← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
OutcomeResultado
The court declared the opportunity criterion granted to cooperating defendant [Name 064] illegal due to lack of reasoning, reliance on incomplete information, and failure to meet the less-reproachable-conduct requirement. It declared his statement unlawful evidence and ordered the case remanded for a new trial.El tribunal declaró ilegal el criterio de oportunidad otorgado al imputado colaborador [Nombre 064] por carecer de fundamentación, basarse en información incompleta y no cumplir el requisito de menor reprochabilidad. Declaró ilícita su declaración y ordenó el reenvío del caso para un nuevo juicio.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Sentencing Appeals Tribunal conducts an in-depth analysis of the scope of judicial review over the application of the opportunity criterion established in Article 22(b) of the Criminal Procedure Code (the 'crown witness' or cooperating defendant figure). The decision is divided into four parts. First, the tribunal holds that legality review over this mechanism is not limited to formal aspects (prosecutorial request, hierarchical authorization, judicial approval), but encompasses all legal requirements, including examination of whether the cooperating defendant's conduct is 'less reproachable' than the punishable acts whose prosecution it facilitates. This review can be exercised by the criminal judge, the trial court, and the appellate and cassation courts, and is not exhausted in a single procedural stage. Second, the tribunal examines the specific case of the cooperating defendant, concluding that the decision authorizing the opportunity criterion lacked reasoning and was issued without complete information, because the prosecution omitted from its request all the criminal acts for which impunity was negotiated. Third, the tribunal compares the reproachability of the cooperating defendant's conduct with that of the defendants against whom he testified, determining that the cooperator was not 'less reproachable,' thus the opportunity criterion is illegal. Finally, the cooperating defendant's statement is declared unlawful evidence, and the case is remanded for a new trial.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal analiza en profundidad los alcances del control jurisdiccional sobre la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad regulado en el artículo 22 inciso b) del Código Procesal Penal (figura del 'testigo de la corona' o imputado colaborador). La resolución se divide en cuatro partes. En la primera, el tribunal establece que el control de legalidad sobre este instituto no se limita a aspectos formales (solicitud fiscal, autorización jerárquica, aprobación judicial), sino que abarca todos los requisitos legales, incluyendo el examen de si la conducta del colaborador es 'menos reprochable' que los hechos punibles cuya persecución facilita. Este control puede ser ejercido por el juez penal, el tribunal de juicio y los órganos de apelación y casación, y no se agota en una única etapa procesal. En la segunda parte, se examina el caso concreto del imputado colaborador, concluyendo que la resolución que autorizó el criterio de oportunidad carece de fundamentación y fue adoptada sin información completa, ya que la Fiscalía omitió incluir en la solicitud todos los hechos delictivos por los cuales se negoció impunidad. En la tercera parte, se realiza una comparación de reprochabilidad entre la conducta del colaborador y la de los imputados contra quienes declaró, determinando que el colaborador no era 'menos reprochable', por lo que el criterio de oportunidad es ilegal. Finalmente, se declara ilícita la declaración del colaborador y se ordena reenviar el asunto para un nuevo juicio.
Key excerptExtracto clave
For all the foregoing reasons, this chamber concludes that the application of the opportunity criterion provided for in Article 22(b) of the Criminal Procedure Code is subject to judicial review and that therefore the court—whether the criminal judge, the trial court, or even the sentencing appeals and cassation bodies, when appropriate—must verify compliance with all the requirements that the legislator demands for such purposes. It is not a matter of replacing the prosecutor in the selection of cases in which, for criminal policy reasons, he considers that prosecution should be waived, but rather of ensuring that in those cases chosen by the requesting body, the formalities required by the legal system for such purposes are met. As a consequence of the foregoing, the statement that [Name 064] gave at trial as a cooperating defendant is unlawful evidence and is so declared. Furthermore, we shall resolve certain challenges raised by [Name 033] regarding the credibility that may be granted to the account of [Name 064], on which occasion this appeals tribunal concludes that it is implausible. In summary, for all the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the opportunity criterion granted to [Name 064] is illegal.Por todo lo expuesto, esta cámara concluye que la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad contemplado en el artículo 22 inciso b) del C.P.P. está sometido a control jurisdiccional y que por ende el tribunal, sea el juez penal, el tribunal de juicio, e inclusive los órganos de apelación de sentencia y casación, cuando así corresponda, debe comprobar el cumplimiento de todos los requisitos que el legislador exige para tales efectos. No se trata de suplantar al fiscal en la elección de los casos en los que por razones de política criminal, considera que se debe prescindir de la persecución penal, sino de garantizar que en aquellos que sean elegidos por el órgano requirente, se cumpla con las formalidades exigidas por el ordenamiento jurídico para tales efectos. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la declaración que este rindió en el debate como imputado colaborador es prueba ilícita y así se declara. A mayor abundamiento, se procederá a resolver algunos cuestionamientos formulados por [Nombre 033] en relación con la credibilidad que se puede otorgar al dicho de [Nombre 064] y con ocasión de los cuales, este tribunal de apelación concluye que es inverosímil. En resumen, por todo lo expuesto, se concluye que el criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064] es ilegal.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El control jurisdiccional sobre la procedencia del criterio de oportunidad debe existir, verificando el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales -sin distinciones, pues la ley no distingue al respecto- que el código de rito exige para su aplicación."
"Judicial review over the propriety of the opportunity criterion must exist, verifying compliance with the legal requirements—without distinctions, since the law does not distinguish in this regard—that the procedural code demands for its application."
Considerando V.1, conclusión sobre el control jurisdiccional
"El control jurisdiccional sobre la procedencia del criterio de oportunidad debe existir, verificando el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales -sin distinciones, pues la ley no distingue al respecto- que el código de rito exige para su aplicación."
Considerando V.1, conclusión sobre el control jurisdiccional
"La aplicación del criterio de oportunidad [...] es ilegal. [...] Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la declaración que este rindió en el debate como imputado colaborador es prueba ilícita y así se declara."
"The application of the opportunity criterion [...] is illegal. [...] As a consequence of the foregoing, the statement that [Name 064] gave at trial as a cooperating defendant is unlawful evidence and is so declared."
Considerando V.2, conclusión final
"La aplicación del criterio de oportunidad [...] es ilegal. [...] Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la declaración que este rindió en el debate como imputado colaborador es prueba ilícita y así se declara."
Considerando V.2, conclusión final
"No se trata de suplantar al fiscal en la elección de los casos [...] sino de garantizar que en aquellos que sean elegidos por el órgano requirente, se cumpla con las formalidades exigidas por el ordenamiento jurídico."
"It is not a matter of replacing the prosecutor in the selection of cases [...] but rather of ensuring that in those cases chosen by the requesting body, the formalities required by the legal system are met."
Considerando V.1, principio rector
"No se trata de suplantar al fiscal en la elección de los casos [...] sino de garantizar que en aquellos que sean elegidos por el órgano requirente, se cumpla con las formalidades exigidas por el ordenamiento jurídico."
Considerando V.1, principio rector
Full documentDocumento completo
V.- The claims are granted: For the purpose of making this presentation as clear as possible, this chamber will divide the analysis into several sections, namely: 1) Jurisdiction of the trial court to verify compliance with the legal requirements contemplated for applying a prosecutorial discretion criterion (criterio de oportunidad). 2) Examination of the prosecutorial discretion criterion granted to [Name 064]. Defects present in its procedure and in the decision that authorized it. 3) Hypothetical inclusion of the conduct omitted by the requesting authority when seeking the prosecutorial discretion criterion, and new assessment of the reproach that should be made regarding the conduct charged against [Name 064], in comparison with that of other defendants. Weighing of the arguments put forth by the trial court regarding the particular issue. 4) Credibility to be afforded to the statement of the cooperating defendant.
Having clarified the foregoing, we have that in this matter, the complaints against the criterion of opportunity applied to [Name 064] do not focus on the first aspect—in fact, no one disputes that the prosecutor's office was free to choose [Name 064] to the detriment of other accused persons—but on the second, that is, on the fulfillment of the requirements to materialize that request, an extreme that is subject to jurisdictional control. Regarding the body that must exercise that control, although in principle it must be the criminal judge (juez penal), since the request must follow the procedure established for the conclusion of the preparatory procedure (procedimiento preparatorio) (art. 22, last paragraph C.P.P.), nothing prevents the trial court (tribunal de juicio), or other bodies hearing the matter as a result of a challenge (impugnación), from assuming that task. And it is that, in addition to the examination that the criminal judge (juez penal) must carry out, aimed at determining the appropriateness and application of the criterion, we also have the control that the trial court (tribunal de juicio) must exercise a posteriori, aimed at determining whether it is appropriate to receive the statement of the cooperating witness (arrepentido), as well as that which the court of appeals (tribunal de apelación) and the cassation chamber (sala de casación) itself could come to exercise, with the purpose of establishing whether that statement can produce legal and evidentiary effects in relation to the subject against whom it is made. Therefore, the control carried out by the criminal judge (juez penal) is not exclusive of that which other jurisdictional bodies may carry out, whether ex officio or at the request of a party. Regarding the latter, also note that the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) indicates that absolute defects (defectos absolutos), such as relative defects that have not been validated (arts. 177 and 178 C.P.P.), must be remedied (saneados), a task that must be carried out without taking the process back to periods already precluded (art. 179 of the same legal body), the foregoing except in expressly provided cases, for example, a remand ordered in cassation. From this, it is extracted as a general rule that, in the case of absolute vices or non-validated relative vices, the legal operator has a duty to correct them—the norm has a mandatory nature—and this must be done, except for the exceptions also contemplated by the legislation, without taking the process back to stages already passed, which necessarily implies that the complaint against a defective act can be reiterated in multiple procedural phases. Regarding this mechanism, Gilbert Armijo Sancho states: "In relation to the procedure in the NCPP we can say, roughly, that the defective procedural activity is capable of being claimed before the Court of the Intermediate Procedure (Tribunal del Procedimiento Intermedio). It is at this stage that all aspects related to matters not remedied in the preparatory stage must be resolved, provided they have not been validated by the inaction of the parties (arts. 15 and 317 subsection a. NCPP), and in case of not finding a positive response, it may claim said defects in trial through an incidental motion (art. 342 NCPP), and as a last alternative they may be invoked in cassation or review when dealing with aspects that imply a violation of constitutional guarantees... In cases referring to procedural defects, it is required as an admissibility requirement that the party has made a timely protest or has requested remedy (saneamiento), with the exception of absolute defects (defectos absolutos)..." (ARMIJO SANCHO, Gilbert. "La actividad procesal defectuosa." In: *Derecho procesal penal costarricense*. San José, Asociación de Ciencias Penales de Costa Rica, Volume II, 2007, pp. 230 and 231). The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has also repeatedly ruled on the form of horizontal control alluded to before, as opposed to the vertical control that corresponds to appeals. For example, in resolution No. 1999-01550, at 3:15 p.m. on March 3, 1999, when resolving a claim of unconstitutionality against articles 437 and 315, in relation to 311, all of the C.P.P., in which it was claimed that such norms omitted the possibility of appealing an order that denies a dismissal (sobreseimiento), it indicated: "Non-existence of appeal regarding the resolution that rejects an incident of nullity... However, it is possible to affirm that the non-existence of the appeal against a resolution that denies an incident of nullity does not violate any element of due process. The legislator is not obligated to establish a second instance for all resolutions and actions of the process. The mere existence of the appeal does not guarantee in itself the fulfillment of due process. Hence, the obligation to enable a second instance for the accused, from a human rights protection perspective, is so in relation to the sentence of conviction (sentencia condenatoria), as established by Article 8, second paragraph, subsection h) of the American Convention on Human Rights. For its part, Article 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) does is indicate which resolutions are appealable. If some irreparable harm is produced, said norm enables the appeal even if it is a resolution that has not been declared expressly appealable. If the resolution does not produce irreparable harm, one may proceed as provided in Articles 175 and following of the same Code, that is, the vice can be validated or can be remedied (sanearse). Moreover, as indicated in the previous recital (considerando), the non-existence of an appeal in relation to a resolution that does not end the matter does not entail any injury to the fundamental guarantees of the parties, since the matter may be raised again in later stages and even in cassation in the case of a sentence of conviction (fallo condenatorio). So the contested norm does not cause any violation of due process and for that reason the action must be rejected on the merits also regarding that particular." In summary, horizontal control derives from the very structure of our criminal process. Except for the own limitations extracted from the provisions of Articles 175 and following of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) (e.g., that it is a vice that is already validated for any of the reasons indicated in art. 177 C.P.P.), the parties can raise the questions again in later stages and the corresponding court, according to the procedural phase, will be obligated to resolve.
Added to the foregoing, we have that the Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia) has peacefully assumed that jurisdictional bodies—the criminal judge (juez penal), the trial court (tribunal de juicio), the criminal sentence appeals courts (tribunales de apelación de sentencia penal), or even itself—are competent to examine whether one conduct is or is not less reproachable than others, for the purpose of determining whether a criterion of opportunity has been correctly granted. For example, in resolution No. 2001-00737, at 9:10 a.m. on July 27, 2001, it was indicated: "The core issue on which a judgment must be made with a view to determining whether the commented criterion can be used, is the reproachability of the specific conduct of the 'collaborator' in the act under investigation or in the one related to it and its lesser entity when compared to that of the remaining persons in whose prosecution cooperation is provided. The defense errs, then, in affirming generically that the criterion of opportunity is inapplicable to co-perpetrators or participants in the same crime under investigation, as the law is clear in providing the opposite. In the present case, the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) maintained the thesis—admitted by the lower court (a quo) in the judgment on the merits—that witness A.J.A. participated in the act by hitting a third party whom he left unconscious (G.J.V.), but whom he did not kill; while the other persons attacked two other victims until causing their death. In this context, even if the defender's interpretation were admitted (in the sense that J. actively participated, with control over the act in the two homicides that other subjects materially carried out), the truth is that nothing prevented applying the criterion of opportunity in his favor, since the reproachability of his conduct (which, ultimately, only produced a slight incapacity in G.J.) is much less than that of the actions attributed to the other participants in the events, who would have directly sought the death of J.B.P. and N.V.C." Something similar occurs in judgment No. 00795-2009, at 2:35 p.m. on June 16, 2009. In this, the Third Chamber (Sala Tercera) concluded, both that the acts committed by the collaborator may be different from the act whose prosecution they facilitate, and that the lesser reproachability corresponding to the former is one of the essential prerequisites that the judge must verify when approving the request for application of the criterion of opportunity: "The criterion of opportunity based on the cooperation that one of the participants in the crime provides to prosecute the others (or those of another more serious illicit act), constitutes a way of extinguishing criminal prosecution regarding the collaborator, it proceeds in cases of organized crime (delincuencia organizada), violent criminality (criminalidad violenta) (such as the homicide under investigation here), serious crimes (delitos graves) or complex proceedings (tramitación compleja) and demands two other essential conditions: that the conduct of the collaborator is less reproachable than the punishable acts whose prosecution they facilitate or whose continuation they prevent and that the information they provide satisfies the intended expectations. Of course, the cooperator may be a participant in the same crime to be prosecuted (procedurally: a co-accused) or the perpetrator of another less serious punishable act. The procedure for applying the criterion of opportunity in this hypothesis includes the authorization of the hierarchical superior of the prosecutor (e.g.: the deputy prosecutor, regarding the assistant prosecutor), who must request the judge of the intermediate stage to approve the criterion of opportunity. If the judge admits it, after verifying the concurrence of the essential prerequisites (the type of criminality, the lesser reproachability of the collaborator's conduct, and the authorization of the competent prosecutor of the Public Prosecutor's Office [Ministerio Público]), will decree the suspension of the exercise of public criminal prosecution, which will remain in that state until fifteen days after the finality of the judgment (sentencia firme) issued against the other accused persons (that is: those sought to be sanctioned with the help of the collaborator), at which time it must be definitively resolved whether the criminal prosecution is extinguished... In this matter, the defender questions the court's agreement—which convicted three of the homicide participants—to refuse to receive the testimony of the accused 'collaborator' and, rather, order her arrest and deem the signed cooperation agreement illegal. On this point, it must be remembered that what happened was due to the actions and omissions of the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), which limited itself to signing the agreement but failed to comply with the other applicable procedures (processing the authorization of the hierarchical superior and the judge's approval to declare the criminal prosecution suspended). From this perspective, no objection can be made to the act of the referred trial court (tribunal de juicio) of rejecting the proposed testimony, since the truth is that such a request sought nothing other than to receive as a witness (even without oath) a person who, according to the case file, was rather an accused who had undergone an investigative statement (indagatoria), but whose legal situation had not been defined through any jurisdictional pronouncement. As stated, the suspension of the exercise of criminal prosecution against Y. was never decreed and, in fact, the agreement had not been submitted to a judge's examination, so the trial court (tribunal de juicio) was the first jurisdictional body that had contact with the issue. Despite the foregoing, all the court's actions cannot be endorsed either, insofar as they meant declaring the illegality of the agreement, since it would have been sufficient to reject the testimony pointing out the failure to comply with the planned legal procedure and, above all, the lack of jurisdictional approval, so it fell to the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) to correct the failures incurred and seek the suspension of the oral trial while processing the hierarchical and judicial approval of the agreement, so that the testimony of the 'collaborator' would finally be received in the trial against the other participants in the crime, or, in the event that those approvals were denied, to continue with the criminal prosecution of the person subject to justice. It is not the task of the trial court (tribunal de juicio) to declare the ineffectiveness of the collaboration agreement signed by a person who is presented as a witness without oath (or, to be more precise, an accused or co-accused whose prosecution is suspended) invoking for that purpose the content of the evidence received before hearing the account that the deponent would make. What it can do is refuse to receive the testimony if, as happened here, the established legal procedures to apply the criterion of opportunity were not fulfilled. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that all the problems raised in this case and in relation to the accused are the exclusive responsibility of the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público)..." Finally, in judgment No. 01712-2013, at 2:21 p.m. on November 22, 2013, the cassation body affirmed that said control must also be carried out by the court of appeals for criminal sentences (tribunal de apelación de sentencia penal): "I. By resolution number 2013-1330, at eleven nine minutes in the morning on September twenty, two thousand thirteen, this Chamber admitted for a merits review the cassation appeal filed by attorney Jorge Pérez Ramírez, ... In the sole ground in favor of the accused I.A.C., W.M.G. and J.C.Q., he alleges the non-observance of procedural legal precepts, specifically, of the provisions in articles 142 and 459 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal). In the defender's opinion, the Court of Appeals (Tribunal de Apelación) did not rule on all the aspects that were expressly questioned. In that sense, he points out that it was claimed the incorrect assessment of Article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), considering that the participation of the person to whom a criterion of opportunity was granted was not less reproachable than the conduct attributed to the other accused; however, he considers that the analysis made by the Court of Appeals (Tribunal de Apelación) was limited to a review of the reasons why said witness was given credibility, and to agreeing with the thesis set forth in the ruling, without analyzing the substantive issue... II. The claim is receivable. After conducting a careful study of judgment number 92-2013, issued by the Criminal Trial Court of the Third Judicial Circuit of San José (Tribunal Penal del Tercer Circuito Judicial de San José), at eleven o'clock on February twenty-fifth, two thousand thirteen; as well as resolution number 2013-1448, at eleven hours three minutes on July five, two thousand thirteen, of the Court of Appeals for Criminal Sentences of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José (Tribunal de Apelación de la Sentencia Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José), this Chamber considers that the private defense is correct in the filed claim. For the purpose of beginning the analysis on the merits of this matter, it is necessary to start from the factual framework that the Trial Court (Tribunal de Juicio) held as proven: '1. On April 10, 2010, at approximately 6:00 p.m., the victim J.G.A.Z., alias "Cuadrado", was in San José, Alajuelita, Concepción Arriba, Residencial Los Almendros, outside Bar Betos, consuming liquor. 2. At the same place, on the indicated date and time, the accused and administrator of said bar W.T.M.G. was present, in the company of co-accused D.A.S., c.c. "D.A.S.", who argued with the victim about a previous problem, to the point of threatening him with death. 3. Immediately thereafter, the accused M.G. and A.S., acting by mutual agreement and with the purpose of killing the aggrieved A.Z., contacted by telephone the also accused I.A.C., alias "Noringa", whom they offered the sum of two million colones to carry out said homicide. 4. By virtue of the foregoing, co-accused I.A.C., acting by mutual agreement and according to the plan previously established with the accused W.T.M.G. and D.A.S., contacted the also accused G.A.Ch.N., alias "Chava" (who is being prosecuted separately for these acts in case file 11-000052-1042-TP with whom a criterion of opportunity was negotiated) and J.J.C.Q., to execute the homicide of J.A.Z. 5. As part of the previously established plan, the accused I.A.C., G.A.Ch.N. and J.J.C.Q., boarded in the vicinity of the former Delegation of the Public Force of Concepción de Alajuelita, the white vehicle, brand Hyundai, model Accent, license plate..., which was driven by co-accused J.C.Ch.M., alias "Pipo", who, without knowing about the previously agreed payment, but knowing that a homicide was going to be committed, was accompanied by the also accused M.J.A.S., alias "Coco" (who is being prosecuted separately for these acts in case file 12-000012-1042-TP), brother of D.A.S., who headed to the place where the victim was, with the purpose of killing him. 6. At approximately 11:30 p.m. that same day, the victim A.Z. was outside Bar Betos, at which time the accused W.T.M.G. and D.A.S., still acting by mutual agreement, according to the previously established plan and with a clear distribution of functions, communicated by telephone with co-accused I.A.C. and informed him of the exact location of the victim, in order to ensure his death. 7. Immediately thereafter, once these accused arrived near Bar Betos, the defendants G.A.Ch.N. and J.C.Q. got out of said vehicle, at which time co-accused J.C.Ch.M., according to the plan previously established to ensure the subsequent escape from the place, parked approximately 50 meters north of the point where the victim was, a place where he waited for them while they carried out the homicide, in the company of co-accused M.A.S. and I.A.C., who had previously given them the respective operational instructions to execute said crime. 8. Immediately thereafter, the accused G.A.Ch.N. and J.C.Q., acting by mutual agreement with the also accused W.M.G., D.A.S., M.J.A.S., I.A.C. and J.C.Ch.M., approached the victim and without any cause of justification and with total disregard for his life, shot him on multiple occasions with firearms, also injuring co-accused J.J.C.Q. ...10. As a consequence of the illicit actions of all the accused, the victim suffered seven wounds caused by firearm projectiles, located in the thorax, abdomen, right buttock, right upper and left lower extremities, which caused his death that same day at Hospital San Juan de Dios, the cause of death being: Firearm projectile wound to the thorax with cardiac laceration with left hemothorax and hemopericardium and the manner of death: Homicide from a medico-legal point of view.' In this way, for the Sentencing Court (Tribunal de sentencia) it was duly proven that the defendants G.A.Ch.N. and J.C.Q. were the material perpetrators of the homicide, because in the distribution of functions previously agreed among all the co-accused, they were the two who agreed to execute the charged crime, shooting on various occasions with the firearms they carried, with the purpose of ending the victim's life. Now then, the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) decided to negotiate a criterion of opportunity with co-accused G.A.Ch.N., who collaborated with his statement, as a crown witness (testigo de la corona). This deal was objected to by the defense of the other defendants, pointing out that the legal prerequisites for the applicability of the criterion of opportunity were not met, since the accused had the quality of co-perpetrator in the charged acts, was the material executor of the homicide, and his conduct was as reproachable as that of the other co-perpetrators. The protest for defective procedural activity (actividad procesal defectuosa) was resolved in the first recital (considerando) of the judgment (sentencia) issued by the Trial Court (Tribunal de Juicio) (visible from folio 1223 of volume II of the investigation file). In summary, said protest was declared without merit, for the following reasons: 1) Article 22, subsection a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) grants the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) the discretion to dispense totally or partially with criminal prosecution, when the accused testifies against other participants in the act, with the purpose of obtaining a benefit, in relation to the reproach of their responsibility in the charged crime. 2) The negotiation escapes the control of the other accused, it is not a right that belongs to them and it is a private business between the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), the defender, and the collaborator, therefore, the agreement has no obligation of publicity. 3) Regarding the degree of reproach of the conduct attributed to the crown witness (testigo de la corona), it stated: 'The factual framework that has been demonstrated and that finds support in the accusatory document, establishes that due to criminal problems that existed between a brother of the victim and a brother of the accused, friction had arisen that culminated in the decision of the accused D.A.S., to pay a sum of two million colones with the sole purpose of ending the life of J., which found justification in the taunts that the latter made at the business of A. S., in relation to the supposed rights of his brother, because of the debts of A. S. and a brother of his, to him. Thus, on April 10, 2011, and after one of these problems, A. S. and co-accused W. M. G., taking advantage of the economic advantage of the former, devised the death of the victim, deciding to pay third parties a sum of two million colones for that execution. In this way, it is feasible to conclude that those who had control, the decision over that act, were A. S. and M. G., who assumed the primary function in the act, for they were the ones who decided to contract co-accused I.A., so that he in turn would contract J.J.C.Q. and the accused and crown witness (testigo de la corona), Ch.N., to materialize the death of the victim, in addition, the defendant J.C.Ch. participated in the act, who was in charge of facilitating and driving the vehicle that was used to transport those who would be in charge of committing the criminal act. It is denoted then, that the planned homicide was even structured hierarchically based on those who in that small organizational structure were the ones who decided and paid for the commission of the homicide. In a second plane, as we have said, we find A. who was the contractor-intermediary, and even lower, it is possible to find those who materialized the act, who in the Court's opinion can be seen as replaceable pieces of that plan. The Court considers then that the participation attributed to Ch.N. can be framed within a lesser reproach, this from the perspective of the organizational structure, where he followed orders from others, which reflects his lesser relevance in the events. It is important to indicate that in relation to the decision of which of the accused should be granted the criterion of opportunity, it must be concluded that this is a power that the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) holds by law and that it will depend on the lesser reproach and that the information provided is sufficient, according to the prosecutorial criterion, without the Court being able to observe any vice in that the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) chooses one accused over others, to benefit him with the non-prosecution of his criminal responsibility for the events.' For its part, the Court of Appeals for Criminal Sentences of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José (Tribunal de Apelación de la Sentencia Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José), in resolution number 2013-1448, at eleven hours three minutes on July five, two thousand thirteen, when hearing that same argument as one of the grounds of the appeal of the sentence of conviction (sentencia condenatoria), indicated: 'i.- In the first place, the defense has complained about the agreement of the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) to grant a criterion of opportunity to one of those involved in the case, arguing that the content of Article 22 subsection b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) was exceeded, insofar as it was applied to the one who committed the most serious action of shooting the victim. This issue was extensively addressed in the ruling (fs.
1223-1226), demonstrating that the Code of Criminal Procedure has granted a broad margin of discretion to the Public Prosecutor's Office to negotiate within the criminal process, evaluating the pertinence in each case, in accordance with the orientation of criminal policy. It further indicated that the agreements are not public nor do third parties not interested in the transaction participate, to the point that it is handled in a separate and independent file. Furthermore, the ruling highlights that, according to what was demonstrated, the decision-making power to order the death of the victim was in the hands of D.A.S. and W.M.G., meaning that they are the ones to whom greater blameworthiness corresponds for the act, and to a lesser degree G.Ch.N., notwithstanding that the latter was an executor of the orders given. This Court has examined the point and concurs with the thesis set forth in the ruling, in that those who give the orders and pay the reward for the death of the offended party and make others obey, have greater blameworthiness than the executors themselves, meaning that we are faced with one of the presuppositions that authorizes the negotiation of opportunity criteria in organized crime." (see folio 1501 front and back). Regarding the foregoing reasoning shared by both the Trial Court and the Court of Appeals, it is appropriate to make the following reflections: The principle of opportunity, contemplated in the adjective law as an exception to the principle of legality, presupposes a series of sine qua non conditions for the purposes of admissibility, as provided by the legislator. Thus, in all cases, the prior authorization of the hierarchical superior of the prosecutor promoting the agreement is required, according to the different factual assumptions authorized by the legislator. The first of these, contemplated in subsection a) of Article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, provides: "It involves an insignificant act, minimal culpability of the perpetrator or participant, or a meager contribution thereof, except when there is violence against persons or force against things, the public interest is affected, or the act was committed by a public official in the exercise of their duties or on occasion thereof." According to the legal grounds set forth by the trial judges in the conviction judgment…, this is the applicable factual assumption in the present matter. However, none of the requirements set forth therein are met in the case sub examine. This Chamber considers that the crime of homicide is not, from any point of view, an insignificant act. The figure of the material perpetrator of homicide contravenes the concept of "minimal culpability" or "meager contribution." Killing a person is the ultimate representation of violence against a human being and, therefore, directly affects the public interest. Consequently, the proven facts of the ruling fail to meet all the legal requirements enshrined in this factual hypothesis. If we continue on to the next substratum, contained in subsection b) of the article in question, it establishes: "It involves matters of organized crime, violent criminality, serious crimes, or cases of complex processing, and the accused cooperates efficiently with the investigation, provides essential information to prevent the continuation of the crime or the perpetration of others, helps to clarify the investigated act or other connected acts, or provides useful information to prove the participation of other accused persons, provided that the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than the punishable acts whose prosecution it facilitates or whose continuation it prevents… Based on the foregoing, the acts accused here could be adapted to the guidelines stipulated on violent criminality, serious crimes, efficient collaboration, helping to clarify the investigated act, and providing useful information to prove the participation of other accused persons, because there is a statement from the crown witness that, for the purposes of the sentencing court, was sufficiently clear, convincing, and truthful, regarding the participation of the other defendants, as well as regarding the motive and the dynamics developed, from the planning to the execution of the crime, capable of accrediting, jointly with the other evidence for the prosecution, the acts charged. However, the law provides that in addition to those requirements, "the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than the punishable acts whose prosecution it facilitates or whose continuation it prevents." It is regarding this last requirement that the defense directs its claim, and it is precisely on this that a careful analysis must exist, in order to determine the legality and admissibility of the opportunity criterion that was granted to G.A.Ch.N., in the capacity of what in legal doctrine is called a "repentant accused" or "crown witness" of the prosecuting entity. Without losing sight of the fact that this is a criminal structure, in which there are clearly delimited functions among the participating subjects, a logical and analytical examination must be carried out, aimed at determining the essentiality and relevance of the conduct of the agent who seeks to benefit from the application of this legal instrument. Based on the effective concretization of the action imputed to them and the essentiality and significance in the harmful result, the lawful and proportional parameters that would delineate the agreement between the parties are established; namely, the Public Prosecutor's Office, defense attorney, and repentant or collaborating accused. Although the law grants the prosecuting entity a broad margin of negotiation and even the power to totally or partially waive the criminal prosecution, it is also true that it sets a limit for the exercise of that discretion, while it warns that the beneficiary must have a conduct less blameworthy than that imputed to the other co-participants in the act that is sought to be ceased or proven. Likewise, it gives the Public Prosecutor's Office the possibility of graduating the granting of that benefit, in order to assess the blameworthiness of the conduct compared to that of the other co-participants and the effectiveness of the collaboration provided in the investigation, as well as in obtaining the conviction. The graduation of the benefit offered to the crown witness is directly related to whether the criminal prosecution is partially or totally waived, and, therefore, with the elimination or reduction of the penalty to be imposed. Thus, an action carried out by a subject accused of actual or personal favoritism in the criminal organization will not have the same level of reproach as the one who performs the action as an accomplice to the more serious crime, just as it does not resemble the one executed by the perpetrator or co-perpetrators. Therefore, there must be a correlation between the benefit offered and the degree of blameworthiness of the conduct, in such a way that a rational proportion is established to determine whether the criminal prosecution is completely waived or whether, on the contrary, the illicit act is sanctioned in a less rigid way, making the proposal attractive for the repentant accused, but which, at the same time, is appropriate for the ends of justice, thus avoiding that the same measure (of completely waiving the criminal prosecution) is applied indiscriminately to every type of participant in a crime, obviating the legally established requirements for the application of this legal instrument. It is for this reason that we consider the agreement made between the representatives of the Public Prosecutor's Office, the collaborating accused, and his legal representative to be illegitimate, because there is no proportionality between the benefit received and the degree of participation in the accused acts. Contrary to what the judges state in the conviction judgment and in the appeals decision, the conduct attributed to the defendant Ch.N. is highly blameworthy; since, acting in association with the accused C.Q., they killed the offended party here, that is, they materialized the act, without any justification whatsoever, other than the interest of receiving an undue pecuniary benefit. To opt for a different criterion is to accept that the figure of contract killing is clothed with an insignificant and even null censure, as in the case that concerns us, in which the conduct deployed by one of the co-perpetrators is made inconsequential. The Public Prosecutor's Office, for its part, has the legal power to negotiate with the crown witness the imposition of a lesser penalty than that provided for the other co-participants, thus avoiding the impunity of a conduct that holds a high degree of reproach. It is also contradictory that, while the Prosecutor's Office completely waives the criminal prosecution against Ch.N., for that same conduct and, therefore, with the same degree of reproach, C.Q. is sanctioned to the extent of twenty-five years of prison, as the responsible perpetrator of the crime of aggravated homicide, just like the penalty imposed on the accused who were accused of being the intellectual authors… and the mediator who hired the hitmen and carried out the respective collection for doing the job… In this sense, it is incompatible to state that the conduct of one of the material perpetrators of the act is less blameworthy, to justify the application of the opportunity criterion and, on the other hand, to sanction all the other accused with the same penalty, evading all the prior reasoning on the blameworthiness of the conducts, according to the hierarchical structure of the criminal organization and the functions entrusted to each member." This contradiction in the judges' reasoning violates the logicality and legality of the ruling, because it is not possible to admit that one conduct is less harmful than another and have the sanction applied equally to all. Nor is it acceptable that one argument is used to legalize an agreement, and with another totally opposite one, such a high prison sentence is imposed, when the act judged in both cases is identical. Finally, since the entirety of the judgment on the merits was based on the version given by the crown witness, on the occasion of an opportunity criterion that fails to meet the legally established requirements for its admissibility, judgment number 92-2013, of eleven hours on the twenty-fifth of February of two thousand thirteen, issued by the Criminal Court of the Third Judicial Circuit of San José and the trial that preceded it are annulled; as well as decision number 2013-1448, of eleven hours three minutes on the fifth of July of two thousand thirteen, issued by the Court of Appeal of the Criminal Judgment of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José, in which the judgment on the merits was confirmed. It is ordered that this matter be remitted at the earliest possible time to the Court of origin, so that with a new composition, the retrial may be conducted...". The foregoing citation is extensive, but indispensable to gauge the scope of the jurisdictional control which, according to the cassation body, must be carried out on the issue of reproach and which supports the thesis of this chamber. We are speaking of judgments where no objection whatsoever was had to examining the point, where it is recognized, expressly and implicitly, that this analysis can be reiterated in different phases of the process and, above all, where the thesis of the a quo is discarded, to the effect that this particular requirement contemplated by subsection b) of Article 22 C.P.P., at any stage of the procedure, is exempt from jurisdictional control. It is also important to refer to what was said by the Constitutional Chamber regarding this extreme. According to the judges of first instance, the constitutional court, through binding jurisprudence, prohibited the judge from controlling whether the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than the criminal acts attributed to other accused persons. Such an assertion is not accurate. In decision No. 12090, of 14:40 hours on July 31, 2009, the Constitutional Chamber ruled on an action of unconstitutionality filed by [Name 033] against Articles 22 and 23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The action was rejected on the merits, and regarding what is relevant here, it was stated: "On the other hand, Article 22 in fine is clear in pointing out that the request for the application of an opportunity criterion must be raised before the court, which is the one that definitively decides, exercising due legality control. It is not true, then, what was indicated by the claimant, in that there is no control by the guarantee judge. This control cannot be understood, in any way, in the sense that the judge can replace the decisions of the prosecutors related to the criminal-political opportunity and convenience of initiating or continuing with the criminal prosecution. As will be analyzed, judicial control must be limited to the legal requirements, but it cannot assess aspects that are characteristic of the exercise of the accusatory function. To achieve the objectives pursued by the principle of opportunity, it must be administered by the body in charge of state criminal prosecution. It must be added that the fact that the right to appeal the decision approving the application of an opportunity criterion by those who appear as accused in the same cause is not provided for does not injure due process or the right to defense, given that the testimony given by the person to whom an opportunity criterion has been applied will be assessed by the court, which must substantiate the credibility it grants or not, in relation to the rest of the evidence and, furthermore, may be broadly questioned by the parties in the debate. Likewise, the accused has the right to challenge the judgment if they consider that defects have occurred in the reasoning of the ruling or in the incorporation or assessment of the evidence...". Further on, in that same decision, it was also stated: "VII. Regarding the principle of judicial independence. The claimant indicates that the questioned norms infringe upon the principle of judicial independence, because the Public Prosecutor's Office subordinates the judge, who truly disappears from the criminal scene and is reduced to fulfilling a merely formal task, which injures their independence, weakening the protection of the rights of the other accused, especially the right to defense, to a fair trial, and to due process with all guarantees.- In relation to this aspect, it must be recognized that the Public Prosecutor's Office must be the axis of any markedly adversarial system. In the application of opportunity criteria, it is the accusatory body that must decide the convenience and necessity of its application, as it has been attributed the competence to design criminal prosecution policies, exercise the criminal action, and carry out the preparatory investigation. As provided by the legislator, the judge must exercise a legality control over the application of said measures, but not over their opportunity and convenience. Such a division of functions, far from violating the principle of judicial independence, rather strengthens it, given that the jurisdictional function must be restricted to controlling respect for the rights and guarantees of the parties and not to deciding on the accusation. On this topic, the Chamber ruled in judgment 2662-01 of 15:30 hrs. on 4-4-01, where a judicial consultation filed regarding the constitutionality of the deputy prosecutor's decision that obligated the judge to admit the application of an opportunity criterion due to the insignificance of the act and order the definitive dismissal was resolved. In what is relevant, it was stated: 'Consequently, it corresponds to the Prosecutor to decide regarding the convenience of applying or not an opportunity criterion. The parties may request its application, within the five-day period provided for in Article 316 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, the court of the intermediate procedure cannot accept that request without the approval of the Public Prosecutor's Office, which, as was said, must have the approval of the hierarchical superior. It is a duty and power of the Prosecutor General to establish the general policy of the Public Prosecutor's Office and the criteria for the exercise of the criminal action (Article 25 subsection a) of the Organic Law of the Public Prosecutor's Office). Consequently, in accordance with that structure, the analysis that the court must carry out to authorize the application of an opportunity criterion must be limited to verifying compliance with the formal requirements established by the legislator. The judge's authorization excludes carrying out an analysis of the convenience or opportunity of the measure, given that they cannot substitute the decision of the Prosecutor, who is in charge of the exercise of the criminal action; it is to them that the responsibility is attributed, because this leads to distorting –within the system that has been chosen (the adversarial system)- the judging function that corresponds to them, having to wait to be duly excited by the requesting body in order to act. In the assumption of Article 22 subsection a), corresponding to the criterion of insignificance of the act, whose application originates this consultation, the judge must verify that the act was not committed by a public official in the exercise of their duties or on occasion thereof. The determination of whether it involves an act that affects the public interest or not corresponds to the Prosecutor because it is a value judgment criterion that has to do with the exercise of the State's criminal policy, to be weighed in each specific case by the representation of the Public Prosecutor's Office. The foregoing, because it is a clear fact that in all crimes subject to public prosecution, the affectation of a public interest is involved, hence society at the time considered it necessary to classify them as such. It is the Public Prosecutor's Office –it bears repeating- that must make the judgment regarding the convenience, utility, and necessity of the criminal prosecution in each specific case.' …It is clear, then, that it is the Public Prosecutor's Office, and not the judge, that is responsible for deciding on the convenience or opportunity of applying the criteria provided for in Article twenty-two of the code of criminal procedure. This decision is an expression of the accusatory power and responds to a prosecution policy attributed exclusively to the accusatory body. However, the legislator established a legality control that the judge must exercise regarding compliance with the requirements contained in the objected regulation itself. It is not a decision that lacks judicial assessment, although in some eminently adversarial systems, such control is not required, without it having been considered that such liberality violates fundamental rights." (The underlining is not from the original). For those subscribing to this decision, the foregoing precedent cannot be interpreted in the manner set forth in the majority vote. In the first place, the Constitutional Chamber did not indicate that jurisdictional control should be circumscribed to part of the requirements provided for in Article 22 subsection b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Quite the contrary. It stated that in our country, unlike what happens in other latitudes (where a model has been adopted according to which the principle of opportunity is the rule and the decisions adopted by the Public Prosecutor's Office are not subject to judicial assessment), the judge is the one called to determine if the requirements contemplated in the legal system are met. This, the Constitutional Chamber indicates, does not empower the judge to assume tasks that do not correspond to them, for example, to assess the convenience or opportunity of waiving the criminal prosecution in a specific case. And it is that indeed, the decision to prosecute or not a specific conduct is the purview of the Public Prosecutor's Office; however, this does not mean that in that area it has maximum discretion. Its decisions are subject to the law - since it can only waive criminal prosecution and promise advantages in the terms indicated by the latter, cf. Art. 22 and 96 C.P.P.-, it being the task of the jurisdictional body, also by express provision of the legislator, to guarantee respect for the legal system. It is important to add that although the Constitutional Chamber pointed out that there are assessments that only the Public Prosecutor's Office can carry out (e.g., establishing that in a particular case the affectation to the public interest was insignificant in the terms indicated by Art. 22 subsection a) of the C.P.P., cf. judgment No. 2662-01 mentioned in No. 12090-2009 previously reproduced), this does not allow interpreting that, in the case of subsection b) of numeral 22 -that is, of another assumption- the Public Prosecutor's Office can determine, without any jurisdictional control, that the conduct of the collaborator is less blameworthy than other punishable acts, or affirm, as the court on the merits does, that this position is the one assumed by the highest constitutional court of our country, disregarding that the latter has only expressly indicated that the convenience of applying or not the mentioned legal instrument is the purview of the requesting body, a position that is shared without reservation, because indeed, only the Public Prosecutor's Office can decide if it is convenient to waive the criminal prosecution of an accused in a particular case, in exchange for their collaboration. The foregoing, it must be insisted, does not mean that it can negotiate with any accused in any case, or negotiate any benefit, this insofar as its request, to be accepted, depends on verifying compliance with the requirements defined by the C.P.P. Obviously, neither the criminal judge, nor the trial court, nor the bodies hearing the matter on appeal, will assess the timeliness of the decision of the Public Prosecutor's Office (supported by its prosecutorial policy), but they must corroborate, because the legal system so orders, the strict compliance with its (legal and constitutional) requirements, which is something different. In the same way, it will be the Public Prosecutor's Office that must assume the consequences of deciding in that area incorrectly, because if it negotiates with an accused whose statement, besides being essential, is implausible, it is probable that the outcome of the process is not the desired one, just as if it negotiates with an accused who bears greater reproach, it is also plausible that at any procedural stage and in the face of the protests of the parties, the negotiation will be considered illegal. In summary, based on the same precedents cited by the a quo and in which the importance of legality as a guiding principle of the actions of any public body is underlined, this chamber concludes that the court, regardless of the stage in which the procedure finds itself, is obligated to verify that all the requirements contemplated in Article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure are met, therefore including what is related to the lesser reproach that must correspond to the conduct of the collaborating accused whose criminal prosecution is waived. For the judge to be able to appreciate this extreme, the criminal prosecution policies designed by the Public Prosecutor's Office are inconsequential, the same ones that do acquire relevance for the purpose of establishing, for example, the cases and accused in relation to whom that body requests the application of a specific criterion, a matter in which it certainly has a considerable margin of freedom. In this same order of ideas, it is also not unnecessary to insist that decision No. 2662-2001, mentioned in turn in No. 12090-2009 of the Constitutional Chamber, ruled on subsection a) of Article 22 C.P.P. and not on subsection b), which is the one that concerns us here. Added to this, there are other decisions of the referred Chamber, e.g., No. 2002-06808, of 14:46 hours on July 10, 2002, where in a majority vote, and indeed referring to what was said in subsection b) of numeral 22, the control carried out by the trial court over the legality of an opportunity criterion was endorsed: "The non-conformity of the appellant lies in the fact that the protected party… signed an agreement with the Public Prosecutor's Office, for the application of the regulated principle of opportunity, in the assumption established in Article 22 subsection b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and after offering a statement of great utility to arrive at the truth of the investigated facts, the appealed court revoked the agreement, leaving the accused in total defenselessness. In this regard, the first thing this Chamber must clarify is that the Code of Criminal Procedure itself clearly distributed the competences in matters of application of the regulated principle of opportunity, leaving in the hands of the Public Prosecutor's Office the analysis of the convenience and opportunity to abstain from exercising the punitive claim in the cases provided for in Article 22; likewise, it leaves to the criminal courts the control of legality in the use of said instrument, given the gravity that its application contrary to Law would entail. In the specific case of subsections b) and f) of the already cited Article 22, the effects of the agreement entered into by the Public Prosecutor's Office with the accused person are merely provisional, and become final only when the Trial Court definitively determines if it is appropriate –in accordance with the parameters provided for in the Law- to waive the criminal action against that person. That is to say, it is clear that the mere signing of an agreement between the Public Prosecutor's Office and the accused in a criminal case, the latter committing to provide useful information in the investigation, does not by itself confer the right to obtain a dismissal decision in that process, but rather the final decision in this matter always remains in the hands of the judge… In the present case, it is obvious that the protected party could not demand that the Trial Court apply, without a prior legality judgment, the agreement it signed with the Public Prosecutor's Office. This being the case, the action of the appealed court, reviewing whether the agreement in question met the requirements of Article 22 subsection b), is not illegitimate, but in accordance with its competences, as was explained in the previous paragraph…", a vote that supports what was said by this court of sentence appeal and which the court on the merits disregards, by relying only on the dissenting vote signed by Judge Fernando Cruz Castro, the same one which, for further abundance, also does not call into question our conclusions. Note that Judge Cruz Castro does not deny that the trial court could or should verify compliance with the requirements contemplated in Article 22 subsection b) of the C.P.P. What he questions is that the court took measures against the liberty of a person (the collaborator), against whom an accusation had not been formulated that would delineate their criminal responsibility. Said dissenting vote states: “… The intervention of the trial court against a decision adopted by the Prosecutor's Office, rejecting an agreement between the defendant and the representative of the Public Prosecutor's Office, decreeing, at the same time, the detention of a person against whom an accusation had not been formulated, constitutes an improper intervention that denaturalizes the jurisdictional function, because a requirement that ensures the impartiality of the judge is their disconnection from the requesting power. This separation ensures the effective validity of the judge's impartiality, which is one of the most important organic guarantees that define the jurisdictional function. Without the accusatory body having defined the issue, the judges of the court outlined a possible responsibility of the claimant, anticipating a judgment, without the criminal action having been exercised. The Court rejects the agreement and the application of the principle of opportunity, but by decreeing detention and ruling on the possible responsibility of a witness against whom the criminal action had not been exercised, it improperly assumes the functions that correspond to the accusatory body. The liberty of a citizen is not satisfactorily protected if the judge assumes repressive and judgmental powers, without the requesting body having formulated the accusation. The possible criminal responsibility of the respondent in a process in which the prosecuting entity had not exercised the accusation constitutes an excess that violates the balance of powers and the clear differentiation of actors and powers that governs the criminal process. The possible criminal responsibility that may correspond to a witness who testifies in such condition and against whom the criminal action has not been exercised is an irrelevant issue that does not justify an anticipated judgment such as the one exercised by the trial court, because no person who testifies under oath or without it can provide legitimate evidence that self-incriminates them. By virtue of safeguarding such a probability, legally inadmissible and whose consequences must be resolved in another process, following the exercise of the requesting action, the court cannot meddle in the judgment of an act that has not been submitted to its knowledge. Nor was the possible departure from the country of the witness-accused relevant, because such an extreme is a responsibility of the Public Prosecutor's Office, especially vis-à-vis a citizen over whom the competent body had not exercised its requesting power. Nor was it a flagrant crime, and for this reason, they could not decree the immediate detention of the claimant, as was done in the trial hearing.
To assert that the witness was not detained because she was placed at the disposal of the competent authorities is a fallacious argument intended to conceal an action in which the jurisdictional power exceeds its limits, blurring the difference between accusation and judgment, thereby violating the impartiality of the jurisdiction. As established by the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court may reject the agreement but cannot base such a determination on speculation about the possible responsibility of the crown witness; rather, it must do so in a judgment, in accordance with the requirements set forth in Article 23 of the C.P.P. The Judge cannot anticipate the outcome of the accusation, even less so when it concerns the trial court itself, as it is not possible for it to rule on the possible authorship attributable to the crown witness when it has not yet pronounced on the accusation that excludes the collaborator and mentions other actors and possible co-perpetrators of the act. The problem in this case is not that the agreement ensures the dismissal of the claimant—which would not be a legally admissible claim—but that the court imposed a limitation on the freedom of… without having the legitimacy required for such a decision, since the competent authority had not exercised its requesting power. Although the Prosecutor’s Office had not previously requested the legality review corresponding to the court of the intermediate stage (see the last paragraph of Article 22 of the C.P.P.), such omission does not authorize the trial court to reject the criterion of opportunity based on a series of assessments and speculations about the outcome of an action that the Public Prosecutor’s Office has not pursued. The rejection of the criterion of opportunity provided for in subsection b) of Article 22 of the C.P.P. must be based on the description and evidence of the main accusation, but it is not acceptable—as occurred in the present case—that the rejection be based on an anticipatory evaluation of the evidence, as well as on an interpretation of the facts not contained in the accusation. The rejection of the agreement cannot be based on a factual and legal determination that does not arise from the accusation and the agreement; it is for this reason that Article 23 of the C. P. P. suspends the extinction of the criminal action, authorizing it only after the trial has been held, which is the opportunity when the court, in the full exercise of its powers, once the evidence has been received in accordance with the constitutional principles that legitimize its reception and evaluation, determines whether the collaboration is legally acceptable, defining two points: a) whether the person in question is someone whose action in the criminal activity is less reprehensible than that of the person they helped to resolve, and secondly; b) whether the collaboration provided by the collaborating witness has been decisive. The evaluation of these parameters cannot be undertaken before the trial hearing, as the trial court did, constructing an accusatorial hypothesis over which it had no involvement, as the Code of Criminal Procedure correctly defines by recognizing, as appropriate, that the eventual responsibility of the crown witness must be resolved only after the trial has been held (see the second paragraph of Article 23 of the C.P.P.). Given the failure to comply with the provisions set forth in the Code of Criminal Procedure (the last paragraph of Article 22 and Article 24 of the C.P.P.), the court could well have rejected the agreement that the Public Prosecutor’s Office presented unexpectedly, but without ruling on the content of the agreement and the possible participation of the claimant. Nor could the court, as explained, order the detention of a person who was not an offender caught in flagrante delicto and against whom the Public Prosecutor’s Office had not brought a criminal action. The admissibility or legality of the criterion of opportunity applied by the Public Prosecutor’s Office does not authorize the Court to exercise the powers corresponding to the accusation. By virtue of the arguments that have been set forth, the undersigned of this vote considers that, although the unexpected presentation of the agreement with the claimant by the Public Prosecutor’s Office violates the principles of loyalty and due process, such error does not authorize the trial court to exercise powers corresponding to the accusing body, by ruling on the possible criminal responsibility of a person without an accusation having been filed against them and by ordering, based on such determination, the unlawful detention of the claimant …”. As can be observed, this dissenting vote does not deny the possibility that the trial court may control compliance with all the requirements set forth in Article 22, subsection b) of the C.P.P. On the contrary, it admits such an option, on the understanding that this must be done once the evidence has been received at trial. For all the foregoing reasons, this Chamber concludes that jurisdictional control over the appropriateness of the criterion of opportunity must exist, verifying compliance with the legal requirements—without distinctions, since the law makes no distinction in this regard—that the procedural code requires for its application. It is not a matter of supplanting the prosecutor in the selection of cases in which, for reasons of criminal policy, criminal prosecution should be waived (as certainly, no one disputes that determining the appropriateness of the measure in a specific case is the purview of the requesting authority), but rather of ensuring that said authority’s action—meaning, the application to a specific case—conforms to the legal system. Finally, the fact that the criterion of opportunity must be processed in a separate file is not, as the trial court indicates, an argument that exempts it from its duty to control compliance with the requirements that gave rise to its application, since, although it is true that the declaration of the collaborating defendant takes place at trial—meaning the evidence is produced at that time and not before—it cannot be ignored that said declaration has its raison d'être in the aforementioned criterion. If this had not been negotiated, the collaborator would not give testimony, and to that extent we cannot exclude that procedure from judicial control. As is correctly indicated in the vote signed by Judge Camacho Morales, the promise of impunity, the promise to waive criminal prosecution, whether total or partial, is what motivates the will of the collaborator, and therefore it is necessary to corroborate whether that promise conforms to the regulations or not. This, logically, must take place in the main proceeding, since it is in this proceeding where the criminal prosecution of the collaborator is waived and the punishable conduct is charged, which, in light of Article 22, subsection b), must be more reprehensible than that which ceases to be of interest to the Public Prosecutor’s Office. The fact that the criterion of opportunity was accepted by a criminal judge is no obstacle to the matter being heard by the trial court, since in our criminal procedure the parties may repeatedly object to defects that cause them harm, whether these are absolute or relative when they have not been validated. That said, we also note that in the appealed judgment, some additional reasons are set forth to support the refusal to rule on the criterion, which it is appropriate to examine carefully. The first is that the proceeding in which the criterion of opportunity was processed is independent of this one. As already noted, this implies setting aside that the declaration of [Name 064] was to be rendered in this case; that the criterion of opportunity takes place because, at least in principle, the conduct of [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that attributed to other defendants, and finally, that it will be based on what is decided in this matter that it will be determined whether the expectations for which the exercise of the criminal action was suspended have been satisfied. That is to say, even if it is admitted that the criterion of opportunity is processed in a certified copy of documents independent of the main file, and that the account of [Name 064] contained therein need not be brought to the attention of those named as defendants in this matter (thus, Resolutions No. 4142 of 2:51 p.m. on June 2, 1999 and No. 1119 of 11:09 a.m. on February 4, 2005, both from the Constitutional Chamber), the legality of the procedure (compliance with requirements set forth in the C.P.P.) is part of the issues that the trial court can and must control (whether because the parties so request, or because it understands it must do so ex officio), just as occurs with other procedural acts that take place in prior stages and through which the door is opened for a specific piece of evidence to be produced or incorporated at trial (e.g., the resolution ordering a jurisdictional advance of evidence). Moreover, the trial court incurs in contradictions, since if, based on the argument that the criterion of opportunity was processed in an independent proceeding, it refused to review the requirements that it—erroneously—classified as substantial (namely, the lesser reprehension of the collaborator), it would also lack jurisdiction to verify compliance with those it termed formal (namely, an express request from the Prosecutor’s Office that has the endorsement of the hierarchical superior and jurisdictional approval), given that it did the latter. To the above, an additional inconsistency must be added, namely, that despite the trial judges agreeing to examine the procedural issues, they omitted to resolve the claims raised by the defense counsel for [Name 033] and [Name 041] regarding the lack of reasoning in the resolution issued by the criminal judge (cf. folios 13,676 front and back, 13,677 back, volume XXVIII), and this despite the fact that the defect referred to is clearly one of form. As a second argument, the professionals signing the majority vote maintain that, regarding the criterion of opportunity, the decision can only be challenged through the appeal against the final dismissal (sobreseimiento definitivo) that may eventually be issued in the proceeding where the application of that legal institution is processed. Such a position evidently renders nugatory the right of defense of the accused in the main proceedings who are harmed by the collaborator’s declaration, especially considering that they are not parties to that proceeding (in fact, the a quo acknowledges this). Furthermore, the final dismissal (sobreseimiento definitivo) would supervene, according to Article 23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, once the judgment—meaning, the one issued by the trial court in this matter—has become final, whereby the situation of those on trial, convicted by then, would be consolidated. That is to say, we find ourselves confronting the absurdity that the procedure to apply a criterion of opportunity to a collaborating defendant, even in cases where it is openly illegal, would be exempt from all control, since according to the thesis of the a quo, the so-called substantial requirements can never be assessed by the judge and because, quite simply, those harmed by the decision to apply the criterion cannot challenge it in any proceeding—neither in this one being pursued against them, nor in the one where the criterion is processed, as they are not parties—which would imply a flagrant violation of Article 42 of the Political Constitution. As a third argument, the majority vote maintains that analyzing the issue would entail advancing a criterion. This is also unacceptable, since it is one thing to compare reprehensibility based on the information provided by the requesting authority when requesting the criterion of opportunity, and quite another to issue a pronouncement on whether that conduct actually occurred or not—the latter being what would compromise the impartiality of the trial court. In any event, the option always remained to defer the resolution of the issue to the judgment, as expressly indicated by Article 342 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and as stated by Judge Cruz Castro in the dissenting vote invoked by the judges. For all the foregoing reasons, this Chamber concludes that the application of the criterion of opportunity set forth in Article 22, subsection b) of the C.P.P. is subject to jurisdictional control, and that therefore the court—whether the criminal judge, the trial court, and even the appellate and cassation courts, when appropriate—must verify compliance with all the requirements that the legislature mandates for such purposes. It is not a matter of supplanting the prosecutor in the selection of cases in which, for reasons of criminal policy, they consider that criminal prosecution should be waived, but rather of ensuring that in those cases chosen by the requesting authority, the formalities required by the legal system for such purposes are met.
The resolution accepting the application of the criterion of opportunity was issued by the Criminal Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José (Juzgado Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José), at 9:51 a.m. on June 1, 2007 (cf. folios 41 to 89 front, of the file called “File of request for the criterion of opportunity” — Legajo de solicitud del criterio de oportunidad). Regarding this, the first thing that must be noted is that it is a resolution lacking proper reasoning (fundamentación). The criminal judge who resolved the matter, in addition to transcribing the 116 points cited by the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) in its request, granted it by noting a series of points that can be summarized as follows: i) Alongside ex officio criminal prosecution, derived from the principle of legality, the law also authorizes the Public Prosecutor's Office to dispense with it in certain cases regulated by the same law and for “the convenience of the criminal policy of the current system” (f. 83 front of the cited file); ii) defining criminal policy and dispensing with criminal prosecution are discretionary powers that cannot be controlled by the judge: “In this investigation, the Prosecutors make use of that power and request for the benefit of the accused [Name 064], the application of the criterion of opportunity under the premise of subsection b) of the cited article 22 of the CPP, a request that is heard, and emphasis is placed on the discretionary powers that cannot be controlled by the judge, such that for reasons of procedural economy, and as ultimately it is the Public Prosecutor's Office that determines whether to exercise criminal prosecution or dispense with its exercise in the specific case” (sic, f. 83 mentioned); iii) the request has the approval (visto bueno) of the hierarchical superior; iv) after citing articles 22 subsection b) and 23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), the criminal judge affirms that the application of the criterion is appropriate. At this point, she transcribes what was indicated in the request made by the Public Prosecutor's Office (f. 85 to 87 front) and, having closed the textual quote, affirms: “According to what the lady prosecutors (sic) state, the weighty reason motivating this petition by the Public Prosecutor's Office is based on the premise that it is a matter of complex procedure, in which the accused [Name 064] made a written statement for the purposes of the criterion of opportunity, committing himself to render testimony, at the trial stage (etapa de juicio) or in any oral hearing, where he would provide or ratify all the truthful, useful, and pertinent information for the clarification of the facts investigated against the accused [Name 041], [Name 078], [Name 046], and [Name 033]. Likewise, it notes that the conduct attributed to the (sic) accused [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that of the accused [Name 033]. On the other hand, note that the Prosecutor files the request before formulating the accusation, in writing, before the Judge of the Intermediate Stage (Juez de la Etapa Intermedia) and as indicated supra with the authorization of the hierarchical superior, which are the formal aspects whose compliance the judge must verify, and which ultimately limits the legality control that must be carried out. Consequently, this being the case, the request is granted…” (F. 87 front, the highlighting is not from the original). As can be observed, there is no pronouncement whatsoever on whether the conduct attributed to [Name 064] was or was not less reprehensible than that imputed to [Name 041], [Name 078], [Name 046], and [Name 033], accused persons whose intervention in the events, according to what is affirmed in the request for application of the criterion of opportunity, was what was sought to be proven through the testimony that [Name 064] would render at the oral trial (debate) (cf. folio 28 front of the file in question, as well as folio 1, point 1.- of the file called “Agreement between the prosecutor's office and [Name 064] for the application of the criterion of opportunity” — Acuerdo entre la fiscalía y [Name 064] para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad, evidence No. 776). We are dealing with a resolution lacking reasoning and, therefore, ineffective, either because the criminal judge simply did not set forth her reasoning regarding the issue of the degree of blame (reproche) applicable to the collaborator, or because she decided not to do so under the belief that such an issue is outside jurisdictional control. In fact, that seems to emerge from the resolution (cf. the last lines reproduced), a position that for what was said supra, is erroneous. Added to this, the conclusion previously set forth—namely, that the resolution presents a defect of lack of reasoning—does not change even if we hypothetically assume that the jurisdictional body, by transcribing some excerpts of what was stated by the Public Prosecutor's Office, made them its own (and the hypothetical nature of the situation is underlined). This is because the request made by the requesting body also presents the same defect. As is clear from its reading, despite the fact that the Public Prosecutor's Office sought the application of a criterion of opportunity for the benefit of [Name 064] to facilitate the prosecution of [Name 041], [Name 078], [Name 046], and [Name 033], in its request it did not dedicate a single line to explaining why the conduct of [Name 064], from whose criminal prosecution they intended to dispense, was less reprehensible than that of the accused [Name 041], [Name 078], and [Name 046]. Consequently, neither did the resolution that authorized its application and which, as already stated, was limited to transcribing what was said by the requesting body.
In the case of [Name 033], the situation is no less serious, since on the point in question—the degree of blame—it only states that the conduct of [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that of [Name 033] because the latter was [...] of the country and the former a member of a board of directors (junta directiva) of an autonomous institution; because [Name 033] was the one who appointed the majority of members of the cited board and had influence over the actions of those institutions; and because [Name 064] was also an advisor to the presidential house, by which he owed obedience to [Name 033]. From the above, the Public Prosecutor's Office indicated, “… the enormous power that [Name 033] wielded over ‘the institutional direction and actions,’ as well as on a personal level, over [Name 064], is evident” (f. 30 front of the file). That is, if we abide by the request, which it is worth reiterating, was not weighed by the criminal judge but only reproduced in her resolution (f. 86 to 87 front), the only argument offered to sustain that the conduct imputed to [Name 033] was more reprehensible than that carried out by [Name 064] is related to the position held by the former, leaving aside any consideration of the conduct effectively imputed to [Name 064] and to [Name 033].
As if all the above were not enough to understand that the resolution authorizing the criterion of opportunity is ineffective, there exists a defect of greater magnitude that makes the decision illegal. And it is that, just as was denounced during the trial stage (etapa de debate) and now, in the sentence appeal phase, it can be extracted from the case record that the criminal judge who applied the criterion of opportunity did not have all the necessary information to decide. In reality, the conduct that can be imputed to [Name 064] and from whose criminal prosecution was dispensed with was greater than that cited by the Public Prosecutor's Office when requesting the criterion of opportunity. From the very statements that [Name 064] had made up to that moment before the Public Prosecutor's Office, in which he narrated conduct unrelated to the matters investigated here and that can also be considered criminal, as well as from the expert report 297-DEF (evidence No. 598) and case file (expediente) No. 08-000032-0615-PE, followed against Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz for the alleged crime of breach of duties (incumplimiento de deberes) (and which was admitted as evidence in this procedural stage), it is clear that in addition to matters related to the contracting of the 400,000 lines, at the time the criterion was negotiated there were sufficient elements to suspect that [Name 064] had received other such “prizes or royalties (premios o regalías).” Specifically, $110,207.00 and $29,833.95 originating from [Name 083] and [Name 085] (thus, expert report No. 297-DEF-540-04/05, folio 38 of the report); an economic retribution calculated at $56,000.00 by reason of what was resolved on the La Joya electric generation project (cf. investigative statement (declaración indagatoria) of [Name 064] rendered at 4:15 p.m. on September 30, 2004, f. 132 front of volume I; complaint (denuncia) filed by [Name 033], f. 19 front of case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE and a note published in the national news section, at La Nación.com, on Saturday, October 2, 2004, titled “[Name 064] admits another ‘prize’ as an ICE board member,” visible at folios 256 to 258 front of the already mentioned case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE). [Name 064] also described some advantages of economic content received on his trips to Prague and Switzerland (cf. investigative statement of September 30, 2004 and complaint of [Name 033], f. 20 front of case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE). Finally, in the complaint filed by [Name 033], it was mentioned that [Name 064] received significant sums of money originating from [Name 091] related to contracts other than those for cellular telephony, as well as a trip to Brazil paid for by that company [cf., folio 19 of the cited case file No. 08-000032-06154-PE and f. 1771 of volume V (this regarding the trip to Brazil)].
Now, in that same proceeding—the one followed against Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz—, prosecutor Maribel Bustillo Piedra clearly admitted that, with the exception of the royalties enjoyed in Prague and Switzerland, the facts that according to [Name 033] had not been investigated (that is, matters related to the monies that [Name 046] transferred to [Name 064]; to the funds originating from [Name 060] associated with contracts No. 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031, and 424 H 39562; to the trip to Brazil and to the economic retributions related to La Joya and [Name 083]-[Name 270]) had not been the object of criminal prosecution because they were covered by the criterion of opportunity. Specifically, attorney Bustillo Piedra requested the dismissal of the complaint filed by the accused [Name 033] against the then Attorney General of the Republic (Fiscal General de la República) with the following arguments:
“DISMISSAL OF COMPLAINT IS REQUESTED. The undersigned, MARIBEL BUSTILLO PIEDRA, Prosecutor of the Unit of Various Crimes… request the Dismissal of these proceedings (Desestimación de las presentes diligencias), based on the following: RELATION OF FACTS. A. Mr. [Name 033], in his capacity as complainant, states that on the occasion of investigation No. 04-006835-647-PE where [Name 064] appears as an accused (who has the exercise of criminal prosecution suspended by application of the institution of the Criterion of Opportunity), this individual acknowledged not only having participated in the acts of corruption for the benefit of the company [Name 091] related to the award and contracting of four hundred thousand mobile telephone lines, but also acknowledged having committed another series of criminal conduct, supported even by documentation that is in the main file, for example, the reports of the Section of Economic and Financial Crimes of the Judicial Investigation Agency (Organismo de Investigación Judicial), conduct that, in his opinion, was not investigated by the Public Prosecutor's Office.
The criminal facts to which the complainant refers and that he indicates have not been the object of investigation by the Public Prosecutor's Office against [Name 064], refer to:
· Monies improperly received from the company [Name 091] on the occasion of: the purchase of fixed-line switches for the “ICE-Switching program 2000-2001,” the purchase for expansion of telephone switching centers made by ICE on May 23, 2002, and an ICE expansion program ($325,253.32).
· Monies improperly received from [Name 280] for the approval of the concession of the “La Joya” hydroelectric project ($56,000.00).
· Monies improperly received from [Name 046] for payments made to him by the company [Name 091] for “diverse reasons” ($62,562.50).
· Monies improperly received from the company [Name 270]-[Name 083] for a granted contract ($110,207.00).
· Cost of tickets for the San José-Río de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro-Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-San José trip in first class by the company [Name 091] ($5,617.00).
B. On the other hand, the complainant [Name 033] points out that [Name 064] also acknowledged in his investigative statement having received royalties as an ICE Board Member, on a trip taken to Prague and Switzerland, facts that he indicates have not been investigated by the Public Prosecutor's Office in a premeditated manner to protect him illegally.
II.-On the merits of the matter.
After a detailed study of these proceedings, the undersigned considers… that in this case the appropriate action is the dismissal of these proceedings, because the facts denounced by Mr. [Name 033] do not constitute a crime.
A. The complainant himself in his writing… offers the answer as to why the mentioned facts have not, for the moment, been the object of criminal prosecution, by stating…:
‘… such facts have not only been proven by his confession (that of [Name 064]) but also by expert evidence, and notwithstanding, due to the evident negotiation agreement existing between [Name 064] and Prosecutor Dall'Anese Ruiz…, they have not to date been the object of any type of investigation or criminal imputation against the confessed criminal [Name 064] …’ Indeed. The Public Prosecutor's Office has agreed with the accused [Name 064], the application of the institution called Criterion of Opportunity and regarding this there exists a signed formal agreement and therefore, at least for the moment, he is not the object of criminal prosecution. Let this moment serve to make some clarifying considerations… The mentioned Criterion of Opportunity was not carried out between [Name 064] and the accused Dall'Anese Ruiz, but rather between [Name 064], his private defense counsel Edwald Acuña Blanco and the prosecutors of the Public Prosecutor's Office Carlos Morales Chinchilla, Criss Gonzáles Ugalde on January 31, 2006, being authorized by the person who was at that time the Deputy Prosecutor of the Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios), Attorney Warner Molina Ruiz.
On the other hand, the mentioned facts have (sic) been the object of investigation, to the point that as the complainant indicates, they are contained in several documents that form part of the main file, among them, the police reports of the Section of Economic Crimes of the Judicial Investigation Agency, but as indicated previously, they form part of the agreement for the application of the institution of article 22… Certainly the investigation carried out by the Deputy Prosecutor's Office for Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes of the Public Prosecutor's Office involves an extremely complex procedure regarding serious corruption crimes committed in high spheres by those who wielded political power in our country in the early years of this decade… The conduct of [Name 064] is less reprehensible than that of [Name 033], for in the realm of public service, when dealing with corruption crimes, the mere condition of being the [...] implies a greater degree of blame than that which any other public official could merit regardless of the position held…
The Deputy Prosecutor's Office for Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes of the Public Prosecutor's Office analyzes that in the case all the procedural requirements set forth are present and therefore, it decides to apply the institution with the accused [Name 064], not solely for the monies improperly received from the company [Name 091] corresponding to the contracting by the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad) of the four hundred thousand wireless telephone lines using GMS (sic) technology, but also for the other mentioned criminal acts. This is clearly evident from the “Agreement for the application of the criterion of opportunity” carried out in the Deputy Prosecutor's Office for Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes on January 31, 2006, which the undersigned representative of the Public Prosecutor's Office had before her and which may be requested from that office by the Criminal Judge for his analysis. The agreement, in what is relevant, establishes:… “Present in the Economic, Corruption, and Tax Crimes Prosecutor's Office, the accused [Name 064], of legal age… his defense counsel… the Prosecutors… for the purpose of setting the limits regarding the application of a criterion of opportunity for the benefit of the accused [Name 064]… it is agreed: 1. The Public Prosecutor's Office… commits to requesting for the benefit of the accused [Name 064], that the criminal prosecution in the cause indicated above be totally dispensed with, provided always that the testimony he commits to render in this case is not discredited by other probative elements that make it appear false, whether totally or partially…” In the agreement in mention, it can be observed that the Public Prosecutor's Office, in the exercise of its legally conferred powers, commits to requesting for the benefit of [Name 064], that criminal prosecution be dispensed with, not only for the fact related to the money improperly received from the company [Name 091] on the occasion of the contracting by the Costa Rican Electricity Institute of the four hundred thousand mobile lines…, but for the entirety of the criminal prosecution in cause No. 04-006835-647-PE which encompasses this and the other facts that the complainant mentions, for all form part of the investigation with the single number indicated, so much so, that the accused was subjected to an investigative statement (indagado) for all those facts and well before the application of this agreement, on September 30, 2004… B. On the other hand, the complainant [Name 033] states in his writing that in addition to all the illegal acts mentioned, [Name 064] also confessed, in his first investigative statement of September 30, 2004 in cause 04-006835-647-PE, having received royalties as an ICE Board Member on a trip taken to Prague and Switzerland, which is being processed in independent cause No. 04-004671-647-PE… this cause was initiated in the Public Prosecutor's Office before cause 04-006835-647-PE was initiated, it is for this reason that these facts are outside the agreement for the application of the criterion of opportunity carried out on January 31, 2006…” (cf., folios 27 to 36 front of case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE, followed against Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, for breach of duties; the highlighting is not from the original).
As can be observed, in the very request for dismissal made by attorney Bustillo Piedra for the benefit of the then Attorney General of the Republic, Mr. Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, the cited professional categorically stated that the criterion of opportunity encompassed not only the facts related to the contracting of the 400 thousand lines, but also the other facts known in cause No. 04-006835-647-PE and that, in principle, she enumerated in the request for dismissal, clarifying that they were part of the same investigation and that [Name 064] was subjected to an investigative statement in relation to them. Of the facts covered by the negotiation with the collaborating accused, attorney Bustillo Piedra only excluded those related to the trips to Prague and Switzerland, which according to what she said, were being investigated in an independent cause.
Now, this court has also undertaken the task of examining both the request for application of the criterion of opportunity and the resolution that authorized it, determining the following: a.- the economic retributions delivered by [Name 046] to [Name 064] as acknowledgment for the payment management actions that the collaborating accused carried out before [Name 091], are indeed contemplated in the negotiation (f. 17 to 18, 65 to 67 front, points identified with numbers 80 to 85, file of request for criterion of opportunity); b.- the funds transferred to [Name 064] and that are related to contracts No. 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031 and 424 H 39562 (contracts cited by the complainant [Name 033] from folios 6 to 8 front of case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE), are indeed linked with the matter of the 400,000 GSM mobile telephone lines, for according to what is set forth in the appealed sentence, those contracts were only screens (mamparas) used to receive the funds that were subsequently delivered to several public officials on the occasion of the aforementioned matter. To that extent, these are sums that are included within the scope of the criterion of opportunity (cf. point 97.- and following, both in the request and in the resolution that authorized the application of the criterion and in which reference is made to the delivery to [Name 064] of $2,560,253.32 on the occasion of the contract for the 400,000 lines, folios 20 to 28 and 70 to 82 front of the file). c.- Regarding the economic retributions associated with the La Joya project and the companies [Name 083]-[Name 270], as well as the trip to Brazil, there is no reference in the agreement for the application of the criterion of opportunity. d.- The acceptance by [Name 064] of an economic retribution originating from [Name 085] is mentioned neither in the complaint filed by [Name 033] (case file No. 08-000032-0615-PE), nor in the request for application of the criterion, or in the resolution that authorized it.
From all the above, several conclusions can be drawn:
Finally, with regard to the conduct of the agent after the offense, while [Name 041] has done nothing to repair the damage, [Name 064] has acknowledged his wrongful conduct and has returned a large part of the money received, making the latter’s conduct less reproachable. In the case of [Name 046], the judgment states that the reproach that [Name 064] deserves is lesser because: Regarding the subjective and objective aspects of the punishable act, [Name 046] had a broad public trajectory, greater than that of [Name 064]. Regarding the importance of the harm or danger, although [Name 064] was a public official and [Name 046] was not, the more significant harm to the legal interest of probity is caused by the latter, since he is the promoter of the criminal action. Regarding the circumstances of manner, time, and place, [Name 046] approached [Name 064] and asked him to undertake collection actions against [Name 091] so that the monies owed to the former would be paid. [Name 064] accepted and acted accordingly, which is why [Name 046] subsequently paid him various sums of money. The majority opinion states that it was [Name 046] who went to [Name 064], who sought him out at ICE knowing his status and knowing that [Name 091] was an ICE supplier. Based on his command of that background, he put forward the remunerative promise to [Name 064], which contributes to his greater reprehensibility. As for the determining motives, both were moved by a monetary interest; however, it is [Name 046] who is the architect of the mechanism (the promise and delivery of a gift) that motivated [Name 064]. Regarding the other personal conditions of the active subject or the victim insofar as they influenced the commission of the crime, it is observed that [Name 046] used the knowledge obtained during his tenure in the public sector (he held a position at ICE) and his contact with figures from the national political sphere, among them [Name 033], to manage to communicate with [Name 064]. Finally, regarding the conduct of the agent after the offense, [Name 046] has not taken any action to repair the damage, whereas [Name 064] has, by handing over money and movable property. In the case of [Name 033], the court indicates, regarding the objective and subjective aspects of the punishable act, that this defendant held one of the most relevant positions in public service, a position that is significant for the commission of the attributed crime, since not just anyone can be the active subject of the crime of bribery. Furthermore, being a [...] is not merely a personal condition related to the typicality of the conduct, but also relates to the legal interest—probity—since it does not cause the same social harm for a low-ranking public official to be convicted of this crime as it does for the person who holds the apex of public administration. Although [Name 064] was also a public official, [Name 033] had a higher rank and hierarchy and, by virtue of being the [...], probity in conduct was required of him; it was from him that honest behavior oriented exclusively toward fulfilling the public interest was expected, which is why the reproach he merits is greater. On the importance of the harm or danger, although both [Name 033] and [Name 064] contributed to causing the harm, the more significant contribution, states the majority opinion, was made by [Name 033], since by criminalizing conduct such as bribery, the legislator sought to protect probity, rectitude, honesty, and impartiality in the fulfillment of public office, so that those who hold such office on a remunerated basis do so focused on satisfying the public interest and not their own interests, least of all to enrich themselves improperly by that means. The [...], by having high popular representativeness, enjoys broad authority and is situated on a central plane, both for public control and for the integration of the nation and the definition of its direction. He is not only the one who appoints the cabinet and removes it, but the one who heads it and directs relevant tasks both nationally and internationally. And if the head falters, the body tends to collapse. It is concluded that the weaknesses in [Name 033] are those that most contribute to the harm. As for the circumstances of manner, time, and place, the trial court considers that although one might think that [Name 064] was the one who contacted [Name 033] to convey [Name 041]’s proposal to him, and thus the development of the crime was the former’s initiative, one must consider that [Name 064] went to [Name 033] because of the trust that exists between them, because there was political support from one for the other, as well as an employment nexus and a friendship relationship ([Name 064] was a member of the board of directors of ICE and his appointment corresponded to the government council presided over by [Name 033], also being a presidential advisor). Moreover, before [Name 064] conveyed the described proposal to [Name 033], the latter had already urged the former to participate in a prior criminal act, namely, when he asked him to intercede with [Name 091] so that the payment of monies to [Name 046] would be honored. He even asked him to attend to this matter while taking advantage of a trip that [Name 064] would make outside the country. Thus, instead of [Name 033] calling [Name 064] to account and demanding probity from him, what he did was urge him to accept the proposal, to ask for a larger percentage, and he even proposed the formula for distributing the money. That is, although [Name 064] is the one who had to comply with the proposal, he went to [Name 033] to make a decision, as he knew he could not decide alone. This reveals the decisive role of [Name 033], as he was the one who determined [Name 064]. Regarding the quality of the determining motives, the legal interest of probity was harmed by both defendants, and to that extent, the reproach was similar. What is revealing is the economic interest that [Name 033] demonstrates, when upon listening to [Name 064], the first thing he does is ask how much the amount to be received will be, and then he decides the distribution formula, inflated in his favor, and this is what later, also reflecting [Name 064]’s ambition, leads the latter to tell him that he does not agree with such distribution. Regarding the personal conditions of the active subject or the victim insofar as they influenced the commission of the crime, the trial court indicates that when [Name 033] learned of the corrupt proposal, he was the highest authority of the country and one of the few officials whom the majority of the population had elected with their vote, thus greater zeal was expected from him, as well as inexhaustible effort to be correct in the exercise of his function. Despite this, he opted for the opposite, promoted the acceptance of the corrupt proposal, and benefited from the gifts delivered. The one who declined his duty of probity, the lower court points out, was not just any public official, but the one of highest rank, even determining [Name 064] to accept the proposal. Likewise, [Name 064] did not go to just any person to inform them of the proposal, but to the [...] of all Costa Ricans and head of the administration, a figure influential over [Name 064] not only because of their friendship but also because of their functional link. In that regard, we have on one side [Name 064], a director of an autonomous institution and presidential advisor, and on the other [Name 033], the highest-ranking official with decision-making power over the appointments that the former held, and from whom a greater degree of lawful conduct was required, just as the reproach for not doing so is greater. In terms of the agent’s conduct after the offense, [Name 033] has taken no action to reduce the impact of the damage caused by his actions, while [Name 064] accepted his responsibility, was willing to negotiate an abbreviated process and to serve a custodial sentence for which house arrest did not apply as credit. This option did not succeed because those who appeared as complainants in this process opposed it, and the prosecutorial authority opted for the prosecutorial discretion criterion (criterio de oportunidad). [Name 064], moreover, appeared at the hearing and accepted his behavior, additionally handing over part of the money received and two vehicles. Although the defense has questioned that he has not returned the total amount of money and that the vehicles are old, the truth is that, if one starts from that parameter, one would have to conclude that [Name 033] has returned nothing. The trial court ends its presentation indicating that the foregoing reasoning explains why, at the time, it considered that it could not resolve the issue of greater or lesser reprehensibility, namely, because it is a matter for another court and because impartiality could be compromised by conducting that analysis, however “abstract” it might be (folios 15,395 to 15,415 front of volume XXXI). This far constitutes the court’s argumentation. For those who subscribe to this decision, the foregoing reasoning is erroneous not only for what was stated supra, when examining the issue of the reproach that each defendant deserves in relation to [Name 064], but for what will be set out below. In the first place, it emerges that to determine the intensity of the reproach in the case of [Name 041], the lower court not only considered his culpability in relation to the specific fact that was sought to be proven through [Name 064]’s statement (namely, that the former made a promise of a gift to the latter at the restaurant [Name 094] and later transferred a large sum of money to him through [Name 058]), but also his culpability for all the other facts that it had deemed proven against him and which were unknown to [Name 064] at the time the prosecutorial discretion criterion was negotiated, e.g., that he was a co-perpetrator of a criminal plan that included other public officials, that there were approaches with these and deliveries of economic compensation under similar modal and temporal circumstances; or that [Name 041] had larger sums of money at his disposal than [Name 064], the foregoing to the extent that it was he who identified the public officials to be paid and the amounts. As can be seen, we are talking about matters that are extraneous to the facts that, at the time of the negotiation, were intended to be proven through [Name 064]’s testimony, meaning they could not be considered when weighing the issue of reproach (at least not for the purpose of legitimizing the prosecutorial discretion criterion), nor can they be taken into account now, since that examination (ex ante) must necessarily extend back to the date the agreement was entered into, bearing in mind the facts that were intended to be clarified through the collaborator’s statement, and not those that, after the hearing, have been deemed proven with his help. The undersigned do not ignore that [Name 064]’s statement was an indication that allowed the trial court on the merits to confirm that, in addition to the collaborating defendant, there were other public officials involved and that [Name 041], in common agreement with [Name 028], used the corporation [Name 058] to legitimize and later distribute the funds originating from [Name 060]. Nor is it possible to ignore, conducting an a posteriori examination, that [Name 064]’s statement and, in particular, his assertion that he was given a promise of a gift prior to the contract for the 400,000 lines, was the most important indication relied upon by the trial court on the merits to deem it proven that a similar promise was made to the remaining accused public officials. However, these consequences derived from [Name 064]’s statement, which were not contemplated when negotiating the prosecutorial discretion criterion, cannot be considered for purposes of establishing the greater or lesser reproach that [Name 041] deserves vis-à-vis the collaborating defendant, since the latter’s statement was negotiated solely to be used against [Name 041], [Name 033], and [Name 046], and not to facilitate the criminal prosecution of other defendants, e.g., [Name 028], or of the public officials who also received economic compensation and whose link to the facts was unknown even to [Name 064] himself. That is, in the case of [Name 041], at the time of negotiating the prosecutorial discretion criterion, what could be proven with the collaborator’s statement was that the former had given him a promise of a gift and that, after the awarding of the contract, he delivered a sum exceeding two and a half million dollars to him through [Name 058], which he shared with [Name 033]. Thus, to facilitate the criminal prosecution of a particular conduct, the prosecuting body chose to guarantee impunity for the person who, besides accepting that promise and receiving the mentioned sum, received other non-negligible economic compensation, doing so in his capacity as a public official, thus breaching the duties that had been entrusted to him. It is important to emphasize that when examining the reproach, it is not permissible to consider the significance that [Name 064]’s statement had in proving other facts, since this was not foreseeable at the time the criterion was negotiated, and so true is this that the application of the legal mechanism was requested only to the detriment of [Name 033], [Name 041], [Name 078], and [Name 046]. Finally, it is important to note that the trial court’s thesis, to the effect that the conduct of the one who pays or corrupts is more reprehensible than that of the public official who receives the gift or allows himself to be corrupted, lacks any foundation, for several reasons. The first, because, according to the crime of the penalty of the corrupter, the sanction applicable to the latter is the same as provided for by legislation for the public official. The second, because unlike what happens with the corrupter, it is the corrupted official who disregards his duties and compromises the citizenry’s trust in their institutions, by using his office to enrich himself. Thus, to argue, without more, that [Name 041]’s conduct is more reprehensible than [Name 064]’s because the former extended the promise and the latter merely accepted it, is—in the best of cases—an assertion that finds no support. Turning to [Name 033], the same situation arises. From the arguments cited by the court, it is extracted with crystal clarity that the greater reproach against him rests on the hierarchy of the public functions he performed. All analysis of the seriousness of the conduct actually carried out by the then [...] was set aside, thus avoiding comparing it with the conduct that was not pursued. It was not considered that [Name 064], at the time of the negotiation, appears as an individual involved in multiple criminal acts of a similar nature, which demonstrates that he was prone to receiving gifts; that it was he, and not [Name 033], who, according to the majority opinion itself, assumed the perpetration of the criminal act and who also, of the two, obtained the greater economic benefit, for despite the fact that [Name 033] requested 60% of the criminal proceeds, [Name 064] had no qualms about altering that distribution deeming it “unfair.” There are no reasons to doubt that [Name 033] had a hierarchical relationship with [Name 064] at the time of the facts. It is not unknown that he had appointed him minister, then presidential advisor, and then, through the Government Council that he presided over, nominated him as a member-director of ICE. This, which certainly from an ethical perspective makes [Name 033]’s conduct more reprehensible (for if events occurred as [Name 064] recounted, he should have reported it immediately instead of supporting his intentions), from a legal standpoint does not permit establishing that the reproach the latter merits is of a lesser degree if everything else is considered. Even so, it is important to note that in the case of [Name 064], the condition of being a public official also played a central role, not only with respect to the contract for the 400,000 lines, but for all the other receipts of gifts in which he figured as a suspect. Finally, see how the lower court, while it considered the conduct of [Name 041] and [Name 046] more reprehensible on the argument that they were the promoters of the crime’s execution, the ones who had the initiative to seek out [Name 064], in the case of [Name 033] it disregards this reasoning, concluding that even though it was [Name 064] who decided to convey the proposal to [Name 033], this does not make his conduct more reprehensible, since he acted thus because of the trust and support given to him by the then president. This being the case, while it is true that [Name 033] was, at the time of the facts, the highest-ranking public official, this circumstance alone does not justify the decision to guarantee impunity for [Name 064], since the facts in relation to which criminal prosecution is waived (which include that with respect to which it is affirmed that [Name 033] is the instigator and [Name 064] the instigated perpetrator), contrary to what the lower court points out, merit greater reproach than the conduct sought to be prosecuted. Not to accept this also leads to the understanding that the reproach, instead of depending on the seriousness of the act and the personality of the participant, responds exclusively to the personal characteristics of the active subject and, in the case of public officials, to the position held, in such a way that, regardless of the conduct actually carried out, the greater the hierarchy, the greater the reproach will always be. In summary, for all the foregoing, it is concluded that the prosecutorial discretion criterion granted to [Name 064] is illegal. As a consequence of the above, the statement that he gave at the hearing as a collaborating defendant is illicit evidence and is so declared. For greater abundance, we proceed to resolve certain questions raised by [Name 033] in relation to the credibility that can be granted to the word of [Name 064] and on the occasion of which, this court of appeal concludes that it is implausible.
Starting from folio 16,085 front of the same volume, the lower court (a quo) undertook the task of setting forth the reasons why it considers that the account of [Nombre 064] can be verified with other evidentiary elements of a direct or indirect nature. It clarifies, however, that this verification is in relation to the general aspects of his version and not with respect to each of the facts related by him, since this would render the prosecutorial discretion criterion meaningless:
Having analyzed the foregoing indicators, the undersigned appellate judges consider that the conclusion of the lower court, to the effect that the statement of [Nombre 064] is credible regarding the promise of a bribe that was made to him in relation to the contract for the 400,000 GSM lines, is contrary to the rules of sound criticism. It is undeniable that [Nombre 064] testified from the beginning of this process; however, it was many months and several investigative statements later that he affirmed having received from [Nombre 078] and [Nombre 041] a promise of a bribe related to the contract for the 400,000 GSM telephone lines. Now, it is not that [Nombre 064] initially had remained silent about the cause of the economic retributions received, only to later decide to speak out on the matter, but rather that he had expressly and repeatedly indicated to the Public Prosecutor's Office that the money received was offered and delivered to him after the awarding, by way of a "reward." That is, [Nombre 064] ruled out that a promise of a bribe had been made to him prior to the awarding of the mentioned contract. As is inferred from the review of the audio and video recordings of the trial, specifically from what is related to the testimony given by [Nombre 064] before the trial court, as well as from the appealed judgment itself, we find that on several occasions and based on Article 343 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the statements that the collaborator accused made before the requesting body were incorporated in what was contradictory to what he was stating at trial, establishing with clear clarity that from September 30, 2004, and repeatedly (cf. e.g., the expanded statement he gave on October 15, 2004, second paragraph of folio 9,003, incorporated by reading into the trial as recorded at f. 14,996 front of the judgment, volume XXXI), [Nombre 064] stated that it was after the awarding and even when the execution of the contract was taking place, that he was contacted to inform him that there was "a reward" from [Nombre 091]. As is concluded without effort, the collaborator accused was categorical in ruling out that a prior promise had been made to him, it being some time later, on May 9, 2005, when he first indicated something completely different, specifically, that [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078], at the end of the year 2000 or the beginning of 2001, at the [Nombre 094] restaurant, made him a promise of a bribe in exchange for him helping [Nombre 091] with the migration to GSM technology, with the implementation of tenders instead of direct contracts, and with his favorable vote for the company in the contract for the 400,000 lines (cf. f. 2,992 to 3,010 front, volume VIII). At the request of a party, the court incorporated the second paragraph of folio 2,999, which, in what is of interest, indicates: "So then Mr. [Nombre 078] arrived in the company of Mr. [Nombre 041], there was an exchange of introductory phrases and Mr. [Nombre 078] tells me that they are worried, that they have increasing certainty that the tender will be bypassed to harm [Nombre 091]. He also told me that Mr. [Nombre 046] had indicated to them that he had the power to bring down said tender, even with the help of Zapote, for those reasons they ask for my help so that the process is not aborted and that if everything goes well the company would give me a gratuity. I asked him what I had to do, then they indicated to me that they simply needed the tender to take place, I asked them if I didn't have to speak to someone and they said no, that the only thing they needed was for the tender not to be aborted. Later I asked them what the reward consisted of and they indicated to me that between one point five percent (1.5%) and two percent (2%) of the tender, outside of expenses..." (Transcription made at f. 15,001 of the judgment, volume XXXI). That is, it was approximately eight months after having given his first statement that [Nombre 064] stated that there was a promise of a bribe prior to the contracting of the 400,000 lines, the same one he shared with [Nombre 033]. The statement in which [Nombre 064] changed his version of the facts began to be given on the same day that he signed an agreement with the Public Prosecutor's Office for the application of an abbreviated procedure, in which the requesting body conditioned its consent on the expansion of [Nombre 064]'s investigative statement complying with certain terms, namely, "... to set forth in a clear manner the existence of negotiations and of a promise of delivery of money prior to the approval of the contract for the 400 K between the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity and the company [Nombre 091]. Likewise, the accused [Nombre 064] will disclose the name of a reference witness, who has knowledge because the accused [Nombre 064] made it known to him, of the promise of delivery of money prior to the approval of the ICE-[Nombre 091] contract. On the other hand, he will make an even broader statement about the delivery of money to the co-defendant [Nombre 033], clarifying each of the transactions carried out regarding the money corresponding to the bribes or payments from [Nombre 091]. He will also relate the knowledge that the co-defendant [Nombre 033] had of the promise of bribes or payments made by [Nombre 091], as well as the latter’s approval for [Nombre 064] to receive said money… The agreed penalty shall be four years of imprisonment without any type of reduction.” (F. 2, evidence No. 308, prior agreement document for the application of an abbreviated procedure). It is true, as the trial court points out, that the abbreviated procedure was not applied for reasons beyond [Nombre 064]'s control and that the agreed penalty did not allow the application of benefits such as the conditional execution of the sentence. This circumstance, however, does not allow concluding that the first version of [Nombre 064] was false and that the second was true, especially considering that the latter was given precisely under the shelter of a negotiation with the Public Prosecutor's Office, which from then on, conditioned the abbreviated procedure on [Nombre 064] including in his account certain information (specifically, about the promise of a bribe made to him before the awarding, the identification of a reference witness, and more details about the conduct of [Nombre 033], the knowledge he had of the promise, and the approval he gave for [Nombre 064] to receive the money). That is, upon negotiating with the requesting body, [Nombre 064]'s account changed drastically on a core aspect, specifically, on the existence of a promise of a bribe prior to the awarding. It is an inconsistency that acquires paramount importance when assessing the credibility of the statement, not only because the configuration of the crime—aggravated corruption by improper bribery—depends on the demonstration of the prior promise made by [Nombre 041] and [Nombre 078], but because, contrary to what the lower court indicated, its existence rests solely on the word of the collaborator accused himself. According to the appealed judgment, what was stated by [Nombre 064] is true because all those involved were in the country on Saturday, December 2, 2000. This, clearly, is unsustainable, since from that single indicator (the presence of [Nombre 041], [Nombre 078], and [Nombre 064] in national territory) it could not be inferred as a reasonable and natural conclusion that the meeting existed, much less that the promise was made. It is important to note that although there is evidence that [Nombre 078] and [Nombre 041] met on December 1, 2000, with [Nombre 001] and other persons (cf. voucher from folio 6 bis and invoice from folio 7, expense report from folio 1, evidence No. 81 that this chamber has viewed) and that [Nombre 041] also met with [Nombre 001] on November 29, 2000 (cf. also evidence No. 81), this is absolutely irrelevant for what is of interest here, since, as the same court recognized, these meetings were frequent, without it being possible to assert that they were aimed at making illicit proposals to those public servants (f. 16,112 front, volume XXXIII). Therefore, it is a simple supposition of the judges who subscribe to the majority vote to conclude that the meeting that took place the day before the one described by [Nombre 064] allows demonstrating that "... the corruptors were resorting to a similar strategy for the remunerative proposals not only regarding [Nombre 064], but also regarding another co-defendant and ICE official..." (F. 16,129 front, volume XXXIII). The same can be held in relation to the meeting between [Nombre 064] and [Nombre 033]. That both were in the national territory, an indicator verified through the documents that account for their immigration movements, does not even allow establishing with a degree of probability that the cited meeting existed. It is important to remember that [Nombre 064] is not a witness in this process, but a collaborator accused who, as such, is not obligated to tell the truth or to testify under oath. His contribution is also not gratuitous. It is articulated knowing that, if he satisfies the expectations for which the exercise of criminal prosecution against him was suspended (Art. 23 C.P.P.), he will obtain, by way of a benefit or reward, the extinction of that prosecution. Although that sole circumstance would not allow denying credibility to his statement, the truth is that it must be weighed with extreme caution, to the point that it is indispensable to have additional evidentiary elements that ratify his words. In the same sense, Zúñiga Morales points out: “For some, when an accused informs on others, affirming that they committed the act together with him or that they intend to incur more crimes, the authorities are obligated to act with the utmost prudence and caution, without despising that information, but granting it only the value that corresponds to a notitia criminis. If an accused decides to reveal data that another would jealously guard, how many reasons can motivate that conduct? For this reason, it has been said, with all reason, that the system should establish all necessary guarantees to ensure the truthfulness of the data, confirming the information by other means. However, in many cases, the revelations of the collaborator are easily accepted as authentic indicators of criminal responsibility, without the personality of the informant, nor the little credibility he deserves, nor the preceding contradictory statements he has given, mattering. Although, on occasions, the collaborator accused does not say everything he knows or does not assume all the responsibility that corresponds to him, it can happen that, due to an accommodating attitude, his revelations deserve much more credit than any exculpatory version offered by those who are informed upon. In certain cases, this can lead to a lack of depth in the police investigations and, in close relation to this, to a stagnation of investigation techniques.” (ZÚÑIGA MORALES, op. cit., p. 595). This is a concern that is not exclusive to our environment. In other countries where the figure of the “repentant” has been incorporated in the context of the fight against organized crime, questions are also formulated regarding the procedural assessment that can be made of their statements and about the need, in order to deem the account plausible, for its verification by other means of proof: “The simple informing on other individuals carried out by the self-declared guilty accused, who provides his testimony incriminating other participants in the criminal organization seeking better punitive treatment, poses serious evidentiary problems. The informing statement of a co-defendant can hardly be identified with that of a procedural witness, insofar as, the interrogation of the accused is itself built as a means of defense that allows him not to answer the questions raised and, even, to lie about the facts, while the procedural witness is obligated to tell the truth about the facts under the threat of being charged with a crime of false testimony. The introduction into legal systems of the 'hybrid figure of the accused-witness' opens the doors to the danger of the 'degeneration of the evidentiary system.'” (BENÍTEZ ORTÚZAR, op. cit., p. 29.). In the particular case, what is being assessed is whether the testimony given by an accused is credible regarding the existence of a fact (the promise of economic retribution prior to the awarding), when he himself throughout the process had expressly denied the point, stating emphatically that the sums received were offered to him after the awarding of the contract for the 400,000 cell phone lines. This chamber has no doubts about the discomfort experienced by the heads of [Nombre 091] during 1999 and 2000, since due to the use of captive technologies—TDMA—in Costa Rica, [Nombre 091] was practically left out of the mobile phone market.
Nor does it have doubts about the strategy that, at least formally, the aforementioned company designed to resolve that problem (course of action of [Name 124]) and which contemplated approaches to key figures in different spheres of national activity; about the links between [Name 064] and [Name 033], as well as between the former and other public officials with the company [Name 091] and its representatives. It was also demonstrated that [Name 041], through two corporations ([Name 058]. and [Name 114].), transferred funds to a series of officials linked to the telecommunications field after [Name 091] obtained the award of the 400,000 lines, officials among whom [Name 064] figured, who, it was also demonstrated, transferred part of those funds to [Name 033] or to individuals or legal entities close to him. However, what cannot be established with a degree of certainty is that [Name 041] and [Name 078] made a promise of financial compensation to [Name 064] at the [Name 094] restaurant, located in Alajuela, before the contract for the 400,000 lines materialized and, even less so, that this promise was made in exchange for that public official acting in three areas, specifically, favoring the migration to GSM, promoting the use of public tenders to replace direct contracting, and voting favorably for [Name 091] in the aforementioned contract. Likewise, except for what was stated by [Name 064], it cannot be deemed proven with certainty that he conveyed the aforementioned promise to [Name 033] the following day, under the terms explained by the requesting body. One cannot lose sight of the fact that regarding the cited fact (the promise of a bribe made in December 2000), the only thing the lower court had was the statement of the cooperating defendant, a statement that is clearly not reliable because it has varied over time; because the changes occurred precisely when negotiating with the Public Prosecutor's Office, to the point that the abbreviated procedure was conditioned on what [Name 064] would declare regarding the promise of a bribe; because the changes do not concern tangential issues, but quite the contrary, a core fact that had not gone unnoticed by the cooperating defendant himself, since for months he had dismissed any offer prior to the mentioned contract, and finally, because [Name 064] was a public official prone to receiving irregular financial compensation ("rewards" as he called them), originating from individuals and legal entities with whom he had ties due to his position, which means it also cannot be ruled out that things happened in other ways not contemplated in the accusation, e.g., under the terms he narrated for months (in that case constituting the crime of accepting a bribe for an act already performed), or in other ways also proscribed by our legal system (e.g., that it was he who demanded the payment of the financial compensation, an alternative that is also not discardable if one considers that [Name 064] himself acknowledged at trial that before the events investigated here, and at the insistence of [Name 046] and [Name 033], he "suggested" to [Name 041] and to [Name 078] himself "the advisability of paying" [Name 046] what they had promised him in the past; cf. f. 14,940 and 14,941 front, volume XXXI). It is important to emphasize that [Name 064] had criminal liability in the investigated events and, to that extent, his contributions as a cooperator are conditioned by his interest in satisfying the expectations of the requesting body. His testimony (a term used improperly, as he did not testify under oath) cannot be considered sufficient proof to deem the existence of a prior promise of a bribe to be proven (an element that is decisive for speaking of a crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery), and furthermore, contrary to what the appealed judgment states, there are no other indications confirming that point. It is important to note that for this chamber, by reason of the principle of freedom of evidence contemplated in Article 182 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, there is no impediment to deeming a fact of interest for the resolution of the case proven based solely on the information provided by the cooperating defendant when it stands on its own; however, this is not the case here, since, as has been explained, there are weighty questions about the account provided and its veracity, which, despite the efforts made by the requesting body, have not been eliminated. There are a series of indications (set forth above) that can certainly be deemed proven without relying on the statement of [Name 064], namely, that between 1999 and 2000, the representatives of [Name 091] in the country considered that the company was subject to irregular treatment by ICE; that a strategy was developed to resolve that problem, which contemplated approaching important people in different spheres; that although the need for ICE to migrate to GSM technology was foreseen and the institution had taken some steps in that direction, by the year 2000 it was not a consolidated decision; that several public officials related to the telecommunications field and with ties to [Name 091] received, under similar circumstances and through the same channels ([Name 058]. and [Name 114].), sums originating from [Name 060] and, of course, that [Name 091] secured the contract for the 400,000 lines. Now, from all these indications, it can reasonably be inferred that the public officials received money from the aforementioned company, and it could even be suspected that those funds had some relation to the award of the cited contract; however, what is not plausible is to assert with certainty that those funds, all transferred to the public officials after the award, were to fulfill a promise that was made to them previously and separately, in exchange for supporting the cited company, especially considering that, as was demonstrated, [Name 091] was favored with the contract not by chance or by irregular acts of the defendants, but by meeting all the tender specifications, which was not the case with the competition (proven fact No. 41). That is, regarding the existence of a prior promise made to [Name 064] (and which the lower court uses to establish that a similar proposal was also made to the other defendants who were public officials), the only evidence available is the word of that cooperating defendant, a person who for months expressly denied that point. It is important to note that at trial, [Name 064] was asked about this and other inconsistencies detected in his version. He, despite acknowledging having said that the offer was after the award, denied having lied on September 30, 2004, arguing that he had only tried to "cover or protect himself" back then, and that he later "refined" his statement (f. 14,962 and 14,986 front, volume XXXI). He even stated that "… it was obvious that that statement was not going to stand on its own; that is why the Prosecutor's Office told me that could not be, to justify it, and that is when I clarified things, I said that the offer was not after the award but before." (F. 14,962 front of the same volume). And despite [Name 064] persistently denying having falsified the facts, it is indubitable, evident, that one of the two versions he offered does not correspond to reality. Either he lied when stating that there was no prior offer, or he lied when stating that there was one, making it impossible to establish, based on such a questionable and biased testimony, whether a promise of financial compensation was indeed made to him before the contract for the 400,000 lines materialized, or whether such an assertion only responds to his interest in satisfying the Public Prosecutor's Office to obtain the procedural benefit promised to him. For the trial court, the corroboration of [Name 064]'s statement must be regarding the general aspects and not with respect to each of the facts related, since seeking this would render the opportunity criterion unproductive. Such a conclusion, in this particular case, is unacceptable, since the cooperating defendant's statement has been inconsistent on a fact that, while specific, is of the greatest importance in his entire version, namely, the existence of a promise of a bribe prior to abbreviated competitive procedure No. 1-2001. That being the case, it is not possible to ignore the foregoing and deem the account credible solely because, regarding some general facts, it coincides with other evidentiary elements (e.g., regarding the situation [Name 091] faced in a market that worked with captive technologies). It must be insisted that, although Article 182 C.P.P. contemplates the possibility of proving any circumstance of interest to the case by any permitted means of proof, which would include the statement of the cooperating defendant, according to the rules of sound criticism, it is not the same to base a judgment of certainty on an account that has been coherent and consistent as on one that is openly contradictory regarding the core alleged fact (the promise of a bribe), a contradiction that, moreover, arose upon reaching an agreement with the requesting body, first to apply an abbreviated procedure and then an opportunity criterion. In addition to this, there are other inconsistencies in [Name 064]'s statement that are impossible to ignore. For example, on September 30, 2004, [Name 064] declared that, after the first remittance of money from [Name 091], he gave [Name 033], in the latter's office and in cash, the amount of $370,000. However, it turned out that the amount [Name 091] had given him on that occasion was only $225,000. When questioned about this, [Name 064] indicated that the confusion was involuntary "...due to the turmoil of the events" (f. 14,987 front) and that of those $225,000, what he transferred to [Name 033] in his office was the sum of $130,000 as follows: "...a certificate for $100,000 and 6 for $5,000..." (f. 14,987 front). The tribunal, in its majority vote, accepted [Name 064]'s excuses, considering that the documentary evidence confirms that the cooperating defendant gave [Name 033] the certificates described above. However, it is one thing to have proven that this transfer of certificates took place, and quite another to have proven the concept for which this transfer occurred, a point that can only be credited through the word of [Name 064], and to that extent, it is central that his account be credible. It is reiterated that, regarding the prior promise of a bribe and the intervention of [Name 033] in the acceptance of that promise, the only existing evidence is the word of [Name 064] (who is not a witness, but a defendant whose legal situation depends on what is resolved in this process), hence any inconsistency observed in it must be assessed with extreme care. In this context, it is striking that this deponent incurred in "confusions" of no small magnitude, such as the one already noted, for one does not hand over $370,000 dollars in cash from a criminal act, to the [...] every day. Continuing along this line of thought, it is striking how [Name 064], when questioned by the defense attorneys of the accused on this and other important topics, stated he did not remember. It is impossible to ignore that he says he does not remember, for example, whether in his statements before the requesting body he had insisted that the "reward" was after the award, or whether he had told [Name 115] about his agreement with [Name 033] or with [Name 091] (f. 14,990 front), issues that are elementary and central to his testimony. In addition to this, note that—according to [Name 064]—the promise of a bribe was not only related to the migration to GSM technology, or the use of tenders instead of direct contracting, but to the award of the contract for the 400,000 lines (f. 14,963 front); however, the abbreviated bidding procedure for the lease with purchase option of 400,000 GSM cellular lines arose because the Comptroller General of the Republic so ordered some time after, according to [Name 064], the promise of financial compensation had been made. Although, as the tribunal indicates, by early December 2000, some proposal had already been developed, which is precisely the one discussed on the 5th (session No. 5249), the majority vote chooses to ignore that it spoke of 600,000 lines, 200,000 to expand the current ones—with TDMA technology—and 400,000 in GSM technology to be obtained not by public tender but by direct purchase from 5 suppliers ([Name 091], Siemens, Nortel, Ericsson, and Lucent), with the Comptroller being the one who, after that date (and, therefore, after, according to [Name 064], the promise of a bribe was made to him), refused to authorize more direct purchases, opening the door to an abbreviated competitive process. To that extent, it is difficult to believe that the promise of compensation that [Name 064] placed at the beginning of December 2000 contemplated, as he said, a favorable vote in relation to a bidding procedure that did not then exist nor was foreseen (again, what had been designed regarding the 400,000 GSM lines was direct purchase from several suppliers). In summary, although there are evidentiary elements that allow confirming some points of the account given by [Name 064] (e.g., that after the award, [Name 091] gave him a significant sum of money), in its core aspects (that is, having received on December 2, 2000, a promise of financial compensation that he conveyed to [Name 033] on the 3rd of that same month and year; cf. proven facts identified with numbers 85 to 92), his account not only finds no support in other evidence, but has also been contradictory, to the point of making it impossible to rule out that things also happened in another way, namely, that it was he—[Name 064]—and other public officials who demanded the delivery of financial compensation from the heads of [Name 091]; that these occurred after the contract for the 400,000 lines was awarded without a prior promise (a thesis that, it is reiterated, he maintained for several months), or that the promise, if it existed, had a different content than what [Name 064] mentions. For the undersigned, the word of [Name 064] is simply incredible, and therefore, it is not sufficient to deem proven the reason why public officials received payments originating from [Name 060]. It is important to emphasize that granting [Name 064] an opportunity criterion in no way relates to the credibility that may be given to his testimony. That being the case, it is not understood why the Public Prosecutor's Office, knowing that this defendant, who was prone to receiving financial compensation, supplied them with two different versions on a topic as central as the promise of financial compensation, chose to apply an opportunity criterion in his case, setting aside the referred circumstances that, in the end, as now happens, make it impossible to deem his words credible. Furthermore, this chamber has also taken on the task of listening to the audio and video recording of this cooperating defendant's statement at trial, determining that the answers he gave to a significant number of questions posed by the defense attorneys of the other defendants were not spontaneous. Notice that in many cases, before responding, [Name 064] would speak with his defense attorney, Lic. Edwald Acuña Blanco, a professional who was sitting next to him. This situation was even the subject of questioning, not only because it was repeated, but because it occurred in connection with questions whose answers could not generate liability for [Name 064] regarding criminal acts unrelated to those negotiated under the opportunity criterion. However, the tribunal refused to correct the situation, arguing that it could not be assured that Lic. Acuña Blanco was recommending to [Name 064] what to answer (cf., e.g., the recording corresponding to September 16, 2010, file c0002100916102255.vgz, from 10:42:10 hours onwards). This is a conclusion this tribunal does not share. [Name 064], as a cooperating defendant, had the right to speak privately with his attorney before testifying, so the latter could advise him. He also had the right to testify in his presence (Art. 82 subsection e), 93, and 95 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) and, of course, for Lic. Acuña Blanco, if deemed necessary, to recommend he remain silent to questions whose answers could potentially imply some liability for him regarding acts different from those negotiated with the requesting body. What constitutes an abuse of those rights is for any defendant (and even more so [Name 064], who would obtain a significant procedural advantage in exchange for his statement) to limit himself to communicating his advisor's answers, it being naive to believe, as the majority vote does, that the conversations between the defendant and his attorney after each question and before answering were not intended to guide his responses, dialogues that, moreover, had no reason to exist when dealing with questions related to the facts contemplated, at least formally, in the opportunity criterion, since it was regarding these that [Name 064] undertook to cooperate. But even hypothetically assuming that a defendant who has decided to testify can do so under such conditions, what cannot be denied is that this behavior adds to the doubts that arise regarding the veracity of his version, since he was not even able to respond spontaneously to many of the questions asked of him. Finally, note that besides the word of [Name 064], the only evidence that is somehow related to the issue of the prior promise is judgment No. 586-07, handed down on October 16, 2007, against [Name 068], in which he is convicted for having accepted a promise of a bribe from [Name 105] (evidence No. 747); however, this is a judgment issued years after [Name 064] corrected his statement (and after, based on this, the requesting body adopted a specific theory of the case) within the framework of an abbreviated procedure, where the acceptance of charges by [Name 068] was of a formal nature, and therefore it does not have sufficient weight to make an account as questionable as the one already presented credible. And if the intention of the requesting body was to support the testimony of [Name 064] with that of [Name 068], or with that of any other defendant who had made a deal with the requesting body (e.g., [Name 105]), it should have offered their statements to be received at the time of trial and not attempt to assign to a judgment—which, even on the point in question—the acceptance of the promise of a bribe—is quite concise, an evidentiary significance it does not have, since it is not a document containing a statement given with all the formalities required by the legal system to be incorporated by reading into the trial and examined in this process, as if it were an advance of evidence. In addition to this, one cannot lose sight of the fact that while [Name 064] speaks of a promise of a bribe made to him since December 2000 with three specific objectives (migration to GSM, public tender instead of direct contracting, and award of the 400,000 lines), regarding [Name 068], the judgment only alludes to a promise that was articulated when the bidding process was already underway, meaning these are not identical situations, where the demonstration of one can lead to deriving the existence of the other. In the case of the statements of [Name 041], acknowledging having made payments to public officials, and that of [Name 001], accepting having received them, it is important to note that neither one nor the other indicated the concept for which the payments were made or received. That is, the doubt remains as to whether the amounts were to fulfill a promise of a bribe made before the award (which leads us to doubt whether that promise of a bribe that [Name 064] and the requesting body described in relation to the involved public officials actually existed), or if the payments responded to other equally plausible dynamics, which, besides not being contemplated in the accusation, would fit different criminal offenses (e.g., bribery, acceptance of bribes for an act already performed, or extortion by a public official). It is important to add that the Public Prosecutor's Office, on the occasion of the oral hearing held before this chamber, provided a document called "Written Record of the Public Prosecutor's Office's Oral Presentation/ICE-[Name 091] Case", in which it asserts that the tribunal, in its majority vote, analyzed a large amount of both documentary and testimonial evidence that allows verifying the truthfulness of [Name 064]'s statement on a series of points, which the requesting body set out in 24 points, namely: 1) [Name 091] used numerous public opinion formation instruments to explain its interest in migrating to new trends. This was the start of a public discussion that combined with unsatisfied demand. Additionally, [Name 091] always maintained that it was subjected to discriminatory treatment by ICE and questioned purchases made from other companies; 2) by May 2000, the decision to migrate to GSM technology had not been made; 3) there is evidence that [Name 041] knew what was going to happen regarding the direct contracting of 160,000 lines to [Name 091], which confirms what [Name 064] said, in the sense that the former called him and asked him to attend the board of directors session where an agreement on the topic, adopted at the previous session that [Name 064] did not attend, was called into question; 4) there was a close relationship between [Name 064] and [Name 033]; 5) [Name 064] and [Name 041] had contact; 6) [Name 041] acknowledged to [Name 116] that [Name 058] was a kind of trust. The payer was [Name 058]., not [Name 091] directly, which confirms what [Name 064] stated regarding the inquiry he made to [Name 041] about that corporation; 7) regarding the content of the remunerative promise, [Name 064] mentioned it was in exchange for migrating technology, promoting the tender, and voting affirmatively for [Name 091]'s offer. For his part, [Name 128] described how the company contacted [Name 018] to discuss the elimination of direct contracting, also noting that [Name 018] asked him to speak with his superiors. It is also on record that [Name 018] received, through the same channel and at the same time as [Name 064], a sum of money, and there is documentary evidence showing the discomfort of one of the managers of the corrupt plan, associated with the three aforementioned objectives; 8) regarding the promise described by [Name 064], there is evidence that money was transferred to this defendant through [Name 058].; 9) by the time [Name 064] says the proposal was made to him to favor migration, it had not yet occurred; 10) regarding the process of seduction described by [Name 064], there is abundant evidence showing the meetings, invitations, and attentions from [Name 091] toward several public officials; 11) [Name 064] placed the offer at the end of 2000, and that year was decisive for [Name 091], as can be inferred from the complaints it filed and other documentary evidence (e.g., paid advertisements); 12) regarding the meeting between [Name 064] and [Name 033], there is documentary evidence showing how they divided [Name 091]'s money; 13) according to [Name 064], he was paid the money because of the promise made. This is confirmed by the fact that both he and other public officials were paid through similar means—via [Name 058].—; 14) [Name 064] said part of the money was for [Name 033]. On this point, the evidence shows that [Name 064] received a sum similar to the other public officials but doubled, which reveals that through him, two officials were being paid, not one. The transfer of money from [Name 064] to [Name 033] was demonstrated, and it was ruled out that it was a loan, as the latter claimed; 15) and 16) there is evidence confirming [Name 046]'s relationship with [Name 091], the transfer of funds from that company to [Name 046], and the transfer of funds from the latter to [Name 064]. This confirms the cooperator's statement to the effect that [Name 046] compensated him for having collected from [Name 091] what they owed him; 17) regarding the deliveries of money from [Name 064] to [Name 033] described by the former, there is documentary evidence; 18) [Name 064] initially said he transferred funds to the account of [Name 110], but later clarified that this was not the case. This is credible because [Name 064] provided a document showing the number of the cited account, and furthermore, the link of that company with [Name 033] was not known even by people close to [Name 033]; 19) it was demonstrated that [Name 064] made a first payment to [Name 033] with some BICSA certificates belonging to his mother, since his account was being questioned, just as he stated; 20) it was established that part of the second payment made by [Name 064] to [Name 033] was used for the benefit of the latter; 21), 22), and 23) regarding other payments made by [Name 064] to the then [...], there is documentary and testimonial evidence showing the path followed by the money and how it ended up in the hands of people linked to [Name 033], and furthermore, part of those payments were accepted by [Name 033]; 24) [Name 064] said that regarding the last payments [Name 091] made to him, he did not transfer money to [Name 033] because it was difficult since the latter was in Washington and because he believed the distribution was unfair, which—the prosecutors say—the tribunal used to explain why the transfer of funds was truncated (f. 176,960 to 176,965 back, volume XLIV). For this chamber, the indications mentioned above in no way allow confirming that the promise of a bribe took place under the terms described by [Name 064] at trial, much less do they allow categorically discarding other equally plausible alternatives that were not charged. And it is that no one has questioned that the representatives of [Name 091] were dissatisfied with the treatment they received from ICE (it must be remembered that captive technologies were used in the country and, therefore, [Name 091] could not compete); that they denounced the situation and designed a strategy to correct it, one that involved approaching certain public figures—contact that indeed took place and, as was demonstrated, was not strange either. Likewise, it was credited that some public officials, unfortunately, had the habit of receiving and even soliciting favors from companies doing business with ICE, and that this happened before the events investigated here. Nor has it been questioned that [Name 064] transferred funds to [Name 033], or to individuals or legal entities close to him (in fact, there is abundant documentary evidence demonstrating the foregoing); however, it cannot be derived from this, with certainty, that those funds were to fulfill a prior promise, accepted before the award, as the Public Prosecutor's Office asserted. This also cannot be inferred from the fact that several defendants received, some time after the award, similar sums under similar modal conditions, inasmuch as, with the same situation, other scenarios are equally plausible, for example, that the monies were accepted by those public officials for acts already performed and not for having assumed the commitment to perform future acts (which would constitute the crime of accepting bribes for an act performed and would rule out bribery); that it was those officials who, abusing their status or functions, compelled or induced the promise or payment of the patrimonial benefit (extortion by a public official), which, it is added, would not be surprising, since, as we will see later, there were public officials who solicited economic advantages from supplier companies, among them [Name 064] himself, who acknowledged having made "collection efforts" before [Name 091] for it to pay [Name 046]. Nor can it be ruled out that, with a prior promise existing before abbreviated competitive procedure 1-2001, its content was different.
The same can be said regarding the actions of [Name 064] and other executives in relation to the matter, since it is true that no irregularity was demonstrated in the processing of the contract for the 400,000 lines (which, it is reiterated, began some time after the moment when [Name 064] placed the promise of a gratuity, and furthermore, it originated because the Contraloría General de la Republica ordered it, not the ICE). It is insisted, the only deponent who reported the promise of a gratuity was [Name 064], and his testimony, for the reasons previously noted, besides being illicit, is unreliable. In summary, given that the statement of the cooperating accused is illicit evidence and also implausible, it is appropriate to establish the consequences of its hypothetical exclusion, bearing in mind—of course—that, due to the extensive effect contemplated in Article 443 of the Código Procesal Penal, this exercise must be carried out for all the accused in relation to whom such evidence has been considered, and not only for those who claimed its use by the trial court. For all the foregoing, the second ground of appeal against the judgment filed by attorneys Federico Morales Herrera and Erick Ramos Fallas, defense counsel for [Name 041], is granted, as well as the second section point D), and the third section point A), of the appeal against the judgment filed by the accused [Name 033], in a personal capacity.
VI.- Consequences of the foregoing ruling. Although the defects described above (the illegality of the opportunity criterion granted to [Name 064] and, therefore, of the statement he gave at trial, as well as the violation of the rules of sound criticism in the assessment of that account) are formal or procedural in nature, this court considers it unnecessary to order a remand. This is because, having conducted an exhaustive investigation, no possibility is foreseen that in a potential new trial other evidentiary elements additional to those already existing could be legitimately incorporated, and, to that extent, there is also no impediment for the undersigned to proceed to directly resolve what is appropriate in accordance with the provisions of Article 465 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Código Procesal Penal), determining, through the analysis of the remaining evidence after hypothetically suppressing the aforementioned statement, which facts that the trial court has deemed proven remain unscathed. This is a solution that, although it may be atypical in the case of procedural errors, can be adopted in consideration of the principle of swift and complete justice, since it makes no sense to prolong the process when there are sufficient reasons to believe that the state of affairs will not change (in that regard, consult rulings of the Third Chamber numbers 827-F-96, of 12:35 p.m. on December 23, 1996, and 1173-1997 of 9:30 a.m. on October 31, 1997). This being the case, the following will proceed to conduct that study for each of the accused.
Similarly, the finding of the lower court in proven fact No. 132 is entirely unfounded, namely, that [Nombre 001] fulfilled the agreed actions and that once he “managed,” together with other ICE officials, to open the bidding process for the purchase of cellular telephony and the award of the contract for the 400,000 GSM lines to [Nombre 091], he received the promised gift; the foregoing because [Nombre 001] was a middle manager who lacked the decision-making power regarding the aforementioned matter; because the contract for the 400,000 lines (abbreviated bidding process 1-2001) arose within the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) and not within ICE, which until then had opted for direct contracting; and, finally, because [Nombre 091] was legitimately awarded the contract, after meeting all the requirements and having been recommended in the respective studies, and not because of the particular actions of [Nombre 001] (who, it is reiterated, did not have the power to open the bidding process or award the contract), or of any other defendant. In fact, the judgment itself states: “In the minutes of the ICE Board of Directors session No. 5326 of August 28, 2001, on folios 4191 to 4215 (exhibit No. 2), it is recorded that the date for receiving offers in relation to Abbreviated Process 01-2001 for the acquisition of 400,000 wireless telephone solutions in the 1800 Mhz band with GSM technology was set for July 20, 2001, and that only two bidders appeared: Consorcio Ericsson II and the joint offer between [Nombre 060] and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE). It is also evident from the cited minutes that the offer submitted by Consorcio Ericsson II had technical defects for which it was disqualified, while the offer jointly submitted by [Nombre 060] and BCIE met all the requirements of the bid specifications, so it was unanimously agreed to award Abbreviated Bidding Procedure 01-2001 for the lease with option to purchase of the necessary equipment for ICE to provide 400,000 integrated wireless telephone solutions with GSM technology in the 1800 Mhz band, plus the associated services and components, to the joint offer submitted by [Nombre 060] and BCIE. Regarding the award matter, witnesses [Nombre 095], Executive President of ICE, [Nombre 287], and [Nombre 195], President and Directors of ICE at that same time, coincidentally declared that the winner of the 400,000-line bidding process was the company [Nombre 091], which was decided unanimously, based on the result of a study analysis by various interdisciplinary sectors of the institution, all of whom recommended awarding the bid to said company. When witness [Nombre 095] was shown the minutes of ICE Board of Directors Session No. 5326, folios 3533 to 3557 of Volume IX (exhibit No. 3), he stated that he recognized that document and that the Board’s decision was unanimous to grant that tender to [Nombre 091]. He finally declared that with the award of those 400,000 lines, the demand for mobile lines was largely resolved, that he does not know if it generated a surplus for ICE, but that the negotiation was positive and justified the need to migrate to GSM technology based on the need to provide new and better services to the user with new technologies, a point on which the former executives [Nombre 287] and [Nombre 195] also agreed. The company Ericsson, dissatisfied with the award of the 400,000-line tender and the disqualification it had received, proceeded to file an appeal against the decision of the ICE Board of Directors, which it filed with the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic on September 14, 2001, according to the received stamp on the appeal, which is recorded in field 5C of exhibit No. 640, folios 2357 to 2297. The cited appeal was declared without merit by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic on December 17, 1991, according to resolution R.C.N. 796-2001, visible on folios 3303 to 3219 of field 7C of documentary exhibit No. 640. Exhibit No. 640 contains a certified copy of the complete administrative file of Abbreviated Bidding Procedure No. 01-2001…” (The transcription is literal, f. 15,570 and 15,571 recto, volume XXXII, the underlining is not from the original). In short, the licit evidence analyzed comprehensively is insufficient to consider the crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery as configured. Without the statement of [Nombre 064] as a guiding thread, the only thing left is a series of ambiguous (anfibológicos) indications regarding the promise of economic remuneration that, according to the accusation, [Nombre 041] extended to [Nombre 001] in relation to the 400,000-line project. This conclusion does not change if one considers, as already explained, the convictions rendered against [Nombre 068] and [Nombre 105], since in these, only a personal and formal acceptance of charges is observed, which in no way is sufficient to establish the cited judgment of certainty. Even if, from the position that [Nombre 001] held at ICE, we can infer with a high degree of probability that the economic remuneration he received had some relation to the matter of the 400,000 lines, without the testimony of the cooperating defendant, it cannot be asserted with certainty that there was a prior promise and, even less so, that the delivery of the gift was conditioned on the effective award of the offer that [Nombre 091] would present to ICE, as the lower court asserts in proven fact number 131 (f. 15,455 recto). Without that statement, it must be insisted, other factual hypotheses that were not the subject of the accusation cannot be ruled out, e.g., that the economic remuneration admitted by [Nombre 001] was granted to him without a prior promise, for an act performed in his capacity as a public official (just as [Nombre 064] had originally stated), or even that it was [Nombre 001] who forced or induced the representatives of [Nombre 091] to give or promise him a specific patrimonial benefit, or that, if a prior promise existed, it had a different content. Continuing along this line of thought, it is important to note that, although [Nombre 041] admitted to [Nombre 116] having paid public officials, among them [Nombre 001], he never admitted having made a prior promise in exchange for [Nombre 091] obtaining the 400,000-line contract. Quite the contrary, what [Nombre 116] describes is that, according to a draft statement sent by [Nombre 041], he indicated that it was [Nombre 064] and other public officials who asked him for bonuses for having helped in opening public tenders instead of direct contracting (f. 15,157 recto, volume XXXI). While it is true that, according to the same witness, at the meeting held, [Nombre 041] did not mention this circumstance (cf. same folio), what was indicated in the aforementioned draft (which is introduced into the debate through the testimony of [Nombre 116]) contributes to the doubts that the undersigned have as to whether the promise of a gift prior to the award actually took place. Regarding the communication from [Nombre 126], in which it is indicated that this agency invoiced against [Nombre 091], on April 24, 2002, and in the name of [Nombre 001], the amount corresponding to “Visa to Cuba and cancellation of reservation” (cf. f. 1771, volume V, which we have had in view), note that, contrary to what the court indicates, it does not follow from this that the promise of a gift existed. Just as with the money that [Nombre 001] received, the economic advantage provided through Sertur was admitted after the award of the 400,000 lines and, although it can be presumed that it is related to that matter, it cannot be ruled out that it was received as remuneration for an act performed without a prior promise, or that it was requested by the same public official. Finally, it is important to add that although when examining the particular case of [Nombre 001], the trial court did not make a lengthy mention of the statement of [Nombre 064], from a comprehensive reading of the judgment and what was said regarding [Nombre 022], it is clear that this statement played a fundamental role in both cases, to the extreme that despite [Nombre 064] stating that he was unaware if other public officials had received similar promises, the lower court used that evidence to conclude that this is what happened, a conclusion that this chamber cannot endorse at this procedural stage, since, as has been indicated, the account of the cooperating defendant, in addition to being illegal, is implausible. This being the case, and having ruled out, because it is impossible to prove, that a promise of a gift was made to [Nombre 001], what must be analyzed is whether it is possible to consider another crime as configured, specifically, that of illicit enrichment. In the first instance, it must be pointed out that this is a residual crime compared to other more complex ones, so there is no impediment to applying the basic figure if these cannot be proven (e.g., improper or proper bribery, the acceptance of gifts for an act performed, graft (concusión), etc.), provided that its elements have been included in the accusation formulated by the requesting body and have been taken as proven in the judgment. The answer to this question is negative. The criminal type of illicit enrichment provided for in numeral 346, subsection 3) of the Penal Code in force at the date of the facts, stated: “A public official who, without incurring a more severely punished crime, is: (…) 3) Admitting gifts that were presented or offered to him in consideration of his office, while he remains in the exercise of his position; (…)”. As can be seen from the above, the action described in subsection 3) contains two alternative conducts, namely, the acceptance of an offered gift and the acceptance of a presented gift. In the first scenario, the admission, which alludes to the material reception of the economic advantage, occurs, as does the presentation, while the active subject remains in the exercise of his position. In the second, the admission or acceptance refers to the offering, where those actions—the offering of the gift and its acceptance—are what must occur during the exercise of the position. Since the crime is consummated with the admission of the offering, the material reception of the gift, if it occurs, will constitute a subsequent unpunishable act, making it irrelevant whether it takes place while the public official exercises the position that motivated the economic remuneration, or whether by then, he had left it. Having clarified the above, note that from the relation of proven facts that remains after hypothetically eliminating the offering of an economic remuneration prior to the award of the 400,000-line contract, the only thing left is that [Nombre 001] admitted the gifts that were delivered to him in consideration of his office. We speak of a behavior that, at most, conforms to the first scenario of the illicit enrichment described above, that is, the admission of the presented gift. However, neither in the accusation formulated by the requesting body, nor in the judgment, was it clarified if that admission took place while the defendant occupied the position, an element that also forms part of the typical description and which in the particular case is of utmost importance, since he would have admitted some economic remunerations after he had left public service (namely, the one received on May 7, 2004, for twenty-four thousand dollars—proven fact No. 167—and the one received on July 29, 2004, for twenty-five thousand dollars—proven fact No. 170—). It is important to add that although, upon examining the situation of this defendant, the trial court indicated that he left the position on March 10, 2004 (f. 15,895 recto, volume XXXIII), as this is not a matter contained in the accusation formulated by the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), it could not be incorporated into the proven facts without violating the principle of correlation between accusation and judgment. But even if it is hypothetically assumed that the cited information was indeed available, specifying which amounts he received while he was Executive Assistant to the Executive Presidency of ICE and which ones he did not (and the hypothetical nature of the situation is underscored), the criminal action, in the case of the crime of illicit enrichment, would be time-barred (prescrita). The crime in question is punishable by a prison sentence of 6 months to 2 years, meaning its statute of limitations (plazo de prescripción), according to Article 31, subsection a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), is 3 years and was reduced to 18 months with the first formal accusation (Article 33, subsection a) of the same normative body), a procedural act that occurred on October 8, 2004 (f. 316 to 324 recto, volume I). That is, the 18-month period expired on April 8, 2006, no procedural act having occurred by then that, by legal provision, had the virtue of interrupting or suspending its count. Furthermore, the resolution that declared this case to be of complex processing became final on June 26, 2006, a date by which the criminal action was already time-barred. It is important to add that although the Third Chamber (Sala Tercera), in resolution No. 1847-2014, indicated that in accordance with Article 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the finality of the resolution declaring the matter of complex processing modifies the reductive condition of the prescriptive periods, to the extreme of eliminating the reduction by half of the statute of limitations period that is underway, it also added that “… the only exception to that reasoning would have occurred in the scenario in which the fatal prescriptive period would have expired before that issuance, since in that scenario, the extinction of the criminal action due to the statute of limitations would have occurred, this circumstance becoming a consolidated legal situation, to which the effects of the aforementioned Article 376 could not have been applied …” (Cf. considering IV.-, resolution No. 1847-2014, the underlining is not from the original). This is exactly what happens here, since we would find that by the date on which the resolution declaring the complex processing became final (namely, June 23, 2006), the action to criminally prosecute the crime of illicit enrichment would have already prescribed and, to that extent, there was a consolidated legal situation not modifiable by the application of the mentioned numeral 376. Finally, this conclusion does not vary in the slightest if one considers Article 62 of Law No. 8422, Law against corruption and illicit enrichment in public service (Ley contra la corrupción y el enriquecimiento ilícito en la función pública), published in La Gaceta No. 212 of October 29, 2004. The cited article provides: “ Prescription of criminal liability. The criminal action regarding crimes against the duties of public service and those provided for in this Law, shall prescribe in the manner established by the applicable legislation; however, the following rules shall apply: a) Once the statute of limitations is interrupted, the periods set forth in Article 31 of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall run again for a new period, without any reduction. b) In addition to the grounds provided for in Article 33 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the criminal action may be interrupted by the declaration of illegality of the administrative function, active or omissive, or by the annulment of the administrative acts and contracts related to the corresponding crime, whether the pronouncement is issued in judicial or administrative proceedings.” (The highlighting is not from the original). From this norm, especially from subsection a), it is evident that in the case of crimes against the duties of public service and those provided for in Law No. 8422, upon the occurrence of any of the acts indicated by the Code of Criminal Procedure as interrupters of the computation of the statute of limitations period, the count begins to run anew in its entirety (that is, without a reducing effect), which constitutes an exception to Article 33 of the just mentioned Code. This is an article that is applicable to procedural acts carried out after its entry into force, thus ruling out its retroactive application to prior acts. Precisely, that norm would be given retroactive application if, for example, it were held that Article 62, subsection a) [which—it is reiterated—entered into force on October 29, 2004] eliminated the reduction of the statute of limitations period by half that operated with the interrupting act carried out days before, namely, on October 8, 2004, when [Nombre 001] appeared to give his investigative statement (declaración indagatoria). It is important to clarify that the cited position is endorsed by the same Third Chamber in resolution No. 1847-2014 cited above, insofar as it concluded that, because giving retroactive effects to procedural norms is not in accordance with the Political Constitution (Constitución Política), only with respect to the defendants who were investigated after the entry into force of Law No. 8422, was Article 62 of this law applicable to them, according to which the statute of limitations period, after an interrupting act, had to be counted in full and not reduced by half (f. 176,429 to 176,431, volume XLIII). This situation only arises in the cases of [Nombre 018] and [Nombre 006], so that only with respect to them was one more reason added to those already given by that court, to maintain that the criminal action was not time-barred. In the same sense as already expounded, the Criminal Cassation Court of San José (Tribunal de Casación Penal de San José) has ruled, for example, in judgment No. 132-2006, at 10:30 a.m. on February 23, 2006, which, in what is relevant, indicates: “The jurisprudence of this Court (thus votes No. 391-1999, No. 372-2001, and No. 1058-2001), as well as that of the Constitutional Chamber (see votes No. 5821-1998 or No. 4397-1999) and the Third Chamber of the Court (cf. votes No. 891-1999, No. 368-2000, No. 383-2002, No. 1017-2002, No. 1019-2002, and No. 35-2003), has indicated that the rules of prescription, as they are instrumental norms, have validity only towards the future and never towards the past. It is therefore not possible to apply procedural law retroactively, given that such a possibility is contemplated only for substantive norms and provided they are more beneficial to the defendant. Under such consideration, the rules regarding prescription will be effective from their entry into force for the facts or procedural acts they foresee, but never for those already produced, as their effects cannot be retroacted to these. Thus, although Article 62 of the ‘Law against corruption and illicit enrichment in public service’ (Law No. 8422) provides that henceforth the reduction provided for in Article 33 of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall not be applied once the statute of limitations period is interrupted when any of the grounds allowing it occur, initiating again the entirety of the period of Article 31 of that same legal body, such a norm cannot be applied to the scenarios or cases in which, prior to its entry into force, which occurred on October 29, 2004, the statute of limitations period had already been reduced by half precisely as a consequence of some of the provided interrupting grounds, as established for that moment by the procedural regulations. Such a norm is effective only from its entry into force for cases in which one of the interrupting acts provided for in the procedural regulations occurs and provided that the period had not already been reduced beforehand as was provided, since the actions are governed by the procedural law in force at the time they occur and not by those that had already occurred. In other words, the entirety of the statute of limitations period could not be restored by virtue of a norm that was not yet in force at the time when, according to the legislation that did govern, a ground with a reductive effect occurred. This means that when the ‘illicit enrichment law’ was enacted (October 29, 2004), in this process, the statute of limitations period had already been interrupted and reduced by half, in accordance with the regulations governing it, that is, according to what is provided in numeral 33 of the Procedural Code. This better safeguards the rights of the parties and the essential principle of legal certainty, as it rules out that a later procedural law could resolve differently what occurred in a prior process or proceeding. This latter point occurs even regardless of the moment in which the extinction of the criminal action is declared (whether during the period of validity of the reform or before it), because the resolution that so establishes has only a declarative and not a constitutive character of the prescription already consummated. Thus, if in the case under analysis, and according to the provisions of the law that was in force when it arose, the statute of limitations period was reduced by half once the corresponding interrupting acts occurred, the period that must be computed is that of one year and six months and not that of three years, as is affirmed in the appeal…” (The underlining is not from the original). Now, in addition to the lack of description of the typical elements of illicit enrichment, both in the accusation and in the proven facts, as well as the expiration of the statute of limitations period for criminal action having occurred, regarding the gifts that [Nombre 001] materially received after March 10, 2004, one more reason can be added that would prevent considering the mentioned crime as configured, namely, its atypicality (atipicidad). As was noted supra, [Nombre 001] was listed as a public official at ICE from January 1, 2001, to March 10, 2004 (f. 15,895, volume XXXIII), a period during which he received the majority of the irregular funds. After leaving that position, on May 7, 2004, he received $24,000, and on July 29, 2004, he received $25,000 (proven facts numbers 167 and 170, folios 15,466 and 15,467 recto, volume XXXII). As explained above, the criminal type of illicit enrichment, in the scenario relevant here—admission of presented gifts—contemplates only the admission of the gifts that were presented to the public official in consideration of his office while he remains in the exercise of his position, which is not the case with the aforementioned amounts. This being so, the conduct of [Nombre 001], at least in the two already indicated scenarios, would also be atypical. For all the above, the appealed judgment is annulled insofar as it declared [Nombre 001] the responsible perpetrator of a crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery. In its place, for procedural economy and in application of the principle in dubio pro reo, he is acquitted of all penalty and responsibility for the mentioned crime. As unnecessary, a ruling on the appeals filed by his public defender, licenciada Yamura Valenciano Jiménez, is omitted. Regarding the appeal that [Nombre 001] personally filed, jointly with other defendants, this chamber will refer to it later.
By way of example, the court recalls that in 1998, [Name 091] maintained ties with ICE and made an offer to donate GSM-PCS equipment for 2000 terminals, an offer that was accepted (folio 15,861). It is for this reason that the representatives of [Name 060] chose to promise and later deliver a gift (dádiva) to [Name 022]. ii) A second piece of evidence considered by the trial court regarding the promise was the statement of [Name 064]. According to the a quo, this “witness” not only spoke of the promise of a gift (dádiva) made to him by [Name 041] and [Name 078] in exchange for helping to materialize the migration to GSM technology, for ensuring that the purchase of material or equipment was done through public tender or bidding (concurso público o licitación), and for voting in favor of [Name 091]. He also said that the corruptors mentioned to him that they extended courtesies to the people who helped them. This statement also confirmed the situation that [Name 091] faced before the 400,000-line contract, which was described supra. iii) The route of action prepared by [Name 124] is a third element for considering the promise of economic retribution to have been demonstrated. It speaks of a plan aimed at addressing the problems of [Name 091] with ICE, which involved approaches to the business sector, the Catholic church, and the political sector. In that document, the need is mentioned to gather the support of at least three deputies, a presidential candidate, two members of the board of Liberación Nacional, and a former president (Exhibit No. 686). According to the appealed judgment, “This document, without a doubt, evidences the urgency and need that [Name 091] had, in the person of the co-defendant [Name 041], to exhaust all social and, above all, political avenues so that its offer regarding GSM technology would be the one accepted by ICE. Let us recall the disagreement of said company with ICE’s administrative policies on contracting matters.” (F. 15,864, volume XXXII). As can be extracted from the foregoing, after hypothetically suppressing the statement of the cooperating defendant, we are left with only two indications (indicios) (namely, the route of action proposed by [Name 124] and the unease experienced by the officials of the company [Name 091] due to its exclusion from the mobile telephone market), which are clearly insufficient to confirm the judgment insofar as it considered the promise of economic retribution to [Name 022] to have been demonstrated. This conclusion does not change if these two indications (indicios) are analyzed together with those mentioned previously (e.g., the longstanding relationship of trust between this defendant and the representatives of [Name 091]; the sending of envelopes whose content is unknown; and, of course, the receipt of funds after the award), since although from this whole picture it is plausible to extract with a high degree of probability that there was a promise of economic retribution, or at the very least, that the funds received had some link to the 400,000-line contract, this cannot be affirmed with absolute certainty, to the point that other possibilities can be admitted which have been repeatedly mentioned and which, moreover, were not charged by the requesting body, at least in a subsidiary manner. As occurred with [Name 001], this chamber has no doubt that [Name 022] irregularly increased his assets thanks to the gifts (dádivas) from the cited company, and that there was no legitimate reason to support proceeding in this manner; however, this does not permit the promise of economic retribution charged by the Public Prosecutor’s Office to be considered demonstrated, insofar as the indications (indicios) remaining after the exclusion of [Name 064]'s testimony, although plural and independent, do not lead to the conclusion that the promise took place. Indeed, in the case of circumstantial evidence (prueba indiciaria), the consequence fact or presumed fact (in this case, the promise and its acceptance by the defendant) must be extracted from the indications (indicios) in an immediate, reasonable, natural manner, if you will, which does not occur here, since these elements do not converge into a single conclusion that simultaneously excludes other options that were not contemplated, for example, that the content of the promise was something else; that it was an acceptance of gifts (dádivas) for a completed act, without a prior promise, or even that it was the public officials who induced the payment of the gifts (dádivas), which in the case of [Name 022] would also not be unusual, since as was demonstrated, he was prone to requesting all kinds of advantages of economic content from the officials of [Name 091]. Finally, it is important to add that from the judgment rendered against [Name 068] (Exhibit No. 747), a judgment of certainty cannot be derived either that [Name 022] was extended a promise of economic retribution related to the 400,000-line contract, since the aforementioned resolution was rendered in the context of an abbreviated procedure, where [Name 068]'s acceptance of the facts had a personal and formal character, and to that extent, little evidentiary significance can be given to it with respect to this case. This is an argument that can also be applied to the conviction rendered against [Name 105], with identical results. Added to this, as indicated when examining the situation of [Name 001], the offer that [Name 068] received was extended by [Name 105] and [Name 046] himself, whereas in the case of [Name 022], it was attributed to other persons, namely, [Name 078] and [Name 041], whereby we also cannot assert that the factual platforms are identical, to the point of logically deriving from one what is affirmed in relation to the other. Finally, as the appealed judgment well recognizes, from the analyzed board of directors minutes, no particularly striking action by [Name 022] in favor of [Name 091] is evident either; hence, it is not evidence whose consideration modifies what this sentence appeals court has affirmed. In sum, for the undersigned, without the testimony of [Name 064], what can be established is that [Name 022] received gifts (dádivas) from [Name 091] before the facts investigated here—which was not charged—and that he also accepted them after the award of the 400,000 lines, notwithstanding which it cannot be assured, at least not with certainty, that those funds were destined to fulfill a promise made to him months earlier and that he accepted, aimed at his acting for the benefit of [Name 091] on very specific points: technology migration, promotion of public tenders or bidding processes (licitaciones o concursos públicos), and a favorable vote regarding the 400,000-line contract. Finally, it must be reiterated that although [Name 041] admitted before [Name 116] to having paid public officials, he never referred to having made a promise in that sense to [Name 022]. At the risk of incurring unnecessary reiterations, it should be noted that—according to [Name 116]—in a draft statement sent by [Name 041], he indicated that it was [Name 064] and other public officials who requested the rewards from him for having helped in opening public bidding processes (licitaciones públicas) instead of direct contracting (f. 15,157 front, volume XXXI). Although the witness also stated that in the meeting they held with [Name 041], he did not say the foregoing (cf. same folio), what was set forth in the cited draft allows increasing the existing doubts about whether, before the award, a promise of a gift (dádiva) with specific content and purpose had been made, and whether it had been accepted by [Name 022]. In summary, after excluding the illicit evidence and examining the remainder, this court concludes that from this, it is not reasonably extracted that there was a prior promise of a gift (dádiva), whereby the circumstances that would allow the crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery (cohecho impropio) to be considered configured cannot be held as demonstrated. Thus, what is appropriate is to assess whether the facts that remain unscathed can be considered constitutive of another crime, which is ruled out in advance. As has been pointed out, the accusation formulated by the requesting body did not consider other possibilities, namely, that the gifts (dádivas) were received without a prior promise, for a completed act; that they were required or solicited by the public officials; or that, having been promised previously, they had other content. After discarding the prior promise in relation to the 400,000-line contract, the only thing that can be considered demonstrated is that [Name 022] admitted—understand received—the economic advantages that were given to him, conduct that cannot even be subsumed under the criminal offense of illicit enrichment. As explained before, in the case of the admission of gifts (dádivas) given in consideration of the public official’s position, it is indispensable that the conduct takes place while the active subject remains in the exercise of the office. Now, as extracted from the proven facts (specifically numbers 115 and 118 to 126), [Name 022] was a director of ICE until May 31, 2002, whereas the gifts (dádivas) were given to him from October 2002 to May 2004. Therefore, [Name 022]'s conduct, with regard to the crime of illicit enrichment, would be atypical. It is important to emphasize that in this case, the scenario of admission of an offered gift (dádiva) that the criminal offense of illicit enrichment also contemplates cannot be applied, since it could not be demonstrated that while [Name 022] remained in his position and on the occasion of it, a gift (dádiva) was offered to him that he accepted, which would have sufficed to consider the crime configured and, consequently, would have made irrelevant the moment at which the economic advantage was materially received. Furthermore, it is held that the criminal action to prosecute the crime of illicit enrichment would be time-barred. This crime is punishable by a prison sentence of 6 months to 2 years. Therefore, its statute of limitations (plazo de prescripción) is 3 years and was reduced to 18 months with the first formal accusation (Articles 31 a) and 33 subsection a) C.P.P.), a procedural act that occurred on October 1, 2004 (f. 146 to 161 front, volume I). That is, the 18-month period expired on April 1, 2006, and by then, no procedural act had occurred that, by legal provision, had the virtue of interrupting or suspending its count. Moreover, as explained when examining the situation of [Name 001], a section to which the parties must refer to avoid unnecessary reiterations, this conclusion is not modified if what is set forth in Article 376 C.P.P. is considered, especially the interpretation that the Third Chamber made of this norm, since on the date on which the resolution declaring this case to be of complex processing became final (namely, June 26, 2006), the criminal action was already time-barred. Likewise, Article 62 of Law No. 8422, Law against corruption and illicit enrichment in public office, is not applicable in the particular case of [Name 022] either, since this provision entered into force on October 29, 2004, that is, after the defendant rendered his investigative statement (declaración indagatoria) and the interrupting and reducing effects on the computation of the statute of limitations period operated simultaneously. For the foregoing reasons, the appealed judgment is annulled insofar as it declared [Name 022] to be the responsible perpetrator of a crime of aggravated corruption in the modality of improper bribery (cohecho impropio). Likewise, for procedural economy and in application of the principle in dubio pro reo, he is acquitted of all penalty and responsibility for this crime. As it is unnecessary, a ruling on the cassation appeals (recursos de casación) filed by his public defender, Licenciada Yamura Valenciano Jiménez, is omitted.
The fifth and final delivery, described in proven fact number 111) and examined on folios 16,232 to 16,241 recto, is for approximately $188,000, delivered as follows: two checks (one for $30,000 and another for $28,083) and $131,000 in cash. The lower court states: “111) Approximately in the month of September 2003, in fulfillment of the plan and the agreed distribution, [Name 064] delivered one hundred thirty-one thousand dollars ($131,000) in cash to the accused [Name 033] at his mother-in-law's house. Likewise, following the instructions given by [Name 033], he made out two checks in favor of [Name 169], which were drawn at the same time but entered with different dates, different sequences, and for two different amounts, with the purpose of avoiding suspicion within the financial system. In this way, [Name 064] drew check number 419 dated September 9, 2003, for an amount of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000.00) and number 425 for an amount of twenty-eight thousand eighty-three dollars ($28,083.00) dated September 25, 2003, both against checking account number [Value 056] of [Name 080] at Saint George Bank, in favor of [Name 169]. The accused [Name 033], after endorsement by [Name 169], deposited the checks into the ACOBO account. Subsequently, the proceeds from these checks were recorded by that brokerage firm as a credit to investment account No. [Value 017] in the name of [Name 169] and used in the purchase of 11 participations in a real estate fund for a total of fifty-five thousand nine hundred sixteen dollars and eighty-nine cents ($55,916.89), and for the remainder, a check was issued for two thousand one hundred fifty-two dollars and eighty-three cents ($2,152.83) in favor of Banco Interfin S.A. Subsequently, the indicted [Name 033] admitted having received the amount of these two checks and another one—already indicated—allegedly as a loan granted by [Name 064], to whom he made a demand for payment which was rejected by [Name 064] given the non-existence of such credit, as those amounts came from funds of [Name 091] ...”. As has been indicated, a transfer of cash sums has been deemed proven, the sole evidentiary support for which is the illicit and implausible statement by the cooperating accused, as well as a transfer of funds (the aforementioned checks) with respect to which, although there is documentary evidence, the reason for their existence is unknown, as it is impossible to establish with certainty, a matter that is essential if [Name 033] is to be convicted of having instigated [Name 064] to accept a promise of economic retribution with specific content and purposes. In summary, the statement of [Name 064] has an essential character in [Name 033]'s case. Without it, it is not possible to deem it proven that [Name 064] received a promise of economic retribution about which he informed [Name 033], and that the latter gave him the necessary impetus to accept it, also defining the distribution percentages of the criminal gain that might be obtained (and which, for further abundance, it should be added, do not correspond to what was actually received by one and the other). For all the foregoing, it is appropriate to annul the judgment insofar as it declared [Name 033] the instigator of a crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery (cohecho impropio) committed by [Name 064]. That said, the question that must be asked is whether the proven facts that remain intact after removing the promise of a gift prior to the award of the 400,000 lines—and which is sustained, in turn, on illegal evidence—can be subsumed under any criminal offense. The answer to this question is no. Although, in effect and except for the transfers of cash funds, it is established that [Name 064] transferred funds to [Name 033] on various occasions, whether directly or through individuals or legal entities close to him, the characteristic elements of crimes other than that of aggravated corruption by improper bribery were neither charged nor deemed proven, a topic that gains enormous importance in the case of [Name 033], since the only conduct attributed to him is having determined [Name 064] so that the latter, as principal, would admit a promise of economic retribution in relation to the matter of the 400,000 lines, in exchange for carrying out specific actions in three areas (migration to GSM technology, public tenders or competitions, and a favorable vote for [Name 091]). Therefore, only by violating the principle of correlation between accusation and judgment and including circumstances not foreseen by the prosecuting body at the time, could [Name 033] be considered the principal of another crime, including one of a residual nature such as illicit enrichment (enriquecimiento ilícito). Moreover, as was explained when examining the legal situation of the accused [Name 001], the criminal offense of illicit enrichment encompasses both the admission of gifts presented and the admission of gifts offered. In the first case, the presentation and the material receipt of the retribution must occur during the performance of the office. In the second, both the offer and the admission must occur within the aforementioned period, it being irrelevant, as it is a subsequent unpunished act, that the public official takes possession of the economic advantage once he leaves the position that motivated the offer. In this matter, the typical conduct to consider is the first, namely, the admission of gifts presented, this being because it was not possible to deem proven either the promise of economic retribution made to [Name 064] before the award (and which constituted the basis for the crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery), or any other offer of undue advantage to [Name 033] (which, in any case, was not charged). Having clarified this point, it is held that the conduct of [Name 033] described in the proven facts, which remains intact after the exercise of hypothetical suppression (and which consists of receiving the economic advantages that were delivered to him by [Name 064]), cannot be subsumed under section 346(3) of the Criminal Code applicable in this matter, since, with the exception of the seven certificates described in proven fact number 96, these receipts occurred after the accused ceased to be president of the country (cfr. proven fact number 61 in relation to those already transcribed), wherefore these are atypical actions. Now, in the case of the seven bearer deposit certificates from Banco Internacional de Costa Rica S.A., although these were admitted during the exercise of the office, as the criminal offense requires, after the hypothetical exclusion of the testimony of [Name 064] it is impossible to be certain that these were presented to him in consideration of his office. The person who handed over the certificates was [Name 064], a person who at that time, besides being a high-ranking public official, was someone very close to [Name 033]. Furthermore, the certificates were generated from the account of the cooperating witness's mother, Mrs. [Name 166], an account that had no link whatsoever with [Name 060]. This being said, and at least as far as these certificates are concerned, there are no elements to establish that [Name 064] delivered them to [Name 033] for being the [...]. As Carlos Creus rightly points out when analyzing the offense of admission of gifts in Argentine legislation, which is also partly similar to ours, it is essential to demonstrate that the gift delivered was given in consideration of the recipient's office, which requires ruling out that it is not linked to a different circumstance, such as friendship or another relationship outside that office (CREUS, op. cit., pp. 280-281), something which is impossible in this matter, for the reasons already set forth. Finally, as if what has already been said were not enough, it is held that the criminal action to prosecute the crime of illicit enrichment would be time-barred (prescrita). In this sense, note that [Name 033] was questioned on October 15, 2004 (f. 552 to 558 recto, volume II). The statute of limitations period for the crime of illicit enrichment was 18 months (this because at that time the procedure was ordinary), thus we have that this period expired on April 15, 2006, a date on which neither had another cause for interrupting the computation of the period occurred, nor had the resolution declaring the case to be of complex processing (tramitación compleja) become final (the latter occurred on June 23, 2006). That is, before the process changed its nature, a legal situation was consolidated in favor of [Name 033] that, as the Third Chamber itself admitted when ordering the remand, prevents applying the effects of the last paragraph of Article 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In this sense, and assuming the risk of being repetitive (since the issue was addressed when examining the cases of the co-defendants [Name 001] and [Name 022]), the court of cassation stated: “This being the case, it is clear that the validity of the reducing effect on the prescriptive period as a result of the ordinary processing of the case file was always subject to the case remaining processed as ordinary; on the other hand, when complex processing was ordered and became final, in the early stages of the process, the reducing condition of the prescriptive periods varied, in accordance with the aforementioned section 376, given that the only exception to that reasoning would have been presented in the event that the fatal prescriptive period had expired before that order, since in that event the extinction of the criminal action due to the statute of limitations would have occurred, as that circumstance is considered a consolidated legal situation, to which the effects of the aforementioned Article 376 could not have been applied ...” (Resolution No. 1847-2014, Considering IV, f. 176,427 verso, volume XLIII, the underlining does not come from the original). In summary, it is held that, even following the interpretation made by the Third Chamber regarding Article 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in the sense that the finality of the resolution declaring the procedure complexly processed eliminated the reducing effect on the prescriptive periods that took place before that finality, the fact is that by the date of that declaration there was already a consolidated legal situation in favor of [Name 033] that cannot be ignored, because the statute of limitations period had taken effect. Likewise, the entry into force of Article 62 of Law No. 8422, called the Law against Corruption and Illicit Enrichment in Public Office, does not modify this conclusion, since [Name 033] appeared to give his investigative statement on October 15, 2004, that is, before the said regulation was published (on October 29, 2004). As was explained supra, the same court of cassation, in Resolution No. 2014-1847, specifically in Considering IV.-, folios 176,429 to 176,431 recto, recognized that it is not possible to give retroactive effects to a later procedural law, not only because in the case of procedural laws the one to be applied is the one in force at the time of carrying out the act, but also because the Political Constitution in its Article 34 contemplates a general prohibition against applying laws retroactively to the detriment of any person. The Public Prosecutor's Office affirms that if the statute of limitations had not taken effect by the time the cited law entered into force, it is plausible to apply its effects to procedural acts carried out previously, since “…it did not retroactively nullify the interrupting acts that occurred previously, as the accused [Name 033] erroneously interprets - but rather it nullified the reduction of the pending balances, which were extended from that moment on and for the full term, according to the abstract penalty of each crime ...” (F. 176,933 recto, volume XLIV). The undersigned respect but do not share these arguments. It can be said in different ways and denied that Article 34 of the Political Constitution is being violated; however, what is ultimately intended is that the effects of Article 62, in force as of October 29, 2004, affect an interrupting and reducing procedural act of the statute of limitations period that took place before that date, namely, on October 15, 2004, stripping all value from the regulation under which that act was produced (namely, Article 33, first paragraph, of the C.P.P.). For further abundance, note that nothing in Law No. 8422 indicates that the legislator had contemplated applying the prescriptive rules contained in section 62 in a manner different from that which corresponds in the case of any procedural rule (that is, from its entry into force and prospectively). Finally, it is important to note that in Resolution No. 1847-2004, which the Public Prosecutor's Office cites as a basis for its position (f. 176,934 recto, second paragraph), the Third Chamber adopted the thesis contrary to that which this procedural party expounds, namely, that Law No. 8422 is applicable to procedural acts carried out as of October 29, 2004, this being the reason why only in relation to the accused who were questioned after that date ([Name 018] and [Name 006]) did it argue that, once the interruption had taken effect, the statute of limitations period ran in full under the terms set forth in Article 62(a) of the aforementioned law. In summary, and given that after the process of hypothetical exclusion that has been carried out, the remaining evidence does not allow for it to be deemed proven that [Name 033] acted as an instigator in the crime of aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery committed by [Name 064], and having ruled out the application of other residual criminal offenses to the proven facts that remain intact after the cited exclusion, the judgment is annulled insofar as it declared [Name 033] an instigator of a crime of aggravated corruption by improper bribery committed by [Name 064] and, in application of the principle of in dubio pro reo and for procedural economy, he is acquitted of all penalty and responsibility for that criminal activity. As unnecessary, we omit ruling on the other claims made by him personally, as well as on the appeals filed by his defense counsel, Licensed Attorney Rafael Gairaud Salazar.
One might even suspect that those payments were related to [Name 091]'s incursion into the mobile telephone market; however, it is not possible to assert that those payments were made to fulfill promises of gifts made before the award of the contract for the 400,000 lines, in exchange for it being granted to [Name 091], especially when other alternatives may also be considered, e.g., that they were economic compensation given for completed acts, without prior promise (as [Name 064] had stated), or that it was the public officials who demanded the payment, as [Name 041] himself indicated at one point (cf. in this regard, the statement of [Name 116], analyzed in previous sections). In this regard and in application of the in dubio pro reo principle, the judgment is annulled insofar as it convicted [Name 041] for a crime of corruptor's penalty for aggravated corruption in its modality of improper bribery, in relation to the acts attributed to [Name 068], and instead, he is acquitted of all penalty and liability for the aforementioned crime. By reason of what is set forth in this considerando and because it is unnecessary, a ruling is omitted concerning the other claims contained in the appeals filed by attorneys Federico Morales Herrera and Erick Ramos Fallas, as well as those raised by attorney Mario Navarro Quirós, private defender of [Name 028], with the exception of the third ground he termed "Erroneous and inadequate reasoning. Violation of due process and the right to defense due to erroneous application of Article 110 of the Penal Code," since this, being related to the confiscation of certain assets belonging to legal entities linked to [Name 028], demands a more in-depth analysis. Regarding that ground, this Court will rule later.
"V.- Los reclamos se declaran con lugar: Con el propósito de que esta exposición sea lo más clara posible, esta cámara dividirá el análisis en varios apartados, a saber: 1) Competencia del tribunal de juicio para verificar el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales contemplados para aplicar un criterio de oportunidad. 2) Examen del criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064]. Vicios presentes en su trámite y en la resolución que lo autorizó. 3) Inclusión hipotética de las conductas omitidas por el órgano requirente al solicitar el criterio de oportunidad, y nueva valoración sobre el reproche que cabe formular en cuanto a las conductas imputadas a [Nombre 064], en comparación con las de otros imputados. Ponderación de los argumentos esgrimidos por el tribunal de juicio en cuanto al tema en particular. 4) Credibilidad que cabe otorgar a la declaración del imputado colaborador.
Los hechos delictivos a los que hace referencia el denunciante y que indica, no han sido objeto de investigación por parte del Ministerio Público contra [Nombre 064] , se refieren a:
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de la empresa [Nombre 091] con ocasión de: la compra de centrales fijas del “ICE-Switching program 2000-2001”, la compra para ampliación de centrales telefónicas efectuadas por el ICE el día 23 de mayo del año 2002 y un programa de expansión del ICE ($325.253,32).
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de [Nombre 280] por la aprobación de la concesión del proyecto hidroeléctrico “La Joya” ($56.000,00).
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de [Nombre 046] por pagos que le realizó la empresa [Nombre 091] por “diversos motivos” ($62.562.50).
· Dineros recibidos indebidamente por parte de la empresa [Nombre 270]-[Nombre 083] por contratación otorgada ($110.207,00).
· Costo de tiquetes por viaje San José-Río de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro-Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-San José en primera clase por parte de la empresa [Nombre 091] ($5.617,00).
B. Por otra parte, el denunciante [Nombre 033] señala que [Nombre 064] también reconoció en su declaración indagatoria haber recibido regalías como Directivo del ICE, en viaje realizado a Praga y Suiza, hechos que indica, no han sido investigados por el Ministerio Público de manera premeditada para protegerlo ilegalmente.
II.-Sobre el fondo del asunto.
Luego de un estudio pormenorizado de las presentes diligencias, considera la suscrita… que en la especie es lo pertinente la desestimación de las presentes diligencias, por cuanto los hechos denunciados por el señor [Nombre 033] no configuran delito.
A. El propio denunciante en su escrito… ofrece la respuesta al porqué los hechos mencionados no han sido, por el momento, objeto de persecución penal, al indicar…:
“…tales hechos no solo se han acreditado con su confesión (la de [Nombre 064]) sino también pericialmente, y no obstante por el evidente acuerdo de negociación existente entre [Nombre 064] y el Fiscal Dall'Anese Ruiz…, no han sido a la fecha objeto de ningún tipo de investigación o imputación penal en contra del delincuente confeso [Nombre 064] …” Efectivamente. El Ministerio Público ha convenido con el imputado [Nombre 064] , la aplicación del instituto denominado Criterio de Oportunidad y al respecto existe suscrito acuerdo formal y por ello, al menos por el momento, no es objeto de persecución penal . Valga el momento para realizar algunas consideraciones de tipo aclaratorio… El Criterio de Oportunidad mencionado no fue llevado a cabo entre [Nombre 064] y el denunciado Dall'Anese Ruiz, sino entre [Nombre 064], su defensor particular Edwald Acuña Blanco y los fiscales del Ministerio Público Carlos Morales Chinchilla, Criss Gonzáles Ugalde en fecha 31 de enero de 2006, siendo autorizado por quien fuera en aquel momento Fiscal Adjunto de la Fiscalía de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios, Licenciado Warner Molina Ruiz. Por otra parte, los hechos mencionados si (sic) han sido objeto de investigación, al punto de que tal y como lo indica el denunciante, están contenidos en varios documentos que forman parte del expediente principal, entre ellos, los informes policiales de la Sección de Delitos Económicos del Organismo de Investigación Judicial, pero como se indicara anteriormente, forman parte del acuerdo de aplicación del instituto del artículo 22… Ciertamente la investigación que lleva a cabo la Fiscalía Adjunta de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios del Ministerio Público reviste una tramitación sumamente compleja sobre graves delitos de corrupción cometidos en altas esferas de quienes ostentaran el poder político en nuestro país en los primeros años de esta década… La conducta de [Nombre 064] resulta menos reprochable que la de [Nombre 033], pues en el ámbito de la función pública, en tratándose de delitos de corrupción, la sola condición de ser el [...] supone un mayor reproche que el que podría merecer cualquier otro funcionario público independientemente del puesto que desempeñe…
La Fiscalía Adjunta de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios del Ministerio Público analiza que en el caso concurren todos los presupuestos procesales expuestos y por ello, decide aplicar el instituto con el imputado [Nombre 064], no únicamente por los dineros indebidamente recibidos de la empresa [Nombre 091] correspondientes a la contratación de por parte del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad de las cuatrocientas mil líneas de telefonía inalámbrica de tecnología GMS (sic), sino también por los otros hechos delictivos mencionados. Esto se desprende claramente del “Acuerdo para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad” llevado a cabo en la Fiscalía Adjunta de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios en fecha 31 de enero del año 2006, el cual tuvo a la vista la suscrita representante del Ministerio Público y que podrá ser solicitado a esa oficina por el señor Juez Penal para su análisis. El acuerdo en lo que interesa establece:… “Presentes en la Fiscalía de Delitos Económicos, Corrupción y Tributarios, el imputado [Nombre 064] , mayor… su defensor… los Fiscales… a efectos de fijar los límites respecto de la aplicación de un criterio de oportunidad a favor del imputado [Nombre 064]… se acuerda: 1. El Ministerio Público… se compromete a solicitar a favor del imputado [Nombre 064], se prescinda en forma total de la persecución penal en la causa arriba indicada, siempre y cuando la declaración que se compromete a rendir en este caso, no sea desvirtuada por otros elementos probatorios que la hagan parecer como falsa, sea total o parcialmente…” En el acuerdo en mención puede observarse, el Ministerio Público en el ejercicio de sus facultades por ley conferidas, se compromete a solicitar a favor de [Nombre 064], se prescinda de la persecución penal, no solo del hecho referido al dinero indebidamente recibido por parte de la empresa [Nombre 091] con ocasión de la contratación por parte del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad de las cuatrocientas mil líneas móviles…, sino de la totalidad de la persecución penal en la causa No. 04-006835-647-PE que abarca este y los otros hechos que el denunciante menciona, pues todos forman parte de la investigación con el número único indicado, tan es así, que el imputado fue indagado por todos esos hechos y mucho antes de la aplicación de este acuerdo, en fecha 30 de septiembre de 2004…B. Por otra parte, el denunciante [Nombre 033] refiere en su escrito que además de todos los ilícitos comentados, [Nombre 064] también confesó, en su primera declaración indagatoria de fecha 30 de septiembre de 2004 en la causa 04-006835-647-PE, haber recibido regalías recibidas como Directivo del ICE en un viaje realizado a Praga y Suiza, lo cual se tramita en causa independiente No. 04-004671-647-PE… esta causa se inicia en el Ministerio Público antes de que se iniciara la causa 04-006835-647-PE, es por esta razón que estos hechos se encuentran fuera del acuerdo para la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad llevado a cabo en fecha 31 de enero de 2006…” (cfr., folios 27 a 36 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE, seguido contra Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, por incumplimiento de deberes; el destacado no es del original). Como se observa, en la misma solicitud de desestimación que formuló la licenciada Bustillo Piedra a favor del entonces Fiscal General de la República, señor Francisco Dall'anese Ruiz, la citada profesional señaló categóricamente que el criterio de oportunidad comprendía no solo los hechos relacionados con la contratación de las 400 mil líneas, sino los demás hechos conocidos en la causa Nº 04-006835-647-PE y que, en principio, enumeró en la solicitud de desestimación, aclarando que eran parte de la misma investigación y que [Nombre 064] fue indagado en relación con ellos. De los hechos abarcados por la negociación con el imputado colaborador, la licenciada Bustillo Piedra solo excluyó los relacionados con los viajes a Praga y Suiza, mismos que según dijo, se investigaban en una causa independiente. Ahora, este tribunal también se ha dado a la tarea de examinar tanto la solicitud de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad como la resolución que lo autorizó, determinando lo siguiente: a.- las retribuciones económicas entregadas por [Nombre 046] a [Nombre 064] como reconocimiento por las gestiones de pago que el imputado colaborador efectuó ante [Nombre 091], sí están contempladas en la negociación (f. 17 a 18, 65 a 67 frente, puntos identificados con los números 80 a 85, legajo de solicitud de criterio de oportunidad); b.- los fondos trasladados a [Nombre 064] y que se relacionan con los contratos Nº 424 H 39552, 424 J 44031 y 424 H 39562 (contratos que cita el denunciante [Nombre 033] de folios 6 a 8 frente del expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE), sí están vinculados con el tema de las 400.000 líneas de telefonía móvil GSM, pues a tenor de lo expuesto en la sentencia recurrida, esos contratos fueron únicamente mamparas empleadas para recibir los fondos que posteriormente fueron entregados a varios funcionarios públicos con ocasión del tema ya dicho. En ese tanto, son sumas que están comprendidas dentro de los alcances del criterio de oportunidad (cfr. punto 97.- y siguientes, tanto de la solicitud como de la resolución que autorizó la aplicación de criterio y en los cuales se alude a la entrega a [Nombre 064] de $2.560.253,32 con ocasión del contrato de las 400.000 líneas, folios 20 a 28 y 70 a 82 frente del legajo). c.- De las retribuciones económicas asociadas con el proyecto La Joya y las empresas [Nombre 083]-[Nombre 270], así como del viaje a Brasil, no hay ninguna referencia en el convenio de aplicación del criterio de oportunidad. d.- La aceptación por parte de [Nombre 064], de una retribución económica procedente de [Nombre 085] . no se menciona ni en la denuncia formulada por [Nombre 033] (expediente Nº 08-000032-0615-PE), ni en la solicitud de aplicación del criterio, o en la resolución que autorizó este. De todo lo antes dicho, se extraen varias conclusiones:
VI.- Consecuencias de lo antes resuelto. Si bien los vicios descritos supra (la ilegalidad del criterio de oportunidad otorgado a [Nombre 064] y, por ende, de la declaración que este rindió en el debate, así como el quebranto a las reglas de la sana crítica en la valoración de ese relato) tienen carácter formal o procesal, este tribunal considera innecesario ordenar el reenvío, lo anterior porque habiéndose efectuado una investigación exhaustiva, no se vislumbra posibilidad alguna de que en un eventual debate se incorporen de forma legítima otros elementos de prueba adicionales a los ya existentes y, en ese tanto, tampoco hay impedimento para que los suscritos procedan a resolver directamente lo que corresponda de conformidad con lo preceptuado en el artículo 465 del Código Procesal Penal, determinando a través del análisis de las probanzas que restan tras suprimir hipotéticamente la declaración referida, cuáles hechos de los que ha tenido por demostrados el tribunal de mérito se mantienen incólumes. Se trata de una solución que, aunque puede resultar atípica tratándose de yerros procesales, puede ser adoptada en atención del principio de justicia pronta y cumplida, ya que no tiene sentido prolongar el proceso cuando hay razones suficientes para estimar que el estado de las cosas no va variar (en ese sentido, consúltense las resoluciones de la Sala Tercera números 827-F-96, de las 12:35 horas del 23 de diciembre de 1996 y 1173-1997 de las 9:30 horas del 31 de octubre de 1997). Así las cosas, de seguido se procederá a efectuar ese estudio para cada uno de los imputados.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.