sums of money from the aforementioned company, under similar circumstances of manner and time. This, however, is not sufficient to find it proven, as the appealed majority vote did, with a degree of certainty and not of probability, that the payments made some time after the award were the product of a promise of retribution made previously and accepted by [Nombre 001], in exchange for him executing acts proper to his position to favor [Nombre 091] with the 400,000-line contract. According to the appealed judgment, the appointment of [Nombre 001] was part of the corruptor plan. However, upon examining the matter, it is easily determined that this conclusion does not derive from the evidence and that, therefore, it violates the rules of sound criticism. The designation of [Nombre 001] was made by [Nombre 095], a person who was never involved in the criminal scheme.
Moreover, as [Nombre 095] explained, what he intended with that designation was to have a person more willing to engage in dialogue, who would allow the recovery of peace after the events that occurred with the so-called "combo eléctrico". Thus, [Nombre 095] indicated: “I directly appointed [Nombre 001] myself. He arrived at the institution as a specialist in conflict resolution and helped greatly in the process of recovering labor peace following the events that occurred with the 'combo eléctrico'. [Nombre 001] arrived very close to my arrival at ICE, part of the problem the institution had at that time was satisfying electrical service and telecommunications. I met [Nombre 001] at the National University, in the School of Planning; he introduced himself, described his characteristics and skills, and I believed he could help us recover social peace in the institution. I did not ask for references for him; the interview was enough for me.
It seemed to me that he had a great capacity for conflict resolution, listening to positions, and providing solutions to conflicts, and that is what he demonstrated. I was looking to rescue labor peace in the institution and that is why [Nombre 001] seemed good to me. I did not know if he had knowledge of telecommunications; he was an advisor to the Executive Presidency, he coordinated meetings with the different union groups, and perceived the concerns of those groups.” (F. 14,712 front, volume XXX). The same court recognized that it was [Nombre 095] who brought [Nombre 001] to work at the institution in the last months of the year 2000, with his designation as Executive Assistant in the Executive Presidency being formalized in January 2001 (f. 15,894 to 15,896, volume XXXIII). For all the foregoing reasons, the majority vote errs in stating that even before his appointment and later as coordinator of the 400,000-line project, [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028] knew [Nombre 001] as a more political person and, therefore, suitable for the proposed plan, to the point of asserting that the designation of this public official was part of the strategy followed by the corruptors.
On the other hand, although—indeed—[Nombre 001] was the person in charge of abbreviated process 1-2001 corresponding to the 400,000 cellular lines, it is important to note that this originated in the year 2001, not out of interest from ICE or its leaders, but because the Contraloría General de la República so proposed, with the additional fact that this circumstance does not demonstrate that a promise of economic retribution was made to him at the end of 2000 or the beginning of 2001, as the trial court asserted. This is also not derived from the lunch [Nombre 041] had with [Nombre 001] on November 29, 2000, or from the contacts that existed between the aforementioned public official and the employees of [Nombre 091], since as the same court accepted and was demonstrated with abundant evidence, which even documents the abuses by public officials who requested privileges from supplying companies for a long time (e.g., the case of [Nombre 022]), that type of meeting was frequent (f. 16,112 front, volume XXXIII).
Continuing along this line of thought, it is also clear that [Nombre 001] accepted before a national television channel having received money from [Nombre 091]; however, he never explained for what concept. Thus, the only thing that can be derived from the cited evidence is the acceptance of the money, which, it is not omitted to indicate, was also proven through abundant documentary evidence; however, it is not an indication from which it can be derived, as a certain fact, that a promise of retribution prior to the award was made to [Nombre 001]. The same can be pointed out regarding the notes examined in the judgment and mentioned above. From the first one, dated November 22, 2000, what is inferred is that the appointment of [Nombre 001] was the responsibility of [Nombre 095], with which, it is reiterated, it could not be affirmed that the cited designation was also part of the criminal plan.
Moreover, what that note indicates is that the designation sought to accelerate things in ICE's expansion plans, both in fixed and cellular telephony, and that negotiations were underway for [Nombre 001] to be [Nombre 091]'s interlocutor in the negotiations on new expansions, since being a “more political” person and due to his recent appointment, he would not be contaminated by “the influences affecting the traditional administration,” hence it would be possible to make more progress. As can be observed, it is a note that merely alludes to the characteristics of [Nombre 001] as a negotiator, even favorable to the defendant's interests to the extent that he is considered free from influences, and from which, moreover, it is not inferred, even remotely, that there existed a promise of economic retribution, or that it is at least a public official who was willing to lend cooperation to the company regarding the contract so often mentioned, especially considering that the analyzed evidence mentions both fixed and cellular telephony.
As if the foregoing were not enough, it must be taken into account that by November 22, 2000, the 400,000-line contract had not yet come into legal existence and that, therefore, [Nombre 001] had not been designated as the person in charge of the execution of the project. The same applies in relation to the note dated November 23, 2000, which simply states that [Nombre 001] will be the one to lead the negotiation with [Nombre 091] and speaks of direct contracting with that company, aspects that do not contribute to the proof of the prior promise in relation to the 400,000-line contract, or to the proof of the content of that promise. Finally, regarding the note of November 29, 2000, we speak of a missive in which “[Nombre 098]” (we understand, [Nombre 098]), communicates to “[Nombre 041]” ([Nombre 041]) the following: 1.- that the idea of including all suppliers has been successfully introduced and that “[Nombre 095]” (this chamber understands, [Nombre 095]) believes he can convince the Contraloría to approve a scheme that allows contracting with everyone, thus avoiding objections; 2.- that although he ([Nombre 098]) thinks this will not be possible, he recognizes that this manages to keep at bay the intention to expand the current system, accelerate the publication of the new tender in GSM technology, and maintain [Nombre 091]'s fighting capacity; 3.- that [Nombre 001] told him that the Swedes (understood, Ericsson) are very hurt at having lost control of things and are not willing to cede supremacy in the metropolitan area to [Nombre 091]; 4.- that [Nombre 091] must not cede anything it has achieved, that Siemens and Nortel are entering the scheme thanks to [Nombre 091]'s effort, and that ICE knows it cannot move forward without this company's consent.
This is a note that also does not allow one to glimpse the making of a promise to [Nombre 001] in exchange for carrying out the necessary actions within the scope of his duties to make the contracting of the 400,000 lines effective by favoring [Nombre 091]. At most, it confirms that [Nombre 001] had spoken with [Nombre 098] by November 2000, a date on which—it is reiterated—neither had the 400,000-line contract come into legal existence, nor had the defendant been designated as the person in charge of its execution. The lower court says in its majority vote that another indication against [Nombre 001] is that the same promise was made to other public officials and that they accepted monies from [Nombre 091]. In this regard, note that although—indeed—there is evidence that allows categorically establishing that [Nombre 001], like other defendants, received monies originating from that company, there is no evidence to find it proven, at least not with a degree of certainty, that a promise of a gift existed prior to the award, to the point that it is not plausible to discard other hypotheses, for example, that without a prior promise existing, [Nombre 001] accepted the economic retribution for a completed act, or that it was he who induced [Nombre 091]'s representatives to give or promise him an economic retribution.
For the undersigned, only by considering the statement of [Nombre 064], who was explicit regarding the matter, could it be held that other public officials received promises of a gift and, to that extent, make the lower court's conclusion reasonable, in the sense that [Nombre 001] also received one. Suppressing this statement, what remains regarding this point is a judgment handed down against [Nombre 068]; however, from this, a judgment of certainty that [Nombre 001] received the cited promise cannot be derived either, since the resolution referred to was handed down in the context of an abbreviated procedure, where the defendant—[Nombre 068]—limited himself to accepting the attributed facts and the agreed sanction (cf. evidence No. 747, file called Copia certificada de la sentencia Nº 586-07 Expediente 06-000045-621-PE Delito corrupción agravada, contra [Nombre 068]). Although indeed, in that judgment it is found proven that [Nombre 105], with the collaboration of [Nombre 046], offered [Nombre 068] a promise of a gift in exchange for voting in favor of the company [Nombre 091] in the tender for the 400,000 lines, a promise that [Nombre 068] accepted, this does not allow it to be found proven that the same promise was made to [Nombre 001], since the acceptance that [Nombre 068] made of those facts is personal in nature and, moreover, formal, being a requirement for the abbreviated procedure to be applicable, with which its evidentiary significance, at least for what concerns this process, is quite limited, arguments that are precisely the same ones that can be set forth in relation to the conviction judgment No. 260-09, handed down against [Nombre 105] for the crime of corruption of the corruptor, judgments that the appealed ruling itself acknowledges have only been considered “…in relation to those who submitted to such procedures and solely with the type of crime for which they were convicted, the sanction, parties, and eventual reparations or other merely referential data, without the proven facts and other content being valued in any case.” (F. 15,767 and 15,768 front, volume XXXII).
Furthermore, as stated in the aforementioned resolution, [Nombre 068] received an offer from [Nombre 105] and from [Nombre 046] himself, while in the case of the other defendants, among whom [Nombre 001] is included, the making of the promises is attributed to other characters, specifically, to [Nombre 078] or to [Nombre 041], with which it could not be affirmed either that they are identical situations, for the purpose of assigning a value to that judgment that it does not have. Regarding the so-called route of action prepared by [Nombre 124], the first thing that must be indicated is that this document does not contemplate the realization of criminal acts, but only the need for [Nombre 091] to garner support in different fields of national life (business sector, Catholic Church, political parties, etc.). Moreover, it is also not reasonably derived from it that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] made a promise of a gift to [Nombre 001].
As has been noted, there is no doubt that [Nombre 001] illegitimately increased his wealth and that he made a series of transactions aimed at distancing the received funds both from their origin and from his person (which is one more element to confirm that he knew the irregular nature of those funds); however, to declare him the responsible perpetrator of the crime of improper bribery in its modality of aggravated corruption, it is not enough to find the foregoing proven; it is not even enough to find it proven that the money he received from [Nombre 091] had some relationship to the matter of the 400,000 lines. Rather, it was indispensable to prove that [Nombre 001], prior to the award, accepted a promise of economic retribution in exchange for carrying out the necessary actions within the scope of his duties to make the 400,000-line contract effective by favoring [Nombre 091], which logically also implies conclusively discarding other equally admissible hypotheses, for example, that without the aforementioned promise, he accepted the sums that were transferred to him for acts performed in his capacity as a public official, or that it was he who induced [Nombre 041] to give or promise him the cited economic retribution, which, in addition to not having been discarded, was also not part of the accusation.
Following this analysis, the court indicates that evidence No. 75, folios 324 and 325, note PE-0102-P of February 22, 2002, is important because despite being for internal use at ICE, it was sent to [Nombre 041] and to the company [Nombre 091] in France, which allows corroborating that he was aware of what was happening regarding the 400,000-line GSM technology project and of the functions that had been assigned to [Nombre 001] as project coordinator. It is even asserted, based on that evidence, that the appointment of [Nombre 001] to that position was part of the plan devised by [Nombre 041]. The errors in this reasoning are obvious. As already indicated, the appointment of [Nombre 001] was not the prerogative of [Nombre 078], of [Nombre 041], or of [Nombre 028]. Moreover, it is unknown who sent that internal note to [Nombre 041] and to [Nombre 137]. Finally, but no less important, it must be highlighted that the evidence in question also adds nothing to the issue of the prior promise, since it only mentions the members of the commission that would be in charge of the 400,000-line project and those of the high-level commission on which that working group would directly depend, composed—the high-level one—of [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122], and [Nombre 068].
That is, as is established without any effort and the same lower court acknowledges in the appealed judgment, [Nombre 001] did not have the final say on the project, since there was another working group overseeing the matter—the so-called high-level commission—and, of course, the board of directors of the institution itself, making it a speculation by the trial court to conclude that, despite this, the corruptors practically "designated" [Nombre 001] as part of the criminal plan and that he was essential since, in addition to access to information, he carried "weight" with officials such as [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122], and [Nombre 068].
Similarly, the finding of the lower court in proven fact No. 132 is entirely unfounded, namely, that [Nombre 001] fulfilled the agreed actions and that once he “managed,” together with other ICE officials, to open the bidding process for the purchase of cellular telephony and the award of the contract for the 400,000 GSM lines to [Nombre 091], he received the promised gift; the foregoing because [Nombre 001] was a middle manager who lacked the decision-making power regarding the aforementioned matter; because the contract for the 400,000 lines (abbreviated bidding process 1-2001) arose within the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) and not within ICE, which until then had opted for direct contracting; and, finally, because [Nombre 091] was legitimately awarded the contract, after meeting all the requirements and having been recommended in the respective studies, and not because of the particular actions of [Nombre 001] (who, it is reiterated, did not have the power to open the bidding process or award the contract), or of any other defendant.
In fact, the judgment itself states: “In the minutes of the ICE Board of Directors session No. 5326 of August 28, 2001, on folios 4191 to 4215 (exhibit No. 2), it is recorded that the date for receiving offers in relation to Abbreviated Process 01-2001 for the acquisition of 400,000 wireless telephone solutions in the 1800 Mhz band with GSM technology was set for July 20, 2001, and that only two bidders appeared: Consorcio Ericsson II and the joint offer between [Nombre 060] and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE). It is also evident from the cited minutes that the offer submitted by Consorcio Ericsson II had technical defects for which it was disqualified, while the offer jointly submitted by [Nombre 060] and BCIE met all the requirements of the bid specifications, so it was unanimously agreed to award Abbreviated Bidding Procedure 01-2001 for the lease with option to purchase of the necessary equipment for ICE to provide 400,000 integrated wireless telephone solutions with GSM technology in the 1800 Mhz band, plus the associated services and components, to the joint offer submitted by [Nombre 060] and BCIE.
Regarding the award matter, witnesses [Nombre 095], Executive President of ICE, [Nombre 287], and [Nombre 195], President and Directors of ICE at that same time, coincidentally declared that the winner of the 400,000-line bidding process was the company [Nombre 091], which was decided unanimously, based on the result of a study analysis by various interdisciplinary sectors of the institution, all of whom recommended awarding the bid to said company. When witness [Nombre 095] was shown the minutes of ICE Board of Directors Session No. 5326, folios 3533 to 3557 of Volume IX (exhibit No. 3), he stated that he recognized that document and that the Board’s decision was unanimous to grant that tender to [Nombre 091]. He finally declared that with the award of those 400,000 lines, the demand for mobile lines was largely resolved, that he does not know if it generated a surplus for ICE, but that the negotiation was positive and justified the need to migrate to GSM technology based on the need to provide new and better services to the user with new technologies, a point on which the former executives [Nombre 287] and [Nombre 195] also agreed.
The company Ericsson, dissatisfied with the award of the 400,000-line tender and the disqualification it had received, proceeded to file an appeal against the decision of the ICE Board of Directors, which it filed with the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic on September 14, 2001, according to the received stamp on the appeal, which is recorded in field 5C of exhibit No. 640, folios 2357 to 2297. The cited appeal was declared without merit by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic on December 17, 1991, according to resolution R.C.N. 796-2001, visible on folios 3303 to 3219 of field 7C of documentary exhibit No. 640. Exhibit No. 640 contains a certified copy of the complete administrative file of Abbreviated Bidding Procedure No. 01-2001…” (The transcription is literal, f. 15,570 and 15,571 recto, volume XXXII, the underlining is not from the original). In short, the licit evidence analyzed comprehensively is insufficient to consider the crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery as configured.
Without the statement of [Nombre 064] as a guiding thread, the only thing left is a series of ambiguous (anfibológicos) indications regarding the promise of economic remuneration that, according to the accusation, [Nombre 041] extended to [Nombre 001] in relation to the 400,000-line project. This conclusion does not change if one considers, as already explained, the convictions rendered against [Nombre 068] and [Nombre 105], since in these, only a personal and formal acceptance of charges is observed, which in no way is sufficient to establish the cited judgment of certainty. Even if, from the position that [Nombre 001] held at ICE, we can infer with a high degree of probability that the economic remuneration he received had some relation to the matter of the 400,000 lines, without the testimony of the cooperating defendant, it cannot be asserted with certainty that there was a prior promise and, even less so, that the delivery of the gift was conditioned on the effective award of the offer that [Nombre 091] would present to ICE, as the lower court asserts in proven fact number 131 (f. 15,455 recto).
Without that statement, it must be insisted, other factual hypotheses that were not the subject of the accusation cannot be ruled out, e.g., that the economic remuneration admitted by [Nombre 001] was granted to him without a prior promise, for an act performed in his capacity as a public official (just as [Nombre 064] had originally stated), or even that it was [Nombre 001] who forced or induced the representatives of [Nombre 091] to give or promise him a specific patrimonial benefit, or that, if a prior promise existed, it had a different content. Continuing along this line of thought, it is important to note that, although [Nombre 041] admitted to [Nombre 116] having paid public officials, among them [Nombre 001], he never admitted having made a prior promise in exchange for [Nombre 091] obtaining the 400,000-line contract. Quite the contrary, what [Nombre 116] describes is that, according to a draft statement sent by [Nombre 041], he indicated that it was [Nombre 064] and other public officials who asked him for bonuses for having helped in opening public tenders instead of direct contracting (f. 15,157 recto, volume XXXI).
While it is true that, according to the same witness, at the meeting held, [Nombre 041] did not mention this circumstance (cf. same folio), what was indicated in the aforementioned draft (which is introduced into the debate through the testimony of [Nombre 116]) contributes to the doubts that the undersigned have as to whether the promise of a gift prior to the award actually took place. Regarding the communication from [Nombre 126], in which it is indicated that this agency invoiced against [Nombre 091], on April 24, 2002, and in the name of [Nombre 001], the amount corresponding to “Visa to Cuba and cancellation of reservation” (cf. f. 1771, volume V, which we have had in view), note that, contrary to what the court indicates, it does not follow from this that the promise of a gift existed. Just as with the money that [Nombre 001] received, the economic advantage provided through Sertur was admitted after the award of the 400,000 lines and, although it can be presumed that it is related to that matter, it cannot be ruled out that it was received as remuneration for an act performed without a prior promise, or that it was requested by the same public official.
Finally, it is important to add that although when examining the particular case of [Nombre 001], the trial court did not make a lengthy mention of the statement of [Nombre 064], from a comprehensive reading of the judgment and what was said regarding [Nombre 022], it is clear that this statement played a fundamental role in both cases, to the extreme that despite [Nombre 064] stating that he was unaware if other public officials had received similar promises, the lower court used that evidence to conclude that this is what happened, a conclusion that this chamber cannot endorse at this procedural stage, since, as has been indicated, the account of the cooperating defendant, in addition to being illegal, is implausible. This being the case, and having ruled out, because it is impossible to prove, that a promise of a gift was made to [Nombre 001], what must be analyzed is whether it is possible to consider another crime as configured, specifically, that of illicit enrichment.
In the first instance, it must be pointed out that this is a residual crime compared to other more complex ones, so there is no impediment to applying the basic figure if these cannot be proven (e.g., improper or proper bribery, the acceptance of gifts for an act performed, graft (concusión), etc.), provided that its elements have been included in the accusation formulated by the requesting body and have been taken as proven in the judgment. The answer to this question is negative. The criminal type of illicit enrichment provided for in numeral 346, subsection
By way of example, the court recalls that in 1998, [Name 091] maintained ties with ICE and made an offer to donate GSM-PCS equipment for 2000 terminals, an offer that was accepted (folio 15,861). It is for this reason that the representatives of [Name 060] chose to promise and later deliver a gift (dádiva) to [Name 022]. ii) A second piece of evidence considered by the trial court regarding the promise was the statement of [Name 064]. According to the a quo, this “witness” not only spoke of the promise of a gift (dádiva) made to him by [Name 041] and [Name 078] in exchange for helping to materialize the migration to GSM technology, for ensuring that the purchase of material or equipment was done through public tender or bidding (concurso público o licitación), and for voting in favor of [Name 091]. He also said that the corruptors mentioned to him that they extended courtesies to the people who helped them.
This statement also confirmed the situation that [Name 091] faced before the 400,000-line contract, which was described supra. iii) The route of action prepared by [Name 124] is a third element for considering the promise of economic retribution to have been demonstrated. It speaks of a plan aimed at addressing the problems of [Name 091] with ICE, which involved approaches to the business sector, the Catholic church, and the political sector. In that document, the need is mentioned to gather the support of at least three deputies, a presidential candidate, two members of the board of Liberación Nacional, and a former president (Exhibit No. 686). According to the appealed judgment, “This document, without a doubt, evidences the urgency and need that [Name 091] had, in the person of the co-defendant [Name 041], to exhaust all social and, above all, political avenues so that its offer regarding GSM technology would be the one accepted by ICE.
Let us recall the disagreement of said company with ICE’s administrative policies on contracting matters.” (F. 15,864, volume XXXII). As can be extracted from the foregoing, after hypothetically suppressing the statement of the cooperating defendant, we are left with only two indications (indicios) (namely, the route of action proposed by [Name 124] and the unease experienced by the officials of the company [Name 091] due to its exclusion from the mobile telephone market), which are clearly insufficient to confirm the judgment insofar as it considered the promise of economic retribution to [Name 022] to have been demonstrated. This conclusion does not change if these two indications (indicios) are analyzed together with those mentioned previously (e.g., the longstanding relationship of trust between this defendant and the representatives of [Name 091]; the sending of envelopes whose content is unknown; and, of course, the receipt of funds after the award), since although from this whole picture it is plausible to extract with a high degree of probability that there was a promise of economic retribution, or at the very least, that the funds received had some link to the 400,000-line contract, this cannot be affirmed with absolute certainty, to the point that other possibilities can be admitted which have been repeatedly mentioned and which, moreover, were not charged by the requesting body, at least in a subsidiary manner.
As occurred with [Name 001], this chamber has no doubt that [Name 022] irregularly increased his assets thanks to the gifts (dádivas) from the cited company, and that there was no legitimate reason to support proceeding in this manner; however, this does not permit the promise of economic retribution charged by the Public Prosecutor’s Office to be considered demonstrated, insofar as the indications (indicios) remaining after the exclusion of [Name 064]'s testimony, although plural and independent, do not lead to the conclusion that the promise took place. Indeed, in the case of circumstantial evidence (prueba indiciaria), the consequence fact or presumed fact (in this case, the promise and its acceptance by the defendant) must be extracted from the indications (indicios) in an immediate, reasonable, natural manner, if you will, which does not occur here, since these elements do not converge into a single conclusion that simultaneously excludes other options that were not contemplated, for example, that the content of the promise was something else; that it was an acceptance of gifts (dádivas) for a completed act, without a prior promise, or even that it was the public officials who induced the payment of the gifts (dádivas), which in the case of [Name 022] would also not be unusual, since as was demonstrated, he was prone to requesting all kinds of advantages of economic content from the officials of [Name 091].
Finally, it is important to add that from the judgment rendered against [Name 068] (Exhibit No. 747), a judgment of certainty cannot be derived either that [Name 022] was extended a promise of economic retribution related to the 400,000-line contract, since the aforementioned resolution was rendered in the context of an abbreviated procedure, where [Name 068]'s acceptance of the facts had a personal and formal character, and to that extent, little evidentiary significance can be given to it with respect to this case. This is an argument that can also be applied to the conviction rendered against [Name 105], with identical results. Added to this, as indicated when examining the situation of [Name 001], the offer that [Name 068] received was extended by [Name 105] and [Name 046] himself, whereas in the case of [Name 022], it was attributed to other persons, namely, [Name 078] and [Name 041], whereby we also cannot assert that the factual platforms are identical, to the point of logically deriving from one what is affirmed in relation to the other.
Finally, as the appealed judgment well recognizes, from the analyzed board of directors minutes, no particularly striking action by [Name 022] in favor of [Name 091] is evident either; hence, it is not evidence whose consideration modifies what this sentence appeals court has affirmed. In sum, for the undersigned, without the testimony of [Name 064], what can be established is that [Name 022] received gifts (dádivas) from [Name 091] before the facts investigated here—which was not charged—and that he also accepted them after the award of the 400,000 lines, notwithstanding which it cannot be assured, at least not with certainty, that those funds were destined to fulfill a promise made to him months earlier and that he accepted, aimed at his acting for the benefit of [Name 091] on very specific points: technology migration, promotion of public tenders or bidding processes (licitaciones o concursos públicos), and a favorable vote regarding the 400,000-line contract.
Finally, it must be reiterated that although [Name 041] admitted before [Name 116] to having paid public officials, he never referred to having made a promise in that sense to [Name 022]. At the risk of incurring unnecessary reiterations, it should be noted that—according to [Name 116]—in a draft statement sent by [Name 041], he indicated that it was [Name 064] and other public officials who requested the rewards from him for having helped in opening public bidding processes (licitaciones públicas) instead of direct contracting (f. 15,157 front, volume XXXI). Although the witness also stated that in the meeting they held with [Name 041], he did not say the foregoing (cf. same folio), what was set forth in the cited draft allows increasing the existing doubts about whether, before the award, a promise of a gift (dádiva) with specific content and purpose had been made, and whether it had been accepted by [Name 022].
In summary, after excluding the illicit evidence and examining the remainder, this court concludes that from this, it is not reasonably extracted that there was a prior promise of a gift (dádiva), whereby the circumstances that would allow the crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery (cohecho impropio) to be considered configured cannot be held as demonstrated. Thus, what is appropriate is to assess whether the facts that remain unscathed can be considered constitutive of another crime, which is ruled out in advance. As has been pointed out, the accusation formulated by the requesting body did not consider other possibilities, namely, that the gifts (dádivas) were received without a prior promise, for a completed act; that they were required or solicited by the public officials; or that, having been promised previously, they had other content. After discarding the prior promise in relation to the 400,000-line contract, the only thing that can be considered demonstrated is that [Name 022] admitted—understand received—the economic advantages that were given to him, conduct that cannot even be subsumed under the criminal offense of illicit enrichment.
As explained before, in the case of the admission of gifts (dádivas) given in consideration of the public official’s position, it is indispensable that the conduct takes place while the active subject remains in the exercise of the office. Now, as extracted from the proven facts (specifically numbers 115 and 118 to 126), [Name 022] was a director of ICE until May 31, 2002, whereas the gifts (dádivas) were given to him from October 2002 to May 2004. Therefore, [Name 022]'s conduct, with regard to the crime of illicit enrichment, would be atypical. It is important to emphasize that in this case, the scenario of admission of an offered gift (dádiva) that the criminal offense of illicit enrichment also contemplates cannot be applied, since it could not be demonstrated that while [Name 022] remained in his position and on the occasion of it, a gift (dádiva) was offered to him that he accepted, which would have sufficed to consider the crime configured and, consequently, would have made irrelevant the moment at which the economic advantage was materially received.
Furthermore, it is held that the criminal action to prosecute the crime of illicit enrichment would be time-barred. This crime is punishable by a prison sentence of 6 months to 2 years. Therefore, its statute of limitations (plazo de prescripción) is 3 years and was reduced to 18 months with the first formal accusation (Articles 31 a) and 33 subsection a) C.P.P.), a procedural act that occurred on October 1, 2004 (f. 146 to 161 front, volume I). That is, the 18-month period expired on April 1, 2006, and by then, no procedural act had occurred that, by legal provision, had the virtue of interrupting or suspending its count. Moreover, as explained when examining the situation of [Name 001], a section to which the parties must refer to avoid unnecessary reiterations, this conclusion is not modified if what is set forth in Article 376 C.P.P. is considered, especially the interpretation that the Third Chamber made of this norm, since on the date on which the resolution declaring this case to be of complex processing became final (namely, June 26, 2006), the criminal action was already time-barred.
Likewise, Article 62 of Law No. 8422, Law against corruption and illicit enrichment in public office, is not applicable in the particular case of [Name 022] either, since this provision entered into force on October 29, 2004, that is, after the defendant rendered his investigative statement (declaración indagatoria) and the interrupting and reducing effects on the computation of the statute of limitations period operated simultaneously. For the foregoing reasons, the appealed judgment is annulled insofar as it declared [Name 022] to be the responsible perpetrator of a crime of aggravated corruption in the modality of improper bribery (cohecho impropio). Likewise, for procedural economy and in application of the principle in dubio pro reo, he is acquitted of all penalty and responsibility for this crime. As it is unnecessary, a ruling on the cassation appeals (recursos de casación) filed by his public defender, Licenciada Yamura Valenciano Jiménez, is omitted.
In this one, [Name 006] was in charge of the acceptance tests; (iv) contract No. 108213 for the expansion of [Name 091] 1000 - E10 exchanges, awarded in session No. 5294 of May 9, 2001. [Name 006] was co-administrator of the contract; (v) contract No. 112346, execution of the purchase option for the intelligent network, awarded in session No. 5375 of February 12, 2002; (vi) contract No. 112765, expansion of the [Name 091] exchanges, awarded in session No. 5404 of May 14, 2002. [Name 006] was the administrator of this contract. The evidence of the foregoing is documentary in nature and is mentioned on pages 16,257 and 16,258 recto of the judgment. ii) By reason of the administration of the contracts, [Name 006] had a close relationship with the representatives of [Name 091], a matter also attested to by witnesses such as [Name 153] and [Name 156]. iii) Based on that same testimony and documentary evidence No. 344, it was established that [Name 006], as head of the switching department of ICE, had, among other functions, to determine the needs regarding expansions or improvements in the different areas of the country.
As coordinator, he had under his command a team of technicians who determined the equipment needs; based on those needs, a document was prepared and, in the words of witness [Name 156], “became a requirement,” with the defendant [Name 006] being responsible for signing the certification of the supplier’s need. Subsequently, he brought the award recommendation to the board of directors of ICE so that this body could decide whether to convene the bidding process. In addition to the competencies already indicated, he was also responsible for installing the equipment, executing the contracts, and evaluating performance, for which reason he was a key official within the award procedure, not only internally at ICE but also for those companies intending to participate (p. 16,276 recto); iv) [Name 006] had nothing to do with abbreviated procedure 1-2001 referring to the contract for the 400,000 lines, but he did with fixed-line telephony contracts; v) there is documentary and expert evidence also examined in the judgment, which allows it to be demonstrated that [Name 006] received funds originating from [Name 060] and that they were transferred to him using the same mechanisms employed to convey economic advantages to other public officials (namely, through the account held by [Name 058].); vi) this defendant received the sum of $110,336.20 dollars, an increase in assets that lacks any justification, especially considering that his monthly salary was approximately 400,000 colones, according to the testimonial evidence presented.
Consequences of the hypothetical exclusion of the testimony of [Name 064]. As this chamber understands it, the statement of [Name 064] was not decisive in establishing the responsibility of [Name 006], to the point that if it were hypothetically suppressed, the decision reached would not suffer any modification. Therefore, the claims formulated by his defense counsel against the trial court judgment will be addressed further on.
The aim was that no bill related to ICE would be processed without the opinion of that commission (thus, evidence No. 59, page 93). This is of interest, says the trial court, because at the management of [Name 091], a document was seized titled “New Telecommunications Law (Combo ICE), impact on [Name 091] and actions to follow,” which reveals the importance for the company of any action that could modify or affect the commercial expectations or contracts with the referenced institution (p. 15,999 recto); iii) [Name 063] worked at ICE from August 1, 1974, to September 27, 2004, and was the liaison between [Name 091] and [Name 018]. The representatives of [Name 091] approached the latter thanks to the mediation of [Name 063], to convey their concerns about the direct contracts carried out by ICE which, according to [Name 091], shut it out of the market. Report No. 428-DEF-443-05/05, evidence No. 630, PC06, file “White Book,” and the statement of [Name 128] attest to this; iv) based on the testimonial evidence presented, it was ruled out that [Name 018] had been a consultant for the company [Name 091], as well as that he had had any commercial or employment relationship with [Name 058] that would justify the receipt of the funds that were delivered to him.
In fact, [Name 158] declared that this defendant told him that he had earned money with [Name 091] easily, since he had done nothing, and according to witness [Name 116], [Name 041] spontaneously told her that he had paid bribes to public officials, including [Name 018]. Similarly, there is the testimony of [Name 142], who pointed out that [Name 041] acknowledged having paid gifts to public officials in the media. Finally, the company [Name 091] had a policy prohibiting the hiring of public officials as consultants. v) Based on the statement of [Name 128], it was established that [Name 018] was informed about the mobile telephony issue and about [Name 091]’s interest in eliminating direct contracting without bidding. [Name 091] had conducted two public and denunciation campaigns, one to oppose the awarding of fixed lines to Ericsson in 1999, and another in 2000 regarding GSM technology, and there had been contact with [Name 018] since 1999.
There were several meetings with the then deputy, and on one occasion, [Name 018] asked [Name 128] to speak with his superiors, a meeting that, according to the witness, did take place. vi) For the trial court, it can be inferred from what [Name 128] said that [Name 018] was contacted to discuss the elimination of direct contracts and the opening of the bidding process, which leads to the matter of the 400,000 cellular lines. This confirms the version of [Name 064], to the effect that the offer of the gift had to do with the matter of mobile exchanges and GSM technology and, to that extent, there are indicia that allow one to glimpse that a remuneratory promise was also made to [Name 018] under modal and temporal circumstances similar to that made to [Name 064], only that while [Name 078] called the latter, it was [Name 018] who asked to speak with [Name 128]’s superiors. Moreover, the payments were also made to him through the same channels as to other defendants. vii) There is documentation that indicates that on August 17, 2000, at the [...] café, [Name 041] met with [Name 018] and [Name 063]; viii) [Name 144], a messenger for the company [Name 091], said he had taken envelopes, sent by [Name 041], to defendants [Name 022], [Name 001], [Name 018], and [Name 028], at their homes and offices.
The secretary of [Name 041] said that envelopes were sent to ICE and to the defendants, and that she knew their contents; however, “…this does not exclude that [Name 144] carried envelopes that were not the ones she knew; envelopes that also had different characteristics from those described as known by her person.” (P. 16,011 recto). ix) Just as the public campaign by [Name 091] in favor of public bidding and the migration to GSM technology began in 2000, between July 2000 and December of that year, representatives of [Name 091] also met with deputies and other figures from the political sphere. It was then that the meetings with [Name 018], [Name 001], and [Name 064] took place, all of whom ultimately received funds originating from [Name 060]. x) Finally, the lower court assessed abundant documentary evidence, described from page 16,014 recto to 16,054 recto, to demonstrate that the funds received by [Name 018] originated from [Name 060]. xi) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the trial court understands that the prosecution’s request to convict [Name 018] for the offense of improper bribery (cohecho impropio) is not acceptable, on the basis that this defendant attended to the representatives of [Name 091] in fulfillment of the obligation that every deputy has to receive the public.
The foregoing is because fact number 220 of the accusatory pleading alludes to the offer of the gift and fact number 221 to the acceptance thereof, without the elements of improper bribery (cohecho impropio) having been described. Therefore, the trial court indicates, regardless of whether what the Public Prosecutor’s Office (Ministerio Público) affirmed in its closing arguments was proven or not (namely, that a remuneratory promise was made to [Name 018] for attending to the public), since the accusatory pleading does not contain such information, the only offense that can be deemed to have been established is that of illicit enrichment, insofar as he admitted the gift that was presented or offered to him by virtue of the position he held (p. 16,054 to 16,056 recto). With respect to defendant [Name 018], the hypothetical exclusion of the statement of [Name 064] has a particular significance, because although without that evidence, as will be explained further on, it is impossible to uphold the appealed judgment insofar as it deemed it proven that this accused admitted a gift that was offered to him in the terms set forth in the criminal definition of illicit enrichment, the application of the other scenario contemplated in Art. 346 subsection 3) of the Criminal Code is not ruled out, namely, that of the admission of a gift presented.
This being the case, and it being evident that resolving the legal situation of this defendant (including the issue of the statute of limitations (prescripción)) requires a more detailed examination of the facts and the evidence, this chamber will proceed to hear the appeals formulated by [Name 018] in a personal capacity and by his defense counsel, Attorney José Miguel Villalobos Umaña.
Therefore, it must be concluded that without the account of [Name 064], the conviction imposed on [Name 033] is left devoid of any evidentiary foundation. To better explain the foregoing conclusion, this Chamber will begin by synthetically outlining the arguments used by the trial court to convict [Name 033], not without first clarifying that it will not delve into the reasons invoked by the lower court (a quo) to deem the statement of [Name 064] credible, this not only because they have already been analyzed in this ruling, but because they are of no interest whatsoever considering that the opportunity criterion (criterio de oportunidad) and the evidence derived from it were declared illegal. Regarding [Name 033], the following was weighed: i) [Name 064] had an extensive career in public service. He was, for example, a congressman (diputado), Minister of Housing and Urban Settlements in the [Name 033] administration (from May 1998 to July 1999), presidential advisor from August 1, 1999, to May 9, 2002, and general director of the presidential house.
Also, with the endorsement of [Name 033], he was appointed by the government council as director of ICE from August 3, 1999, onwards, positions he held simultaneously. [Name 064] was director of ICE until May 31, 2010, and, for this, he had the endorsement of the following administration. [Name 064] was a person very close to [Name 033] and, despite the hierarchical relationship between them, there was also a friendship (folios 16,088 to 16,111, volume XXXIII); ii) [Name 064], as a director of ICE, had a relationship with [Name 041] and [Name 078] (f. 16,111 to 16,116 front); iii) as it was determined, since 1997 there was a practice by [Name 091] of offering various attentions and courtesies to the public officials of ICE. The lower court (a quo) says that although the ultimate goal of this practice was not to make illicit proposals, [Name 041] and [Name 078] used this to approach public officials, gain their trust, and determine if they could admit an eventual remunerative promise.
All of this confirms what [Name 064] said, in the sense that there was a process of seduction that culminated in the promise of a gift (dádiva) (f. 16,112 front to 16,116 front); iv) there were meetings between some public officials -[Name 022], [Name 001] and [Name 018]- with [Name 041], and he also sent them envelopes (f. 16,114 and 16,115 front); v) [Name 041] made a spontaneous statement where he accepted the payment of gifts to public officials, a statement alluded to by several witnesses ([Name 116], [Name 164] and [Name 142]). [Name 068] admitted the facts, [Name 001] accepted before the press having received money, and [Name 064] also admitted having received from [Name 041] and [Name 078] a promise prior to the award, which he made known to [Name 033] (f. 16,111 and 16,112 front); vi) regarding the existence of the remunerative promise made to [Name 064], the core evidence is his own "testimony," which the lower court (a quo) deemed credible.
Regarding the meeting between [Name 064] and [Name 033] at the latter's house, that statement is also the evidence (cfr. folios 16,126 to 16,134 front, volume XXXIII). [Name 064] said that, at the end of 2000, he met with [Name 078] and [Name 041] at the request of the former, at the [Name 094] restaurant, near the airport, at which time both made him a promise of a gift (dádiva) in exchange for promoting the technology migration, ensuring the bidding process instead of direct purchases, and voting in favor of [Name 091]. That he, in principle, accepted, but upon further thought decided to ask [Name 033], since he was in a better position to direct the criteria of the board members if necessary. This is why he met with [Name 033] the next day, to present the offer, which the then [...] endorsed, indicating that the distribution of the profit would be 60% for [Name 033] and 40% for [Name 064]. vii) To confirm the existence of the meeting at [Name 094], it was taken into account that, according to their migratory movements, all participants ([Name 064], [Name 041] and [Name 078]) were in the country by December 2, 2000.
Likewise, it was weighed that by December 3, the date on which according to [Name 064] he met with [Name 033] at the latter's house, both were in the country (f. 16,130 and 16,131 front); viii) two of the directors linked to these acts of corruption were appointed in the [Name 033] administration, namely, [Name 064] and [Name 068], who has already been sentenced through an abbreviated procedure. As for the third, [Name 022], although he was appointed in another administration, he had a prior link with [Name 033] (f. 16,120 and 16,121 front); ix) regarding the delivery and receipt of the gift (dádiva), it was [Name 064] who transferred the funds to [Name 033]. That is, [Name 058] did not transfer money to the accounts of [Name 033] or to the accounts of individuals or legal entities in his immediate circle, but rather transferred them to [Name 064] who, in turn, delivered them to [Name 033] under the terms described from folios 16,145 to 16,151 front of the judgment.
For this Chamber, hypothetically excluding the statement of [Name 064], the conviction imposed on [Name 033] is left without any evidentiary foundation. The statement of the cooperating accused (imputado colaborador) is the only evidence to demonstrate that he shared with [Name 033] the promise that, according to him, [Name 041] and [Name 078] made to him. Without that account, it is impossible to confirm the appealed judgment insofar as it holds as proven that the then [...] gave him the support he needed to accept the promise of financial compensation (retribución económica), or that it was [Name 033] who determined the manner of distributing the irregular earnings delivered by [Name 058]. It is important to note that abundant evidence was incorporated and thoroughly examined at trial allowing the determination that funds originating from [Name 060] reached the hands of [Name 033] or those of his close associates; however, from this it cannot be extracted that [Name 033] participated in the acceptance of the promise of a gift (dádiva) under the terms that [Name 064] referred to, or that the funds were associated with that promise.
Note that [Name 058] never delivered money directly to [Name 033] or to individuals or legal entities in his circle, but rather delivered it to [Name 064], who in turn transferred part of it to [Name 033]. This being the case, without his "testimony" (and again clarifying that the word testimony is used in a non-technical sense, as the cooperating accused is not a witness in the strict sense since he does not offer his statement under oath), it cannot be assured, as if it were a proven fact, that there was a link between the then [...] and the mentioned company. And indeed, apart from the meeting between [Name 064] and [Name 033] that according to the former took place, [Name 033] did not carry out any action that would allow one to suggest, even as probable, his participation in the investigated facts. Neither the accusation, nor the judgment, attributes to him having contacted any member of the ICE Board of Directors or any other public official with the purpose of determining their decisions regarding the matter of the 400,000 lines.
Nor was he even accused of maintaining contacts with the heads of [Name 091] who were branded as corruptors. Therefore, the demonstration of the link between [Name 033] and the alleged promise of financial compensation (retribución económica) prior to the award of the mentioned contract depends exclusively on evidence that this appellate court has declared illicit. At this point, it is necessary to clarify that the receipt by [Name 033] of some funds originating from [Name 060] (the only fact that can be demonstrated without the statement of [Name 064]), is not sufficient to confirm the judgment insofar as it considered him an instigator of the crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery (cohecho impropio). Not only because without that evidence, it is impossible to assure, beyond a degree of probability, that the promise of financial compensation (retribución económica) existed, but also because, in the same way, other hypotheses that were not charged cannot be ruled out with certainty, namely, that the money was a gratuity for a completed act without a prior promise, or that it was the public officials who induced its payment.
Furthermore, for other reasons that will be set forth below, upon examining each of the money deliveries that the trial court (tribunal de mérito) held as accredited. Regarding the first delivery (as there were several more), proven fact number 96 states: " 96) Without specifying a date, but after January 6, 2002, and before February 18 of that same year, in accordance with the illicit distribution percentages established by the accused [Name 033], the defendant [Name 064] delivered to [Name 033] at the Presidential Office the sum of one hundred thirty thousand dollars ($130,000), through 7 bearer certificates of deposit from Banco Internacional de Costa Rica S.A., namely No. 19692 for an amount of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), No. 19693 for an amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000), No. 19694 for an amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000), No. 19695 for an amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000), No. 19696 for an amount of ($5,000), No. 19698 for an amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000), and No. 19699 for an amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000).
The foregoing certificates were generated from the account of [Name 166] -mother of [Name 064]- and issued on December 14, 2001, maturing on February 14, 2002...". As observed, the certificates that [Name 064] delivered were generated from the account of his mother, [Name 166], and not from the account of his wife, [Name 080], which was the one supplied with the funds from [Name 060]. Although [Name 064] explained the foregoing at trial, pointing out that the funds coming from [Name 060] were blocked or frozen and that is why he turned to his mother's account to pay [Name 033] (f. 16,165 front), by suppressing his statement it is impossible to determine with certainty both the reason for that first delivery, as well as the link of the funds to [Name 060]. It is important to note that although there is documentary evidence that allows demonstrating that the two hundred twenty-five thousand dollars ($225,000) that [Name 058] transferred on December 10, 2001, to the dollar account that the wife of [Name 064] had at Saint Georges Bank were frozen (cfr. evidence No. 208, folio 28, which we have examined), this does not delegitimize the foregoing, since that documentation does not even allow one to suspect that the $130,000 that [Name 064] delivered to [Name 033] between January and February 2002, have any relationship with the already mentioned $225,000, or at the very least, with [Name 060].
For this, it is insisted, the word of the cooperating accused (imputado colaborador) is indispensable. Regarding the second delivery of funds, the demonstrated facts stated: "98) On May 20, 2002, with the resources from account No. [Value 012] of [Name 058] at Banco Cuscatlán, supplied with the money previously deposited by [Name 060], the defendant [Name 028], in accordance with the role assigned to him within the distribution of functions of the corruptors, partially cancelled the demand investment No. 21200289108 for the sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) and constituted four investment certificates for twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) each, all bearer and issued on May 20, 2002, numbers 2240020043928, 2240020043936, 2240020043901, 2240020043944 and the respective interest coupons for $64.58 each. These certificates the accused [Name 028] delivered to the co-defendant [Name 041] so that he, in turn, would deliver them to [Name 064] also as part of the promised illicit payment. 99) To achieve this end, without specifying a date, but after May 20, 2002, [Name 064] went to the front of the offices of the company [Name 091] in Sabana Sur, and received from [Name 041] a yellow manila envelope which contained the described certificates, and with them he carried out the following financial movements: a. With the proceeds from certificates No. 2240020043901 and No. 2240020043944, including the accrued interest from certificates No. 2240020043928 and No. 2240020043936, the manager's check from Banco Cuscatlán No. 12847-3 dated June 26, 2002, for fifty thousand two hundred fifty-three dollars and thirty-two cents ($50,253.32) was acquired, which was deposited into the account of [Name 080] at Banco BCT S.A. on the 27th of that month and year. b. The proceeds from certificates No. 2240020043928 and No. 2240020043936 were reinvested by order of [Name 080], according to the plans of [Name 064], in the investment certificate of Banco Cuscatlán No. 2241420000191 issued on June 26, 2002, to bearer, for the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). 100) On an undetermined date, but after June 26, 2002, in accordance with the distribution of the money agreed upon between them, [Name 064] delivered certificate No. 2241420000191 for fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) to the accused [Name 033], who received it at his place of residence.
Before July 30 of that year, [Name 033], in turn, delivered the referenced certificate to Mr. [Name 167] (who since 1994 worked as the administrator of the companies linked to the defendant [Name 033]), and ordered him to make some payments. a) He cancelled certificate No. 2241420000191 and requested from Banco Cuscatlán de Costa Rica S.A., the issuance of three manager's checks that were drawn up dated July 30, 2002, No. 14589-1 for fourteen thousand seven hundred fifty dollars ($14,750), No. 14590-1 for five thousand two hundred dollars ($5,200) and No. 14591-6 for seven thousand dollars ($7,000), in the name of [Name 291]; and withdrew in cash the sum of twenty-three thousand thirty-five dollars ($23,035). b) On July 31, 2002, with manager's check No. 14589-1 he paid the debt pending at that time on the credit card in the name of the accused [Name 033] No. 4732981669923003 from Banco Interfin, for an amount of five thousand one hundred forty dollars and eight cents ($5,140.08). c) On July 31, 2002, with manager's check No. 14590-1, [Name 167] paid the balance in colones of three hundred twenty-five thousand eight hundred four colones and fifteen cents (¢325,804.15) and in dollars of four thousand three hundred dollars and fifty-six cents ($4,300.56), both of the credit card of the accused [Name 033] No. [Value 014] from Banco Internacional de Costa Rica. d) With manager's check No. 14591-6 for seven thousand dollars ($7,000) in the name of [Name 291], who has been the driver of the accused [Name 033] since March 1992, in compliance with the instructions of [Name 033], payroll, electricity, water, telephone, taxes, among other obligations of the [Name 033] family were paid ...".
As the lower court (a quo) explained from folios 16,170 to 16,186 front, there is documentary evidence that allows demonstrating that [Name 080], wife of [Name 064], endorsed four investment certificates for $25,000 each, all bearer, constituted with funds from the account of [Name 058], previously supplied with money originating from [Name 060]. Likewise, that the proceeds of two of those certificates were reinvested in investment certificate No. 2241420000191 of Banco Cuscatlán, also bearer, for the sum of $50,000, which was endorsed by [Name 167], a person close to [Name 033] and who used part of the money to pay two credit cards in the name of [Name 033] and expenses of his home. Now, although we can reasonably maintain that [Name 033], through intermediary persons - [Name 058], [Name 080] and then [Name 167] - incorporated into his assets funds coming from [Name 060], without the statement of [Name 064] it is impossible to assure that those sums correspond to the payment or fulfillment of a promise of a gift (dádiva) that [Name 064] received with a specific content and purposes and that [Name 033] determined he accept.
This same situation occurs with the third delivery of funds, examined from folios 16,186 front onwards and described in proven facts numbers 101 to 104: "101) Without specifying a date, but in the month of August 2002, the accused [Name 041] announced to [Name 064] a third payment of the promised gift (dádiva). With the purpose of not raising suspicions in the national financial system, [Name 064] asked him to make the deposit into two accounts, No. [Value 015] at Terrabank and No. [Value 016] at BCT International Bank (offshore of Banco BCT), in the name of [Name 080]. 102) On August 14, 2002, with the resources from account No. [Value 012] of [Name 058] at Banco Cuscatlán, supplied with the money previously deposited by [Name 091], the defendant [Name 028], in accordance with the role assigned to him within the distribution of functions of the corruptors, requested the Personal Banking Department of Banco Cuscatlán to transfer the sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) to account No. [Value 015] of Terrabank, and the sum of five hundred ninety thousand dollars ($590,000) to account [Value 055] of BCT Bank International to later transfer it to account No. [Value 016] of [Name 080].
These funds were formally credited on August 16, 2002, after applying the respective bank commissions. 103) On August 19, 2002, [Name 064] with the five hundred ninety thousand dollars ($590,000) mentioned in the previous fact, arranged for the issuance of investment certificate No. 25694 for a 92-day term at BCT Bank International for the sum of three hundred thousand dollars ($300,000), which was liquidated early on October 28 of that year and both the principal and the interest were credited again to account No. [Value 016]. On that same date, [Name 064] requested the issuance of three investment certificates, all bearer, two for one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) and one for seventy thousand dollars ($70,000), numbers 4523, 4522 and 4521 respectively and with a maturity date of January 28, 2003. 104) Without specifying a date, but after October 28 and before November 27, 2002, in accordance with the plan and distribution of the gift (dádiva), established by the accused [Name 033], he personally received from the defendant [Name 064] the investment certificates No. 4521, No. 4522 and No. 4523 of Banco BCT S.A., and one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) in cash.
The defendant [Name 033] disposed of this money as set forth below: a) He delivered certificate 4521 for its sale to ACOBO S.A. along with the respective interest coupon on November 4, 2002. The following day, ACOBO registered the sale of said security for a total of seventy thousand forty-five dollars and thirty-five cents ($70,045.35), an amount it credited to account No. [Value 017] of the wife of the accused [Name 033], [Name 169]. That same day, 20 participations of the “[Name 171]” were acquired for the amount of one hundred one thousand seventy-eight dollars and seventy-eight cents ($101,078.78) which were partially covered with the indicated funds. Subsequently, on November 12, 2002, the sale management of the 20 cited participations was carried out to the company [Name 172]., in whose account the gentlemen [Name 173] and [Name 167], collaborators of the accused [Name 033], appear as authorized.
Despite the fact that the judicial and extrajudicial representative of said company is Mr. [Name 175], son of [Name 033], the truth is that the latter maintains a real and direct link with its management. b) Between mid and late November 2002, the accused [Name 033] delivered certificates No. 4522 and No. 4523 to [Name 173], a man of his trust, whom he instructed to deposit them in ACOBO together with the respective interest coupons, with the purpose that the brokerage house negotiate them to make them effective. Subsequently, the amount from the sale was credited to account No. [Value 019] of [Name 176] which, although formally represented by [Name 173] and [Name 167], the accused [Name 033] at that time maintained a real and direct link despite not legally appearing as its president or proxy. c) Finally, as a result of the liquidation of the certificates mentioned in the previous point, on December 2, 2002, check No. 5118-1 was drawn against the current account [Value 020] of ACOBO with Banco Interfin, for one hundred ninety-nine thousand seven hundred ninety dollars ($199,790), in favor of [Name 173], who on that same date deposited it into his current account No. [Value 021] at Banco San José, which at that time showed a balance of $248.75. d) In November 2002, [Name 173] proposed to [Name 033] the possibility of participating as a capitalist partner of Mr. [Name 177] in a housing project for upper-middle class consisting of eighteen houses and six apartments, since the latter did not have sufficient money. [Name 033] agreed to invest in the project, entrusting [Name 173] to make the investment effective with the proceeds from check No. 5118-1 of Banco Interfin mentioned above.
In this way, [Name 173] drew funds from December 2002 and until July 2003 in favor of [Name 177] or in favor of the company [Name 180], a company that [Name 177] represented. To hide the participation of [Name 033], the investment was made through a company owned by [Name 173] called [Name 182]., represented by [Name 187], who was the secretary of [Name 167] and a person of trust of [Name 173]; in turn, the latter made a personal contribution to the project of fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000). To formalize the business, the following contracts were entered into: i) Purchase option between [Name 183] representing the company [Name 184]., owner of the real estate registered in the Party of Heredia, real folio registration number [Value 022] and [Name 177], the total value of the sale being the sum of one hundred fifty-two thousand eight hundred twenty-five dollars and sixty-eight cents ($152,825.68). ii) Contract dated December 4, 2002, between the company [Name 180]. represented by [Name 177] and [Name 182]. represented by [Name 187], by which it was stated that [Name 182]. was interested in participating in the housing project of the company [Name 180]., contributes the sum of one hundred fifty thousand dollars ($150,000) and due to the initial risk of the investment by [Name 182]., the acquired lots would be registered in its name.
Likewise, it was stipulated that [Name 182]. would receive seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000) in profits and the remainder the company [Name 180]. Subsequently, approximately three months later it was increased by fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), leaving the total contribution of [Name 182]. at two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000). iii) Subsequently, another contract was made between [Name 177] and [Name 187] in her capacity as legal representative of [Name 182]., by means of which the former assigned to the latter the initial purchase option with the company Servicios Casablanca, which operated automatically. iv) Likewise, on December 4, 2002, by public deed before notary public Alex Thompson Chacón, Mrs. [Name 183] as president with powers of generalísima proxy of [Name 184] transferred to the company [Name 182]., represented at that act by Mrs. [Name 187], the following properties all registered in the party of Heredia: real folio No. [Value 023] with an area of 160.4 square meters; real folio No. [Value 024] with an area of 160.4 square meters; real folio No. [Value 025] with an area of 160.4 square meters; real folio No. [Value 026] with an area of 277.13 square meters; real folio No. 146.397-000, with an area of 166.50 square meters; real folio No. [Value 027] with an area of 180.77 square meters; real folio No. [Value 028] with an area of 160 square meters; real folio No. [Value 029] with an area of 160 square meters; real folio No. [Value 030] area of 160 square meters.
The total price of the properties was set at the sum of eighty-six thousand seven hundred sixty-two dollars and forty-two cents ($86,762.42), also constituting a first-degree mortgage for the cited value and over the referenced properties. v) The recovery from the sale of the properties began in March 2003 and entered accounts No. [Value 031] in the name of [Name 182]., No. [Value 032], No. [Value 033] and No. [Value 021] all in the name of [Name 173] at Bac San José. After several financial movements, of the money that entered the account of [Name 182], finally part of this money was received by the accused [Name 033], with credits in his favor being registered between September 8, 2003, and June 4, 2004, for a total of fifty-two thousand two hundred twenty dollars ($52,220). Likewise, in current account No. [Value 031] of [Name 182]., Mr. [Name 173] was credited a total sum of eighty-one thousand two hundred fifty ($81,250), and Mr. [Name 167] was credited the sum of seventy-nine thousand three hundred fifty dollars ($79,350) ...".
In the case of this delivery, we have that after a series of transactions that are not of interest to recapitulate, based on the resources from the account of [Name 080] at BCT Bank International, investment certificates No. 4523, 4522 and 4521 were issued, all bearer, the first two for $100,000 and the last for $70,000, which after several transformations, ended up in the hands of legal entities linked in one way or another to [Name 033]. For the undersigned, although there is no doubt whatsoever about the foregoing, since the trail followed by the money was meticulously reconstructed (cfr. folios 16,186 to 16,221 front, volume XXXIII), this says nothing regarding the reasons by virtue of which [Name 033] received those funds, as this point can only be established through the account of [Name 064]. Furthermore, in this delivery there is also mention of $100,000 that according to the cooperating accused (imputado colaborador) he delivered in cash and in relation to which there is no evidence whatsoever beyond his own words, as the trial court itself acknowledges at folio 16,220 front.
In the case of the fourth delivery that has been held as proven, and which is examined from f. 16,221 to 16,231 front, it speaks of a check for $81,480 drawn to [Name 189]., a company with which [Name 033] had a direct link. The lower court (a quo) says in the demonstrated facts: "105) On December 10, 2002, with the resources from account No. [Value 012] of [Name 058] at Banco Cuscatlán, supplied with the money previously deposited by [Name 091], the defendant [Name 028], in accordance with the role assigned to him within the distribution of functions of the corruptors, delivered to [Name 064] the sum of one hundred eighty thousand dollars ($180,000), by means of a transfer to account No. [Value 016] of [Name 080] at BCT Bank International, less the deduction of the bank commission of $9.50. 106) With the resources just indicated, [Name 064] made a 31-day term investment maturing on January 10, 2003, for the sum of two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000).
At the end of the term, the money re-entered his account and [Name 064], in accordance with the prior orders given by the co-defendant [Name 033], issued the directive to issue manager's check No. 012342 from BCT Bank International for the sum of eighty-one thousand four hundred eighty dollars ($81,480) in favor of the company [Name 189]., with which he maintained a real and direct link. 107) Without specifying a date, but after January 23, 2003, [Name 064] delivered the check to the accused [Name 033] at the house of the latter's in-laws. Then on February 3, 2003, [Name 033] deposited that manager's check No. 012342 in Riggs Bank N.A of Washington D. C., which was applied to account No. [Value 034] of the Company [Name 189]. directly linked to the accused [Name 033]. The defendant [Name 033] later admitted having received the amount of this check and two others -which will be described later- allegedly as a loan granted by [Name 064], to whom he made a payment arrangement but it was rejected by [Name 064] due to the nonexistence of such credit as the amounts came from [Name 091] funds...".
Without the statement of [Name 064], besides it being impossible to determine with certainty the cause of this transfer of funds, it is also impossible to rule out the defense's thesis, to the effect that these were part of a loan that [Name 064] made to the then [...].
The fifth and final delivery, described in proven fact number 111) and examined on folios 16,232 to 16,241 recto, is for approximately $188,000, delivered as follows: two checks (one for $30,000 and another for $28,083) and $131,000 in cash. The lower court states: “111) Approximately in the month of September 2003, in fulfillment of the plan and the agreed distribution, [Name 064] delivered one hundred thirty-one thousand dollars ($131,000) in cash to the accused [Name 033] at his mother-in-law's house. Likewise, following the instructions given by [Name 033], he made out two checks in favor of [Name 169], which were drawn at the same time but entered with different dates, different sequences, and for two different amounts, with the purpose of avoiding suspicion within the financial system. In this way, [Name 064] drew check number 419 dated September 9, 2003, for an amount of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000.00) and number 425 for an amount of twenty-eight thousand eighty-three dollars ($28,083.00) dated September 25, 2003, both against checking account number [Value 056] of [Name 080] at Saint George Bank, in favor of [Name 169].
The accused [Name 033], after endorsement by [Name 169], deposited the checks into the ACOBO account. Subsequently, the proceeds from these checks were recorded by that brokerage firm as a credit to investment account No. [Value 017] in the name of [Name 169] and used in the purchase of 11 participations in a real estate fund for a total of fifty-five thousand nine hundred sixteen dollars and eighty-nine cents ($55,916.89), and for the remainder, a check was issued for two thousand one hundred fifty-two dollars and eighty-three cents ($2,152.83) in favor of Banco Interfin S.A. Subsequently, the indicted [Name 033] admitted having received the amount of these two checks and another one—already indicated—allegedly as a loan granted by [Name 064], to whom he made a demand for payment which was rejected by [Name 064] given the non-existence of such credit, as those amounts came from funds of [Name 091] ...”.
As has been indicated, a transfer of cash sums has been deemed proven, the sole evidentiary support for which is the illicit and implausible statement by the cooperating accused, as well as a transfer of funds (the aforementioned checks) with respect to which, although there is documentary evidence, the reason for their existence is unknown, as it is impossible to establish with certainty, a matter that is essential if [Name 033] is to be convicted of having instigated [Name 064] to accept a promise of economic retribution with specific content and purposes. In summary, the statement of [Name 064] has an essential character in [Name 033]'s case. Without it, it is not possible to deem it proven that [Name 064] received a promise of economic retribution about which he informed [Name 033], and that the latter gave him the necessary impetus to accept it, also defining the distribution percentages of the criminal gain that might be obtained (and which, for further abundance, it should be added, do not correspond to what was actually received by one and the other).
For all the foregoing, it is appropriate to annul the judgment insofar as it declared [Name 033] the instigator of a crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery (cohecho impropio) committed by [Name 064]. That said, the question that must be asked is whether the proven facts that remain intact after removing the promise of a gift prior to the award of the 400,000 lines—and which is sustained, in turn, on illegal evidence—can be subsumed under any criminal offense. The answer to this question is no. Although, in effect and except for the transfers of cash funds, it is established that [Name 064] transferred funds to [Name 033] on various occasions, whether directly or through individuals or legal entities close to him, the characteristic elements of crimes other than that of aggravated corruption by improper bribery were neither charged nor deemed proven, a topic that gains enormous importance in the case of [Name 033], since the only conduct attributed to him is having determined [Name 064] so that the latter, as principal, would admit a promise of economic retribution in relation to the matter of the 400,000 lines, in exchange for carrying out specific actions in three areas (migration to GSM technology, public tenders or competitions, and a favorable vote for [Name 091]).
Therefore, only by violating the principle of correlation between accusation and judgment and including circumstances not foreseen by the prosecuting body at the time, could [Name 033] be considered the principal of another crime, including one of a residual nature such as illicit enrichment (enriquecimiento ilícito). Moreover, as was explained when examining the legal situation of the accused [Name 001], the criminal offense of illicit enrichment encompasses both the admission of gifts presented and the admission of gifts offered. In the first case, the presentation and the material receipt of the retribution must occur during the performance of the office. In the second, both the offer and the admission must occur within the aforementioned period, it being irrelevant, as it is a subsequent unpunished act, that the public official takes possession of the economic advantage once he leaves the position that motivated the offer.
In this matter, the typical conduct to consider is the first, namely, the admission of gifts presented, this being because it was not possible to deem proven either the promise of economic retribution made to [Name 064] before the award (and which constituted the basis for the crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery), or any other offer of undue advantage to [Name 033] (which, in any case, was not charged). Having clarified this point, it is held that the conduct of [Name 033] described in the proven facts, which remains intact after the exercise of hypothetical suppression (and which consists of receiving the economic advantages that were delivered to him by [Name 064]), cannot be subsumed under section 346(3) of the Criminal Code applicable in this matter, since, with the exception of the seven certificates described in proven fact number 96, these receipts occurred after the accused ceased to be president of the country (cfr. proven fact number 61 in relation to those already transcribed), wherefore these are atypical actions.
Now, in the case of the seven bearer deposit certificates from Banco Internacional de Costa Rica S.A., although these were admitted during the exercise of the office, as the criminal offense requires, after the hypothetical exclusion of the testimony of [Name 064] it is impossible to be certain that these were presented to him in consideration of his office. The person who handed over the certificates was [Name 064], a person who at that time, besides being a high-ranking public official, was someone very close to [Name 033]. Furthermore, the certificates were generated from the account of the cooperating witness's mother, Mrs. [Name 166], an account that had no link whatsoever with [Name 060]. This being said, and at least as far as these certificates are concerned, there are no elements to establish that [Name 064] delivered them to [Name 033] for being the [...]. As Carlos Creus rightly points out when analyzing the offense of admission of gifts in Argentine legislation, which is also partly similar to ours, it is essential to demonstrate that the gift delivered was given in consideration of the recipient's office, which requires ruling out that it is not linked to a different circumstance, such as friendship or another relationship outside that office (CREUS, op. cit., pp. 280-281), something which is impossible in this matter, for the reasons already set forth.
Finally, as if what has already been said were not enough, it is held that the criminal action to prosecute the crime of illicit enrichment would be time-barred (prescrita). In this sense, note that [Name 033] was questioned on October 15, 2004 (f. 552 to 558 recto, volume II). The statute of limitations period for the crime of illicit enrichment was 18 months (this because at that time the procedure was ordinary), thus we have that this period expired on April 15, 2006, a date on which neither had another cause for interrupting the computation of the period occurred, nor had the resolution declaring the case to be of complex processing (tramitación compleja) become final (the latter occurred on June 23, 2006). That is, before the process changed its nature, a legal situation was consolidated in favor of [Name 033] that, as the Third Chamber itself admitted when ordering the remand, prevents applying the effects of the last paragraph of Article 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
In this sense, and assuming the risk of being repetitive (since the issue was addressed when examining the cases of the co-defendants [Name 001] and [Name 022]), the court of cassation stated: “This being the case, it is clear that the validity of the reducing effect on the prescriptive period as a result of the ordinary processing of the case file was always subject to the case remaining processed as ordinary; on the other hand, when complex processing was ordered and became final, in the early stages of the process, the reducing condition of the prescriptive periods varied, in accordance with the aforementioned section 376, given that the only exception to that reasoning would have been presented in the event that the fatal prescriptive period had expired before that order, since in that event the extinction of the criminal action due to the statute of limitations would have occurred, as that circumstance is considered a consolidated legal situation, to which the effects of the aforementioned Article 376 could not have been applied ...” (Resolution No. 1847-2014, Considering IV, f. 176,427 verso, volume XLIII, the underlining does not come from the original).
In summary, it is held that, even following the interpretation made by the Third Chamber regarding Article 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in the sense that the finality of the resolution declaring the procedure complexly processed eliminated the reducing effect on the prescriptive periods that took place before that finality, the fact is that by the date of that declaration there was already a consolidated legal situation in favor of [Name 033] that cannot be ignored, because the statute of limitations period had taken effect. Likewise, the entry into force of Article 62 of Law No. 8422, called the Law against Corruption and Illicit Enrichment in Public Office, does not modify this conclusion, since [Name 033] appeared to give his investigative statement on October 15, 2004, that is, before the said regulation was published (on October 29, 2004). As was explained supra, the same court of cassation, in Resolution No. 2014-1847, specifically in Considering IV.-, folios 176,429 to 176,431 recto, recognized that it is not possible to give retroactive effects to a later procedural law, not only because in the case of procedural laws the one to be applied is the one in force at the time of carrying out the act, but also because the Political Constitution in its Article 34 contemplates a general prohibition against applying laws retroactively to the detriment of any person.
The Public Prosecutor's Office affirms that if the statute of limitations had not taken effect by the time the cited law entered into force, it is plausible to apply its effects to procedural acts carried out previously, since “…it did not retroactively nullify the interrupting acts that occurred previously, as the accused [Name 033] erroneously interprets - but rather it nullified the reduction of the pending balances, which were extended from that moment on and for the full term, according to the abstract penalty of each crime ...” (F. 176,933 recto, volume XLIV). The undersigned respect but do not share these arguments. It can be said in different ways and denied that Article 34 of the Political Constitution is being violated; however, what is ultimately intended is that the effects of Article 62, in force as of October 29, 2004, affect an interrupting and reducing procedural act of the statute of limitations period that took place before that date, namely, on October 15, 2004, stripping all value from the regulation under which that act was produced (namely, Article 33, first paragraph, of the C.P.P.).
For further abundance, note that nothing in Law No. 8422 indicates that the legislator had contemplated applying the prescriptive rules contained in section 62 in a manner different from that which corresponds in the case of any procedural rule (that is, from its entry into force and prospectively). Finally, it is important to note that in Resolution No. 1847-2004, which the Public Prosecutor's Office cites as a basis for its position (f. 176,934 recto, second paragraph), the Third Chamber adopted the thesis contrary to that which this procedural party expounds, namely, that Law No. 8422 is applicable to procedural acts carried out as of October 29, 2004, this being the reason why only in relation to the accused who were questioned after that date ([Name 018] and [Name 006]) did it argue that, once the interruption had taken effect, the statute of limitations period ran in full under the terms set forth in Article 62(a) of the aforementioned law.
In summary, and given that after the process of hypothetical exclusion that has been carried out, the remaining evidence does not allow for it to be deemed proven that [Name 033] acted as an instigator in the crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery committed by [Name 064], and having ruled out the application of other residual criminal offenses to the proven facts that remain intact after the cited exclusion, the judgment is annulled insofar as it declared [Name 033] an instigator of a crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery committed by [Name 064] and, in application of the principle of in dubio pro reo and for procedural economy, he is acquitted of all penalty and responsibility for that criminal activity. As unnecessary, we omit ruling on the other claims made by him personally, as well as on the appeals filed by his defense counsel, Licensed Attorney Rafael Gairaud Salazar.
Regarding [Nombre 022], it was found accredited that between the end of 2000 and the beginning of 2001, the defendants [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] requested he take the necessary actions within the scope of his duties as a Director of the I.C.E. in support of [Nombre 091]'s interests, primarily, to promote the migration from TDMA technology to GSM technology, promote purchases through tenders and prevent them from being aborted, and that once the contracting process for the 400,000 lines was authorized, they requested he vote in favor of awarding that tender to the company [Nombre 091]; in exchange for all the above, they promised him the delivery of a gift, a promise that was accepted by [Nombre 022] (fact number 117, f. 15,451 recto). As for [Nombre 001], the lower court found it proven that in the period between the end of 2000 and the beginning of 2001, the accused [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] requested he take the necessary actions within the scope of his duties as advisor to the Executive Presidency of the I.C.E. and person in charge of executing the 400,000-line project, to make said contracting effective by favoring [Nombre 091], and that in exchange for the above, they promised him the delivery of a gift, a promise that was accepted by the public official.
Likewise, it was agreed that the delivery of the money would be conditional upon the effective award of the offer that [Nombre 091] would present to the I.C.E. (fact No. 131, f. 15,455 recto). Regarding [Nombre 028], in the judgment on the merits he was considered a co-perpetrator of the aforementioned acts, understanding that in the division of tasks agreed upon with [Nombre 041] for committing the crimes, he had the task of receiving funds from [Nombre 060] and transferring them to the corrupt public officials (proven fact number 56, f. 15,431 recto). This chamber will not reiterate the arguments set forth by the lower court to find it proven that [Nombre 041], in collusion with other persons, made a promise of economic compensation to [Nombre 001], [Nombre 022], and [Nombre 064] prior to the award of the contract for the 400,000 lines, nor the reasoning that leads these appellate judges to conclude that the accreditation of that fact is unsustainable, since an extensive exposition on this has been made previously and to which the parties must refer.
It is sufficient to emphasize as a starting point that, hypothetically excluding the statement of [Nombre 064], it is impossible to affirm that point with certainty. While it can be assured that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028], through [Nombre 058]., delivered significant sums of money to the cited individuals, one can only maintain with a degree of probability (insufficient to support a conviction) that these sums were intended to fulfill a prior promise, to the point that other equally plausible hypotheses cannot be ruled out, for example, that they were compensation for a completed act (without a prior promise, logically), or that it was the public officials who solicited their payment. Now, discarding the promise of economic compensation not only prevents the application of the criminal type of aggravated corruption by improper bribery in the case of the three mentioned public officials, but also prevents the application of the penalty of the corrupter contemplated in Article 345 of the Penal Code in force at the time the investigated acts occurred.
This article stated: “The penalties established in the five preceding articles are applicable to whoever gives or permits a gift or undue advantage to the public official.” As gleaned from its mere reading, this is a blanket criminal norm, which refers to other articles of the same Penal Code to establish a subjective element additional to intent, which must characterize the execution of the prohibited conduct, as well as the penalty to be imposed. The article prohibits giving or permitting a gift or undue advantage to a public official with any of the purposes indicated in the five articles that precede it. That is, regardless of the decision adopted by the public official in response to the corrupter's approach, to penalize the latter it is essential that their conduct be directed toward the pursuit of certain purposes that have been contemplated by the legislator in the provisions prior to the mentioned numeral 345.
The complementary criminal type, as well as the sanction to be imposed, depend, therefore, on the purpose for which the gift is given or permitted. For example, if the corrupter gave it so that the public official would perform an act contrary to their duties, or to not perform or to delay an act proper to their functions, the corresponding penalty will be that of active bribery (cohecho propio), which ranges between two and six years of imprisonment and disqualification from holding public offices and employment for ten to fifteen years. If the corrupter gave it for an act fulfilled or omitted by the public official in that capacity, without a prior promise having been made, the penalty to be imposed shall be the one previously stated reduced by one third, as stipulated by the norm that contemplates the offense of accepting gifts for a completed act. Similarly, if giving or permitting the economic compensation or undue advantage under the terms described in the offenses of active or passive bribery (cohecho propio or impropio) has the purpose of granting public positions, retirements, pensions, or the execution of contracts in which the administration to which the official belongs is interested, the penalty of the corrupter will range between 1 and 5 years if the acts are those described in passive bribery (cohecho impropio) and from 3 to 10 years in the case of active bribery (cohecho propio).
In summary, to sanction the corrupter it is essential to have demonstrated that they gave or permitted the gift with one of the purposes contemplated in the five articles prior to Article 345 of the Penal Code, which in this case is not plausible for the reasons stated in previous sections and that can be reduced, at the risk of incurring an excessive simplification of matters, to the fact that without the statement of [Nombre 064], from the analysis of the remaining evidence it is impossible to derive a judgment of certainty and not of probability, regarding the existence of the promise of a gift, its content, and the purposes it pursued. Once the illicit evidence is hypothetically suppressed, it is not possible to assure that [Nombre 041], in collusion with [Nombre 028], promised (conduct that, with an extremely questionable interpretation but endorsed by the Third Chamber, the lower court considered encompassed by the verb to give) an economic advantage to several public officials, so that they would perform acts proper to their functions with the purpose of [Nombre 091] being favored with the contract for the 400,000 lines, a purpose that is precisely the one contemplated in the offense of aggravated corruption, which is one of the five articles preceding that of the penalty of the corrupter and which, in turn, expressly refers to the offense of passive bribery (cohecho impropio), for what concerns us here.
Excluding the promise of compensation, what remains unscathed is that [Nombre 041], in common accord with [Nombre 028], transferred monies from [Nombre 060] to [Nombre 001], [Nombre 022], and [Nombre 064]; however, this alone does not constitute any crime. Firstly, it is not a penalty of the corrupter because, as already explained, it is impossible to establish with certainty what the reason for the payments was. Even hypothetically admitting that the delivered monies had some relation to the field of mobile telephony, or even to the contract for the 400,000 lines, from the evidence examined only a judgment of probability is extracted that they were intended to fulfill a promise made before the awarding of that contract, in exchange for the public officials performing certain actions proper to their position that favored [Nombre 091], it being equally plausible to consider other hypotheses often mentioned, for example, that the funds were delivered as compensation for a completed act without a prior promise, or that it was the officials who solicited or demanded their payment, hypotheses which, in any case, were not charged by the Public Prosecutor's Office.
In sum, from the evidence that has been obtained and lawfully incorporated into the debate, it is impossible to find proven the promise of a gift that was charged (that is, a promise in exchange for public officials performing future actions, proper to their position, to favor [Nombre 091] in obtaining the contract for the 400,000 lines) and, to that extent, the conviction imposed on [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028] for the offense of penalty of the corrupter by aggravated corruption by improper bribery is unsustainable. It is worth adding that this result would not change even if the issue of the promise were set aside and emphasis were placed on the material delivery of the gifts, basically for two reasons, namely: i) because promising economic compensation to certain public officials (and not delivering the gift to them after the award) is the only conduct that, in the context of the acts charged and proven, can be subsumed under the offense of penalty of the corrupter by aggravated corruption by improper bribery, and ii) because the penalty of the corrupter is atypical in the case of illicit enrichment.
We will now delve into both arguments. Regarding the first, according to the legal text in force at the time the investigated acts occurred, in the offense of penalty of the corrupter the typical action consisted of giving or permitting gifts or undue advantages to a public official with the purposes described in the "five preceding offenses," namely: i) corruption of judges; ii) offering or granting of a gift or compensation (repealed in 2008); iii) acceptance of gifts for a completed act; iv) aggravated corruption (criminal type that was applied by the trial court and whose typical description is integrated, by express provision of the legislator, with the criminal types of active and passive bribery, as applicable); and finally, v) active bribery (cohecho propio). As can be observed, whether one speaks of the promise of a gift (as the trial court did by considering that the verb to promise is encompassed by the verb to give), or of the material delivery of the compensation (now, in full harmony with the verb to give contemplated in Art. 345 of the Penal Code), the penalty of the corrupter demands that the prohibited conduct be directed by any of the purposes described in the aforementioned criminal types, and, in this case, it was neither charged nor proven that the funds were delivered before the award to the public officials in exchange for them performing (future) acts proper to their functions that were favorable to [Nombre 091] in the matter of the 400,000 lines (this is the purpose).
What was indicated was that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028] gave the gift after the award, to fulfill a prior promise that pursued the purposes already mentioned. In other words, it is the promise of a gift and not the material delivery thereof that complements the offense of penalty of the corrupter with the criminal type of aggravated corruption and passive bribery (cohecho impropio) and, therefore, only in relation to this can the application of the cited numeral 345 be considered. In line with the above, if that promise of a gift contemplated in the accusation cannot be found proven, the offense cannot be understood as configured, this despite it having been accredited that a transfer of funds was made to some officials. Regarding the second argument, it suffices to point out that the acts that remain unscathed after hypothetically suppressing the reference to the prior promise are atypical, even if one were to start from the premise that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028] presented the economic advantages to [Nombre 064], [Nombre 001], and [Nombre 022] in consideration of their office and during the exercise of their position, since the penalty of the corrupter is only provided for in relation to the five articles preceding that offense and illicit enrichment was not, at the date of the acts, nor is it now, part of that group.
The issue is so clear that the legislator placed illicit enrichment after the offense of penalty of the corrupter, whereby the latter, by alluding to the "preceding articles," does not include it. In sum, having discarded, because it is impossible to prove without the illicit evidence, that [Nombre 041] in common accord with [Nombre 028] issued promises of gifts to [Nombre 064], to [Nombre 022], and to [Nombre 001] so that they would perform acts proper to their functions, directed at [Nombre 091] obtaining the contract for the 400,000 lines, and given that, furthermore, after that exercise of hypothetical suppression that has been carried out, the acts that remain unscathed regarding [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 028] (which essentially are reduced to the material delivery of certain sums to the public officials) do not satisfy the requirements of any criminal type, the judgment is annulled insofar as it declared both defendants criminally liable as co-perpetrators of three offenses of penalty of the corrupter by aggravated corruption in the modality of improper bribery in material concurrence, in relation to [Nombre 022], [Nombre 001], and [Nombre 064], and, instead, for procedural economy and in application of the in dubio pro reo principle, they are acquitted of all penalty and liability for the aforementioned offenses. 6.b) Offense of penalty of the corrupter attributed to [Nombre 041] in relation to [Nombre 068]: The trial court also convicted [Nombre 041] as the responsible perpetrator of an offense of penalty of the corrupter by aggravated corruption in the modality of improper bribery, this committed by [Nombre 068].
We will now proceed to explain why, following the declaration of illegality of the opportunity criterion granted to [Nombre 064], it is impossible to find this offense proven. The first thing that must be mentioned is that, according to what the court stated in its majority vote, the promise of a gift to [Nombre 068] was made by [Nombre 105], in collusion with [Nombre 046]. For the lower court, [Nombre 041]'s connection to this fact results from his condition as head of [Nombre 091] in the country and from having acted with [Nombre 105] (representative of [Nombre 114].) in the same manner as he did with [Nombre 028] (representative of [Nombre 058].), using those corporations to sign consulting contracts that did not correspond to reality, with the purpose of inputting the economic resources from [Nombre 060] that were later distributed among the public officials. From folios 15,767 and following of volume XXXII, the lower court concluded that a promise of a gift was issued to [Nombre 068] (for which liability must be attributed to [Nombre 041]), by virtue of the following: i) With evidence No. 747, it is determined that [Nombre 068] was prosecuted for the offense of aggravated corruption in the modality of improper bribery, availing himself of an abbreviated procedure through which he was convicted (judgment No. 586-07 of 14:50 hours on October 16, 2007).
The gift, according to that resolution, was promised through [Nombre 114]., whose representative, [Nombre 105], also underwent an abbreviated procedure (judgment No. 260-09 of 14:15 hours on July 21, 2001). According to the court, these judgments have been considered “…in relation to those who underwent such procedures and solely with the type of offense for which they were convicted, the sanction, parties, and eventual reparations or other merely referential data, without in any case evaluating the proven facts and other content...” (F. 15,768 recto). ii) The conception of the criminal plan responded to several antecedents, one of special importance, namely, that [Nombre 091] was not considered by ICE in the area of mobile telephony, which led [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] to deem it necessary to channel monies coming from [Nombre 060] to give gifts to public officials; iii) from the documentary evidence (namely, official letter No. 813 of January 23, 2001, from the Comptroller General of the Republic and the minutes of sessions No. 5271 and 5277 of the ICE Board of Directors), it is extracted that on January 23, 2001, the Comptroller General of the Republic authorized the abbreviated bidding procedure for the contracting of the 400,000 GSM technology cell lines.
Despite this, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized direct contracting No. 108792 to expand the GSM mobile network to [Nombre 091], which satisfied its commercial interests and incidentally facilitated its incursion into GSM technology. However, in the following session, [Nombre 068] requested the revocation of that decision, which did not prosper. This led [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] to envision the need to recruit this board member, as they did with [Nombre 064], [Nombre 191], and [Nombre 001] (f. 15,768 and 15,769 recto); iv) to promise the gift to [Nombre 068], [Nombre 105] was used. The corporation [Nombre 114]. belongs to him, which originally represented [Nombre 060] in the country. Once [Nombre 091] was established, [Nombre 114]. remained within its facilities and offered them assistance in the technical area (f. 15,769 recto); v) due to the good relationship with [Nombre 105] (which several witnesses attest to), and given that [Nombre 114]. appeared at that time as a consultant for [Nombre 292], a company that in turn represented [Nombre 060], simulated consulting contracts were signed, to generate the funds from [Nombre 060] that were later delivered to public officials (f. 15,770 to 15,772 recto); vi) there is no direct proof of [Nombre 105]'s request to [Nombre 046] to facilitate the meeting with [Nombre 068]; however, [Nombre 046] had a prior bond with [Nombre 105] and had a relationship of trust with [Nombre 068].
Likewise, [Nombre 046] engaged in lobbying efforts to approach public officials and, prior to the investigated acts, had performed such work for [Nombre 091]. He also acted as an intermediary in the payment of the gift made to [Nombre 068], given that [Nombre 046] also received a large sum from [Nombre 114]. for bringing [Nombre 105] and [Nombre 068] together and later transferred that gift to [Nombre 068], which “…reflects his knowledge that it was the gift paid to [Nombre 068] for his positive vote for [Nombre 091] in the 400,000 cell lines and because [Nombre 068] and [Nombre 105] were sentenced for convergent offenses.” (F. 15,773 recto). From this point on, the judgment undertakes a more exhaustive examination of the outlined clues to demonstrate the promise of a gift, specifically, of the link between [Nombre 046], [Nombre 105], [Nombre 114]., [Nombre 060], and [Nombre 091] Costa Rica (f. 15,773 to 15,775 recto); the lobbying and advocacy work that [Nombre 046] had previously done before public officials to benefit [Nombre 091] (f. 15,775 to 15,777 recto); the link between [Nombre 068] and [Nombre 046] (f. 15,777 to 15,781 recto), a bond that also arose before the acts of interest here and that is evidenced by the handling given to the illicit gains and the meetings between [Nombre 105] and [Nombre 068] (f. 15,781 to 15,783 recto), encounters that, according to [Nombre 193], took place on at least two occasions, in Coronado, the place where the company [Nombre 085]. is located, of which [Nombre 068] is president and judicial and extrajudicial representative.
Moreover, the resolution points out, although there is no proof that [Nombre 046] was present at those meetings, it is clear that he was the one who put [Nombre 105] in contact with [Nombre 068] (f. 15,781 to 15,783 recto). The judgment also explains how [Nombre 068], as a member of the ICE board of directors, intervened in the vote of August 28, 2001, where the award was decided (f. 15,783 to 15,784 recto). For the court, a promise of a gift was issued to [Nombre 068] so that he would vote in favor of this award, and regarding the subject, it refers to what was stated in relation to the plan devised by [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078], to propose consulting contracts in favor of two companies that had engaged in commercial activities with [Nombre 060], one of them [Nombre 114]., whose manager is [Nombre 105]. Those contracts were simulated, the company became a creditor of [Nombre 060], and later, with the resources received, the gift promised to [Nombre 068] was paid.
The trial court adds that while the funds were transferred to [Nombre 022] and [Nombre 064] through [Nombre 058]. ([Nombre 028]), they were delivered to [Nombre 068] through [Nombre 114]. ([Nombre 105]), there being a common purpose and a common trunk ([Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078]). Furthermore, the sums paid are similar. For the judges who signed the majority vote, the fact that [Nombre 068] was a director of ICE and that [Nombre 046] facilitated the meeting between the former and [Nombre 105] before the vote in which the 400,000 lines were awarded, allows the conclusion that the gift was offered at that moment in exchange for his affirmative vote. And it is that [Nombre 046] moves within those circles and knows the directors, and this is also shown by his approach to [Nombre 064], to ask him for help with the amounts [Nombre 091] owed him. In the same vein, the transfer of money via [Nombre 060] - [Nombre 114] - [Nombre 046] - [Nombre 068], demonstrates that the act the latter executed was to receive payment for an act proper to his functions and that, prior to this act, the promise of compensation was made to him.
Finally, it was stated that [Nombre 046] had knowledge that the money offered and delivered through him to [Nombre 068] was for having cast his favorable vote for the awarding of the 400,000 lines. As support for this conclusion, the court alludes to how atypical the contract for the 400,000 lines was, not only due to its magnitude, but also due to the enormous demand that existed at the time. From the testimonial evidence (statements of [Nombre 128], [Nombre 195], and [Nombre 095]), it is extracted that it was a transcendental project in the history of ICE. This matter was known by [Nombre 046], not only because he moves in the telecommunications field, but also due to his relationship with [Nombre 105]. Furthermore, the matter was widely publicized. At this point, the court also emphasizes the statement of [Nombre 064]. He indicated that in the meeting at [Nombre 094], [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] spoke to him about the importance for [Nombre 091] of the ICE migrating to open telephony schemes, using the tender as a method for acquiring technology, and him voting in favor of the company, this also because, according to what [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] told him, on a recent date, [Nombre 046] had told them that he could influence that decision in a way detrimental to [Nombre 091]'s interests, and had even announced that he would have the backing of the Executive Branch, a statement that for the court demonstrates [Nombre 046]'s knowledge of what [Nombre 091]'s priorities were (migration and tender), as well as of the procedure defined at the beginning of 2001 by the Comptroller General of the Republic.
It was also considered that due to the closeness between the two, [Nombre 046] knew of [Nombre 068]'s position within ICE. That closeness was also evidenced by the way of receiving and disposing of the gift (specifically, [Nombre 068] requested a bank account from [Nombre 046] to receive part of the payments). Finally, the reference to the convictions handed down against [Nombre 068] and [Nombre 105] and the admissions of guilt made by both regarding the facts was reiterated (f. 15,785 to 15,789 recto). vii) Likewise, the lower court examined the consulting contracts signed by [Nombre 114]. with [Nombre 091], the monies delivered to [Nombre 068] through this means, as well as the profits obtained by [Nombre 046] and [Nombre 105] (f. 15,789 to 15,828 recto). Based on all the foregoing, it convicted [Nombre 046] for the offense of penalty of the corrupter by aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery in relation to the acts attributed to [Nombre 068] (f. 15,833 recto and following).
Now, regarding [Nombre 041], what the appealed judgment stated is that this defendant acted in common accord with [Nombre 105] and [Nombre 046] to manage to approach [Nombre 068] and make the compensatory offer. In addition, that [Nombre 041] was the common trunk between the distribution of gifts via [Nombre 058]. and via [Nombre 114]., such that he knew that the consulting contracts signed by [Nombre 105] were as simulated as those of [Nombre 058]. and that this was the mechanism implemented to provide resources to the illicit arm that would allow paying monies to [Nombre 068], counting on the contribution of [Nombre 046] regarding the indication of the accounts and other data that needed to be coordinated for each delivery (f. 15,726 recto, volume XXXII). Having analyzed the foregoing reasonings, this chamber considers that, after hypothetically excluding the "testimony" of [Nombre 064], it is not possible to prove with certainty that [Nombre 041] was a co-perpetrator of a compensatory promise issued to [Nombre 068] by [Nombre 105].
As has been pointed out, this court does not cast doubt on the situation of [Nombre 091] in the field of mobile telephony, the delivery to public officials of significant sums (in similar amounts, moreover) that took place after the contract for the 400,000 GSM lines was awarded, the relationship of trust between [Nombre 046] and the heads of [Nombre 091], and even the mechanism through which the funds that would later be distributed among the public officials entered (meaning, consulting contracts signed with [Nombre 058]. and [Nombre 114].). However, it is not possible to assert with certainty that the sums [Nombre 068] received were to fulfill a promise - prior to the award - issued to him by [Nombre 105] in common accord with [Nombre 041]. Although it can be taken as true that this last defendant distributed funds from [Nombre 060] among several public officials, regarding the promise and the purposes pursued thereby, the fundamental evidence is the statement of [Nombre 064], to the point that when this is hypothetically excluded, it is not plausible to rule out other hypotheses, for example, that it involved economic compensation accepted for a completed act and without there having been a prior promise, that the public officials themselves induced that payment, or that, even if a promise existed, it had a different content.
See also that it was [Nombre 064] who, during the debate, spoke of the concern of [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078] about what [Nombre 046] had told them, in the sense that regarding the granting of the contract for the 400,000 lines he could exert influence and harm [Nombre 091], an assertion used by the lower court to understand the interest of the corrupters in approaching the ICE directors before that contract was awarded. Even the role that the majority vote assigned to [Nombre 046] in this scheme was largely established thanks to what was said by [Nombre 064], since – according to him – [Nombre 046] approached him to help him collect monies that [Nombre 091] owed him for his services. So clear is the weight held by [Nombre 064]'s testimony, that in this section of the judgment, an appeal was made to the parallelism between his situation and that of [Nombre 068], affirming that they are two of the directors who received money from [Nombre 091] and who received promises of gifts, a conclusion reached because the former said so and because [Nombre 068] was sentenced for it.
However, with the statement of the cooperating defendant hypothetically suppressed, and bearing in mind that the convictions of [Nombre 068] and [Nombre 105] were handed down within the framework of an abbreviated procedure, where the admission of guilt has a formal character, the possibility of establishing the promise of a gift with certainty and, especially, of involving [Nombre 041] in that promise, vanishes. Again, this chamber has no doubt that [Nombre 041] paid a series of public officials using two corporations ([Nombre 114]. and [Nombre 058].).
One might even suspect that those payments were related to [Name 091]'s incursion into the mobile telephone market; however, it is not possible to assert that those payments were made to fulfill promises of gifts made before the award of the contract for the 400,000 lines, in exchange for it being granted to [Name 091], especially when other alternatives may also be considered, e.g., that they were economic compensation given for completed acts, without prior promise (as [Name 064] had stated), or that it was the public officials who demanded the payment, as [Name 041] himself indicated at one point (cf. in this regard, the statement of [Name 116], analyzed in previous sections). In this regard and in application of the in dubio pro reo principle, the judgment is annulled insofar as it convicted [Name 041] for a crime of corruptor's penalty for aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery, in relation to the acts attributed to [Name 068], and instead, he is acquitted of all penalty and liability for the aforementioned crime.
By reason of what is set forth in this considerando and because it is unnecessary, a ruling is omitted concerning the other claims contained in the appeals filed by attorneys Federico Morales Herrera and Erick Ramos Fallas, as well as those raised by attorney Mario Navarro Quirós, private defender of [Name 028], with the exception of the third ground he termed "Erroneous and inadequate reasoning. Violation of due process and the right to defense due to erroneous application of Article 110 of the Penal Code," since this, being related to the confiscation of certain assets belonging to legal entities linked to [Name 028], demands a more in-depth analysis. Regarding that ground, this Court will rule later.
"V.- Los reclamos se declaran con lugar: Con el propósito de que esta exposición sea lo más clara posible, esta cámara dividirá el análisis en varios apartados, a saber: 1) Competencia del tribunal de juicio para verificar el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales contemplados para aplicar un criterio de oportunidad. 2) Examen del criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064]. Vicios presentes en su trámite y en la resolución que lo autorizó. 3) Inclusión hipotética de las conductas omitidas por el órgano requirente al solicitar el criterio de oportunidad, y nueva valoración sobre el reproche que cabe formular en cuanto a las conductas imputadas a [Nombre 064], en comparación con las de otros imputados. Ponderación de los argumentos esgrimidos por el tribunal de juicio en cuanto al tema en particular. 4) Credibilidad que cabe otorgar a la declaración del imputado colaborador.
En cuanto a esta, lo primero que hay que señalar es que se trata de una resolución ayuna de fundamentación . La jueza penal que resolvió el tema, además de transcribir los 116 puntos que citó el Ministerio Público en su solicitud, la acogió señalando una serie de extremos que se puede sintetizar así: i) Al lado de la persecución penal oficiosa, derivada del principio de legalidad, la ley también autoriza al Ministerio Público para prescindir de ella en ciertos casos regulados por la misma ley y por “conveniencia de la política criminal del sistema vigente” (f. 83 frente del citado legajo); ii) definir la política criminal y prescindir de la acción penal son facultades discrecionales que no pueden ser controladas por el juez: “En esta investigación las Fiscales hacen uso de esa facultad y solicitan a favor del imputado [Nombre 064], la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad bajo la premisa del inciso b) del citado artículo 22 del CPP, la solicitud que se conoce, y se enfatiza en las facultades discrecionales que no pueden ser controladas por el juez, de manera que por razones de economía procesal, y como en definitiva es el Ministerio Público quien determina si se ejerce la acción penal o se prescinde de su ejercicio en el caso concreto” (sic, f. 83 mencionado); iii) la solicitud cuenta con el visto bueno del superior jerárquico; iv) tras citar los artículos 22 inciso b) y 23 del Código Procesal Penal, la jueza penal afirma que es procedente la aplicación del criterio.
En este punto, transcribe lo indicado en la solicitud formulada por el Ministerio Público (f. 85 a 87 frente) y, cerrada la cita textual, afirma: “Según lo exponen las señoras fiscal (sic) , la razón de peso que motiva esta petición por parte del Ministerio Público se sustenta bajo la premisa de que se trata de un asunto de tramitación compleja, en el cual el encartado [Nombre 064] realizó declaración escrita a efectos del criterio de oportunidad, comprometiéndose a rendir declaración, en etapa de juicio o en cualquier audiencia oral, donde brindara o ratificara toda la información veraz, útil y pertinente para el esclarecimiento de los hechos investigados en contra de los encartados [Nombre 041], [Nombre 078], [Nombre 046] y [Nombre 033]. Así mismo señala que la conducta atribuida a el (sic) encartado [Nombre 064] resulta menos reprochable que la del encartado [Nombre 033]. Por otra parte, nótese que la Fiscal interpone la solicitud antes de formular la acusación, por escrito, ante el Juez de la Etapa Intermedia y como se indicó supra con la autorización del superior jerárquico, que son los aspectos formales cuyo cumplimiento debe verificar el juez, y a lo que se limita en definitiva el control de la legalidad que se debe realizar.
En consecuencia, así las cosas se acoge la solicitud…” (F. 87 frente, el destacado no es del original). Como se observa, no existe ningún pronunciamiento acerca de si las conductas atribuidas a [Nombre 064] eran o no menos reprochables que las imputadas a [Nombre 041], [Nombre 078], [Nombre 046] y [Nombre 033], acusados cuya intervención en los hechos, según se afirma en la solicitud de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad, es la que se pretendía acreditar a través de la declaración que rendiría [Nombre 064] en el debate (cfr. folio 28 frente del legajo en cuestión, así como folio 1, punto 1.- del legajo denominado “Acuerdo entre la fiscalía y [Nombre 064] para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad”, prueba Nº 776). Se está ante una resolución carente de fundamentación y, por ende ineficaz, sea porque la jueza penal sencillamente no expuso sus razonamientos en relación con el tema del reproche que le cabe al colaborador, o bien, porque decidió no hacerlo bajo la creencia de que tal extremo es ajeno al control jurisdiccional.
De hecho, así parece desprenderse de la resolución (cfr. últimas líneas reproducidas), posición que por lo dicho supra, es errónea. Aunado a esto, la conclusión antes expuesta -a saber, que la resolución presenta un vicio de falta de fundamentación- no varía ni siquiera al asumir hipotéticamente que el órgano jurisdiccional, al transcribir algunos extractos de lo expuesto por el Ministerio Público, los hizo suyos (y se subraya el carácter hipotético de la situación). Lo anterior porque la solicitud que formuló el órgano requirente también presenta el mismo defecto. Según se desprende de su lectura, no obstante que el Ministerio Público pretendía la aplicación de un criterio de oportunidad a favor de [Nombre 064] para facilitar la persecución de [Nombre 041], [Nombre 078], [Nombre 046] y [Nombre 033], en su solicitud no dedicó una sola línea a explicar por qué las conductas de [Nombre 064], de cuya persecución penal se pretendía prescindir, eran menos reprochables que las de los imputados [Nombre 041], [Nombre 078] y [Nombre 046].
En consecuencia, tampoco lo hizo la resolución que autorizó su aplicación y que, como ya se dijo, se limitó a transcribir lo dicho por el órgano requirente. En el caso de [Nombre 033] la situación no es menos grave, ya que sobre el punto en cuestión -el reproche- solo se refiere que la conducta de [Nombre 064] es menos reprochable que la de [Nombre 033] porque este era [...] del país y aquel un miembro de una junta directiva de una institución autónoma; porque [Nombre 033] era quien designaba a la mayoría de miembros de la citada junta y tenía injerencia en el accionar de esas instituciones, y porque [Nombre 064] también era asesor de casa presidencial, con lo cual le debía obediencia a [Nombre 033]. De lo anterior, indicó el Ministerio Público, “… se desprende el enorme poder que [Nombre 033] ostentaba sobre “la dirección y accionar institucional”, como a nivel personal, sobre [Nombre 064] (f. 30 frente del legajo).
Es decir, si nos atenemos a la solicitud, que cabe reiterar, no fue ponderada por la jueza penal sino tan solo reproducida en su resolución (f. 86 a 87 frente), el único argumento ofrecido para sostener que la conducta imputada a [Nombre 033] era más reprochable que las efectuadas por [Nombre 064] se relaciona con el cargo que ostentaba el primero, dejando de lado toda consideración sobre las conductas efectivamente imputadas a [Nombre 064] y a [Nombre 033]. Como si todo lo anterior no bastase para entender que la resolución que autorizó el criterio de oportunidad es ineficaz, existe un vicio de mayor entidad que convierte en ilegal lo decidido. Y es que, tal y como se denunció en la etapa de debate y ahora, en fase de apelación de sentencia, de los autos se extrae que la jueza penal que aplicó el criterio de oportunidad no contó con toda la información necesaria para resolver. En realidad, las conductas que pueden imputarse a [Nombre 064] y de cuya persecución penal se prescindió, fueron más que las referidas por el Ministerio Público al solicitar el criterio de oportunidad.
De la mismas manifestaciones que hasta ese momento había hecho [Nombre 064] ante el Ministerio Público, en las que narró conductas ajenas a las aquí investigadas y que también pueden estimarse delictivas, así como del informe pericial 297-DEF (prueba Nº 598) y el expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE, seguido contra Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz por el presunto delito de incumplimiento de deberes (y que se admitió como prueba en esta etapa procesal), se desprende que además de lo relacionado con la contratación de las 400.000 líneas, para el momento que se negoció el criterio habían elementos suficientes para sospechar que [Nombre 064] había recibido otros tantos “premios o regalías”. Específicamente, $110.207,°° y $29.833,95 procedentes de [Nombre 083] . y [Nombre 085]. (así, informe pericial Nº 297-DEF-540-04/05, folio 38 del informe); una retribución económica que se calcula en $56.000,°° en razón de lo resuelto sobre el proyecto de generación eléctrica La Joya (cfr. declaración indagatoria de [Nombre 064] rendida a las 16:15 horas del 30 de septiembre de 2004, f. 132 frente del tomo I; denuncia formulada por [Nombre 033], f. 19 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-06154-PE y nota publicada en la sección de noticias nacionales, en La Nación.com, el sábado 2 de octubre de 2004, titulada “[Nombre 064] admite otro ‘premio’ como directivo del ICE”, visible a folios 256 a 258 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-06154-PE ya mencionado). [Nombre 064] también describió algunas ventajas de contenido económico recibidas en sus viajes a Praga y Suiza (cfr. declaración indagatoria del 30 de septiembre de 2004 y denuncia de [Nombre 033], f. 20 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-06154-PE).
Finalmente, en la denuncia interpuesta por [Nombre 033], se mencionó que [Nombre 064] recibió importantes sumas de dinero procedentes de [Nombre 091] relacionadas con contratos distintos a los de telefonía celular, así como un viaje a Brasil costeado por esa empresa [cfr., folio 19 del citado expediente Nº 08-000032-06154-PE y f. 1771 del tomo V (esto sobre el viaje a Brasil)]. Ahora, en ese mismo proceso -el seguido contra Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz-, la fiscal Maribel Bustillo Piedra admitió con claridad que, con excepción de las regalías disfrutadas en Praga y Suiza, los hechos que según [Nombre 033] no habían sido investigados (es decir, lo relacionado con los dineros que [Nombre 046] trasladó a [Nombre 064]; con los fondos procedentes de [Nombre 060] asociados a los contratos Nº 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031 y 424 H 39562; con el viaje a Brasil y con las retribuciones económicas relacionadas con La Joya y [Nombre 083] -[Nombre 270] ) no habían sido objeto de persecución penal porque estaban cubiertos por el criterio de oportunidad.
Específicamente, la licenciada Bustillo Piedra solicitó desestimar la denuncia planteada por el imputado [Nombre 033] contra el entonces Fiscal General de la República con los siguientes argumentos: “SE SOLICITA DESESTIMAR DENUNCIA. La suscrita, MARIBEL BUSTILLO PIEDRA, Fiscal de la Unidad de Delitos Varios… solicito la Desestimación de las presentes diligencias, con base en lo siguiente: RELACIÓN DE HECHOS. A. El señor [Nombre 033], en su condición de denunciante, manifiesta que con ocasión de la investigación No. 04-006835-647-PE donde figura como imputado [Nombre 064] (quien cuenta con el ejercicio de la acción penal suspendida por aplicación del instituto del Criterio de Oportunidad-), este reconoció no solo haber participado en los actos de corrupción en beneficio de la empresa [Nombre 091] referidos a la adjudicación y contratación de cuatrocientas mil líneas de telefonía móvil, también reconoció haber realizado otra serie de conductas delictivas, respaldadas incluso con documentación que obra en el expediente principal, por ejemplo, los informes de la Sección de Delitos Económicos y Financieros del Organismo de Investigación Judicial, conductas que a su criterio, no fueron investigadas por el Ministerio Público.
Los hechos delictivos a los que hace referencia el denunciante y que indica, no han sido objeto de investigación por parte del Ministerio Público contra [Nombre 064] , se refieren a:
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de la empresa [Nombre 091] con ocasión de: la compra de centrales fijas del “ICE-Switching program 2000-2001”, la compra para ampliación de centrales telefónicas efectuadas por el ICE el día 23 de mayo del año 2002 y un programa de expansión del ICE ($325.253,32).
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de [Nombre 280] por la aprobación de la concesión del proyecto hidroeléctrico “La Joya” ($56.000,00).
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de [Nombre 046] por pagos que le realizó la empresa [Nombre 091] por “diversos motivos” ($62.562.50).
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de la empresa [Nombre 270]-[Nombre 083] por contratación otorgada ($110.207,00).
· Costo de tiquetes por viaje San José-Río de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro-Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-San José en primera clase por parte de la empresa [Nombre 091] ($5.617,00).
B. Por otra parte, el denunciante [Nombre 033] señala que [Nombre 064] también reconoció en su declaración indagatoria haber recibido regalías como Directivo del ICE, en viaje realizado a Praga y Suiza, hechos que indica, no han sido investigados por el Ministerio Público de manera premeditada para protegerlo ilegalmente.
Luego de un estudio pormenorizado de las presentes diligencias, considera la suscrita… que en la especie es lo pertinente la desestimación de las presentes diligencias, por cuanto los hechos denunciados por el señor [Nombre 033] no configuran delito.
A. El propio denunciante en su escrito… ofrece la respuesta al porqué los hechos mencionados no han sido, por el momento, objeto de persecución penal, al indicar…:
“…tales hechos no solo se han acreditado con su confesión (la de [Nombre 064]) sino también pericialmente, y no obstante por el evidente acuerdo de negociación existente entre [Nombre 064] y el Fiscal Dall'Anese Ruiz…, no han sido a la fecha objeto de ningún tipo de investigación o imputación penal en contra del delincuente confeso [Nombre 064] …” Efectivamente. El Ministerio Público ha convenido con el imputado [Nombre 064] , la aplicación del instituto denominado Criterio de Oportunidad y al respecto existe suscrito acuerdo formal y por ello, al menos por el momento, no es objeto de persecución penal . Valga el momento para realizar algunas consideraciones de tipo aclaratorio… El Criterio de Oportunidad mencionado no fue llevado a cabo entre [Nombre 064] y el denunciado Dall'Anese Ruiz, sino entre [Nombre 064], su defensor particular Edwald Acuña Blanco y los fiscales del Ministerio Público Carlos Morales Chinchilla, Criss Gonzáles Ugalde en fecha 31 de enero de 2006, siendo autorizado por quien fuera en aquel momento Fiscal Adjunto de la Fiscalía de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios, Licenciado Warner Molina Ruiz.
Por otra parte, los hechos mencionados si (sic) han sido objeto de investigación, al punto de que tal y como lo indica el denunciante, están contenidos en varios documentos que forman parte del expediente principal, entre ellos, los informes policiales de la Sección de Delitos Económicos del Organismo de Investigación Judicial, pero como se indicara anteriormente, forman parte del acuerdo de aplicación del instituto del artículo 22… Ciertamente la investigación que lleva a cabo la Fiscalía Adjunta de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios del Ministerio Público reviste una tramitación sumamente compleja sobre graves delitos de corrupción cometidos en altas esferas de quienes ostentaran el poder político en nuestro país en los primeros años de esta década… La conducta de [Nombre 064] resulta menos reprochable que la de [Nombre 033], pues en el ámbito de la función pública, en tratándose de delitos de corrupción, la sola condición de ser el [...] supone un mayor reproche que el que podría merecer cualquier otro funcionario público independientemente del puesto que desempeñe…
La Fiscalía Adjunta de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios del Ministerio Público analiza que en el caso concurren todos los presupuestos procesales expuestos y por ello, decide aplicar el instituto con el imputado [Nombre 064], no únicamente por los dineros indebidamente recibidos de la empresa [Nombre 091] correspondientes a la contratación de por parte del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad de las cuatrocientas mil líneas de telefonía inalámbrica de tecnología GMS (sic), sino también por los otros hechos delictivos mencionados. Esto se desprende claramente del “Acuerdo para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad” llevado a cabo en la Fiscalía Adjunta de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios en fecha 31 de enero del año 2006, el cual tuvo a la vista la suscrita representante del Ministerio Público y que podrá ser solicitado a esa oficina por el señor Juez Penal para su análisis.
El acuerdo en lo que interesa establece:… “Presentes en la Fiscalía de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios, el imputado [Nombre 064] , mayor… su defensor… los Fiscales… a efectos de fijar los límites respecto de la aplicación de un criterio de oportunidad a favor del imputado [Nombre 064]… se acuerda: 1. El Ministerio Público… se compromete a solicitar a favor del imputado [Nombre 064], se prescinda en forma total de la persecución penal en la causa arriba indicada, siempre y cuando la declaración que se compromete a rendir en este caso, no sea desvirtuada por otros elementos probatorios que la hagan parecer como falsa, sea total o parcialmente…” En el acuerdo en mención puede observarse, el Ministerio Público en el ejercicio de sus facultades por ley conferidas, se compromete a solicitar a favor de [Nombre 064], se prescinda de la persecución penal, no solo del hecho referido al dinero indebidamente recibido por parte de la empresa [Nombre 091] con ocasión de la contratación por parte del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad de las cuatrocientas mil líneas móviles…, sino de la totalidad de la persecución penal en la causa No. 04-006835-647-PE que abarca este y los otros hechos que el denunciante menciona, pues todos forman parte de la investigación con el número único indicado, tan es así, que el imputado fue indagado por todos esos hechos y mucho antes de la aplicación de este acuerdo, en fecha 30 de septiembre de 2004…B.
Por otra parte, el denunciante [Nombre 033] refiere en su escrito que además de todos los ilícitos comentados, [Nombre 064] también confesó, en su primera declaración indagatoria de fecha 30 de septiembre de 2004 en la causa 04-006835-647-PE, haber recibido regalías recibidas como Directivo del ICE en un viaje realizado a Praga y Suiza, lo cual se tramita en causa independiente No. 04-004671-647-PE… esta causa se inicia en el Ministerio Público antes de que se iniciara la causa 04-006835-647-PE, es por esta razón que estos hechos se encuentran fuera del acuerdo para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad llevado a cabo en fecha 31 de enero de 2006…” (cfr., folios 27 a 36 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE, seguido contra Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, por incumplimiento de deberes; el destacado no es del original). Como se observa, en la misma solicitud de desestimación que formuló la licenciada Bustillo Piedra a favor del entonces Fiscal General de la República, señor Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, la citada profesional señaló categóricamente que el criterio de oportunidad comprendía no solo los hechos relacionados con la contratación de las 400 mil líneas, sino los demás hechos conocidos en la causa Nº 04-006835-647-PE y que, en principio, enumeró en la solicitud de desestimación, aclarando que eran parte de la misma investigación y que [Nombre 064] fue indagado en relación con ellos.
De los hechos abarcados por la negociación con el imputado colaborador, la licenciada Bustillo Piedra solo excluyó los relacionados con los viajes a Praga y Suiza, mismos que según dijo, se investigaban en una causa independiente. Ahora, este tribunal también se ha dado a la tarea de examinar tanto la solicitud de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad como la resolución que lo autorizó, determinando lo siguiente: a.- las retribuciones económicas entregadas por [Nombre 046] a [Nombre 064] como reconocimiento por las gestiones de pago que el imputado colaborador efectuó ante [Nombre 091], sí están contempladas en la negociación (f. 17 a 18, 65 a 67 frente, puntos identificados con los números 80 a 85, legajo de solicitud de criterio de oportunidad); b.- los fondos trasladados a [Nombre 064] y que se relacionan con los contratos Nº 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031 y 424 H 39562 (contratos que cita el denunciante [Nombre 033] de folios 6 a 8 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE), sí están vinculados con el tema de las 400.000 líneas de telefonía móvil GSM, pues a tenor de lo expuesto en la sentencia recurrida, esos contratos fueron únicamente mamparas empleadas para recibir los fondos que posteriormente fueron entregados a varios funcionarios públicos con ocasión del tema ya dicho.
En ese tanto, son sumas que están comprendidas dentro de los alcances del criterio de oportunidad (cfr. punto 97.- y siguientes, tanto de la solicitud como de la resolución que autorizó la aplicación de criterio y en los cuales se alude a la entrega a [Nombre 064] de $2.560.253,32 con ocasión del contrato de las 400.000 líneas, folios 20 a 28 y 70 a 82 frente del legajo). c.- De las retribuciones económicas asociadas con el proyecto La Joya y las empresas [Nombre 083]-[Nombre 270], así como del viaje a Brasil, no hay ninguna referencia en el convenio de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad. d.- La aceptación por parte de [Nombre 064], de una retribución económica procedente de [Nombre 085] . no se menciona ni en la denuncia formulada por [Nombre 033] (expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE), ni en la solicitud de aplicación del criterio, o en la resolución que autorizó este. De todo lo antes dicho, se extraen varias conclusiones:
Es decir, en relación con esos hechos se negoció un criterio de oportunidad “de hecho”, ayuno de control jurisdiccional. Para los suscritos, de ambas alternativas, la segunda es la que se estima razonable, no solo porque en la solicitud de desestimación que formuló la licenciada Bustillo Piedra ella recomendó a la autoridad jurisdiccional examinar los documentos relacionados con el criterio (lo que demuestra que actuó con transparencia), sino porque ninguna de las dádivas antes referidas ha sido objeto de investigación y persecución penal. Acudiendo a este mismo argumento (la ausencia de investigación y procesamiento), es factible concluir que también la aceptación por parte de [Nombre 064] de la dádiva que le fue entregada por la empresa [Nombre 085]., fue una de las conductas negociadas sin cumplir con las formalidades legales previstas. Si bien esta no fue descrita en la solicitud de desestimación hecha por la licenciada Bustillo Piedra, como tampoco en la solicitud de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad o la resolución que lo aprobó, se trata de un hecho al que se le ha dispensado el mismo trato que a las retribuciones económicas descritas atrás y que según la fiscal tantas veces mencionada, están comprendidas en el criterio de oportunidad.
En este punto y con independencia de las consecuencias que deriven de lo antes órgano requirente (que -quizás por descuido- omitió informar al órgano jurisdiccional sobre algunos de los hechos de cuya persecución penal prescindió al negociar un criterio de oportunidad con [Nombre 064] ), sino también por el juez penal que resolvió la solicitud de desestimación formulada en el expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE citado, ya que como mínimo para acoger esta, debió comprobar lo expuesto por la licenciada Bustillo Piedra, tal y como esta misma profesional lo pidió al formular la solicitud de desestimación. La simple lectura de la solicitud de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad y de la resolución que lo autorizó, hubiese bastado para concluir que algunas de las retribuciones económicas recibidas por [Nombre 064] , ajenas al tema de las 400.000 líneas, no estaban contempladas (al menos no formal y expresamente) en la negociación que se efectuó en este asunto.
Es importante acotar que el vicio que interesa, entiéndase, el que se dio en este proceso, tampoco fue corregido por el órgano requirente a pesar de que se contó con esa posibilidad, sea cuando el imputado [Nombre 033] denunció penalmente a don Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz por incumplimiento de deberes, el 1 de julio de 2008 (f. 1, expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE), o bien en el debate, cuando se cuestionó el tema por parte de la defensa (cfr. folios 13.676 a 13.705 vuelto, tomo XXVIII). El voto de mayoría afirma que los hechos sometidos al criterio de oportunidad son únicamente los relacionados con la adjudicación de las 400 mil líneas de telefonía móvil, pues solo estos están comprendidos en el fundamento fáctico de su solicitud de aplicación y en la resolución que lo aprobó, de ahí que no llevan razón los defensores al afirmar que se engañó a la jueza penal para favorecer a [Nombre 064], garantizándole impunidad por delitos no comprendidos en la gestión (f. 16.079 frente, tomo XXXIII).
No se comparte este criterio. Como ya se explicó, es evidente la discrepancia que hay entre lo planteado en la solicitud de desestimación formulada en el expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE y lo que se contempló en la solicitud de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad en esta causa, sin que para establecer cuáles fueron los alcances del acuerdo, sea plausible atenerse solo a lo indicado en la segunda, pues el Ministerio Público, además de ser uno solo, fue el que a través de uno de sus representantes admitió y aseguró de manera categórica que una serie de hechos que en principio eran atribuibles al imputado colaborador no habían sido investigados porque estaban comprendidos en la negociación. Incluso en el debate, [Nombre 064], que se negó a rendir declaración en cuanto a todos los temas ya referidos, a saber, las ventajas económicas procedentes de [Nombre 083], [Nombre 270], [Nombre 085] y la vinculada con el proyecto denominado La Joya (cfr. folios 14.975 y 14.976 frente, tomo XXXI), se negó también a indicar si algunos de esos hechos estaban comprendidos por el criterio de oportunidad (f. 14.995, primera línea).
Para los suscritos, la tesis del voto de mayoría, en el sentido de que lo trascendente es lo expuesto en el acuerdo y no lo que haya sucedido al margen de él, supondría admitir que el Ministerio Público puede manejar un doble discurso en materia de negociaciones, uno del que se deja constancia dentro del proceso y con base en el cual se examina el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales para la aplicación de la figura jurídica, y otro ajeno al control jurisdiccional, donde sencillamente se puede prescindir de perseguir ciertos hechos a cambio de colaboración. Se trata de una postura que es inadmisible en términos constitucionales, pues -como ya se explicó- en razón del principio de legalidad que rige nuestro sistema, el Ministerio Público está obligado a ejercer la acción penal, deber que solo puede ser excepcionado en los casos señalados taxativamente por el legislador y bajo control jurisdiccional.
Y este control solo se puede efectuar cuando el órgano requirente, al solicitar la aplicación de un criterio de oportunidad, de forma objetiva y transparente contempla todos los hechos comprendidos en el convenio, sin omitir información medular. Solamente así la autoridad jurisdiccional puede determinar si la conducta del imputado colaborador, de cuya persecución penal se prescinde, es menos reprochable que la de los imputados que son afectados con el criterio. Se trata de una cuestión que adquiere mayor importancia en ordenamientos jurídicos como el nuestro, donde la conducta criminal del colaborador cuya persecución se prescinde no necesariamente es parte del hecho cuya continuación evita o cuya persecución penal facilita (así, ZÚÑIGA MORALES, Ulises. “El testigo de la corona”. En: Derecho Procesal Penal Costarricense. San José, Asociación de Ciencias Penales de Costa Rica, 2007, pp. 592 y 599.
En igual sentido, Sala Tercera, resolución Nº 2001-0737). Y es que si, con ocasión del criterio de oportunidad, se puede garantizar al colaborador la impunidad por hechos distintos a los que son investigados y resueltos con su ayuda (en este caso, los relacionados con las 400.000 líneas y las dádivas que [Nombre 046] le entregó como agradecimiento por sus gestiones de cobro ante [Nombre 091]), es notoria la importancia que tiene que el Ministerio Público, al solicitar la aplicación del instituto jurídico, no omita ningún detalle sobre todas las conductas que se dejarán de investigar y perseguir, no limitándose a la descripción de aquellas cuya persecución penal facilita el denominado testigo de la corona , pues será sobre el conjunto de hechos que deberá hacerse la valoración o comparación de reproches. En resumen, si el acuerdo comprende, tal y como sucedió en este caso, conductas del colaborador que no son parte del hecho investigado, la solicitud de aplicación de un criterio de oportunidad debe comprenderlas, ya que de lo contrario, el órgano jurisdiccional carece de la información necesaria para controlar si se justifica aplicar el instituto jurídico mencionado -que tiene clara connotaciones utilitaristas- en detrimento del principio de legalidad y obligatoriedad en el ejercicio de la acción penal.
Por todo lo anterior, esta cámara entiende que, al solicitar la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad, el órgano requirente tenía el deber de exponer todos los hechos involucrados en el pacto, sea que estos tuviesen relación con el hecho investigado o que fuesen distintos e independientes. Si estaban comprendidos por el acuerdo y se pretendía prescindir de su persecución penal debían ser descritos, lo anterior porque el control jurisdiccional se da sobre el acuerdo y no, como podrían interpretar algunos, sobre una parte de él, esto es, la que está relacionada con una investigación particular, posición que -se reitera- abriría la puerta para que el órgano requirente disponga de forma arbitraria del ejercicio de la acción penal, haciendo por un lado, dentro del proceso, negociaciones que sean favorables a sus intereses y en las cuales se satisfagan los requerimientos de una menor reprochabilidad o culpabilidad del colaborador y, por otro lado, al margen del ordenamiento jurídico, otros convenios, exentos de cualquier control jurisdiccional.
Según las licenciadas Criss González Ugalde y Maribel Bustillo Piedra (f. 171.400 y 171.401 frente, tomo XXXVIII), no se puede aseverar que el órgano requirente ocultó información al juez penal pues si bien el trámite del criterio se realizó en un legajo aparte, en la solicitud se mencionó la causa en que aquel se requería (a saber, la N° 04-6835-647-PE). Es decir, según dichas profesionales, bastaba con que el juez que debía resolver sobre la solicitud de aplicación del criterio se impusiera del contenido de la investigación para descubrir que [Nombre 064] había recibido otras retribuciones económicas. Tal razonamiento de las licenciadas González y Bustillo es erróneo, ya que según el art. 22 del C.P.P., es el Ministerio Público el que debe decidir si prescinde de la persecución penal de forma total o parcial, o si limita esta a una o varias infracciones. Es decir, el examen que debe hacer el juez penal siempre deberá partir de los límites que establece aquel órgano.
Tan es así que, incluso asumiendo hipotéticamente que el tribunal detectó que en la causa se ventilaban hechos adicionales a los contemplados en la solicitud, esto no tenía ninguna importancia, ya que de conformidad con las normas que regulan la materia, bien se podía entender que en relación con aquellos la persecución penal se mantenía vigente, cosa que al día de hoy se sabe no sucedió en este caso, no solo por las afirmaciones que hizo la licenciada Bustillo Piedra en el expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE, sino también porque a pesar del transcurso del tiempo, no se han investigado y perseguido la aceptación hecha por [Nombre 064], de una serie de ventajas de contenido patrimonial que le fueron presentadas al margen de los hechos sometidos a juzgamiento en este asunto. Esto confirma lo que se ha venido planteando, en el sentido de que el órgano requirente está obligado a actuar con extremas transparencia, objetividad, lealtad y rigurosidad, reflejando en el convenido TODOS los hechos sometidos a negociación y no solo aquellos que le parecen oportunos.
Finalmente, no se puede dejar de lado la situación del mismo [Nombre 064], ya que si este prestó colaboración fue porque el órgano requirente se comprometió a prescindir de la persecución penal de una serie de conductas, siendo inadmisible avalar prácticas que hagan dudar de los alcances del acuerdo, impidiéndole al mismo imputado colaborador, en caso de ser necesario, demandar el cumplimiento de lo pactado.
15) y
VI.Consecuencias de lo antes resuelto. Si bien los vicios descritos supra (la ilegalidad del criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064] y, por ende, de la declaración que este rindió en el debate, así como el quebranto a las reglas de la sana crítica en la valoración de ese relato) tienen carácter formal o procesal, este tribunal considera innecesario ordenar el reenvío, lo anterior porque habiéndose efectuado una investigación exhaustiva, no se vislumbra posibilidad alguna de que en un eventual debate se incorporen de forma legítima otros elementos de prueba adicionales a los ya existentes y, en ese tanto, tampoco hay impedimento para que los suscritos procedan a resolver directamente lo que corresponda de conformidad con lo preceptuado en el artículo 465 del Código Procesal Penal, determinando a través del análisis de las probanzas que restan tras suprimir hipotéticamente la declaración referida, cuáles hechos de los que ha tenido por demostrados el tribunal de mérito se mantienen incólumes.
Se trata de una solución que, aunque puede resultar atípica tratándose de yerros procesales, puede ser adoptada en atención del principio de justicia pronta y cumplida, ya que no tiene sentido prolongar el proceso cuando hay razones suficientes para estimar que el estado de las cosas no va variar (en ese sentido, consúltense las resoluciones de la Sala Tercera números 827-F-96, de las 12:35 horas del 23 de diciembre de 1996 y 1173-1997 de las 9:30 horas del 31 de octubre de 1997). Así las cosas, de seguido se procederá a efectuar ese estudio para cada uno de los imputados.
Derecho Penal. Parte Especial. Buenos Aires, Editorial Astrea, Tomo II, 1° reimpresión de la 6° edición, 1998, pp. 272 y 273). En el caso de [Nombre 001], entre ambas conductas típicas se ha tenido por configurada la segunda, pues según se indicó supra, él aceptó una promesa de retribución económica a cambio de ejecutar -acto futuro- las acciones necesarias para que [Nombre 091] resultase favorecida en el proyecto de las 400.000 líneas GSM. Precisar lo anterior es fundamental, ya que según se ha tenido por demostrado, [Nombre 001] recibió los fondos procedentes de [Nombre 060] después de la adjudicación del contrato. Si la adjudicación ya se había dado, no es plausible sostener que [Nombre 001] recibió una dádiva a cambio de favorecer a [Nombre 091] -acción futura- en esa adjudicación y, por ende, se excluye por completo el otro supuesto contemplado en el tipo penal (a saber, recibir la retribución a cambio de comprometerse a realizar un acto futuro, propio de sus funciones).
Descartada así la hipótesis de la recepción de la dádiva, nos centramos en la que fue acusada y se tuvo por demostrada, a saber, que este imputado aceptó una promesa de dádiva anterior a esa adjudicación para favorecer en esta a [Nombre 091]. En este caso, la condena requiere la constatación de una serie de elementos del tipo penal que son medulares, a saber, la promesa de dádiva, su contenido -el acto propio de las funciones a cambio del cual se formula la promesa- y su aceptación. Según se explica en la sentencia, de folios 15.894 a 15.980 frente del tomo XXXIII, así como en los acápites generales de ella, referidos al marco general en torno a la contratación de las 400.000 líneas celulares GSM (f. 15.512 frente y siguientes), lo expuesto en relación con los supuestos corruptores, su identificación, la planeación delictiva, la suscripción de los contratos de consultoría por parte de [Nombre 058]. e [Nombre 114]. y la canalización de los dineros para el pago de dádivas y su distribución (f. 15.572 frente y siguientes), para tener por demostrada la promesa hecha a [Nombre 001] (y aceptada por este), se consideró lo siguiente: i) [Nombre 001] ingresó a laborar al ICE a fines del año 2000 -lo que incluso aceptó la defensa en conclusiones, f. 15.895, tomo XXXIII-, siendo que la relación laboral se formalizó en enero de 2001. [Nombre 001] estuvo a cargo del proceso abreviado 1-2001, correspondiente a las 400 mil líneas celulares.
Era el coordinador del proyecto y el que tenía relación con la empresa proveedora; ii) [Nombre 001] admitió ante los medios de comunicación haber recibido dineros de [Nombre 091]; iii) En la prueba, figuran tres notas confeccionadas en papel con membrete de [Nombre 058]. En la primera, con fecha de 22 de noviembre de 2000, remitida por [Nombre 098] a [Nombre 041] -que el tribunal de primera instancia entiende son [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 098]-, se afirma que se están haciendo gestiones para que [Nombre 001], recién nombrado por [Nombre 095], sea el interlocutor de [Nombre 091] en las negociaciones sobre las nuevas ampliaciones, pues es una persona con la que se podrá avanzar ya que es más político y por su reciente nombramiento no está contaminado por las influencias que afectan la administración tradicional. En la segunda, fechada el 23 de noviembre de 2000 y que es continuidad de la anterior, se afirma que se logró que [Nombre 001] lleve la batuta de la negociación a partir de ahora y que en consecuencia, se puede esperar una posición más flexible del grupo negociador del ICE.
Finalmente, en la nota del 29 de noviembre de 2000, se hace referencia a la eventual negativa de la Contraloría para aceptar la propuesta de [Nombre 095] de contratar con todos los suministradores, lo que según dice la nota, fue idea de [Nombre 095] para evitar objeciones, pero que en todo caso, también permitía mantener a raya la pretensión de ampliar el sistema para entonces vigente y acelerar la publicación de la nueva licitación por GSM y por ende mantener viva la capacidad de pelea de [Nombre 091] (todas estas notas, según constató este tribunal de apelación de sentencia, están visibles en la prueba Nº 686, denominada “Expediente principal de la causa Número 04-7810-0647-PE”, folios 295, 298 y 299 frente); iv) [Nombre 041] invitó a almorzar a [Nombre 001] el 29 de noviembre de 2000; v) en la nota interna PE-0102-P del 22 de febrero de 2002, remitida por la presidencia ejecutiva del ICE a las diferentes unidades estratégicas de negocios, se les informa que para el proceso de contratación abreviada de las 400 mil líneas se nombró una comisión coordinada por [Nombre 001], que estaría a cargo del estudio y adjudicación del proyecto (estudio de ofertas, contestación de aclaraciones, evaluación en todos los aspectos, recomendación de adjudicación, consulta y resolución de posibles apelaciones, etcétera, trabajo que concluiría cuando el contrato estuviese refrendado), comisión que dependería de un órgano de alto nivel integrado por [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122] y [Nombre 068] .
Se trata de comunicados que a pesar de ser para uso interno del ICE le fueron remitidos a [Nombre 041], quien se mantenía al tanto de lo que sucedía en el ICE con el proyecto de las 400.000 líneas, en especial de las funciones asignadas a [Nombre 001], con lo cual estuvo altamente complacido. Según el tribunal, el nombramiento de [Nombre 001] también fue parte del plan ideado por [Nombre 041] (f. 15.902 frente); vi) aun cuando, en efecto, [Nombre 001] no tenía la última palabra sobre el proyecto, como sí sucedía con los miembros del consejo directivo (p. ej., [Nombre 022], [Nombre 064] y [Nombre 068]; el segundo que aceptó haber recibido dádivas de [Nombre 091] y el último que fue condenado por hechos de similar naturaleza), para esta empresa era imprescindible contar con el coordinador del proyecto, garantizándose así que actuase a su favor. Hablamos de quien tenía acceso a cualquier información y cuya opinión además tenía un gran peso ante funcionarios como [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122] y [Nombre 068], quienes finalmente tomaron la decisión y la llevaron al seno del consejo directivo.
Es importante recordar, indica el fallo, que [Nombre 068], al igual que [Nombre 105], fueron condenados por la comisión de delitos relacionados con el ofrecimiento y recepción de dádivas procedentes de [Nombre 091]; vii) para el tribunal, desde antes de su nombramiento como asistente en la presidencia ejecutiva del ICE y luego como coordinador del proyecto de las 400 mil líneas, [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028] conocían a [Nombre 001] como una persona más política, con la que se podía avanzar, de ahí que fuese el adecuado para el plan propuesto. Por ello, una vez que este asumió el cargo de coordinador, en atención a sus funciones, [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le prometieron el pago de una dádiva a cambio de que realizara las acciones necesarias dentro del ámbito de sus deberes para hacer efectiva la contratación favoreciendo los intereses de [Nombre 091] ; viii) el tribunal ponderó que el nombramiento de [Nombre 001] tuvo lugar en noviembre de 2000, cuando ya estaba en el seno del consejo directivo la inquietud de migrar hacia la tecnología GSM, lo que aunado a los conflictos suscitados entre [Nombre 091] y el ICE que se la causa de [Nombre 091], propósito que se logró al prometer dádivas a [Nombre 022], [Nombre 064] , [Nombre 068] y el mismo [Nombre 001].
También retomó el a quo el tema de la denominada “propuesta de acción” de [Nombre 124], en el sentido de que eran recomendables acercamientos entre la empresa y personas de distintos ámbitos y bandos, empresarial, religioso y político, sugerencia que tomó [Nombre 041] como representante de [Nombre 091] en Costa Rica para llevar a cabo un plan que incluía un acercamiento a [Nombre 001] y a otros imputados en este proceso; ix) finalmente, se ponderó la existencia de abundante prueba que permite demostrar con certeza que [Nombre 001] recibió y dispuso de las dádivas procedentes de [Nombre 060]. Además de lo ya expuesto, al examinar la situación de [Nombre 022], el tribunal de mérito citó otros indicios que, según entiende, también comprometen a [Nombre 001], a saber: x) un oficio de [Nombre 126], fechado 17 de febrero de 2005, donde consta que [Nombre 091] inició relaciones con este empresa en enero de 2000 y que, según sus registros, [Nombre 105], [Nombre 064], [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 022] usaron sus servicios, lo que permite concluir que tres de las personas favorecidas con los viajes, eran funcionarios del ICE, viajes que se dan luego del refrendo del contrato de las 400.000 líneas y por ende, no son ajenos a este tema (f. 15.845 y 15.846 frente, tomo XXXII); xi) la promesa de dádiva se prueba también a través del dicho de [Nombre 064].
Este, dice el tribunal de mérito, es verosímil, pues a pesar de algunas diferencias con sus relatos anteriores, en los puntos relevantes se ha mantenido igual. Según [Nombre 064], [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le ofrecieron un premio si ayudaba en tres áreas, a saber, migración a GSM, uso de licitación o concurso público y voto favorable a [Nombre 091]. Dice el tribunal que si esto era una práctica constante, no es extraño que se hayan acercado a otros funcionarios como [Nombre 022] o a [Nombre 001] (f. 15.862 a 15.864 frente, tomo XXXII). Ejercicio de supresión mental hipotética de la declaración de [Nombre 064] y examen de los indicios restantes con apego a las reglas de la sana crítica: Como señaló la licenciada Greysa Barrientos Núñez en la audiencia oral celebrada en este asunto, no hay dudas acerca de que los personeros de [Nombre 091] pensaban que la empresa estaba siendo excluida del mercado de telefonía móvil y que diseñaron un plan para lograr posicionarse en ese ámbito.
Como acertadamente se explica en la sentencia, el ICE dio sus primeros pasos con tecnología TDMA, la cual es una tecnología cautiva, pues las ampliaciones de la red solo se podían hacer con equipos producidos por las mismas compañías que ofertaban esa tecnología y que en el caso de nuestro país, eran Lucent Tecnologías de Costa Rica S.A. y Ericsson, empresas que eran contratadas por el ICE bajo la modalidad de compras directas, lo que impedía que otras empresas tuviesen acceso a ese mercado, p. ej. [Nombre 091], empresa que proveía al ICE de equipos para telefonía fija, siendo que además [Nombre 091] ofrecía equipos de tecnología GSM (cfr. folios 15.540 y 15.541 frente, tomo XXXII). Con base en la declaración de varios deponentes (p. ej., [Nombre 095], [Nombre 128], [Nombre 132] , entre otros), en el fallo recurrido se concluyó que para los años 1999 y 2000 la tecnología GSM se posicionaba en el mundo; que en 1999 había una relación “tensa” entre [Nombre 091] y el ICE y que durante el año 2000, [Nombre 091] luchó por ser un competidor más en el mercado de telefonía móvil.
Esta empresa, además de GSM (al parecer con poco éxito, pues aunque se admitían esas bondades, se continuaba con las contrataciones directas, algunas que también cuestionó [Nombre 091], p.ej., la contratación directa de 100.000 líneas en el año 2000, f. 15.563, tomo XXXII), diseñó toda una estrategia que implicó hacer del asunto un tema de dominio público y de interés nacional, razón por la cual se contactó con personas de distintos ámbitos, p. ej., legisladores, formadores de opinión, políticos, medios de comunicación y órganos públicos de control (v.g., la Contraloría General de la República), entre otros, a fin de denunciar lo que consideraban prácticas ayunas de transparencia, siendo que a raíz de estas acciones, indica el voto de mayoría, [Nombre 095], el 6 de octubre de 2000, anunció públicamente la migración a la tecnología GSM, lo que en todo caso ocurrió unos meses después (cfr. 15.540 a 15.572 frente, tomo XXXII).
De la misma manera, no hay dudas acerca de que varios funcionarios públicos recibieron sumas de dinero de la citada empresa, en circunstancias de modo y tiempo similares. Esto, sin embargo, no basta para tener por demostrado, tal y como lo hizo el voto de mayoría recurrido, con un grado de certeza y no de probabilidad, que los pagos efectuados tiempo después de la adjudicación fueron producto de una promesa de retribución formulada previamente y aceptada por [Nombre 001], a cambio de que este ejecutase actos propios de su cargo para favorecer a [Nombre 091] con el contrato de las 400.000 líneas . Según la sentencia recurrida, el nombramiento de [Nombre 001] fue parte del plan corruptor. Sin embargo, examinado el tema, se establece con facilidad que esta conclusión no se deriva de las pruebas y que por ende, quebranta las reglas de la sana crítica. La designación de [Nombre 001] la hizo [Nombre 095], persona que nunca fue involucrada en la trama criminal.
Además, según explicó [Nombre 095], lo que pretendía con esa designación era contar con una persona más dispuesta al diálogo, que permitiese recuperar la paz tras los hechos que se dieron con el denominado combo eléctrico. Así, [Nombre 095] indicó: “A [Nombre 001] lo nombré directamente yo, llegó a la institución como un especialista en solución de conflictos y ayudó mucho en el proceso de recuperar la paz laboral a raíz de los hechos que se dieron con el combo eléctrico. [Nombre 001] llegó muy cerca de mi llegada al ICE, parte de la problemática que tenía la institución en ese momento era satisfacer el servicio eléctrico y en telecomunicación. A [Nombre 001] lo conocí en la Universidad Nacional, en la Escuela de Planificación, se me presentó, me describió sus características y habilidades y yo creí que él nos podía ayudar a recuperar la paz social en la institución. Yo no pedí referencias de él, me fue suficiente con la entrevista.
Me pareció que él tenía mucha capacidad en el tema de resolución de conflictos y escuchar posiciones y dar solución a los conflictos y así lo demostró. Yo andaba buscando rescatar la paz laboral en la institución y por eso [Nombre 001] me pareció bien. Yo no sabía si él tenía conocimiento en telecomunicaciones; él era un asesor de la Presidencia Ejecutiva, coordinaba las reuniones con los diferentes grupos sindicales, percibía las inquietudes de esos grupos.” (F. 14.712 frente, tomo XXX). El mismo tribunal reconoció que fue [Nombre 095] quien llevó a [Nombre 001] a trabajar en la institución desde los últimos meses del año 2000, siendo en enero de 2001 en que se formalizó su designación como Asistente Ejecutivo en la Presidencia Ejecutiva (f. 15.894 a 15.896, tomo XXXIII). Por todo lo anterior, yerra el voto de mayoría al señalar que desde antes de su nombramiento y luego como coordinador del proyecto de las 400.000 líneas, [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028] conocían a [Nombre 001] como una persona más política y por tanto, adecuado para el plan propuesto, al punto de llegar a sostener que la designación de este funcionario público fue parte de la estrategia seguida por los corruptores.
Por otra parte, aunque -en efecto- [Nombre 001] fue el encargado del proceso abreviado 1-2001 correspondiente a las 400.000 líneas celulares, es importante señalar que este se originó en el año 2001, no por interés del ICE o de sus jerarcas, sino porque así lo planteó la Contraloría General de la República, siendo que, además, esa circunstancia no demuestra que se le haya cursado una promesa de retribución económica a finales del 2000 o inicios del 2001, como lo aseguró el tribunal de mérito. Esto tampoco se extrae del almuerzo que tuvo [Nombre 041] con [Nombre 001] el 29 de noviembre de 2000, o de los contactos que hubo entre el citado funcionario público y los empleados de [Nombre 091], ya que según aceptó el mismo tribunal y se demostró con abundante prueba, que incluso documenta los abusos de parte de funcionarios públicos que solicitaban regalías a las empresas proveedoras desde tiempo atrás (ej., caso de [Nombre 022]), ese tipo de encuentros eran frecuentes (f. 16.112 frente, tomo XXXIII).
Siempre en esta línea de ideas, también es claro que [Nombre 001] aceptó ante un canal de televisión nacional haber recibido dinero de [Nombre 091], no obstante, nunca citada prueba es la aceptación del dinero, que, no se omite indicar, también se probó a través de abundante prueba documental, sin embargo, no se trata de un indicio del que se derive, como un hecho cierto, que a [Nombre 001] se le cursó una promesa de retribución anterior a la adjudicación. Otro tanto se puede señalar en cuanto a las notas examinadas en la sentencia y que se mencionaron atrás. De la primera de ellas, fechada 22 de noviembre de 2000, lo que se desprende es que el nombramiento de [Nombre 001] fue responsabilidad de [Nombre 095], con lo cual, se reitera, no podría afirmarse que la citada designación fue también parte del plan criminal. Además, en esa nota lo que se indica es que la designación buscaba acelerar las cosas en los planes de expansión del ICE, tanto en telefonía fija como celular y que se estaban haciendo negociaciones para que fuese [Nombre 001] el interlocutor de [Nombre 091] en las negociaciones sobre nuevas ampliaciones, ya que por ser una persona “más política” y por su reciente nombramiento, no estaría contaminado por “las influencias que afectan a la administración tradicional”, de ahí que fuese posible avanzar más.
Como se observa, se trata de una nota en la que tan solo alude a las características de [Nombre 001] como negociador, incluso favorable a los intereses del imputado en la medida en que se le considera libre de influencias y de la que además no se desprende, ni por asomo, que haya existido una promesa de retribución económica, o que se trate al menos de un funcionario público que estuviese anuente a prestar colaboración a la empresa con el contrato tantas veces mencionado, máxime si considera que en la prueba analizada se hace mención tanto a la telefonía fija como a la celular. Como si lo anterior no bastase, hay que tomar en cuenta que para el 22 de noviembre de 2000 el contrato de las 400.000 líneas no había nacido a la vida jurídica y que, por tanto, [Nombre 001] no había sido designado encargado de la ejecución del proyecto. Otro tanto hay en relación con la nota fechada 23 de noviembre de 2000 en la que sencillamente se afirma que [Nombre 001] será el que lleve la batuta de la negociación con [Nombre 091] y se habla de contrataciones directas con esa empresa, aspectos que no abonan a la demostración de la promesa previa en relación con el contrato de las 400.000 líneas, o a la demostración del contenido de esa promesa.
Finalmente, en cuanto a la nota del 29 de noviembre de 2000, hablamos de una misiva en la que “[Nombre 098]” (entendemos, [Nombre 098]), le comunica a “ [Nombre 041]” ([Nombre 041] ) lo siguiente: 1.- que se ha introducido con éxito la idea de incluir a todos los suministradores y que “[Nombre 095]” (entiende esta cámara, [Nombre 095]) cree que podrá convencer a la Contraloría para que apruebe un esquema que permita contratar con todos, evitando así objeciones; 2.- que aunque él ([Nombre 098]) piensa que esto no será posible, reconoce que con esto se logra mantener a raya la pretensión de ampliar el sistema actual, acelerar la publicación de la nueva licitación en tecnología GSM y mantener la capacidad de pelea de [Nombre 091] ; 3.- que [Nombre 001] le comentó que los suecos (entiéndase, Ericsson) están muy dolidos por haber perdido el control de las cosas y que no están dispuestos a ceder a [Nombre 091] la supremacía en el área metropolitana; 4.- que [Nombre 091] no debe ceder nada de lo logrado, que Siemens y Nortel están entrando en el esquema gracias al esfuerzo de [Nombre 091] y que el ICE sabe que sin la anuencia de esta empresa no podrá avanzar.
Se trata de una nota que tampoco permite vislumbrar la formulación de una promesa a [Nombre 001] a cambio de efectuar las acciones necesarias dentro del ámbito de sus funciones para hacer efectiva la contratación de las 400.000 líneas favoreciendo a [Nombre 091]. A lo sumo, confirma que [Nombre 001] había conversado con [Nombre 098] para noviembre de 2000, fecha en la que -se reitera- ni el contrato de las 400.000 líneas había nacido a la vida jurídica, ni el imputado había sido designado encargado de su ejecución. Dice el a quo en su voto de mayoría, que otro indicio en contra de [Nombre 001] es que a otros funcionarios públicos se les cursó la misma promesa y que aceptaron dineros de [Nombre 091]. En cuanto a esto, nótese que aunque -en efecto- hay prueba que permite establecer de manera categórica que [Nombre 001], al igual que otros imputados, recibieron dineros originados en esa empresa, no la hay para tener por acreditada, al menos no con grado de certeza, una promesa de dádiva anterior a la adjudicación, al punto de no ser plausible descartar otras hipótesis, por ejemplo, que sin existir promesa anterior, [Nombre 001] haya aceptado la retribución económica por un acto cumplido, o que fuese él quien indujese a los personeros de [Nombre 091] o darle o prometerle una retribución económica.
Para los suscritos, únicamente considerando la declaración de [Nombre 064], que fue explícito en cuanto al tema, cabía sostener que otros funcionarios públicos recibieron promesas de dádiva y, en ese tanto, hacer razonable la conclusión del a quo, en el sentido de que [Nombre 001] también la recibió. Suprimiendo esta declaración, lo que resta en cuanto al punto es una sentencia dictada en contra de [Nombre 068], sin embargo, de esta tampoco puede derivarse un juicio de certeza acerca de que [Nombre 001] recibió la citada promesa, ya que la resolución referida se dictó en el contexto de un procedimiento abreviado, donde el imputado -[Nombre 068]- se limitó a aceptar los hechos atribuidos y la sanción acordada (cfr. prueba Nº 747, legajo denominado Copia certificada de la sentencia Nº 586-07 Expediente 06-000045-621-PE Delito corrupción agravada, contra [Nombre 068]). Aunque en efecto, en esa sentencia se tiene por demostrado que [Nombre 105], contando con la colaboración de [Nombre 046], le ofreció a [Nombre 068] una promesa de dádiva a cambio de votar a favor de la empresa [Nombre 091] en la licitación de las 400.000 líneas, promesa que [Nombre 068] aceptó, esto no permite tener por demostrado que a [Nombre 001] se le cursó la misma promesa, ya que la aceptación que realizó [Nombre 068] de esos hechos tiene un carácter personal y, además, formal, al tratarse de un requisito para que el procedimiento abreviado se pueda aplicar, con lo cual su trascendencia probatoria, al menos para lo que a este proceso respecta, es bastante limitada, argumentos que son justamente los mismos que cabe exponer en relación con la sentencia condenatoria N° 260-09, dictada en contra de [Nombre 105] por el delito de penalidad del corruptor, sentencias que el mismo fallo recurrido reconoce, solo han sido consideradas “…en relación con quienes se sometieron a tales procedimientos y únicamente con el tipo de delito por el que resultaron condenados, la sanción, partes y eventuales reparaciones u otros datos meramente referenciales, sin que en ningún caso se valoren los hechos probados y demás contenido.” (F. 15.767 y 15.768 frente, tomo XXXII).
A mayor abundamiento, según se afirma en la citada resolución, [Nombre 068] recibió una oferta de parte de [Nombre 105] y del mismo [Nombre 046], siendo que tratándose de los demás justiciables, entre los cuales está [Nombre 001] , la formulación de las promesas se imputan a otros personajes, específicamente, a [Nombre 078] o a [Nombre 041], con lo cual tampoco podría afirmarse que son situaciones idénticas, con el propósito de asignar a esa sentencia un valor que no tiene. En cuanto a la denominada ruta de acción elaborada por [Nombre 124], lo primero que hay que indicar es que en este documento no se contempla la realización de hechos criminales, sino tan solo la necesidad de que [Nombre 091] recabase apoyos en diferentes ámbitos del quehacer nacional (sector empresarial, iglesia católica, partidos políticos, etc.). Además, de él tampoco se deriva razonablemente que [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le haya cursado una promesa de dádiva a [Nombre 001].
Tal y como se ha venido señalando, no hay dudas acerca de que [Nombre 001] aumentó de forma ilegítima su patrimonio y que hizo una serie de transacciones dirigidas a distanciar los fondos recibidos tanto de su origen como de su persona (lo que es un elemento más para confirmar que él conocía el carácter irregular de esos fondos), sin embargo, para declararlo autor responsable del delito de cohecho impropio en su modalidad de corrupción agravada, no basta con tener por demostrado lo anterior, incluso no basta con tener por demostrado que el dinero que recibió de parte de [Nombre 091] tenía alguna relación con el tema de las 400.000 líneas, sino que era indispensable acreditar que [Nombre 001], con anterioridad a la adjudicación, aceptó una promesa de retribución económica a cambio de que realizara las acciones necesarias dentro del ámbito de sus funciones para hacer efectivo el contrato de las 400.000 líneas favoreciendo a [Nombre 091] , lo que supone lógicamente, también descartar fehacientemente otras hipótesis igualmente admisibles, por ejemplo, que sin mediar la citada promesa, aceptó las sumas que le fueron trasladadas por actos cumplidos en su calidad de funcionario público, o que fue él quien indujo a [Nombre 041] a darle o prometerle la citada retribución económica, lo que además de no haber sido descartado, tampoco fue acusado.
Siguiendo este análisis, indica el tribunal que la prueba Nº 75, folios 324 y 325, nota PE-0102-P de 22 de febrero de 2002, es importante porque a pesar de ser de uso interno del ICE, le fue remitida a [Nombre 041] y a la empresa [Nombre 091] en Francia, lo que permite corroborar que aquel estaba al tanto de lo que sucedía en torno al proyecto de las 400.000 líneas de tecnología GSM y de las funciones que se le habían asignado a [Nombre 001] como coordinador del proyecto. Se afirma incluso, con base en esa prueba, que el nombramiento de [Nombre 001] en ese puesto fue parte del plan ideado por [Nombre 041]. Los errores en estos razonamientos son obvios. Como ya se indicó, el nombramiento de [Nombre 001] no era resorte de [Nombre 078], de [Nombre 041] o de [Nombre 028]. Además, se desconoce quién remitió esa nota interna a [Nombre 041] y a [Nombre 137]. Finalmente, pero no menos importante, es destacar que la prueba en cuestión tampoco agrega nada al tema de la promesa anterior, ya que en esta tan solo se mencionan los miembros de la comisión que tendría a cargo el proyecto de las 400.000 líneas y los de la comisión de alto nivel de la que aquel grupo de trabajo dependería directamente, integrada -la de alto nivel- por [Nombre 095], [Nombre 122] y [Nombre 068].
Es decir, como se establece sin ningún esfuerzo y reconoce el mismo a quo en la sentencia impugnada, [Nombre 001] no tenía la última palabra sobre el proyecto, ya que había otro grupo de trabajo controlando el tema -la denominada comisión de alto nivel- y claro está, el mismo consejo directivo de la institución, siendo una especulación del órgano de mérito el concluir que, a pesar de esto, los corruptores prácticamente “designaron” a [Nombre 001] como parte del plan criminal y que aquel era imprescindible ya que, además de acceso a la información, tenía “peso” ante funcionarios como [Nombre 095] , [Nombre 122] y [Nombre 068]. Del mismo modo, carece de todo fundamento lo que señala el a quo en hecho demostrado N° 132, a saber, que [Nombre 001] cumplió con las acciones acordadas y que una vez “que logró” junto con otros funcionarios del ICE que se abriera el concurso para la compra de la telefonía celular y la adjudicación del contrato de las 400.000 líneas GSM a favor de [Nombre 091], recibió la dádiva prometida , lo anterior porque [Nombre 001] era un mando medio, que carecía del poder de decidir en cuanto al tema antes mencionado; porque el contrato de las 400.000 líneas (proceso concursal abreviado 1-2001) surgió en el seno de la Contraloría General de la República y no en el ICE, que hasta entonces había optado por las contrataciones directas, y, finalmente, porque [Nombre 091] fue favorecida con el contrato de manera legítima, tras cumplir con todos los requerimientos y haber sido recomendada en los estudios respectivos y no por las acciones particulares de [Nombre 001] (quien, se reitera, no tenía el poder de abrir el concurso o de adjudicar el contrato), o de cualquier otro imputado.
De hecho, en la misma sentencia se afirma que: “En el acta de sesión del Consejo Directivo del ICE Nº 5326 de 28 de agosto de 2001 de folios 4191 a 4215 (prueba Nº 2), consta que la fecha para recibir ofertas en relación con el Proceso Abreviado 01-2001 para la adquisición de 400.000 soluciones telefónicas inalámbricas en la banda 1800 Mhz con tecnología GSM, se fijó para el día 20 de julio de 2001 y que únicamente se presentaron dos oferentes: Consorcio Ericsson II y oferta conjunta entre [Nombre 060] y Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica (BCIE). Igualmente se desprende de la citada acta que la oferta formulada por el Consorcio Ericcson II presentaba defectos técnicos por lo que fue descalificada, mientras que la oferta que presentaron en forma conjunta [Nombre 060] y BICIE cumplía con todos los requerimientos del cartel, por lo que se acordó en forma unánime adjudicar el Procedimiento Concursal Abreviado 01-2001 para el arrendamiento con opción de compra de los equipos necesarios para que el ICE brindara 400.000 soluciones integrales telefónicas inalámbricas con tecnología GSM en la banda de 1800 Mhz, más los servicios y componentes asociados, a la oferta conjunta formulada por [Nombre 060] y BCIE.
En relación al extremo de la adjudicación referido, los testigos [Nombre 095] , Presidente Ejecutivo del ICE, [Nombre 287] y [Nombre 195], Presidente y Directores del ICE en esa misma oportunidad, declararon coincidentemente que el adjudicatario del concurso de las 400.000 líneas fue la empresa [Nombre 091] , lo que se decidió por unanimidad, contando con el resultado de un análisis de estudio por varios sectores interdisciplinarios de la institución, siendo que todos ellos recomendaban la adjudicación a la citada empresa. Al mostrarle al testigo [Nombre 095] el acta de la Sesión del Consejo Directivo del ICE Nº 5326, folios 3533 a 3557 del Tomo IX (prueba Nº 3), dijo que reconocía ese documento y que la decisión del Directorio fue unánime para otorgar esa licitación a [Nombre 091] . Finalmente declaró que con la adjudicación de esas 400.000 líneas se resolvió en gran parte la demanda de líneas móviles, que no sabe si le generaron superávit al ICE pero que la negociación fue positiva y justificó la necesidad de migrar a la tecnología GSM en la necesidad de brindar nuevos y mejores servicios al usuario con nuevas tecnologías, extremo en el que también coincidieron los exdirectivos [Nombre 287] y [Nombre 195].
La empresa Ericcson, no conforme con la adjudicación de la licitación de las 400.000 líneas y la descalificación de que había sido objeto, procedió a interponer recurso de apelación contra la decisión del Consejo Directivo del ICE, el cual presentó ante la Contraloría General de la República el día 14 de septiembre de 2001, según sello de recibido del recurso, el cual consta en el ampo 5C de la prueba Nº 640, folios 2357 a 2297. El citado recurso de apelación fue declarado sin lugar por la Contraloría General de la República el día 17 de diciembre de 1991, según resolución R.C.N. 796-2001, visible a folios 3303 a 3219 del ampo 7C de la prueba documental Nº 640. La prueba Nº 640 contiene una copia certificada del 01-2001…” (La transcripción es literal, f. 15.570 y 15.571 frente, tomo XXXII, el subrayado no es del original). En suma, la prueba lícita analizada integralmente es insuficiente para tener por configurado el delito de corrupción agravada en su modalidad de cohecho impropio.
Sin la declaración de [Nombre 064] a modo de hilo conductor, lo único que resta es una serie de indicios anfibológicos en cuanto a la promesa de retribución económica que, según la acusación, cursó [Nombre 041] a [Nombre 001] en relación con el proyecto de las 400.000 líneas. Esta conclusión no cambia si se consideran, como ya se explicó, las sentencias condenatorias dictadas en contra de [Nombre 068] y [Nombre 105], ya que en estas lo único que se aprecia es una aceptación personal y formal de cargos, que en modo alguno resulta suficiente para afincar el citado juicio de certeza. Incluso, si bien del puesto que ocupó [Nombre 001] en el ICE podemos extraer con un grado de alta probabilidad que la retribución económica que recibió tenía alguna relación con el tema de las 400.000 líneas, sin el testimonio del imputado colaborador no cabe asegurar con certeza que hubo una promesa anterior y, menos todavía, que la entrega de la dádiva estaba condicionada a la efectiva adjudicación de la oferta que presentaría [Nombre 091] al ICE, tal y como lo asegura el a quo en el hecho demostrado número 131 (f. 15.455 frente).
Sin esa declaración, cabe insistir, tampoco se pueden descartar otras hipótesis fácticas que no fueron objeto de imputación, v.g., que la retribución económica admitida por [Nombre 001] le fuese otorgada sin promesa anterior, por un acto cumplido en su condición de funcionario público (tal y como lo había dicho originalmente [Nombre 064] ), o incluso que haya sido [Nombre 001] quien obligó o indujo a los personeros de [Nombre 091] a darle o prometerle un determinado beneficio patrimonial, o que existiendo una promesa anterior, tuviese un contenido diferente. Siempre en esta línea de ideas, es importante acotar que, si bien [Nombre 041] admitió ante [Nombre 116] haber pagado a funcionarios públicos, entre ellos ha [Nombre 001], nunca admitió haber formulado una promesa previa a cambio de que [Nombre 091] obtuviese el contrato de las 400.000 líneas. Todo lo contrario, lo que describe [Nombre 116] es que, según un borrador de declaración remitido por [Nombre 041], este indicó que fueron [Nombre 064] y otros funcionarios públicos quienes le solicitaron los premios por haber ayudado en la apertura de licitaciones públicas en lugar de contrataciones directas (f. 15.157 frente, tomo XXXI).
Si bien es cierto que, según la misma testigo, en la reunión celebrada [Nombre 041] no refirió esta circunstancia (cfr. mismo folio), lo indicado en el mencionado borrador (que es introducido al debate mediante el testimonio de [Nombre 116]) abona a las dudas que tienen los suscritos en cuanto a si la promesa de dádiva anterior a la adjudicación efectivamente tuvo lugar. En cuanto al oficio de [Nombre 126], en el cual se indica que esa agencia facturó a cargo de [Nombre 091], el 24 de abril de 2002 y a nombre de [Nombre 001], lo correspondiente a “Visa a Cuba y cancelación de reserva” (cfr. f. 1771, tomo V, que hemos tenido a la vista), véase que, contrario a lo que señala el tribunal, de él no se desprende que la promesa de dádiva haya existido. Al igual que sucede con los dineros que recibió [Nombre 001], la ventaja económica suministrada a través de Sertur fue admitida tras la adjudicación de las 400.000 líneas y, aunque se pueda presumir que se relaciona con ese tema, no se puede descartar que haya sido recibida como retribución por un acto cumplido sin promesa anterior, o que haya sido requerida por el mismo funcionario público.
Finalmente, es importante añadir que aunque al examinar el caso particular de [Nombre 001], el tribunal de mérito no hizo una larga mención al dicho de [Nombre 064], de la lectura integral del fallo y de lo dicho en cuanto a [Nombre 022], se extrae que esa declaración jugó un papel medular en ambos casos, al extremo de que no obstante que [Nombre 064] manifestó desconocer si otros funcionarios públicos habían recibido promesas similares, el a quo se valió de esa prueba para concluir que así sucedió, conclusión que esta cámara no puede avalar en esta fase procesal, ya que como se ha venido indicando, el relato del imputado colaborador además de ilegal, es inverosímil. Así las cosas y descartado, por ser imposible de demostrar, que a [Nombre 001] se le haya cursado una promesa de dádiva, lo que se debe analizar es si es posible tener por configurado otro delito, específicamente, el de enriquecimiento ilícito.
En primer término, lo que hay que señalar es que se trata de un delito residual frente a otros más complejos, de ahí que no haya impedimento para que, no pudiéndose demostrar estos (p. ej., el cohecho impropio o propio, la aceptación de dádivas por un acto cumplido, la concusión, etcétera), se aplique la figura básica, siempre y cuando sus elementos se hayan contemplado en la acusación que formuló el órgano requirente y se hayan tenido por demostrados en la sentencia. La respuesta a dicha interrogante es negativa. El tipo penal de enriquecimiento ilícito previsto en el numeral 346 inciso 3) del Código Penal vigente para la fecha de los hechos, señalaba: “Será reprimido con prisión de seis meses a dos años, el funcionario público que sin incurrir en un delito más severamente penado: (…) 3)Admitiere dádivas que le fueron presentadas u ofrecidas en consideración a su oficio, mientras permanezca en el ejercicio del cargo; (…)”.
Como se extrae de lo anterior, la acción descrita en el inciso 3) contiene dos conductas alternativas, a saber, la aceptación de dádiva ofrecida y la aceptación de dádiva presentada. En el primer supuesto la admisión, que alude a la recepción material de la ventaja económica ocurre, al igual que la presentación, mientras el sujeto activo permanece en el ejercicio del cargo. En el segundo, la admisión o aceptación está referida al ofrecimiento, donde esas acciones -el ofrecimiento de la dádiva y su aceptación- son las que deben darse durante el ejercicio del cargo. Como el delito se consuma con la admisión del ofrecimiento, la recepción material de la dádiva, si es que se da, configurará un acto posterior impune, siendo por esto intrascendente si tiene lugar mientras el funcionario público ejerce el cargo que motivó la retribución económica, o si para entonces, lo había dejado. Aclarado lo anterior, nótese que de la relación de hechos demostrados que subsiste tras suprimir hipotéticamente el ofrecimiento de una retribución económica anterior a la adjudicación del contrato de las 400.000 líneas, lo único que queda es que [Nombre 001] admitió las dádivas que le fueron entregadas en consideración a su oficio.
Hablamos de un comportamiento que, a lo sumo, se aviene con el primer supuesto del enriquecimiento ilícito antes descrito, entiéndase, la admisión de la dádiva presentada. Sin embargo, ni en la acusación formulada por el órgano requirente, ni en la sentencia, se aclaró si esa admisión tuvo lugar mientras el imputado ocupaba el cargo, elemento que también forma parte de la descripción típica y que en el caso particular es de suma importancia, ya que algunas retribuciones económicas las habría admitido cuando había dejado la función pública (a saber, la recibida el 7 de mayo de 2004, por veinticuatro mil dólares -hecho probado N° 167- y la recibida el 29 de julio de 2004, por veinticinco mil dólares -hecho probado N° 170-). Es importante añadir que si bien, al examinar la situación de este imputado, el tribunal de mérito indicó que dejó el cargo el 10 de marzo de 2004 (f. 15.895 frente, tomo XXXIII), por no ser este un extremo contenido en la imputación formulada por el Ministerio Público, no podría ser incorporado a los hechos demostrados sin lesionar el principio de correlación entre acusación y sentencia.
Pero es que, incluso si se asume hipotéticamente que la citada información sí estaba disponible, especificándose cuáles montos recibió mientras era asistente ejecutivo de la presidencia ejecutiva del ICE y cuáles no (y se subraya el carácter hipotético de la situación), la acción penal, tratándose del delito de enriquecimiento ilícito, estaría prescrita. El delito en cuestión es sancionado con pena de prisión de 6 meses a 2 años, es decir, su plazo de prescripción, según el artículo 31 inciso a) del Código Procesal Penal es de 3 años y se redujo a 18 meses con la primera imputación formal (artículo 33 inciso a) del mismo cuerpo normativo), acto procesal que ocurrió el 8 de octubre de 2004 (f. 316 a 324 frente, tomo I). Es decir, el plazo de 18 meses venció el día 8 de abril 2006, siendo que para entonces no había ocurrido ningún acto procesal que tuviese por disposición legal, la virtud de interrumpir o suspender su conteo.
Además, la resolución que declaró de tramitación compleja esta causa adquirió firmeza el 26 de junio de 2006, fecha para la cual la acción penal ya se encontraba prescrita. Es importante añadir que si bien la Sala Tercera, en la resolución Nº 1847-2014, indicó que de conformidad con el artículo 376 del Código Procesal Penal, la firmeza de la resolución que declara el asunto de tramitación compleja modifica la condición reductora de los plazos prescriptivos , al extremo de eliminar la reducción a la mitad del plazo de prescripción que esté en curso, también añadió que “… la única excepción a ese razonamiento, se habría presentado en el supuesto en el que el plazo fatal prescriptivo hubiera fenecido antes de ese dictado, ya que en ese supuesto habría acaecido la extinción de la acción penal por prescripción, al tornarse esa circunstancia como una situación jurídica consolidada, a la que no habría podido aplicarse los efectos del artículo 376 antes citado …” (Cfr. considerando IV.-, resolución Nº 1847-2014, el subrayado no es del original).
Esto es justamente lo que sucede aquí, pues tendríamos que para la fecha en que la resolución que declaró el proceso de tramitación compleja quedó firme (a saber, el 23 de junio de 2006), la acción para perseguir penalmente el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito ya habría prescrito y, en ese tanto, había una situación jurídica consolidada no modificable por la aplicación del numeral 376 mencionado. Finalmente, esta conclusión no varía ni en un ápice si se considera el artículo 62 de la ley N° 8422, Ley contra la corrupción y el enriquecimiento ilícito en la función pública, publicada en La Gaceta Nº 212 de 29 de octubre de 2004. El citado artículo dispone: “ Prescripción de la responsabilidad penal. La acción penal respecto de los delitos contra los deberes de la función pública y los previstos en la presente Ley, prescribirá en la forma establecida por la legislación aplicable; no obstante, regirán las siguientes reglas: a) Una vez interrumpida la prescripción, los plazos fijados en el artículo 31 del Código Procesal Penal volverán a correr por un nuevo período, sin reducción alguna. b) Además de las causales previstas en el artículo 33 del Código Procesal Penal, la acción penal podrá interrumpirse por la declaratoria de ilegalidad de la función administrativa, activa u omisiva, o por la anulación de los actos y contratos administrativos que guarden relación con el correspondiente delito, ya sea que el pronunciamiento se produzca en vía judicial o administrativa.” (El destacado no es del original).
De esta norma, en especial del inciso a), se extrae que tratándose de delitos contra los deberes de la función pública y los previstos en la ley N° 8422, al darse cualquiera de los actos señalados por el Código Procesal Penal como interruptores del cómputo del plazo de la prescripción, el conteo empieza a correr de nuevo de forma completa (es decir, sin efecto reductor), lo que constituye una excepción al artículo 33 del Código recién mencionado. Se trata de un artículo que es aplicable a los actos procesales realizados a partir de su entrada en vigencia, descartándose por tanto su aplicación retroactiva a actos anteriores. Y es que justamente, se le estaría dando aplicación retroactiva a dicha norma si, por ejemplo, se sostuviera que el artículo 62 inciso a) [que -se reitera- entró en vigencia el 29 de octubre de 2004] suprimió la reducción del plazo de prescripción a la mitad que operó con el acto interruptor realizado días antes, a saber, el 8 de octubre de 2004, cuando [Nombre 001] compareció a rendir su declaración indagatoria.
Es importante aclarar que la citada postura es avalada por la misma Sala Tercera en la resolución N° 1847-2014 citada atrás, lo anterior en tanto concluyó que, por no ser conforme con la Constitución Política el dar efectos retroactivos a las normas procesales, solo con respecto a los imputados que fueron indagados con posterioridad a la entrada en vigencia de la ley N° 8422, sí les resultaba aplicable el artículo 62 de esta, según el cual según el cual el plazo de prescripción, tras un acto interruptor, debía contabilizarse completo y no reducido a la mitad (f. 176.429 a 176.431, tomo XLIII). Esta situación solo se presenta en los casos de [Nombre 018] y [Nombre 006], de modo que solo con respecto a ellos se apuntó una razón más a las ya dadas por ese tribunal, para sostener que la acción penal no estuviese prescrita. En igual sentido al ya expuesto, se ha pronunciado el Tribunal de Casación Penal de San José, por ejemplo, en la sentencia N° 132-2006, de las 10:30 horas del 23 de febrero de 2006, que en lo que interesa, indica: “Ya la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal (así votos No. 391-1999, No. 372-2001 y No. 1058-2001), lo mismo que la de la Sala Constitucional (ver votos No. 5821-1998 o No. 4397-1999) y la Sala Tercera de la Corte (cfr. votos No. 891-1999, No. 368-2000, No. 383-2002, No. 1017- 2002, No. 1019-2002 y No. 35-2003), ha indicado que las reglas de la prescripción, como normas de carácter instrumental que son, tienen vigencia tan solo hacia el futuro y nunca al pasado.
No es posible aplicar por tanto retroactivamente la ley procesal, dado que tal posibilidad se prevé únicamente para las normas sustantivas y siempre que resulten más beneficiosas al imputado. Bajo tal consideración, las reglas en materia de prescripción serán eficaces a partir de su vigencia para los hechos o los actos procesales que ella prevé, pero nunca a los ya producidos, pues no se puede retrotraer sus efectos a éstos. Así las cosas, si bien el artículo 62 de la “Ley contra la corrupción y el enriquecimiento ilícito en la función pública” (Ley No. 8422) dispone que en lo sucesivo no se aplicará la reducción prevista en el artículo 33 del Código Procesal Penal una vez interrumpido el término de la prescripción cuando sobrevenga alguna de las causales que así lo permiten, iniciando de nuevo la totalidad del plazo del artículo 31 de ese mismo cuerpo legal, tal norma no podrá aplicarse a los supuestos o casos en los que, previo a su entrada en vigencia, ocurrida el 29 de octubre del año 2004, ya se había reducido el término de la prescripción a la mitad como consecuencia precisamente de alguna de las causales interruptoras previstas, según lo establecía para ese momento la normativa procesal.
Tal norma es eficaz únicamente a partir de su entrada en vigencia para los casos en los que sobrevenga alguno de los actos interruptores que la normativa procesal prevé y siempre que el término no se hubiese ya reducido con anterioridad conforme estaba previsto, ya que las actuaciones se rigen por la ley procesal que se encuentra vigente al momento en que se producen y no a las que ya habían ocurrido. En otras palabras, no podría restablecerse la totalidad del plazo de la prescripción a partir de una norma que aún no se hallaba vigente para el momento en que, conforme a la legislación que sí regía, se produjo una causal con efecto reductor. Ello significa que cuando se promulga la “ ley de enriquecimiento ilícito” (29 de octubre de 2004), en este proceso ya se había interrumpido y reducido a la mitad el término de la prescripción, ello de acuerdo con la normativa que así lo regulaba, sea de según lo previsto en el numeral 33 del Código procesal.
Con esto se logra salvaguardar de mejor forma los derechos de las partes y el principio esencial de seguridad jurídica, pues se descarta que una legislación procesal posterior venga a dirimir de manera diversa lo acaecido en un proceso o trámite anterior. Esto último se produce incluso independientemente del momento en que se declare la extinción de la acción penal (sea durante el tiempo de vigencia de la reforma o antes de ella), porque la resolución que así lo establece tiene tan solo un carácter declarativo y no constitutivo de la prescripción ya consumada. De esta forma, si en el caso bajo análisis, y según lo previsto por la ley que estaba vigente cuando se suscitó, el término de la prescripción se redujo a la mitad una vez que se presentaron los actos interruptores correspondientes, el plazo que se debe computar es el de un año y seis meses y no el de tres años como se afirma en el recurso…” (El subrayado no es del original).
Ahora, además de la falta de descripción de los elementos típicos del enriquecimiento ilícito, tanto en la imputación como en los hechos demostrados, así como el haber operado el término de la prescripción de la acción penal, tratándose de las dádivas que [Nombre 001] recibió materialmente luego del 10 de marzo de 2004 se puede añadir una razón más que impediría tener por configurado el mencionado delito, a saber, su atipicidad. Como ya se adelantó supra, [Nombre 001] figuró como funcionario público en el ICE del 1 de enero de 2001 al 10 de marzo de 2004 (f. 15.895, tomo XXXIII), lapso durante el cual recibió la mayor parte de los fondos irregulares. Luego de dejar ese cargo, el 7 de mayo de 2004 recibió $24.000 y el 29 de julio de 2004 recibió $25.000 (hechos probados números 167 y 170, folios 15.466 y 15.467 frente, tomo XXXII). Tal y como se aquí interesa -admisión de dádivas presentadas- contempla solo la admisión de las dádivas que le fueren presentadas al funcionario público en consideración a su oficio mientras permanezca en el ejercicio del cargo, lo que no sucede con los montos antes referidos.
Así las cosas, la conducta de [Nombre 001], al menos en los dos supuestos ya indicados, también resultaría atípica. Por todo lo antes expuesto, se anula la sentencia recurrida en cuanto declaró a [Nombre 001] autor responsable de un delito de corrupción agravada en su modalidad de cohecho impropio. En su lugar, por economía procesal y en aplicación del principio in dubio pro reo , se le absuelve de toda pena y responsabilidad por el mencionado delito. Por innecesario, se omite pronunciamiento sobre los recursos planteados por su defensora pública, la licenciada Yamura Valenciano Jiménez. En cuanto al recurso que [Nombre 001] presentó a título personal, en conjunto con otros imputados, esta cámara se referirá posteriormente.
En esta, [Nombre 006] estuvo a cargo de las pruebas de aceptación; (iv) la contratación Nº 108213 para la ampliación de centrales [Nombre 091] 1000 - E10, adjudicada en sesión Nº 5294 de 9 de mayo de 2001. [Nombre 006] fue coadministrador del contrato; (v) contratación Nº 112346, ejecución de la opción de compra de la red inteligente, adjudicada en sesión Nº 5375 de 12 de febrero de 2002; (vi) contratación Nº 112765, ampliación de las centrales [Nombre 091], adjudicada en sesión Nº 5404 de 14 de mayo de 2002. [Nombre 006] fue el administrador de este contrato. La prueba de lo expuesto es de carácter documental y se menciona a folios 16.257 y 16.258 frente de la sentencia. ii) En razón de la administración de los contratos, [Nombre 006] tenía una relación estrecha con los personeros de [Nombre 091], cuestión de la que también dan cuenta testigos como [Nombre 153] y [Nombre 156]. iii) Con base en esos mismos testimonios y la prueba documental Nº 344, se estableció que [Nombre 006], como jefe del departamento de conmutación del ICE, tenía, entre otras funciones, determinar las necesidades en cuanto a ampliaciones o mejoras en las diferentes áreas del país.
Como coordinador tenía bajo su mando un equipo de técnicos que determinaban las necesidades de equipamiento, con base en esas necesidades se hacía un documento y, según palabras del testigo [Nombre 156], “se convertía en requerimiento”, correspondiéndole al imputado [Nombre 006] firmar la certificación de la necesidad del proveedor. Posteriormente, llevaba la recomendación de adjudicación al seno del consejo directivo del ICE para que este órgano decidiera si convocaba el concurso. Además de las competencias ya señaladas, también era el encargado de montar los equipos, realizar los contratos y evaluar el desempeño, por lo cual era un funcionario clave dentro del procedimiento de las adjudicaciones, no solo a lo interno del ICE, sino también para aquellas empresas que pretendiera participar (f. 16.276 frente); iv) [Nombre 006] no tuvo nada que ver con el procedimiento abreviado 1-2001 referente al contrato de las 400.000 líneas, pero sí con contrataciones de telefonía fija; v) hay prueba documental y pericial también examinada en la sentencia, que permite demostrar que [Nombre 006] recibió dineros procedentes de [Nombre 060] y que se le trasladaron usando los mismos mecanismos empleados para hacer llegar ventajas económicas a otros funcionarios públicos (a saber, a través de la cuenta que tenía [Nombre 058] .); vi) este imputado recibió la suma de $110.336,20 dólares, incremento patrimonial que no tiene justificación alguna, sobre todo considerando que su salario mensual rondaba los 400.000 colones aproximados, según la prueba testimonial evacuada.
Consecuencias de la exclusión hipotética del testimonio de [Nombre 064]. Según entiende esta cámara, la declaración de [Nombre 064] no fue determinante para establecer la responsabilidad de [Nombre 006], al punto que suprimida hipotéticamente, lo resuelto no sufre modificación alguna. Por lo anterior, más adelante se procederá a conocer los reclamos que han formulado sus defensores contra la sentencia de instancia.
La pretensión era que no se diera trámite a ningún proyecto de ley en relación con el ICE sin el dictamen de esa comisión (así, prueba Nº 59, folio 93). Esto es de interés, dice el tribunal, porque en la gerencia de [Nombre 091] se incautó un documento denominado “Nueva Ley de Telecomunicaciones (Combo ICE), impacto sobre [Nombre 091] y acciones a seguir”, que revela la importancia que tenía para la empresa toda acción que pudiese modificar o afectar las expectativas comerciales o contratos con la referida institución (f. 15.999 frente); iii) [Nombre 063] laboró en el ICE del 1 de agosto de 1974 al 27 de septiembre de 2004 y fue el enlace entre [Nombre 091] y [Nombre 018]. Los personeros de [Nombre 091] se acercaron a este último gracias a la mediación de [Nombre 063], para exponerle sus preocupaciones acerca de las contrataciones directas que efectuaba el ICE y que, según [Nombre 091], la dejaba fuera del mercado.
De esto da cuenta el informe Nº 428-DEF-443-05/05, la prueba Nº 630, PC06, archivo “Libro blanco” y la declaración de [Nombre 128]; iv) se descartó con base en la prueba testimonial evacuada que [Nombre 018] hubiese sido consultor de la empresa [Nombre 091], como también que hubiese tenido alguna relación comercial o laboral con [Nombre 058]. que justificase la recepción de los dineros que le fueron entregados. Incluso, [Nombre 158] declaró que este imputado le manifestó haber ganado un dinero con [Nombre 091] de forma fácil, pues no había hecho nada y, según la testigo [Nombre 116], [Nombre 041] le dijo espontáneamente que él había pagado sobornos a funcionarios públicos, entre ellos a [Nombre 018]. Otro tanto hay con el testimonio de [Nombre 142], quien señaló que [Nombre 041] reconoció haber pagado dádivas a funcionarios públicos, en los medios de comunicación. Finalmente, la empresa [Nombre 091] tenía dentro de sus políticas de contratación la prohibición de contratar como asesores a funcionarios públicos. v) Con base en la declaración de [Nombre 128], se estableció que [Nombre 018] fue informado del tema de la telefonía móvil y del interés de [Nombre 091] en que se eliminase la contratación directa sin licitación. [Nombre 091] había hecho dos campañas públicas y de denuncia, una para oponerse a la contratación de las líneas fijas a Ericsson en 1999 y otra en el año 2000, a propósito de la tecnología GSM, siendo que desde 1999 existía contacto con [Nombre 018].
Hubo varias reuniones con el entonces diputado y, en una oportunidad, [Nombre 018] le pidió a [Nombre 128] hablar con sus superiores, reunión que según el testigo, sí tuvo lugar. vi) Para el tribunal, de lo dicho por [Nombre 128] se extrae que a [Nombre 018] se le contactó para discutir sobre la eliminación de las contrataciones y la apertura de la licitación, lo cual lleva al tema de las 400.000 líneas celulares. Esto confirma la versión de [Nombre 064] , en el sentido de que el ofrecimiento de la dádiva tenía que ver con el tema de las centrales móviles y con la tecnología GSM y, en ese tanto, hay indicios que permiten vislumbrar que a [Nombre 018] también se le hizo una promesa remuneratoria en circunstancias modales y temporales semejantes a la cursada a [Nombre 064], solo que mientras a este último lo llamó [Nombre 078], fue [Nombre 018] quien pidió hablar con los superiores de [Nombre 128].
Además, los pagos también le fueron hechos por las mismas vías que a otros imputados. vii) Hay documentación que da cuenta de que el día 17 de agosto de 2000, en el café [...] , [Nombre 041] se reunió con [Nombre 018] y [Nombre 063]; viii) [Nombre 144], mensajero de la empresa [Nombre 091], dijo haber llevado sobres, remitidos por [Nombre 041], a los acusados [Nombre 022], [Nombre 001], [Nombre 018] y [Nombre 028], en sus domicilios y oficinas. La secretaria de [Nombre 041] dijo que se enviaban sobres al ICE y a los imputados, y que ella conocía su contenido, sin embargo, “…esto no excluye que [Nombre 144] llevara sobres que no fueran los que ella conoció; sobres que además tenían características diferentes a los descritos como conocidos por su persona.” (F. 16.011 frente). ix) Así como en el año 2000 se inició la campaña pública de [Nombre 091] en pro de la licitación pública y la migración a la tecnología GSM, también entre julio de 2000 y diciembre de ese año personeros de [Nombre 091] se reunieron con diputados y otros personajes del ámbito político.
Es entonces cuando se efectuaron los encuentros con [Nombre 018], [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 064], todos los que al final recibieron dineros procedentes de [Nombre 060]. x) Finalmente, el a quo valoró abundante prueba documental, descrita de folio 16.014 frente a 16.054 frente, para demostrar que los fondos recibidos por [Nombre 018] procedían de [Nombre 060]. xi) No obstante lo anterior, el tribunal entiende que no es de recibo la solicitud de la fiscalía de condenar a [Nombre 018] por el delito de cohecho impropio, sobre la base de que este imputado atendió a los personeros de [Nombre 091] en cumplimiento de la obligación que tiene todo diputado de recibir público. Lo anterior porque en el hecho número 220 de la acusación se alude al ofrecimiento de la dádiva y en el hecho número 221 a la aceptación de esta, sin que se hayan descrito los elementos del cohecho impropio. Por eso, indica el tribunal, con independencia de si lo afirmado por el Ministerio Público en conclusiones se demostró o no (a saber, que a [Nombre 018] se le hizo una promesa remuneratoria por atender público), como la acusación no contiene tal información, el único delito que se puede tener por configurado es el de enriquecimiento ilícito, en tanto admitió la dádiva que le fue presentada u ofrecida en condición del cargo que ostentaba (f. 16.054 a 16.056 frente).
Tratándose del imputado [Nombre 018], la exclusión hipotética de la declaración de [Nombre 064] tiene una trascendencia particular, pues aunque sin esa probanza, como se explicará más adelante, es imposible confirmar la sentencia recurrida en cuanto tuvo por demostrado que ese justiciable admitió una dádiva que le fue ofrecida en los términos que prevé el tipo penal del enriquecimiento ilícito, no se descarta la aplicación del otro supuesto contemplado en el art. 346 inciso 3) del Código Penal, a saber, el de la admisión de la dádiva presentada. Así las cosas y siendo evidente que para resolver la situación jurídica de este imputado (incluido el tema de la prescripción) se requiere un examen más pausado de los hechos y de las pruebas, esta cámara procederá a conocer los recursos formulados por [Nombre 018] a título personal y por su defensor, el licenciado José Miguel Villalobos Umaña.
Por tanto, se tiene que sin el relato de [Nombre 064], la condena impuesta a [Nombre 033] queda ayuna de todo fundamento probatorio. Para explicar de mejor manera la anterior conclusión, esta cámara iniciará señalando de forma sintética los argumentos que empleó el tribunal de juicio para condenar a [Nombre 033], no sin antes aclarar que no se profundizará en las razones que invocó el a quo para estimar creíble el dicho de [Nombre 064], lo anterior no solo porque ya han sido analizadas en esta resolución, sino porque carecen de todo interés si se toma en cuenta que el criterio de oportunidad y la prueba derivada de él fue declarada ilegal. En cuanto a [Nombre 033] se ponderó lo siguiente: i) [Nombre 064] ostentaba una amplia trayectoria en el servicio público. Fue por ejemplo, diputado, Ministro de Vivienda y Asentamientos Urbanos en la administración [Nombre 033] (de mayo de 1998 a julio de 1999), asesor presidencial del 1 de agosto de 1999 al 9 de mayo de 2002, y director general de la casa presidencial.
También, con el aval de [Nombre 033], fue nombrado por el consejo de gobierno director del ICE desde el 3 de agosto de 1999 en adelante, cargos que ejerció de forma simultánea. [Nombre 064] fue director del ICE hasta el 31 de mayo de 2010 y, para esto, contó con el aval de la siguiente administración. [Nombre 064] era una persona muy cercana a [Nombre 033] y, no obstante la relación de jerarquía entre ambos, también había una relación de amistad (folios 16.088 a 16.111, tomo XXXIII); ii) [Nombre 064], como directivo del ICE, tenía relación con [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] (f. 16.111 a 16.116 frente); iii) según se determinó, desde 1997 había una práctica de [Nombre 091] de ofrecer diversas atenciones y cortesías a los funcionarios públicos del ICE. Dice el a quo que aunque el fin último de esta práctica no era hacer propuestas ilícitas, de eso se valieron [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] para acercarse a los funcionarios públicos, ganarse su confianza y determinar si podían admitir una eventual promesa remuneratoria.
Todo esto confirma lo dicho por [Nombre 064], en el sentido de que hubo un proceso de seducción que culminó con la promesa de dádiva (f. 16.112 frente a 16.116 frente); iv) hubo encuentros entre algunos funcionarios públicos -[Nombre 022], [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 018]- con [Nombre 041], siendo que este también les enviaba sobres (f. 16.114 y 16.115 frente); v) [Nombre 041] hizo una manifestación espontánea donde aceptó el pago de dádivas a funcionarios públicos, manifestación a la que aludieron varios testigos ([Nombre 116], [Nombre 164] y [Nombre 142]). [Nombre 068] admitió los hechos, [Nombre 001] aceptó ante la prensa haber recibido dinero y [Nombre 064] también admitió haber recibido de parte de [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] una promesa anterior a la adjudicación, misma que hizo de conocimiento de [Nombre 033] (f. 16.111 y 16.112 frente); vi) de la existencia de la promesa remuneratoria cursada a [Nombre 064], la prueba medular es su propio “testimonio”, que el a quo estimó creíble.
De la reunión entre [Nombre 064] y [Nombre 033] en la casa de este, lo es también esa declaración (cfr. folios 16.126 a 16.134 frente, tomo XXXIII). Dijo [Nombre 064] que él, a finales del año 2000, se reunió con [Nombre 078] y [Nombre 041] a pedido del primero, en el restaurante [Nombre 094], cerca del aeropuerto, oportunidad en la que ambos le formularon una promesa de dádiva a cambio de impulsar la migración de tecnología, procurar el proceso de licitación en lugar de las compras directas y votar a favor de [Nombre 091]. Que él, en principio, aceptó, pero que al pensarlo mejor decidió preguntar a [Nombre 033], ya que este estaba en mejores condiciones de direccionar el criterio de los miembros de la junta directiva en caso de ser necesario. Es por esto que se reunió con [Nombre 033] al día siguiente, para plantearle la oferta, misma que el entonces [...] avaló, indicándole que la distribución de la ganancia sería de 60% para [Nombre 033] y 40% para [Nombre 064]. vii) Para confirmar la existencia de la reunión en [Nombre 094] , se tomó en cuenta que, según sus movimientos migratorios, todos los partícipes ([Nombre 064], [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078]) estaban en el país para el 2 de diciembre de 2000.
Igualmente, se ponderó que para el día 3 de diciembre, fecha en la que según [Nombre 064] se reunió con [Nombre 033] en la casa de este, ambos estaban en el país (f. 16.130 y 16.131 frente); viii) dos de los directivos vinculados con estos actos de corrupción fueron nombrados en la administración [Nombre 033], a saber, [Nombre 064] y [Nombre 068], quien ya fue sentenciado mediante un procedimiento abreviado. En cuanto al tercero, [Nombre 022], si bien fue nombrado en otra administración, tenía un vínculo previo con [Nombre 033] (f. 16.120 y 16.121 frente); ix) en cuanto a la entrega y recepción de la dádiva, se tiene que fue [Nombre 064] quien trasladó los fondos a [Nombre 033]. Es decir, [Nombre 058]. no trasladó dineros a las cuentas de [Nombre 033] o a las cuentas de personas físicas o jurídicas de su entorno más inmediato, sino que los trasladó a [Nombre 064] quien, a su vez, los entregó a [Nombre 033] en los términos que se describieron de folios 16.145 a 16151 frente de la sentencia.
Para esta cámara, excluida hipotéticamente la declaración de [Nombre 064], la condena impuesta a [Nombre 033] queda sin fundamento probatorio alguno. La declaración del imputado colaborador es la única prueba para demostrar que este compartió con [Nombre 033] la promesa que, según él, le formularon [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078]. Sin ese relato es imposible confirmar la sentencia recurrida en cuanto tiene por probado que el entonces [...] le dio el apoyo que necesitaba para aceptar la promesa de retribución económica, o que fue [Nombre 033] quien determinó la forma de reparto de las ganancias irregulares entregadas por [Nombre 058]. Es importante acotar que en el debate se incorporó y bastanteó abundante prueba que permite determinar que a manos de [Nombre 033] o a las de sus allegados, llegaron fondos originados en [Nombre 060], sin embargo, de esto no se puede extraer que [Nombre 033] participó en la aceptación de la promesa de dádiva en los términos que refirió [Nombre 064], o que los fondos estaban asociados con esa promesa.
Nótese que [Nombre 058]. nunca entregó dineros de manera directa a [Nombre 033] o a personas físicas o jurídicas de su entorno, sino que los entregó a [Nombre 064], quien a su vez trasladó parte de los mismos a [Nombre 033]. Así las cosas, sin su “testimonio” (y de nuevo aclarando que se usa el vocablo testimonio de forma atécnica, pues el imputado colaborador no es un testigo en sentido estricto ya que no ofrece su declaración bajo juramento) no cabe asegurar, como si de un hecho demostrado se tratase, que hubo un vínculo entre el entonces [...] y la empresa mencionada. Y es que, al margen de la reunión entre [Nombre 064] y [Nombre 033] que según aquel tuvo lugar, [Nombre 033] no desplegó ninguna acción que permita sugerir al menos como probable su participación en los hechos investigados. Ni la imputación, ni la sentencia, atribuye a este haber contactado a algún miembro del Consejo Directivo del ICE o a cualquier otro funcionario público con el propósito de determinar sus decisiones en relación con el tema de las 400.000 líneas.
Tampoco se le imputó siquiera mantener contactos con los jerarcas de [Nombre 091] que fueron tachados de corruptores. Por tanto, la demostración del vínculo entre [Nombre 033] y la supuesta promesa de retribución económica anterior a la adjudicación del contrato mencionado, depende en exclusiva de una prueba que este tribunal de apelación ha declarado ilícita. En este punto, es necesario aclarar que la recepción por [Nombre 033] de algunos fondos originados en [Nombre 060] (único hecho que se puede demostrar sin la declaración de [Nombre 064]), no basta para confirmar la sentencia en cuanto lo consideró instigador del delito de corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio. No solo porque sin esa prueba, es imposible asegurar, más allá de un grado de probabilidad, que la promesa de retribución económica existió, sino porque de igual manera, tampoco pueden descartarse con certeza otras hipótesis que no fueron imputadas, a saber, que los dineros fuesen una gratificación por un acto cumplido sin que hubiese una promesa anterior, o que fuesen los funcionarios públicos los que indujesen su pago.
Además, por otras razones que se procederán a exponer a continuación, al examinar cada una de las entregas de dinero que el tribunal de mérito tuvo por acreditadas. En cuanto a la primera entrega (pues hubo varias más), el hecho probado número 96 señala: “ 96) Sin precisarse fecha, pero si con posterioridad al 6 de enero de 2002 y antes del 18 de febrero de ese mismo año, de conformidad con los porcentajes de repartición ilícitos establecidos por el imputado [Nombre 033], el encartado [Nombre 064] le entregó a [Nombre 033] en el Despacho Presidencial la suma de ciento treinta mil dólares ($130.000), mediante 7 certificados de depósito al portador del Banco Internacional de Costa Rica S.A., a saber el Nº 19692 por un monto de cien mil dólares ($100.000), Nº 19693 por un monto de cinco mil dólares ($5.000), Nº 19694 por un monto de cinco mil dólares ($5.000), Nº 19695 por un monto de cinco mil dólares ($5.000), Nº 19696 por un monto de ($5.000), Nº 19698 por un monto de cinco mil dólares ($5.000), y Nº 19699 por un monto de cinco mil dólares ($5.000).
Los anteriores títulos fueron generados de la cuenta de [Nombre 166] -madre de [Nombre 064]- y emitidos el 14 de diciembre de 2001 con vencimiento el 14 de febrero de 2002...”. Como se observa, los certificados que entregó [Nombre 064] se generaron de la cuenta de su madre, [Nombre 166], y no de la cuenta de su esposa, [Nombre 080], misma que fue la abastecida con los fondos de [Nombre 060]. Aunque [Nombre 064] [Nombre 060] fueron bloqueados o congelados y que por eso acudió a la cuenta de su madre para pagar a [Nombre 033] (f. 16.165 frente), al suprimir su declaración es imposible determinar con certeza tanto el motivo de esa primera entrega, así como el vínculo de los fondos con [Nombre 060]. Es importante acotar que si bien hay prueba documental que permite demostrar que fueron congelados los doscientos veinticinco mil dólares ($225.000) que [Nombre 058]. trasladó el 10 de diciembre de 2001 a la cuenta en dólares que tenía la esposa de [Nombre 064] en el Saint Georges Bank (cfr. prueba Nº 208, folio 28, que hemos tenido a la vista), esto no deslegitima lo antes expuesto, ya que esa documentación no permite siquiera sospechar que los $130.000 que [Nombre 064] entregó a [Nombre 033] entre enero y febrero de 2002, tienen alguna relación con los ya mencionados $225.000, o cuando menos, con [Nombre 060].
Para esto, se insiste, es indispensable el dicho del imputado colaborador. Sobre la segunda entrega de fondos, en los hechos demostrados se afirmó: “98) El día 20 de mayo de 2002, con los recursos de la cuenta Nº [Valor 012] de [Nombre 058]. del Banco Cuscatlán, abastecida con el dinero previamente depositado por [Nombre 060], el encartado [Nombre 028], conforme a la labor que le correspondía dentro de la distribución de funciones de los corruptores, canceló parcialmente la inversión a la vista Nº 21200289108 por la suma de cien mil dólares ($100.000) y constituyó cuatro certificados de inversión por veinticinco mil dólares ($25.000) cada uno, todos al portador y emitidos el 20 de mayo de 2002, números 2240020043928, 2240020043936, 2240020043901, 2240020043944 y los cupones de intereses respectivos por $64.58 cada uno. Estos certificados el imputado [Nombre 028] se los entregó al coencartado [Nombre 041] para que, a su vez, se los entregara a [Nombre 064] también como parte del pago ilícito prometido. 99) Para lograr tal fin, sin precisar fecha, pero después del 20 de mayo de 2002, [Nombre 064] se dirigió al frente de las oficinas de la empresa [Nombre 091] en Sabana Sur, y recibió de [Nombre 041] un sobre de manila amarillo el cual contenía los certificados descritos, y con ellos realizó los siguientes movimientos financieros: a. Con el producto de los certificados Nº 2240020043901 y Nº 2240020043944, incluyendo los intereses acumulados de los certificados Nº 2240020043928 y Nº 2240020043936, se adquirió el cheque de gerencia del Banco Cuscatlán Nº 12847-3 del 26 de junio de 2002 por cincuenta mil doscientos cincuenta y tres dólares con treinta y dos centavos ($50.253.32), el cual fue depositado en la cuenta de [Nombre 080] del Banco BCT S.A. el 27 de ese mes y año. b. El producto de los certificados Nº 2240020043928 y Nº 2240020043936, se reinvirtió por órdenes de [Nombre 080] , según los planes de [Nombre 064], en el certificado de inversión del Banco Cuscatlán Nº 2241420000191 emitido el 26 de junio de 2002 al portador, por la suma de cincuenta mil dólares ($50.000).100) En fecha no determinada, pero con posterioridad al 26 de junio de 2002, conforme a la distribución del dinero pactado entre ellos, [Nombre 064] entregó el certificado Nº 2241420000191 por cincuenta mil dólares ($50.000) al acusado [Nombre 033] , quien lo recibió en su casa de habitación.
Antes del 30 de julio de ese año, [Nombre 033] , a su vez, entregó el certificado de referencia al señor [Nombre 167] (quien desde el año 1994 laboró como administrador de las empresas vinculadas al encartado [Nombre 033]), y le ordenó que realizara algunos pagos. a) Canceló el certificado Nº 2241420000191 y solicitó al Banco Cuscatlán de Costa Rica S.A., la emisión de tres cheques de gerencia que se confeccionaron con fecha 30 de julio de 2002, Nº 14589-1 por catorce mil setecientos cincuenta dólares ($14.750), Nº 14590-1 por cinco mil doscientos dólares ($5.200) y Nº 14591-6 por siete mil dólares ($7.000), a nombre de [Nombre 291] ; y retiró en efectivo la suma de veintitrés mil treinta y cinco dólares ($23.035). b) El 31 de julio de 2002, con el cheque de gerencia Nº 14589-1 canceló la deuda pendiente para ese momento de la tarjeta de crédito a nombre del imputado [Nombre 033] Nº 4732981669923003 del Banco Interfin, por un monto de cinco mil ciento cuarenta dólares con ocho centavos ($5.140.08). c) El 31 de julio de 2002, con el cheque de gerencia Nº 14590-1, [Nombre 167] canceló el saldo en colones de trescientos veinticinco mil ochocientos cuatro colones con quince céntimos (¢325.804.15) y en dólares de cuatro mil trescientos dólares con cincuenta y seis centavos ($4.300.56), ambos de la tarjeta de crédito del imputado [Nombre 033] Nº [Valor 014] del Banco Internacional de Costa Rica. d) Con el cheque de gerencia Nº 14591-6 por siete mil dólares ($7.000) a nombre de [Nombre 291], quien es el chofer del imputado [Nombre 033] desde marzo de 1992, en acato de las instrucciones de [Nombre 033], se cancelaron planillas, luz, agua, teléfono, impuestos, entre otras obligaciones de la familia de [Nombre 033] ...”.
Tal y como explicó el a quo de folios 16.170 a 16.186 frente, hay prueba documental que permite demostrar que [Nombre 080], esposa de [Nombre 064], endosó cuatro certificados de inversión por $25.000 cada uno, todos al portador, constituidos con fondos de la cuenta de [Nombre 058]., abastecida previamente con dinero originado en [Nombre 060]. Asimismo, que el producto de dos de esos certificados fue reinvertido en el certificado de inversión Nº 2241420000191 del Banco Cuscatlán, también al portador, por la suma de $50.000, el cual fue endosado por [Nombre 167], persona cercana a [Nombre 033] y quien empleó parte del dinero para pagar dos tarjetas de crédito a nombre de [Nombre 033] y gastos de la casa de habitación de este. Ahora, aunque podemos sostener razonablemente que [Nombre 033] por interpósitas personas - [Nombre 058]., [Nombre 080] y luego [Nombre 167]- incorporó a su patrimonio fondos procedentes de [Nombre 060], sin la declaración de [Nombre 064] es imposible asegurar que esas sumas corresponden al pago o cumplimiento de una promesa de dádiva que recibió [Nombre 064] con un contenido y propósitos específicos y [Nombre 033] le determinó a aceptar .
Esto mismo sucede con la tercera entrega de fondos , examinada de folios 16.186 frente en adelante y descrita en los hechos probados números 101 a 104: “101) Sin precisarse fecha, pero en el mes de agosto de 2002, el imputado [Nombre 041] le anunció a [Nombre 064] un tercer pago de la dádiva prometida. Con el propósito de no levantar sospechas en el sistema financiero nacional, [Nombre 064] le solicitó que efectuase el depósito en dos cuentas, la Nº [Valor 015] en el Terrabank y la Nº [Valor 016] del BCT International Bank (off shore del Banco BCT), a nombre de [Nombre 080]. 102) El día 14 de agosto de 2002, con los recursos de la cuenta Nº [Valor 012] de [Nombre 058]. del Banco Cuscatlán, abastecida con el dinero previamente depositado por [Nombre 091], el encartado [Nombre 028], conforme a la labor que le correspondía dentro de la distribución de funciones de los corruptores, solicitó al Departamento de Banca Personal del Banco Cuscatlán, transferir la suma de cien mil dólares ($100.000) a la cuenta Nº [Valor 015] de Terrabank, y la suma de quinientos noventa mil dólares ($590.000) en la cuenta [Valor 055] de BCT Bank International para luego transferirla a la cuenta Nº [Valor 016] de [Nombre 080].
Estos fondos quedaron formalmente acreditados el 16 de agosto de 2002, luego de aplicadas las respectivas comisiones bancarias. 103) El 19 de agosto de 2002, [Nombre 064] con los quinientos noventa mil dólares ($590.000) mencionados en el hecho anterior, dispuso que se emitiera el certificado de inversión Nº 25694 a 92 días plazo en el BCT Bank International por la suma de trescientos mil dólares ($300.000), mismo que se liquidó anticipadamente el 28 de octubre de los corrientes y tanto el principal como los intereses se acreditaron de nuevo a la cuenta Nº [Valor 016]. Esa misma fecha, [Nombre 064] solicitó la emisión de tres certificados de inversión todos al portador, dos por cien mil dólares ($100.000) y uno por setenta mil dólares ($70.000), números 4523, 4522 y 4521 respectivamente y con fecha de vencimiento el 28 de enero de 2003. 104) Sin precisarse fecha, pero luego del 28 de octubre y antes del 27 de noviembre de 2002, de acuerdo con el plan y la distribución de la dádiva, establecida por el imputado [Nombre 033], éste recibió personalmente del encartado [Nombre 064] los certificados de inversión Nº 4521, Nº 4522 y Nº 4523 del Banco BCT S.A., y cien mil dólares ($100.000) en efectivo.
El encartado [Nombre 033] dispuso de este dinero como de seguido se expone: a) El título 4521 lo entregó para su venta a ACOBO S.A. junto con el respectivo cupón de interés el 04 de noviembre de 2002. Al día siguiente, ACOBO registró la venta de dicho título valor por un total de setenta mil cuarenta y cinco dólares con treinta y cinco centavos ($70.045.35), monto que acreditó en la cuenta Nº [Valor 017] de la esposa del imputado [Nombre 033], [Nombre 169]. Ese mismo día se adquirió 20 participaciones del “[Nombre 171]” por el monto de ciento unos mil setenta y ocho dólares con setenta y ocho centavos ($101.078.78) que fueron cubiertas parcialmente con los fondos indicados. Posteriormente, el 12 de noviembre de 2002 se realizó la gestión de venta de las 20 participaciones citadas a la empresa [Nombre 172]., en cuya cuenta figuran como autorizados los señores [Nombre 173] y [Nombre 167], colaboradores del imputado [Nombre 033].
Pese a que el representante judicial y extrajudicial de dicha sociedad es el señor [Nombre 175], hijo de [Nombre 033], lo cierto es que el último mantiene un ligamen real y directo con su manejo. b) Entre mediados y finales de noviembre de 2002, el imputado [Nombre 033] entregó los títulos Nº 4522 y Nº 4523 a [Nombre 173] , hombre de su confianza, a quien instruyó para que los depositara en ACOBO junto con los respectivos cupones de intereses, con el propósito de que el puesto de bolsa los negociara para hacerlos efectivos. Posteriormente, el monto de la venta se acreditó en la cuenta Nº [Valor 019] de [Nombre 176] que aunque era formalmente representada por [Nombre 173] y [Nombre 167], el imputado [Nombre 033] para ese momento mantenía un ligamen real y directo pese a no figurar legalmente como su presidente ni apoderado. c) Finalmente, como producto de la liquidación de los certificados mencionados en el punto anterior, el 02 de diciembre de 2002 se giró el cheque Nº 5118-1 contra la cuenta corriente [Valor 020] de ACOBO con el Banco Interfin, por ciento noventa y nueve mil setecientos noventa dólares ($199.790), a favor de [Nombre 173], quien en esa misma fecha lo depositó en su cuenta corriente Nº [Valor 021] en el Banco San José, que en ese momento mostraba un saldo de $248.75. d) En noviembre del año 2002, [Nombre 173] le planteó a [Nombre 033] la posibilidad de participar como socio capitalista del señor [Nombre 177] en un proyecto de vivienda para clase media alta que constaba de dieciocho casas y de seis apartamentos, ya que este último no contaba con suficiente dinero. [Nombre 033] accedió a invertir en el proyecto, encargándole a [Nombre 173] que con el producto del cheque Nº 5118-1 del Banco Interfin antes mencionado, hiciera efectiva la inversión.
De tal forma, [Nombre 173] giró dineros a partir de diciembre de 2002 y hasta julio de 2003 a favor de [Nombre 177] o bien a favor de la empresa [Nombre 180], sociedad que representaba [Nombre 177]. Para ocultar la participación de [Nombre 033], la inversión se hizo por medio de una empresa propiedad de [Nombre 173] denominada [Nombre 182]., representada por [Nombre 187], quien era la secretaria de [Nombre 167] y persona de confianza de [Nombre 173], a su vez este último hizo un aporte personal al proyecto por quince mil dólares ($15.000). Para formalizar el negocio, se celebraron los siguientes contratos: i) Opción de compra entre [Nombre 183] en representación de la empresa [Nombre 184] ., propietaria del bien inmueble inscrito en el Partido de Heredia, matrícula de folio real Nº [Valor 022] y [Nombre 177] siendo el valor total de la compraventa la suma de ciento cincuenta y dos mil ochocientos veinticinco dólares con sesenta y ocho centavos ($152.825.68). ii) Contrato del día 4 de diciembre de 2002, entre la sociedad [Nombre 180] . representada por [Nombre 177] y [Nombre 182]. representada por [Nombre 187], por el cual se expresó que [Nombre 182]. se encontraba interesada en participar en el proyecto habitacional de la sociedad [Nombre 180]., aporta la suma de ciento cincuenta mil dólares ($150.000) y en razón del riesgo inicial de la inversión por [Nombre 182] ., los lotes adquiridos se inscribirían a su nombre.
Asimismo se estipuló que [Nombre 182] . recibiría setenta y cinco mil dólares ($75.000) en ganancias y el resto la empresa [Nombre 180]. Con posterioridad, aproximadamente tres meses después fue incrementado en cincuenta mil dólares ($50.000), quedando en total el aporte de [Nombre 182] ., en doscientos mil dólares ($200.000). iii) Posteriormente se realizó otro contrato entre [Nombre 177] y [Nombre 187] en su condición de representante legal de [Nombre 182] ., por medio del cual el primero cedió a la segunda la opción de compraventa inicial con la empresa Servicios Casablanca, la cual operó de forma automática. iv) Asimismo, el 4 de diciembre de 2002 mediante escritura pública ante el notario público Alex Thompson Chacón, la señora [Nombre 183] como presidente con facultades de apoderada generalísima de [Nombre 184] traspasó a la sociedad [Nombre 182]., representada en ese acto por la señora [Nombre 187], los siguientes inmuebles todos inscritos en el partido de Heredia: folio real Nº [Valor 023] con un área de 160.4 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 024] con un área de 160.4 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 025] con un área de 160.4 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 026] con un área de 277.13 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº 146.397-000, con un área de 166.50 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 027] con un área de 180.77 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 028] con un área de 160 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 029] con un área de 160 metros cuadrados; folio real Nº [Valor 030] área de 160 metros cuadrados.
El precio total de los inmuebles se fijó en la suma de ochenta y seis mil setecientos sesenta y dos dólares con cuarenta y dos centavos ($86.762.42), constituyéndose asimismo hipoteca de primer grado por el valor de cita y sobre las fincas referidas. v) La recuperación proveniente de la venta de los inmuebles comenzó en marzo de 2003 e ingresó en las cuentas Nº [Valor 031] a nombre de [Nombre 182]., Nº [Valor 032], Nº [Valor 033] y Nº [Valor 021] todas a nombre de [Nombre 173] en el Bac San José. Luego de varios movimientos financieros, del dinero que ingresó a la cuenta de [Nombre 182], finalmente parte de este dinero fue recibido por el imputado [Nombre 033], al registrarse entre el 08 de setiembre de 2003 y el 04 de junio de 2004, créditos a su favor por un total de cincuenta y dos mil doscientos veinte dólares ($52.220). Asimismo en la cuenta corriente Nº [Valor 031] de [Nombre 182] . al señor [Nombre 173] se le acreditó en total la suma de ochenta y un mil doscientos cincuenta ($81.250), y al señor [Nombre 167] se le acreditó la suma de setenta y nueve mil trescientos cincuenta dólares ($79.350) ...”.
Tratándose de esta entrega, tenemos que después de una serie de transacciones que no interesa recapitular, se emitieron con base en los recursos de la cuenta de [Nombre 080] en el BCT Bank International, los certificados de inversión Nº 4523, 4522 y 4521, todos al portador, los dos primeros por $100.000 y el último por $70.000, mismos que tras varias transformaciones, terminaron en poder de personas jurídicas vinculadas de una u otra manera a [Nombre 033]. Para los suscritos, aunque de lo anterior no hay duda alguna, pues el rastro seguido por el dinero se reconstruyó de forma meticulosa (cfr. folios 16.186 a 16.221 frente, tomo XXXIII), esto nada dice en cuanto a los motivos en virtud de los cuales [Nombre 033] recibió esos fondos, siendo que este extremo solo se puede establecer a través del relato de [Nombre 064] . Además, en esta entrega también se habla de $100.000 que según el imputado colaborador entregó en efectivo y en relación con los cuales no hay prueba alguna más allá de sus propias palabras, tal y como lo reconoce el mismo tribunal a folio 16.220 frente.
Tratándose de la cuarta entrega que se ha tenido por probada, y que se examina de f. 16.221 a 16.231 frente, se habla de un cheque por $81.480 girado a [Nombre 189]., empresa con la cual [Nombre 033] tenía un ligamen directo. Dice el a quo en los hechos demostrados: “105) El día 10 de diciembre de 2002, con los recursos de la cuenta Nº [Valor 012] de [Nombre 058]. del Banco Cuscatlán, abastecida con el dinero previamente depositado por [Nombre 091], el encartado [Nombre 028], conforme a la labor que le correspondía dentro de la distribución de funciones de los corruptores, le entregó A [Nombre 064] la suma de ciento ochenta mil dólares ($180.000), por medio de transferencia a la cuenta Nº [Valor 016] de [Nombre 080] en el BCT Bank International, menos el rebajo de la comisión bancaria por $9.50. 106) Con los recursos recién indicados [Nombre 064] efectuó una inversión a 31 días plazo con vencimiento al 10 de enero de 2003 por la suma de doscientos mil dólares ($200.000).
Al término del plazo, el dinero reingresó a su cuenta y [Nombre 064] , de conformidad con las órdenes previas dadas por el coimputado [Nombre 033], giró la directriz de emitir el cheque de gerencia Nº 012342 del BCT Bank International por la suma de ochenta y un mil cuatrocientos ochenta dólares ($81.480) a favor de la empresa [Nombre 189] . con la cual mantenía un ligamen real y directo. 107) Sin precisar fecha, pero posterior al 23 de enero de 2003, [Nombre 064] le entregó al acusado [Nombre 033] el cheque en la casa de los suegros de éste último. Luego el 3 de febrero de 2003, [Nombre 033] depositó ese cheque de gerencia Nº 012342 en el Riggs Bank N.A de Washington D. C., el cual fue aplicado a la cuenta Nº [Valor 034] de la Empresa [Nombre 189]. directamente vinculada al imputado [Nombre 033]. El encartado [Nombre 033] posteriormente admitió haber recibido el importe de este cheque y otros dos -que más adelante se describirán- presuntamente a título de préstamo otorgado por [Nombre 064], a quien realizó gestión de pago pero ésta fue rechazada por [Nombre 064] ante la inexistencia de tal crédito por ser los montos provenientes de fondos de [Nombre 091]...”.
Sin la declaración de [Nombre 064], además de ser imposible determinar con certeza la causa de este traslado de fondos, también es imposible descartar la tesis de la defensa, en el sentido de que estos eran parte de un préstamo que [Nombre 064] hizo al entonces [...]. La quinta y última entrega, descrita en el hecho probado número 111) y examinada de folios 16.232 a 16.241 frente, es por aproximadamente $188.000, entregados de la siguiente forma: dos cheques (uno por $30.000 y otro por $28.083) y $131.000 en efectivo. Dice el a quo: “111) Aproximadamente en el mes de setiembre de 2003, en cumplimiento del plan y la distribución acordada, [Nombre 064] le entregó ciento treinta y un mil dólares ($131.000) en efectivo al acusado [Nombre 033] en la casa de su suegra. Asimismo siguiendo las instrucciones dadas por [Nombre 033], elaboró dos cheques a favor de [Nombre 169], los cuales se giraron en el mismo momento pero se consignaron diferentes fechas, diversas secuencias y por dos montos distintos, con el propósito de evitar sospechas dentro del sistema financiero.
De esta forma, [Nombre 064] giró el cheque número 419 con fecha 9 de setiembre de 2003 por un monto de treinta mil dólares ($30.000,00) y el Nº 425 por un monto de veintiocho mil ochenta y tres dólares ($28.083,00) con fecha 25 de setiembre de 2003, ambos contra la cuenta corriente número [Valor 056] de [Nombre 080] en el Saint George Bank, a favor de [Nombre 169]. El imputado [Nombre 033], previo endoso de [Nombre 169], depositó los cheques en la cuenta de ACOBO. Posteriormente el producto de los mismos fue registrado por ese puesto de bolsa como un crédito a la cuenta de inversiones Nº [Valor 017] a nombre de [Nombre 169] y utilizado en la compra de 11 participaciones en un fondo inmobiliario por un total de cincuenta y cinco mil novecientos dieciséis dólares con ochenta y nueve centavos ($55.916.89) y por el remanente se emitió un cheque por dos mil ciento cincuenta y dos dólares con ochenta y tres centavos ($2.152.83) a favor del Banco Interfin S.A. Posteriormente el encartado [Nombre 033] admitió haber recibido el importe de estos dos cheques y otro -ya indicado- presuntamente a título de préstamo otorgado por [Nombre 064], a quien realizó gestión de pago la cual fue rechazada por [Nombre 064] ante la inexistencia de tal crédito, por ser tales montos provenientes de fondos de [Nombre 091] ...”.
Como se ha venido indicando, se ha tenido por demostrado un traslado de sumas en efectivo cuyo único apoyo probatorio es la declaración -ilícita e inverosímil- del imputado colaborador, así como un traslado de fondos (los cheques mencionados) en relación con los cuales si bien hay prueba documental, se desconoce, por ser imposible de establecer con certeza, su razón de ser, cuestión que resulta esencial si se pretende condenar a [Nombre 033] por haber instigado a [Nombre 064] a aceptar una promesa de retribución económica con un contenido y unos propósitos específicos. En resumen, la declaración de [Nombre 064] tiene un carácter esencial en el caso de [Nombre 033]. Sin ella, no es posible tener por demostrado que [Nombre 064] recibió una promesa de retribución económica sobre la cual informó a [Nombre 033], siendo que este le dio el impulso necesario para aceptarla, definiendo además los porcentajes de distribución de la ganancia criminal que se llegara a obtener (y que, a mayor abundamiento, cabe adicionar, no se corresponden con lo efectivamente recibido por uno y por otro).
Por todo lo anterior, corresponde anular la sentencia en cuanto declaró a [Nombre 033] instigador de un delito de corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio cometido por [Nombre 064]. Dicho esto, la pregunta que cabe hacer es si los hechos demostrados que se mantienen incólumes tras suprimir la promesa de dádiva anterior a la adjudicación de las 400.000 líneas -y que se sustenta a su vez, en prueba ilegal-, pueden subsumirse en algún tipo penal. La respuesta a esta interrogante, es no. Aunque en efecto y salvo los traslados de fondos en efectivo, está acreditado que [Nombre 064] trasladó fondos a [Nombre 033] en diversas ocasiones, sea de forma directa o a través de personas físicas o jurídicas cercanas a él, ni se imputaron ni se tuvieron por demostrados los elementos característicos de delitos distintos al de la corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio, tema que adquiere importancia mayúscula en el caso de [Nombre 033], pues la única conducta que se le atribuyó a este es haber determinado a [Nombre 064] para que este, como autor, admitiese una promesa de retribución económica en relación con el tema de las 400.000 líneas, a cambio de que desplegase acciones específicas en tres ámbitos (migración a tecnología GSM, licitaciones o concursos públicos y voto favorable a [Nombre 091]).
Por ende, solo vulnerando el principio de correlación entre acusación y sentencia e incluyendo circunstancias no previstas por el órgano requirente en su momento, se podría considerar a [Nombre 033] autor de otro delito, incluso uno de carácter residual como lo es el de enriquecimiento ilícito. Por otra parte, tal y como se explicó al examinar la situación jurídica del imputado [Nombre 001] , el tipo penal del enriquecimiento ilícito prevé tanto la admisión de dádivas presentadas como la admisión de dádivas ofrecidas. En el primer caso, la presentación y la recepción material de la retribución deben darse durante el desempeño del cargo. En el segundo, tanto el ofrecimiento como la admisión deben ocurrir en el lapso ya mencionado, siendo intrascendente, por ser un acto posterior impune, que el funcionario público se haga con la ventaja patrimonial una vez que se deja el puesto que motivó su ofrecimiento.
En este asunto, la conducta típica a considerar es la primera, a saber, la admisión de dádivas presentadas, esto al no haber sido posible tener por demostrada ni la promesa de retribución económica hecha a [Nombre 064] antes de la adjudicación (y que constituía el fundamento del delito de corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio), ni cualquier otro ofrecimiento de ventaja indebida a [Nombre 033] (que, en todo caso, no fue imputado). Aclarado este punto, se tiene que las conductas de [Nombre 033] que se describen en los hechos demostrados, las cuales se mantienen intactas tras el ejercicio de supresión hipotética (y que consisten en recibir las ventajas económicas que le fueron entregadas por [Nombre 064]) no se pueden subsumir en el numeral 346 inciso 3) C.P. aplicable en este asunto, ya que con excepción de los siete certificados descritos en el hecho probado número 96, esas recepciones ocurrieron después de que el imputado dejó de ser presidente del país (cfr. hecho demostrado número 61 en relación con los ya transcritos), con lo cual se trata de acciones atípicas.
Ahora, tratándose de los siete certificados de depósito al portador del Banco Internacional de Costa Rica S.A., si bien estos fueron admitidos durante el ejercicio del cargo, tal y como lo prevé el tipo penal, tras la exclusión hipotética del testimonio de [Nombre 064] es imposible asegurar que estos le fueron presentados en consideración a su oficio. Quien entregó los certificados fue [Nombre 064] , persona que para entonces además de ser funcionario público de alto rango, era alguien muy cercano a [Nombre 033]. Además, los certificados fueron generados de la cuenta de la madre del colaborador, señora [Nombre 166], cuenta que no tenía vínculo alguno con [Nombre 060] . Así dicho y al menos en lo que a estos certificados respecta, no hay elementos para establecer que [Nombre 064] los entregó a [Nombre 033] por ser el [...]. Como bien señala Carlos Creus al analizar el tipo de admisión de dádivas de la legislación argentina, que también en parte es similar al nuestro, es indispensable demostrar que la dádiva entregada lo ha sido en consideración al oficio del receptor, lo que supone descartar que no está vinculada con una circunstancia distinta, como puede ser la amistad u otra relación al margen de ese oficio (CREUS, op. cit., pp. 280-281), lo cual resulta imposible en este asunto, por lo ya expuesto.
Finalmente, como si lo ya dicho no bastase, se tiene que la acción penal para perseguir el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito estaría prescrita. En ese sentido, véase que [Nombre 033] fue indagado el 15 de octubre de 2004 (f. 552 a 558 frente, tomo II). El plazo de prescripción para el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito era de 18 meses (lo anterior porque para entonces el procedimiento era ordinario), con lo que tenemos que ese lapso venció el 15 de abril de 2006, fecha para la cual ni había operado otra causal de interrupción del cómputo del plazo, ni había adquirido firmeza la resolución que declaró de tramitación compleja la causa (esto último ocurrió el 23 de junio de 2006). Es decir, antes de que el proceso mutara su naturaleza, se consolidó una situación jurídica a favor de [Nombre 033] que, según admitió la misma Sala Tercera al ordenar el reenvío, impide aplicar los efectos del artículo 376 último párrafo del Código Procesal Penal.
En ese sentido, y asumiendo el riesgo de incurrir en reiteraciones (pues el tema se abordó al examinar los casos de los coimputados [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 022]), el órgano de casación señaló: “Así las cosas, es claro, que la vigencia del efecto reductor del plazo prescriptivo como resultado de la tramitación ordinaria del expediente, siempre estuvo sujeta a que la causa se mantuviera tramitándose como ordinaria, en cambio, cuando fue dictada y estuvo firme la tramitación compleja, en las etapas tempranas del proceso, la condición reductora de los plazos prescriptivos varió, conforme al numeral 376 citado, dado que la única excepción a ese razonamiento, se habría presentado en el supuesto en el que el plazo fatal prescriptivo hubiera fenecido antes de ese dictado, ya que en ese supuesto habría acaecido la extinción de la acción penal por prescripción, al tonarse esa circunstancia como una situación jurídica consolidada, a la que no habría podido aplicarse los efectos del artículo 376 antes citado ...” (Resolución Nº 1847-2014, considerando IV, f. 176.427 vuelto, tomo XLIII, el subrayado no es del original).
En resumen, se tiene que, incluso siguiendo la interpretación hecha por la Sala Tercera sobre el artículo 376 del Código Procesal Penal, en el sentido de que la firmeza de la resolución que declaró de tramitación compleja el procedimiento suprimió el efecto reductor de los plazos de prescripción que tuvo lugar antes de esa firmeza, lo cierto es que para la fecha de esa declaratoria ya había una situación jurídica consolidada a favor de [Nombre 033] que no es posible desconocer, por haber operado el término de la prescripción. De igual forma, la entrada en vigencia del artículo 62 de la ley N° 8422, denominada Ley contra la corrupción y el enriquecimiento ilícito en la función pública, no modifica esta conclusión, ya que [Nombre 033] compareció a rendir su declaración indagatoria el 15 de octubre de 2004, es decir, antes de que la citada normativa fuese publicada (el 29 de octubre de 2004).
Como se explicó supra , el mismo órgano de casación, en la resolución N° 2014-1847, específicamente en el considerando IV.-, folios 176.429 a 176.431 frente, reconoció que no es posible dar efectos retroactivos a una ley procesal posterior, no solo porque tratándose de leyes procesales la que se debe aplicar es la que se encuentre vigente al momento de realizar el acto, sino también porque la Constitución Política en su artículo 34 contempla una prohibición general para aplicar las leyes de forma retroactiva en perjuicio de persona alguna. Afirma el Ministerio Público que si la prescripción no había operado para cuando entró en vigencia la citada ley, es plausible aplicar sus efectos a actos procesales realizados anteriormente, pues “…no se dejaba sin efecto retroactivamente los actos interruptores acaecidos con anterioridad como erróneamente interpreta el imputado [Nombre 033] - sino que se dejó sin efecto la reducción de los saldos pendientes, los cuales se ampliaron a partir de ese momento y hasta por el término completo, según la penalidad abstracta de cada delito ...” (F. 176.933 frente, tomo XLIV).
Los suscritos respetamos pero no compartimos estos argumentos. Se puede decir de distintas formas y negar que se está vulnerando el artículo 34 de la Constitución Política, sin embargo, lo que se pretende finalmente es que los efectos del artículo 62, vigente a partir del 29 de octubre de 2004, afecten un acto procesal interruptor y reductor del plazo de prescripción que tuvo lugar antes de esa fecha, a saber, el día 15 de octubre de 2004, restándole todo valor a la normativa bajo la cual ese acto se produjo (a saber, el artículo 33 párrafo primero del C.P.P.). A mayor abundamiento, nótese que de la ley N° 8422 no se extrae que el legislador hubiese contemplado aplicar las reglas de prescripción contenidas en el numeral 62 de una forma distinta a la que corresponde tratándose de cualquier norma instrumental (entiéndase, a partir de su entrada en vigencia y a futuro). Finalmente, es importante acotar que en la resolución N° 1847-2004 que cita el Ministerio Público como fundamento de su postura (f. 176.934 frente, segundo párrafo), la Sala Tercera asumió la tesis contraria a la que esa parte procesal expone, a saber, que la ley N° 8422 es aplicable a los actos procesales realizados a partir del 29 de octubre de 2004, razón por la cual solo en relación con los imputados que fueron indagados después de esa fecha ([Nombre 018] y [Nombre 006]) argumentó que, una vez operada la interrupción, el plazo de prescripción corrió completo en los términos que señala el artículo 62 inciso a) de la mencionada ley.
En resumen y siendo que tras el proceso de exclusión hipotética que se ha venido realizando, la prueba restante no permite tener por demostrado que [Nombre 033] actuó como instigador en el delito de corrupción agravada en su modalidad de cohecho impropio cometido por [Nombre 064], y habiéndose descartado la aplicación de otros tipos penales residuales a los hechos demostrados que se mantienen incólumes tras la citada exclusión, se anula la sentencia en cuanto declaró a [Nombre 033] instigador de un delito de corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio cometido por [Nombre 064] y, en aplicación del principio in dubio pro reo y por economía procesal, se le absuelve de toda pena y responsabilidad por esa delincuencia. Por innecesario, se omite pronunciamiento sobre los demás reclamos por él formulados a título personal, así como sobre los recursos planteados por su defensor, el licenciado Rafael Gairaud Salazar.
Tratándose de [Nombre 022], se tuvo por acreditado que entre finales del año 2000 y principios de 2001, los imputados [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le solicitaron realizar las acciones necesarias dentro del ámbito de sus funciones como Directivo del I.C.E. en apoyo de los intereses de [Nombre 091], primordialmente, impulsar la migración de tecnología TDMA hacia tecnología GSM, promover las compras por medio de licitaciones y evitar que fueran abortadas y que una vez autorizado el proceso de contratación de las 400.000 líneas, le solicitaron votar a favor de la adjudicación de esa licitación a la empresa [Nombre 091] , siendo que a cambio de todo lo anterior, le prometieron la entrega de una dádiva, promesa que fue aceptada por [Nombre 022] (hecho número 117, f. 15.451 frente). En cuanto a [Nombre 001], el a quo tuvo por demostrado que en el período comprendido entre fines del 2000 e inicios de 2001, los encartados [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le solicitaron realizar las acciones necesarias dentro del ámbito de sus funciones como asesor de la Presidencia Ejecutiva del I.C.E. y encargado de la ejecución del proyecto de las 400.000 líneas, para hacer efectiva dicha contratación favoreciendo a [Nombre 091] y que cambio de lo anterior, le prometieron la entrega de una dádiva, promesa que fue aceptada por el funcionario público.
Asimismo, se acordó que la entrega del dinero estaría condicionada a la efectiva adjudicación de la oferta que presentaría [Nombre 091] al I.C.E. (hecho N° 131, f. 15.455 frente). En lo que [Nombre 028] respecta, en el fallo de mérito se le consideró coautor de los hechos antes mencionados, al entender que en el reparto de funciones acordado con [Nombre 041] para la realización de los delitos, él tenía la tarea de recibir los fondos de [Nombre 060] y trasladarlos a los funcionarios públicos corruptos (hecho probado número 56, f. 15.431 frente). Esta cámara no reiterará los argumentos señalados por el a quo para tener por demostrado que [Nombre 041], en contubernio con otras personas, formuló a [Nombre 001], [Nombre 022] y [Nombre 064], una promesa de retribución económica con anterioridad a la adjudicación del contrato de las 400.000 líneas, como tampoco los razonamientos que llevan a estos jueces de apelación a concluir que la acreditación de ese hecho es insostenible, ya que sobre esto se ha hecho una amplia exposición anteriormente y a la cual deben remitirse las partes.
Basta con subrayar como punto de partida que, excluida hipotéticamente la declaración de [Nombre 064], es imposible afirmar con certeza ese extremo. Si bien se puede asegurar que [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028], a través de [Nombre 058]., entregaron a las citadas personas importantes sumas de dinero, solo se puede sostener con un grado de probabilidad (insuficiente para fundar una sentencia condenatoria) que esas sumas estaban destinadas a cumplir con una promesa anterior, al punto que tampoco se pueden descartar otras hipótesis igualmente plausibles, por ejemplo, que se tratase de retribuciones por un acto cumplido (sin promesa anterior, lógicamente), o que hubiesen sido los funcionarios públicos los que solicitasen su pago. Ahora, descartar la promesa de retribución económica no solo impide aplicar el tipo penal de corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio en el caso de los tres funcionarios públicos mencionados, sino también aplicar el de penalidad del corruptor contemplado en el artículo 345 del Código Penal vigente para el momento en que ocurrieron los hechos investigados.
Este numeral señalaba: “Las penas establecidas en los cinco artículos anteriores son aplicables al que diere o permitiere al funcionario público una dádiva o la ventaja indebida”. Como se extrae de su sola lectura, se está ante una norma penal en blanco, que remite a otros artículos del mismo Código Penal para establecer un elemento subjetivo adicional al dolo, que debe caracterizar la realización de la conducta prohibida, así como la pena a imponer. El numeral prohíbe el dar o permitir una dádiva o ventaja indebida a un funcionario público con alguno de los propósitos señalados en los cinco artículos que le preceden. Es decir, con independencia de la decisión que adopte el funcionario público frente al planteamiento del corruptor, para penalizar a este último es indispensable que su conducta esté dirigida a la búsqueda de determinadas finalidades que han sido contempladas por el legislador en las disposiciones anteriores al numeral 345 mencionado.
El tipo penal complementario, así como la sanción a imponer, dependen entonces, del para qué se da o permite la dádiva. Por ejemplo, si el corruptor la dio para que el funcionario público realizara un acto contrario a sus deberes, o para no hacer o para retardar un acto propio de sus funciones, la pena que le corresponderá será la del cohecho propio, que oscila entre dos y seis años de prisión e inhabilitación para el ejercicio de cargos y empleos públicos de diez a quince años. Si el corruptor la dio por un acto cumplido u omitido por el funcionario público en esa calidad, sin que haya mediado promesa anterior, la pena que procederá imponer será la antes expuesta disminuida en un tercio, pues así lo dispone la norma que contempla el delito de aceptación de dádivas por un acto cumplido. Del mismo modo, si dar o permitir la retribución económica o ventaja indebida en los términos descritos en los delitos de cohecho propio o impropio tiene como fin el otorgamiento de puestos públicos, jubilaciones, pensiones o la celebración de contratos en los cuales esté interesada la administración a la que pertenece el funcionario, la pena del corruptor oscilará entre 1 y 5 años si los hechos son los descritos en el cohecho impropio y de 3 a 10 años en el caso del cohecho propio.
En resumen, para sancionar al corruptor es indispensable haber demostrado que este dio o permitió la dádiva con alguno de los propósitos contemplados en los cinco artículos anteriores al numeral 345 del Código Penal, lo que en este caso no es plausible por las razones expuestas en anteriores acápites y que se pueden reducir, a riesgo de incurrir en una simplificación excesiva de las cosas, a que sin la declaración de [Nombre 064], del análisis las restantes pruebas es imposible derivar un juicio de certeza y no de probabilidad, acerca de la existencia de la promesa de dádiva, del contenido y de los propósitos que perseguía esta. Una vez suprimida hipotéticamente la prueba ilícita, no cabe asegurar que [Nombre 041], en contubernio con [Nombre 028], prometió (conducta que, con una interpretación en extremo cuestionable pero avalada por la Sala Tercera, el a quo consideró comprendida por el verbo dar) una ventaja económica a varios funcionarios públicos, para que efectuasen actos propios de sus funciones con el propósito de que [Nombre 091] se viese favorecida con el contrato de las 400.000 líneas, finalidad que es justamente la contemplada en el delito de corrupción agravada, que es uno de los cinco artículos que preceden el de penalidad del corruptor y que a su vez, remite expresamente al delito de cohecho impropio, en lo que aquí interesa.
Excluida la promesa de retribución, lo que queda incólume es que [Nombre 041] de común acuerdo con [Nombre 028], trasladó dineros de [Nombre 060] a [Nombre 001], [Nombre 022] y [Nombre 064], sin embargo, esto por sí solo no configura delito alguno. En primer lugar, no es penalidad del corruptor porque, como ya se explicó, es imposible establecer con certeza cuál fue la razón de ser de los pagos. Incluso admitiendo hipotéticamente que los dineros entregados tenían alguna relación con el ámbito de la telefonía móvil, o incluso con el contrato de las 400.000 líneas, de la prueba examinada solo se extrae un juicio de probabilidad acerca de que estaban destinados a cumplir una promesa hecha antes de la adjudicación de ese contrato, a cambio de que los funcionarios públicos realizaran determinadas acciones propias de su cargo que favorecían a [Nombre 091], siendo igualmente plausible considerar otras hipótesis muchas veces mencionadas, verbigracia, que los fondos fueron entregados a modo de retribución por un acto cumplido sin promesa anterior, o que fueron los funcionarios los que solicitaron o demandaron su pago, hipótesis que en todo caso, no fueron acusadas por el Ministerio Público.
En suma, de las pruebas que han sido obtenidas e incorporadas al debate de manera lícita, es imposible tener por demostrada la promesa de dádiva que fue imputada (esto es, una promesa a cambio de que funcionarios públicos realizaran acciones futuras, propias del cargo, para favorecer a [Nombre 091] en la obtención del contrato de las 400.000 líneas) y, en ese tanto, es insostenible la condena impuesta a [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028] por el delito de penalidad del corruptor por corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio. Cabe añadir que este resultado no variaría aún si se dejara de lado el tema de la promesa y se pusiera énfasis en la entrega material de las dádivas, básicamente por dos razones, a saber, i) porque el prometer una retribución económica a ciertos funcionarios públicos (y no el entregarles la dádiva después de la adjudicación) es la única conducta que, en el contexto de los hechos imputados y demostrados, se puede subsumir en el delito de penalidad del corruptor por corrupción agravada por cohecho impropio y, ii) porque la penalidad del corruptor es atípica tratándose del enriquecimiento ilícito.
De seguido se va a profundizar en ambos argumentos. En cuanto al primero, según el texto legal vigente para la época en que ocurrieron los hechos investigados, en el delito de penalidad del corruptor la acción típica consistía en dar o permitir dádivas o ventajas indebidas a un funcionario público con los propósitos descritos en los “cinco delitos anteriores”, a saber: i) corrupción de jueces; ii) ofrecimiento u otorgamiento de dádiva o retribución (derogado en 2008); iii) aceptación de dádivas por un acto cumplido; iv) corrupción agravada (tipo penal que fue el aplicado por el tribunal de mérito y cuya descripción típica se integra por expresa disposición del legislador, con los tipos penales del cohecho propio e impropio, según corresponda); y finalmente, v) el cohecho propio. Como se observa, sea que se hable de la promesa de dádiva (como lo hizo el tribunal de mérito al considerar que el verbo prometer está abarcado por el verbo dar), o de la entrega material de la retribución (ahora sí, en plena consonancia con el verbo dar contemplado en el art. 345 C.P.), la penalidad del corruptor demanda que la conducta prohibida esté dirigida por alguno de los propósitos descritos en los tipos penales antes mencionados y, en este caso, ni se imputó ni se tuvo por demostrado que los fondos fueron entregados antes de la adjudicación a los funcionarios públicos a cambio de que estos hiciesen actos (futuros) propios de sus funciones que fuesen favorables a [Nombre 091] en el tema de las 400.000 líneas (este es el propósito).
Lo que se indicó fue que [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028] dieron la dádiva luego de la adjudicación, para cumplir con una promesa anterior que perseguía los propósitos ya mencionados. Dicho en otras palabras, es la promesa de dádiva y no la entrega material de esta la conducta que complementa el delito de penalidad del corruptor con el tipo penal de la corrupción agravada y el cohecho impropio y, por tanto, solo en relación con esta se puede considerar la aplicación del numeral 345 citado supra. En consonancia con lo anterior, si no se puede tener por demostrada esa promesa de dádiva contemplada en la acusación, el delito no se puede entender como configurado, esto a pesar de que se haya acreditado un traslado de fondos a algunos funcionarios. En cuanto al segundo argumento, basta con señalar que los hechos que se mantienen incólumes tras suprimir hipotéticamente la referencia a la promesa anterior, son atípicos, incluso si se partiera de que [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028] presentaron las ventajas económicas a [Nombre 064], [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 022] en consideración a su oficio y durante el ejercicio del cargo, ya que la penalidad del corruptor solo se prevé en relación con los cinco artículos precedentes a ese delito y el enriquecimiento ilícito no era para la fecha de los hechos, ni lo es ahora, parte de ese grupo.
Tan claro es el tema que el legislador ubicó el enriquecimiento ilícito después del delito de penalidad del corruptor, con lo cual este, al aludir a los “artículos anteriores”, no lo comprende. En suma, habiéndose descartado, por ser imposible de demostrar sin la prueba ilícita, que [Nombre 041] de común acuerdo con [Nombre 028] cursó promesas de dádiva a [Nombre 064], a [Nombre 022] y a [Nombre 001] para que estos realizaran actos propios de sus funciones, dirigidos a que [Nombre 091] obtuviese el contrato de las 400.000 líneas y siendo que, además, tras ese ejercicio de supresión hipotética que se ha venido realizando, los hechos que se mantienen incólumes tratándose de [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 028] (que en esencia, se reducen a la entrega material de las ciertas sumas a los funcionarios públicos) no satisfacen los requerimientos de ningún tipo penal, se anula la sentencia en cuanto declaró a ambos imputados coautores responsables de tres delitos de penalidad del corruptor por corrupción agravada en la modalidad de cohecho impropio en concurso material, en relación con [Nombre 022], [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 064] y, en su lugar, por economía procesal y en aplicación del principio in dubio pro reo , se les absuelve de toda pena y responsabilidad por los delitos antes referidos. 6.b) Delito de penalidad del corruptor atribuido a [Nombre 041] en relación con [Nombre 068]: El tribunal de mérito también condenó a [Nombre 041] como autor responsable de un delito de penalidad del corruptor por corrupción agravada en la modalidad de cohecho impropio, este cometido por [Nombre 068].
A continuación, se procederá a explicar porqué tras la declaratoria de ilegalidad del criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064], es imposible tener por demostrado ese delito. Lo primero que hay que mencionar es que según expuso el tribunal en su voto de mayoría, la promesa de dádiva a [Nombre 068] la formuló [Nombre 105], en contubernio con [Nombre 046]. Para el a quo, la relación de [Nombre 041] con este hecho resulta de su condición de jerarca de [Nombre 091] en el país y de haber actuado con [Nombre 105] (representante de [Nombre 114].) de la misma manera que lo hizo con [Nombre 028] (representante de [Nombre 058].), usando esas sociedades anónimas para suscribir contratos de consultoría que no se correspondían con la realidad, con el propósito de ingresar los recursos económicos de [Nombre 060] que luego fueron repartidos entre los funcionarios públicos. De folios 15.767 y siguientes del tomo XXXII, el a quo concluyó que a [Nombre 068] se le cursó una promesa de dádiva (de la cual se debe atribuir responsabilidad a [Nombre 041]), en virtud de lo siguiente: i) Con la prueba Nº 747 se determina que a [Nombre 068] se le siguió proceso por el delito de corrupción agravada en la modalidad de cohecho impropio, acogiéndose a un procedimiento abreviado mediante el cual resultó condenado (sentencia Nº 586-07 de las 14:50 horas del 16 de octubre de 2007).
La dádiva según se dijo en esa resolución, fue prometida por medio de [Nombre 114]., cuyo representante, [Nombre 105], también se sometió a un procedimiento abreviado (sentencia Nº 260-09 de las 14:15 horas del 21 de julio de 2001). Según el tribunal, estas sentencias han sido consideradas “…en relación con quienes se sometieron a tales procedimientos y únicamente con el tipo de delito por el que resulten condenados, la sanción, partes y eventuales reparaciones u otros datos meramente referenciales, sin que en ningún caso se valoren los hechos probados y demás contenido ...” (F. 15.768 frente). ii) La ideación del plan criminal respondió a varios antecedentes, uno de especial importancia, a saber, que [Nombre 091] no era considerada por el ICE en materia de telefonía móvil, lo cual llevó a [Nombre 041] y a [Nombre 078] a estimar necesario canalizar dineros procedentes de [Nombre 060] para otorgar dádivas a funcionarios públicos; iii) de la prueba documental (a saber, el oficio Nº 813 del 23 de enero de 2001 de la Contraloría General de la República y las actas de las sesiones Nº 5271 y 5277 del Consejo Directivo del ICE), se extrae que el 23 de enero de 2001 la Contraloría General de la República autorizó el procedimiento concursal abreviado para la contratación de las 400.000 líneas celulares de tecnología GSM.
Pese a esto, el Consejo Directivo autorizó por unanimidad la contratación directa Nº 108792 para ampliar la red móvil GSM a [Nombre 091], lo que satisfacía sus intereses comerciales y propiciaba de paso su incursión en la tecnología GSM. No obstante, en la siguiente sesión [Nombre 068] solicitó revocar esa decisión, lo que no prosperó. Esto llevó a que [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] vislumbraran la necesidad de reclutar a este miembro del consejo, como lo hicieron con [Nombre 064], [Nombre 191] y [Nombre 001] (f. 15.768 y 15.769 frente); iv) para prometer la dádiva a [Nombre 068], se echó mano de [Nombre 105] . A este pertenece la sociedad anónima [Nombre 114]., que originalmente representó a [Nombre 060] en el país. Una vez que se estableció [Nombre 091], [Nombre 114] . se mantuvo dentro de sus instalaciones y les ofreció asistencia en el área técnica (f. 15.769 frente); v) en razón de la buena relación que había con [Nombre 105] (y de la que dan cuenta varios testigos), y siendo que [Nombre 114]. figuraba para entonces como consultora ante [Nombre 292], empresa que representaba a su vez a [Nombre 060], se suscribieron contratos de consultoría simulados, para generar los fondos de [Nombre 060] que luego fueron entregados a funcionarios públicos (f. 15.770 a 15.772 frente); vi) no hay prueba directa de la solicitud de [Nombre 105] a [Nombre 046] para que propiciara el encuentro con [Nombre 068], sin embargo, [Nombre 046] tenía un ligamen previo con [Nombre 105] y tenía una relación de confianza con [Nombre 068].
Asimismo, [Nombre 046] ejercía labores de lobby para aproximarse a funcionarios públicos y, antes de los hechos investigados, había hecho esas labores para [Nombre 091]. También fungió como intermediario en el pago de la dádiva que se le hizo a [Nombre 068], siendo que además [Nombre 046] recibió de [Nombre 114]. una fuerte suma por aproximar a [Nombre 105] y a [Nombre 068] y luego trasladó esa dádiva a [Nombre 068], con lo cual “…refleja su conocimiento de que era la dádiva pagada a [Nombre 068] por su voto positivo a [Nombre 091] en las 400.000 líneas celulares y porque [Nombre 068] y [Nombre 105] fueron sentenciados por delitos convergentes.” (F. 15.773 frente). A partir de este punto, en la sentencia se hace un examen más exhaustivo de los indicios reseñados para demostrar la promesa de dádiva, específicamente, del vínculo entre [Nombre 046], [Nombre 105], [Nombre 114] ., [Nombre 060] y [Nombre 091] Costa Rica (f. 15.773 a 15.775 frente); las labores de lobby y cabildeo que en el pasado había hecho [Nombre 046] ante funcionarios públicos en beneficio de [Nombre 091] (f. 15.775 a 15.777 frente); el vínculo entre [Nombre 068] y [Nombre 046] (f. 15.777 a 15.781 frente), ligamen que también nació antes de los hechos que aquí interesan y que se pone en evidencia con el manejo dado a las ganancias ilícitas y de las reuniones entre [Nombre 105] y [Nombre 068] (f. 15.781 a 15.783 frente), encuentros que según [Nombre 193] tuvieron lugar al menos en dos oportunidades, en Coronado, lugar donde está situada la empresa [Nombre 085]., de la cual [Nombre 068] es presidente y representante judicial y extrajudicial.
Además, apunta la resolución, si bien no hay prueba de que [Nombre 046] estuviese presente en esas reuniones, queda claro que fue él quien puso en contacto a [Nombre 105] con [Nombre 068] (f. 15.781 a 15.783 frente). En el fallo también se explica cómo [Nombre 068], como miembro del consejo director del ICE, intervino en la votación del 28 de agosto de 2001 donde se decidió la adjudicación (f. 15.783 a 15.784 frente). Para el tribunal, a [Nombre 068] se le cursó una promesa de dádiva para que votase a favor de esta adjudicación y en cuanto al tema, remite a lo expuesto en relación con el plan ideado por [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078], de proponer contratos de consultoría a favor de dos empresas que habían desempeñado actividades comerciales con [Nombre 060], una de ellas [Nombre 114]., cuyo gerente es [Nombre 105]. Se simularon esos contratos, la empresa se convirtió en acreedora de [Nombre 060] y luego, con los recursos recibidos, se pagó la dádiva prometida a [Nombre 068].
Añade el tribunal de mérito que en tanto a [Nombre 022] y a [Nombre 064] los fondos se les trasladaron por medio de [Nombre 058]. ([Nombre 028]), a [Nombre 068] se le hicieron llegar a través de [Nombre 114]. ([Nombre 105] ), siendo que había un mismo propósito y un tronco común ([Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078]). Además, las sumas pagadas son similares. Para las juezas que suscribieron el voto de mayoría, el hecho de que [Nombre 068] fuese directivo del ICE y que [Nombre 046] propiciase el encuentro entre aquel y [Nombre 105] antes de la votación en que se adjudicaron las 400.000 líneas, permite concluir que la dádiva fue ofrecida en ese momento a cambio de su voto afirmativo. Y es que [Nombre 046] se desenvuelve en el medio y conoce a los directivos y de esto también da cuenta su acercamiento a [Nombre 064], para pedirle ayuda con los montos que le adeudaba [Nombre 091]. En igual sentido, el traspaso del dinero vía [Nombre 060] - [Nombre 114] - [Nombre 046] - [Nombre 068], demuestra que el acto que ejecutó este último fue para recibir un pago por un acto propio de sus funciones y que, previo a este acto, fue que se le hizo la promesa de retribución.
Finalmente, se afirmó que [Nombre 046] tenía conocimiento de que el dinero ofrecido y entregado por su medio a [Nombre 068] , era por haber emitido su voto favorable a la adjudicación de las 400.000 líneas. Como sustento de esta conclusión, el tribunal alude a lo atípico que resultó el contrato de las 400.000 líneas, no solo por su cuantía, sino por la enorme demanda que existía para entonces. De la prueba testimonial (declaraciones de [Nombre 128], [Nombre 195] y [Nombre 095]), se extrae que era un proyecto trascendental en la historia del ICE. Este tema era conocido por [Nombre 046], no solo por moverse en el ámbito de las telecomunicaciones, sino por su relación con [Nombre 105]. Además, el tema fue publicitado ampliamente. En este punto, el tribunal también destaca la declaración de [Nombre 064] . Este indicó que en la reunión en [Nombre 094], [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le hablaron de la importancia que tenía para [Nombre 091] que el ICE migrase a esquemas abiertos de telefonía, que usara la licitación como método de adquisición de tecnología y que él votase a favor de la empresa, esto también porque, según [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] le comentaron, en una fecha cercana, [Nombre 046] les había dicho que podía incidir en esa decisión de forma perjudicial para los intereses de [Nombre 091], e incluso había anunciado que contaría con el respaldo del Poder Ejecutivo, manifestación que para el tribunal demuestra el conocimiento de [Nombre 046] sobre cuáles eran las prioridades de [Nombre 091] (migración y licitación), así como sobre el procedimiento definido a principios del año 2001 por la Contraloría General de la República.
También se consideró que por la cercanía entre ambos, [Nombre 046] sabía de la posición de [Nombre 068] en el ICE. Esa cercanía se evidenció igualmente, con la forma de recibir y disponer de la dádiva (específicamente, [Nombre 068] solicitó a [Nombre 046] una cuenta bancaria para recibir parte de los pagos). Por último, se reiteró la referencia a las sentencias condenatorias dictadas en contra de [Nombre 068] y [Nombre 105] y las aceptaciones de cargos hechas por ambos en cuanto a los hechos (f. 15.785 a 15.789 frente). vii) Asimismo, el a quo examinó los contratos de consultoría suscritos por [Nombre 114]. con [Nombre 091], los dineros entregados a [Nombre 068] por esta vía, así como las ganancias obtenidas por [Nombre 046] y [Nombre 105] (f. 15.789 a 15.828 frente). Con base en todo lo expuesto, condenó a [Nombre 046] por el delito de penalidad del corruptor por corrupción agravada en su modalidad de cohecho impropio en relación con los hechos imputados a [Nombre 068] (f. 15.833 frente y siguientes).
Ahora, tratándose de [Nombre 041], lo que afirmó el fallo recurrido es que este imputado actuó de común acuerdo con [Nombre 105] y [Nombre 046] para lograr aproximarse a [Nombre 068] y hacer el ofrecimiento remuneratorio. Además, que [Nombre 041] era el tronco común entre la distribución de dádivas vía [Nombre 058]. y vía [Nombre 114]., de manera que él conocía que los contratos de consultoría suscritos por [Nombre 105] eran tan simulados como los de [Nombre 058]. y que ese mecanismo es el que se había implementado para dotar de recursos el brazo ilícito que permitiría pagar dineros a [Nombre 068], contando con la contribución de [Nombre 046] en cuanto a la indicación de las cuentas y demás datos que debían coordinarse para cada entrega (f. 15.726 frente, tomo XXXII). Analizados los anteriores razonamientos, esta cámara estima que, tras excluir hipotéticamente el “testimonio” de [Nombre 064] , no es posible demostrar con certeza que [Nombre 041] haya sido coautor de una promesa remuneratoria cursada a [Nombre 068] por [Nombre 105].
Como se ha venido señalando, este tribunal no pone en tela de duda la situación de [Nombre 091] en el ámbito de la telefonía móvil, la entrega a funcionarios públicos de sumas importantes (en cantidades similares, además) que se efectuó después de adjudicado el contrato de las 400.000 líneas GSM, la relación de confianza entre [Nombre 046] y los jerarcas de [Nombre 091], e incluso el mecanismo mediante el cual ingresaron los fondos que luego serían repartidos entre los funcionarios públicos (entiéndase, contratos de consultoría suscritos con [Nombre 058] . e [Nombre 114].). Sin embargo, no cabe asegurar con certeza que las sumas que recibió [Nombre 068] fuesen para cumplir una promesa -anterior a la adjudicación- que le cursó [Nombre 105] de común acuerdo con [Nombre 041]. Aunque se puede tener por cierto que este último justiciable distribuyó fondos de [Nombre 060] entre varios funcionarios públicos, sobre la promesa y los propósitos perseguidos con la misma la prueba fundamental es la declaración de [Nombre 064], al punto que excluida hipotéticamente esta, no es plausible descartar otras hipótesis, por ejemplo, que se trate de retribuciones económicas admitidas por un acto cumplido y sin que hubiese una promesa anterior, que los mismos funcionarios públicos indujesen ese pago, o que existiendo una promesa, esta tuviese un contenido distinto.
Véase también que fue [Nombre 064] quien en el debate habló de la preocupación de [Nombre 041] y [Nombre 078] por lo que a su vez les manifestó [Nombre 046], en el sentido de que tratándose del otorgamiento del contrato de las 400.000 líneas podía incidir y perjudicar a [Nombre 091], afirmación que usó el a quo para comprender el interés de los corruptores por acercarse a los directivos del ICE antes de que se adjudicara ese contrato. Incluso, el papel que el voto de mayoría asignó a [Nombre 046] en esta trama se estableció en buena parte gracias a lo dicho por [Nombre 064], pues -según este- [Nombre 046] acudió a él para que le ayudase a cobrar dineros de [Nombre 091] que le adeudaban por sus servicios. Tan claro es el peso que tiene el testimonio de [Nombre 064], que en este acápite de la sentencia se apeló al paralelismo entre su situación y la de [Nombre 068] , afirmando que son dos de los directivos que recibieron dinero de [Nombre 091] y que recibieron promesas de dádivas, conclusión a la que se llega porque así lo dijo el primero y porque [Nombre 068] fue sentenciado por ello.
Sin embargo, suprimida hipotéticamente la declaración del imputado colaborador y teniendo presente que las sentencias condenatorias de [Nombre 068] y [Nombre 105] han sido dictadas en el marco de un procedimiento abreviado, donde la aceptación de cargos tiene un carácter formal, la posibilidad de establecer la promesa de dádiva con certeza y, en especial, de involucrar a [Nombre 041] con esa promesa, se desvanece. De nuevo, esta cámara no tiene duda de que [Nombre 041] pagó a una serie de funcionarios públicos usando dos sociedades anónimas ([Nombre 114]. y [Nombre 058].). Incluso se puede sospechar que esos pagos guardaban alguna relación con la incursión de [Nombre 091] en el mercado de le telefonía móvil, sin embargo, no es posible asegurar que esos pagos fueron hechos para cumplir promesas de dádivas formuladas antes de la adjudicación del contrato de las 400.000 líneas, a cambio de que este fuese otorgado a [Nombre 091] , máxime cuando es posible también considerar otras alternativas, p. ej., que fuesen retribuciones económicas dadas por actos cumplidos, sin promesa anterior (como lo había dicho [Nombre 064]), o que fuesen los funcionarios públicos quienes demandaron el pago, como en algún momento lo indicó el mismo [Nombre 041] (cfr. al respecto, declaración de [Nombre 116], analizada en apartados anteriores).
En ese tanto y en aplicación del principio in dubio pro reo, se anula la sentencia en cuanto condenó a [Nombre 041] por un delito de penalidad del corruptor por corrupción agravada en su modalidad de cohecho impropio, en relación con los hechos imputados a [Nombre 068] y en su lugar, se le absuelve de toda pena y responsabilidad por el citado delito. En razón de lo expuesto en este considerando y por resultar innecesario, se omite pronunciamiento en cuanto a los demás reclamos contenidos en los recursos formulados por los licenciados Federico Morales Herrera y Erick Ramos Fallas, así como los planteados por el licenciado Mario Navarro Quirós, defensor particular de [Nombre 028], con excepción del tercer motivo que denominó “Errónea e inadecuada fundamentación. Violación al debido proceso y al derecho de defensa por errónea aplicación del artículo 110 del Código Penal”, ya que este, por estar relacionado con el comiso de algunos bienes pertenecientes a personas jurídicas ligadas a [Nombre 028], demanda un análisis más profundo. En cuanto a dicho motivo, este despacho se pronunciará más adelante.”
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